Adherens junctions. Medical search

Anchoring points where the CYTOSKELETON of neighboring cells are connected to each other. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON attach to the membrane through the transmembrane linkers, CADHERINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to cadherins in the neighboring cell membranes. In sheets of cells, they form into adhesion belts (zonula adherens) that go all the way around a cell.

Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)

Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

Cell-cell junctions that seal adjacent epithelial cells together, preventing the passage of most dissolved molecules from one side of the epithelial sheet to the other. (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, p22)

A catenin that binds F-ACTIN and links the CYTOSKELETON with BETA CATENIN and GAMMA CATENIN.

A family of cytoskeletal proteins that play essential roles in CELL ADHESION at ADHERENS JUNCTIONS by linking CADHERINS to the ACTIN FILAMENTS of the CYTOSKELETON.

Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.

Desmoplakins are cytoskeletal linker proteins that anchor INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS to the PLASMA MEMBRANE at DESMOSOMES.

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

A 195-kDa zonula occludens protein that is distinguished by the presence of a ZU5 domain at the C-terminal of the molecule.

A multi-functional catenin that is highly homologous to BETA CATENIN. Gamma catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It is also found in DESMOSOMES where it mediates the link between DESMOSOMAL CADHERINS and DESMOPLAKIN.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

A family of proteins that contain several 42-amino acid repeat domains and are homologous to the Drosophila armadillo protein. They bind to other proteins through their armadillo domains and play a variety of roles in the CELL including SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, regulation of DESMOSOME assembly, and CELL ADHESION.

A type of junction that attaches one cell to its neighbor. One of a number of differentiated regions which occur, for example, where the cytoplasmic membranes of adjacent epithelial cells are closely apposed. It consists of a circular region of each membrane together with associated intracellular microfilaments and an intercellular material which may include, for example, mucopolysaccharides. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

A cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The amino acid sequence of human vinculin has been determined. The protein consists of 1066 amino acid residues and its gene has been assigned to chromosome 10.

A MARVEL domain protein that plays an important role in the formation and regulation of the TIGHT JUNCTION paracellular permeability barrier.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A group of desmosomal cadherins with cytoplasmic tails that resemble those of classical CADHERINS.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A 43-kDa peptide which is a member of the connexin family of gap junction proteins. Connexin 43 is a product of a gene in the alpha class of connexin genes (the alpha-1 gene). It was first isolated from mammalian heart, but is widespread in the body including the brain.

A group of desmosomal cadherins with cytoplasmic tails that are divergent from those of classical CADHERINS. Their intracytoplasmic domains bind PLAKOGLOBIN; PLAKOPHILINS; and DESMOPLAKINS.

Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.

Members of the armadillo family of proteins that are found in DESMOSOMES and interact with various proteins including desmocadherins; DESMOPLAKIN; ACTIN FILAMENTS; and KERATINS.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.

Proteins that take part in the formation or structure of TIGHT JUNCTIONS.

An integral membrane protein that is localized to TIGHT JUNCTIONS, where it plays a role in controlling the paracellular permeability of polarized cells. Mutations in the gene for claudin-1 are associated with Neonatal Ichthyosis-Sclerosing Cholangitis (NISCH) Syndrome.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of GAP JUNCTIONS. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions.

A zonula occludens protein subtype found in epithelial cell junctions. Several isoforms of zonula occludens-2 protein exist due to use of alternative promoter regions and alternative mRNA splicings.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Fibers composed of MICROFILAMENT PROTEINS, which are predominately ACTIN. They are the smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments.

The resistance to the flow of either alternating or direct electrical current.

Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A rac GTP-binding protein involved in regulating actin filaments at the plasma membrane. It controls the development of filopodia and lamellipodia in cells and thereby influences cellular motility and adhesion. It is also involved in activation of NADPH OXIDASE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A genetically related subfamily of RAP GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that share homology with RAS PROTEINS. They bind to Ras effectors but do not activate them, therefore they may antagonize the effects of RAS PROTEINS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

The quality of surface form or outline of CELLS.

A family of membrane glycoproteins localized to TIGHT JUNCTIONS that contain two extracellular Ig-like domains, a single transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tail of variable length.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules composed of primary male germ cells (SPERMATOGONIA) and supporting SERTOLI CELLS. As SPERMATOGENESIS proceeds, the developing germ cells migrate toward the lumen. The adluminal compartment, the inner two thirds of the tubules, contains SPERMATOCYTES and the more advanced germ cells.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Cells of epithelial origin possessing specialized sensory functions. They include cells that are found in the TASTE BUDS; OLFACTORY MUCOSA; COCHLEA; and NEUROEPITHELIAL BODIES.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

A single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate CALCIUM-dependent CELL ADHESION and are core components of DESMOSOMES.

Vestibular nucleus lying immediately superior to the inferior vestibular nucleus and composed of large multipolar nerve cells. Its upper end becomes continuous with the superior vestibular nucleus.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is associated with a diverse array of cellular functions including cytoskeletal changes, filopodia formation and transport through the GOLGI APPARATUS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A process of complicated morphogenetic cell movements that reorganizes a bilayer embryo into one with three GERM LAYERS and specific orientation (dorsal/ventral; anterior/posterior). Gastrulation describes the germ layer development of a non-mammalian BLASTULA or that of a mammalian BLASTOCYST.

A sub-family of RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that is involved in regulating the organization of cytoskeletal filaments. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A specialized barrier, in the TESTIS, between the interstitial BLOOD compartment and the adluminal compartment of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. The barrier is formed by layers of cells from the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM of the capillary BLOOD VESSELS, to the SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM of the seminiferous tubules. TIGHT JUNCTIONS form between adjacent SERTOLI CELLS, as well as between the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Supporting cells projecting inward from the basement membrane of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN and hormones such as ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. The tight junctions of Sertoli cells with the SPERMATOGONIA and SPERMATOCYTES provide a BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER.

An epithelial cell line derived from a kidney of a normal adult female dog.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The area covering the terminal portion of ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of STOMACH at the cardiac orifice.

An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversible reactions of a nucleoside triphosphate, e.g., ATP, with a nucleoside monophosphate, e.g., UMP, to form ADP and UDP. Many nucleoside monophosphates can act as acceptor while many ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can act as donor. EC 2.7.4.4.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

Bundles of actin filaments (ACTIN CYTOSKELETON) and myosin-II that span across the cell attaching to the cell membrane at FOCAL ADHESIONS and to the network of INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS that surrounds the nucleus.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Preparation for electron microscopy of minute replicas of exposed surfaces of the cell which have been ruptured in the frozen state. The specimen is frozen, then cleaved under high vacuum at the same temperature. The exposed surface is shadowed with carbon and platinum and coated with carbon to obtain a carbon replica.

Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.

A CALCIUM-dependent adhesion molecule of DESMOSOMES that also plays a role in embryonic STEM CELL proliferation.

The subfamily of myosin proteins that are commonly found in muscle fibers. Myosin II is also involved a diverse array of cellular functions including cell division, transport within the GOLGI APPARATUS, and maintaining MICROVILLI structure.

A microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine triphosphatase, that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move organelles along microtubules toward the plus end of the microtubule. The protein is found in squid axoplasm, optic lobes, and in bovine brain. Bovine kinesin is a heterotetramer composed of two heavy (120 kDa) and two light (62 kDa) chains. EC 3.6.1.-.

Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such as ENTEROCYTES. These cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related to intestinal cell function and differentiation.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).

A ubiquitously-expressed claudin subtype that acts as a general barrier-forming protein in TIGHT JUNCTIONS. Elevated expression of claudin-3 is found in a variety of tumor cell types, suggesting its role as a therapeutic target for specific ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.

Enzymes that recognize CRUCIFORM DNA structures and introduce paired incisions that help to resolve the structure into two DNA helices.

A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin.

A protein complex of actin and MYOSINS occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle.

A method used to study the lateral movement of MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. A small area of a cell membrane is bleached by laser light and the amount of time necessary for unbleached fluorescent marker-tagged proteins to diffuse back into the bleached site is a measurement of the cell membrane's fluidity. The diffusion coefficient of a protein or lipid in the membrane can be calculated from the data. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995).

A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.

An anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate. It is composed of a specialized area of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON terminate and attach to the transmembrane linkers, INTEGRINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

Catalyzes the ATP-dependent PHOSPHORYLATION of GMP to generate GDP and ADP.

A claudin subtype that is found localized to TIGHT JUNCTIONS in VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. The protein was initially identified as one of several proteins which are deleted in VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME and may play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.

Endothelial cells that line venous vessels of the UMBILICAL CORD.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS that lack one of its fatty acyl chains due to its hydrolytic removal.

A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

An amino alcohol with a long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. Sphingosine and its derivative sphinganine are the major bases of the sphingolipids in mammals. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Recording serial images of a process at regular intervals spaced out over a longer period of time than the time in which the recordings will be played back.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Specialized cells in the invertebrates that detect and transduce light. They are predominantly rhabdomeric with an array of photosensitive microvilli. Illumination depolarizes invertebrate photoreceptors by stimulating Na+ influx across the plasma membrane.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

A large family of transmembrane proteins found in TIGHT JUNCTIONS. They take part in the formation of paracellular barriers and pores that regulate paracellular permeability.

The barrier between capillary blood and alveolar air comprising the alveolar EPITHELIUM and capillary ENDOTHELIUM with their adherent BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPITHELIAL CELL cytoplasm. PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE occurs across this membrane.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Cell confluence-dependent remodeling of endothelial membranes mediated by cholesterol. (1/859)

The plasma membranes of endothelial cells reaching confluence undergo profound structural and functional modifications, including the formation of adherens junctions, crucial for the regulation of vascular permeability and angiogenesis. Adherens junction formation is accompanied by the tyrosine dephosphorylation of adherens junctions proteins, which has been correlated with the strength and stability of adherens junctions. Here we show that cholesterol is a critical determinant of plasma membrane remodeling in cultures of growing cow pulmonary aortic endothelial cells. Membrane cholesterol increased dramatically at an early stage in the formation of confluent cow pulmonary aortic endothelial cell monolayers, prior to formation of intercellular junctions. This increase was accompanied by the redistribution of caveolin from a high density to a low density membrane compartment, previously shown to require cholesterol, and increased binding of the annexin II-p11 complex to membranes, consistent with other studies indicating cholesterol-dependent binding of annexin II to membranes. Furthermore, partial depletion of cholesterol from confluent cells with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin both induced tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple membrane proteins, including adherens junctions proteins, and disrupted adherens junctions. Both effects were dramatically reduced by prior complexing of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin with cholesterol. Our results reveal a novel physiological role for cholesterol regulating the formation of adherens junctions and other plasma membrane remodeling events as endothelial cells reach confluence. (+info)

Cell volume-dependent phosphorylation of proteins of the cortical cytoskeleton and cell-cell contact sites. The role of Fyn and FER kinases. (2/859)

Cell volume affects diverse functions including cytoskeletal organization, but the underlying signaling pathways remained undefined. We have shown previously that shrinkage induces Fyn-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the cortical actin-binding protein, cortactin. Because FER kinase was implicated in the direct phosphorylation of cortactin, we investigated the osmotic responsiveness of FER and its relationship to Fyn and cortactin. Shrinkage increased FER activity and tyrosine phosphorylation. These effects were abolished by the Src family inhibitor PP2 and strongly mitigated in Fyn-deficient but not in Src-deficient cells. FER overexpression caused cortactin phosphorylation that was further enhanced by hypertonicity. Exchange of tyrosine residues 421, 466, and 482 for phenylalanine prevented cortactin phosphorylation by hypertonicity and strongly decreased it upon FER overexpression, suggesting that FER targets primarily the same osmo-sensitive tyrosines. Because constituents of the cell-cell contacts are substrates of Fyn and FER, we investigated the effect of shrinkage on the adherens junctions. Hypertonicity provoked Fyn-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation in beta-catenin, alpha-catenin, and p120(Cas) and caused the dissociation of beta-catenin from the contacts. This process was delayed in Fyn-deficient or PP2-treated cells. Thus, FER is a volume-sensitive kinase downstream from Fyn, and the Fyn/FER pathway may contribute to the cell size-dependent reorganization of the cytoskeleton and the cell-cell contacts. (+info)

Myosin light chain kinase plays an essential role in S. flexneri dissemination. (3/859)

Shigella flexneri, the causitive agent of bacillary dysentery, has been shown to disseminate in colonic epithelial cells via protrusions that extend from infected cells and are endocytosed by adjacent cells. This phenomenon occurs in the region of the eukaryotic cell's adherens junctions and is inhibited by pharmacological reagents or host cell mutations that completely disrupt the junctional complex. In this study, inhibitors of the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) were shown to dramatically decrease intercellular spread of S. flexneri but to have no inhibitory effect on bacterial entry, multiplication or actin-based motility within the host cell. Furthermore, cell-to-cell spread of Listeria monocytogenes, another bacterial pathogen that uses an actin-based mechanism to move within the eukaryotic cytoplasm and to spread from cell to cell, was not affected by the MLCK inhibitors, indicating that (1) the inhibition of S. flexneri cell-to-cell spread in treated cells is not due to a complete break down of cell-cell contacts, which was subsequently confirmed by confocal microscopy, and (2) MLCK plays a role in a S. flexneri-specific mechanism of dissemination. Myosin has been shown to play a role in a variety of membrane-based phenomena. The work presented here suggests that activation of this molecule via phosphorylation by MLCK, at the very least participates in the formation of the bacteria-containing protrusion, and could also contribute to the endocytosis of this structure by neighboring cells. (+info)

The molecular organization of endothelial junctions and their functional role in vascular morphogenesis and permeability. (4/859)

We review here our work on the molecular and functional organization of endothelial cell-to-cell junctions. The first part of the review is dedicated to VE-cadherin, characterized by our group few years ago. This protein is a member of the large family of transmembrane adhesion proteins called cadherins. It is endothelial cell specific and plays a major role in the organization of adherens junctions. Inactivation of VE-cadherin gene or in vivo truncation of its cytoplasmic tail leads to a lethal phenotype due to the lack of correct organization of the vasculature in the embryo. We found that the defect was due to apoptosis of endothelial cells, which became unresponsive to the survival signal induced by vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Our data indicate that VE-cadherin may act as a scaffolding protein able to associate vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor and to promote its signaling. In the second part of the review we consider another protein more recently discovered by us and called junctional adhesion molecule (JAM). This protein is a small immunoglobulin which is located at tight junctions in the endothelium and in epithelial cells. Evidence is discussed indicating that JAM takes part in the organization of tight junctions and modulates leukocyte extravasation through endothelial intercellular junctions in vitro and in vivo. The general role of tight junctions in endothelial cells is also discussed. (+info)

Reversibility of increased microvessel permeability in response to VE-cadherin disassembly. (5/859)

We determined the role of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin complex in regulating the permeability of pulmonary microvessels. Studies were made in mouse lungs perfused with albumin-Krebs containing EDTA, a Ca(2+) chelator, added to study the VE-cadherin junctional disassembly. We then repleted the perfusate with Ca(2+) to restore VE-cadherin integrity. Confocal microscopy showed a disappearance of VE-cadherin immunostaining in a time- and dose-dependent manner after Ca(2+) chelation and reassembly of the VE-cadherin complex within 5 min after Ca(2+) repletion. We determined the (125)I-labeled albumin permeability-surface area product and capillary filtration coefficient (K(fc)) to quantify alterations in the pulmonary microvessel barrier. The addition of EDTA increased (125)I-albumin permeability-surface area product and K(fc) in a concentration-dependent manner within 5 min. The permeability response was reversed within 5 min after repletion of Ca(2+). An anti-VE-cadherin monoclonal antibody against epitopes responsible for homotypic adhesion augmented the increase in K(fc) induced by Ca(2+) chelation and prevented reversal of the response. We conclude that the disassembled VE-cadherins in endothelial cells are mobilized at the junctional plasmalemmal membrane such that VE-cadherins can rapidly form adhesive contact and restore microvessel permeability by reannealing the adherens junctions. (+info)

Actin-dependent membrane association of a Drosophila epithelial APC protein and its effect on junctional Armadillo. (6/859)

BACKGROUND: The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein is an important tumour suppressor in the colon. It promotes the destabilisation of free cytoplasmic beta-catenin (the vertebrate homologue of the Drosophila protein Armadillo), a critical effector of the Wnt signalling pathway. The beta-catenin protein is also a component of adherens junctions, linking these to the actin cytoskeleton. In Drosophila epithelial cells, the ubiquitous form of APC, known as E-APC, is associated with adherens junctions. This association appears to be necessary for E-APC to function in destabilising Armadillo. RESULTS: Using actin-depolymerising drugs, we established that an intact actin cytoskeleton is required for the association of E-APC with adherens junctions in the Drosophila embryo. From an analysis of profilin mutants, whose actin cytoskeleton is disrupted, we found that E-APC also requires actin filaments to associate with adhesive cell membranes in the ovary. Notably, conditions that delocalised E-APC from membranes, including a mutation in E-APC itself, caused partial detachment of Armadillo from adhesive membranes. CONCLUSIONS: Actin filaments are continuously required for E-APC to be associated with junctional membranes. These filaments may serve as tracks for E-APC to reach the adherens junctions. The failure of E-APC to do so appears to affect the integrity of junctional complexes. (+info)

Reversal of the Ras-induced transformed phenotype by HR12, a novel ras farnesylation inhibitor, is mediated by the Mek/Erk pathway. (7/859)

We have used the selective farnesylation inhibitor HR12 [cysteine-N(methyl)valine-N(cyclohexyl) glycine-methionine-O-methyl-ester] to study the role of oncogenic Ras in cytoskeletal reorganization in Ha-ras(V12)-transformed Rat1 cells (Rat1/ras). Application of HR12 resulted in complete restoration of the cytoskeleton and associated cell adhesions disrupted by oncogenic Ras. This included an increase in the number and size of focal adhesions, accompanied by massive stress fiber formation and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, HR12 induced assembly of adherens junctions and dramatically elevated the level of the junctional components, cadherin and beta-catenin. HR12 was unable to restore the nontransformed phenotype in cells expressing farnesylation-independent, myristylated Ras. Examination of the main Ras-regulated signaling pathways revealed that HR12 induced a dose- and time-dependent decline in Erk1&2 activation (t(1/2) approximately 6 h), which correlated with the accumulation of nonfarnesylated oncogenic-Ras. Inhibition of the Mek/Erk pathway in Rat1/ras cells, using the Mek inhibitor, PD98059, resulted in complete cytoskeletal recovery, indistinguishable from that induced by HR12. Moreover, a constitutively active Mek mimicked the effect of ras transformation in Rat1 cells, and prevented HR12-induced cytoskeletal effects in Rat1/ras cells. No such effects were observed after treatment of Rat1/ras cells with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. These findings establish the Mek/Erk pathway as the dominant pathway involved in conferring the cytoskeletal and junctional manifestations of the Ras-induced transformed phenotype. (+info)

Endothelial adherens junctions. (8/859)

The principle of the molecular organization of adherens junctions follows a uniform pattern, which is found in epithelial, muscular, neuroneal as well as in endothelial cells and is highly conserved among species. Transmembrane molecules of the cadherin family link to catenins, which anchor the adhesion plaque to the cytoskeleton. The kind of cadherin used in adherens junctions is cell-type specific, vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin is specific for endothelial cells. The assembly and disassembly of the cadherin/catenin complex is dynamic and regulated by growth factors. The functional status of adherens junctions controls endothelial cell-to-cell adhesion, cell scattering, vessel morphogenesis and has intracellular signaling properties, thereby playing an important role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. (+info)

It appears that NM-IIB plays an essential role in maintaining normal adherens junction integrity and structure. A cardiac ... widened adherens junctions; and progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at 6 months. These data indicate that NM-IIB functions ... where it localizes to adherens junctions within intercalated discs. NM-IIB is essential for normal development of cardiac ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYH10

Geiger, B; Volk, T; Volberg, T (1985). "Molecular heterogeneity of adherens junctions". The Journal of Cell Biology. 101 (4): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Burridge

Volk T, Cohen O, Geiger B (September 1987). "Formation of heterotypic adherens-type junctions between L-CAM-containing liver ... Harris TJ, Tepass U (July 2010). "Adherens junctions: from molecules to morphogenesis". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology ... February 2011). "The extracellular architecture of adherens junctions revealed by crystal structures of type I cadherins". ... adherens junctions can then be made when protein complexes, usually composed of α-, β-, and γ-catenins, bind to the cytoplasmic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadherin

Arderiu G, Cuevas I, Chen A, Carrio M, East L, Boudreau NJ (2007). "HoxA5 stabilizes adherens junctions via increased Akt1". ... and stabilizing adherens junctions by upregulating TIMP1/downregulating uPAR and MMP14, and by upregulating Tsp2/downregulating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox

The adherens junctions in the Sertoli cells is one of the only epithelial cell-cell junction that lacks the expression of ... Adherens junctions are composed primarily of E-cadherin, alpha and beta catenins and other proteins such as actin and myosin. ... The protein vezatin has been shown to play a critical role in the maintenance and formation of adherens junctions in many ... Disruption of vezatin synthesis in the early embryo not only leads to lack of adherens junction formation, but also results in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEZT

Arderiu G, Cuevas I, Chen A, Carrio M, East L, Boudreau NJ (2007). "HoxA5 stabilizes adherens junctions via increased Akt1". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOXA5

The encoded protein affects the formation of adherens junction. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARCKSL1

... is an adherens junction (AJ) protein, involved in the junction's integrity and stability. The protein was discovered in ... Knock-out of PLEKHA7 results in the loss of PDZD11 from epithelial adherens junctions, and this is rescued by the introduction ... Pulimeno P, Bauer C, Stutz J, Citi S (August 2010). "PLEKHA7 is an adherens junction protein with a tissue distribution and ... The first identified function of PLEKHA7 was is to contribute to integrity and stability of the zonula adherens junctions by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHA7

... such as the formation of adherens junctions, tight junctions and focal adhesions. Adherens junctions are a type of cell-cell ... This may serve as a mechanism for how actin is recruited to adherens junctions. Tight junctions, or zona occludens, are the ... α-catenin and β-catenin are integral components of adherens junctions, which bind together to produce cadherin-α-catenin-β- ... Hartsock, Andrea; Nelson, W. James (March 2008). "Adherens and tight junctions: Structure, function and connections to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_fiber

Cell-cell junctions can occur in different forms. In anchoring junctions between cells such as adherens junctions and ... Adherens junctions mainly function to maintain the shape of tissues and to hold cells together. In adherens junctions, ... According to their functions, the cell junctions can be classified as: Anchoring junctions (adherens junctions, desmosomes and ... Niessen, Carien M. (2007). "Tight Junctions/Adherens Junctions: Basic Structure and Function". Journal of Investigative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_adhesion

Together Farquhar and Palade named tight junctions and adherens junctions. Since then, Farquhar has continued to study ... Cell junction-associated proteins IQGAP1, MAGI-2, CASK, spectrins, and alpha-actinin are components of the nephrin multiprotein ... junctions in the podocytes. After leaving Rockefeller in 1962, she established her own laboratory at the University of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Farquhar

... they localize to a cell adhesion structure such as focal adhesion or adherens junction. 2. they directly interact with one of ... functional modularity in the adherens junction". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 36: 32-40. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2015.06.008. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesome

"Endocytosis is required for E-cadherin redistribution at mature adherens junctions". PNAS. 106 (17): 7010-15. doi:10.1073/pnas. ... of cadherins into the adhesive junctions at the synapse. P120 ctn proteins are thought to either inhibit endocytosis of neural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadherin–catenin_complex_in_learning_and_memory

While in the adherens junction, cadherins recruit β-catenin molecules onto their intracellular regions[clarification needed]. β ... β-catenin is part of a protein complex that form adherens junctions. These cell-cell adhesion complexes are necessary for the ... Adherens junctions require significant protein dynamics in order to link to the actin cytoskeleton, thereby enabling ... Sinn HW, Balsamo J, Lilien J, Lin JJ (September 2002). "Localization of the novel Xin protein to the adherens junction complex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin_beta-1

... are shifted to the periphery of the active zone and form the puncta adherens junction (PAJ). The PAJ functions much like the ... adherens junctions in epithelial tissues. The displacement of these CAMs and the formation of this junction provides the ... signaling involving the activation of EphA4 results in the stabilization of synaptic proteins at the neuromuscular junction. As ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_stabilization

Song, X.; Zhu, CH; Doan, C; Xie, T (7 June 2002). "Germline Stem Cells Anchored by Adherens Junctions in the Drosophila Ovary ... Studies in Drosophila germarium have identified the signals decapentaplegic and adherens junctions that prevent germarium stem ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell

Sahai E, Marshall CJ (June 2002). "ROCK and Dia have opposing effects on adherens junctions downstream of Rho". Nature Cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIAPH1

The role of adherens junctions and VE-cadherin in the control of vascular permeability. Journal of cell science 121 (13), 2115- ... Endothelial adherens junctions: implications in the control of vascular permeability and angiogenesis. The Journal of clinical ... Her report of the discovery of VE-cadherin as a key protein component of cell-to-cell adherence junctions has led to the ... Endothelial cell-cell junctions: happy together. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology 5 (4), 261-270 (1284 citations) 2008. E ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabetta_Dejana

This protein is one of the plasma membrane components of adherens junctions. It also serves as an entry for certain mutant ... 1999). "Nectin/PRR: An Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecule Recruited to Cadherin-based Adherens Junctions through ... a Component of Cell-Cell Adherens Junctions". Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (8): 2865-73. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.8.2865-2873.2000. PMC 85510 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirus_receptor-related_2

Song X, Zhu CH, Doan C, Xie T (June 2002). "Germline stem cells anchored by adherens junctions in the Drosophila ovary niches ... adherens junctions and if this physical attachment is lost GSCs will differentiate and lose their identity as a stem cell. The ... whereby differentiating spermatocytes must traverse the tight junctions. These tight junctions form the blood testis barrier ( ... The bulge area at the junction of arrector pili muscle to the hair follicle sheath has been shown to host the skin stem cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-cell_niche

Compromise in adherens junctions (AJs) is associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases. Functional characterization ... Mishra, Jayshree; Das, Jugal Kishore; Kumar, Narendra (2017). "Janus kinase 3 regulates adherens junctions and epithelial ... Jak3 redistributed to basolateral surfaces and interacted with adherens junction (AJ) protein β-catenin. Jak3 expression in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_kinase_3

Adherens junction protein nectin-4 is the epithelial receptor for measles virus. OCLC 806252697.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_morbillivirus

The exact mechanisms by which α-catenin acts in adherens junctions is still unclear; however, it is likely that α-catenin acts ... For instance, when an epithelial layer is complete and the adherens junctions indicate that the cell is surrounded, β-catenin ... α-catenin participates in the formation and stabilization of adherens junctions by binding to β-catenin-cadherin complexes in ... Tripathi V, Popescu NC, Zimonjic DB (April 2012). "DLC1 interaction with α-catenin stabilizes adherens junctions and enhances ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin

... is a major cytoplasmic component of both desmosomes and adherens junctions, and is the only known constituent ... Shasby DM, Ries DR, Shasby SS, Winter MC (Jun 2002). "Histamine stimulates phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins and ... Plakoglobin is a cytoplasmic component of desmosomes and adherens junctions structures located within intercalated discs of ... "Plakoglobin is essential for myocardial compliance but dispensable for myofibril insertion into adherens junctions". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakoglobin

Shasby DM, Ries DR, Shasby SS, Winter MC (Jun 2002). "Histamine stimulates phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins and ... and the VE-cadherin-based adherens junction is thought to be particularly important. VE-cadherin is known to be required for ... thereby prevented loss of VE-cadherin expression at the endothelial adherens junctions. VE-cadherin is indispensable for proper ... "Alteration of interendothelial adherens junctions following tumor cell-endothelial cell interaction in vitro". Exp. Cell Res. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VE-cadherin

2002). "Drosophila Crumbs is a positional cue in photoreceptor adherens junctions and rhabdomeres". Nature. 416 (6877): 178-83 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRB1

... αE-catenin is present in cell to cell regions known as adherens junctions which lie within intercalated discs; these junctions ... αE-catenin is highly expressed in cardiac muscle and localizes to adherens junctions at intercalated disc structures where it ... αE-catenin also plays a role in epithelial tissue, both at adherens junctions and in signaling pathways. In cardiomyocytes, ... Shasby DM, Ries DR, Shasby SS, Winter MC (June 2002). "Histamine stimulates phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin_alpha-1

In cardiac muscle specifically, emerin also resides at adherens junctions within intercalated discs. Emerin is a serine-rich ... In cardiac muscle, emerin is also found complexed to beta-catenin at adherens junctions of intercalated discs, and ... In cardiac muscle, emerin localizes to adherens junctions within intercalated discs where it appears to function in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerin

Aguilar-Aragon, M.; Bonello, T.T.; Bell, G.P.; Fletcher, G.C; Thompson, B.J. (2015). "Adherens junction remodeling during ... remodelling of adherens junctions, and removal of the Lgl protein from the plasma membrane to allow spindle orienting factors ... of the atypical myosin Dachs by the Fat and Dachsous cadherins is responsible for polarising tension at adherens junctions and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_James_Thompson

Hatzfeld M, Green KJ, Sauter H (2003). "Targeting of p0071 to desmosomes and adherens junctions is mediated by different ... 2001). "The regulatory region of the human desmocollin 3 promoter forms a DNA four-way junction". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun ... 1991). "Chromosomal assignment of the human genes coding for the major proteins of the desmosome junction, desmoglein DGI (DSG ... 2009) substitution at the junction of the transmembrane and the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, predicted to cause premature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSC3

Highly differentiated adenocarcinomas form SRCCs via a loss of adherens and tight junctions that typically separate MUC4, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signet_ring_cell_carcinoma

... an actin meshwork directly beneath the apical membrane as well as circumferential actin belts lining the adherens junctions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_constriction

Gap junctions Desmosomes Adherens junctions Tight junctions Gap junctions bring the adjacent cells within 2 nanometers of each ... Adherens junctions, also called zonula adherens, are multiprotein complexes formed by proteins of the catenin and cadherin ... Similar to adherens junctions, the intracellular domains of tight junctions interact with different scaffold proteins, adapter ... its cells are joined securely together by four types of junctions (cell junctions), which can be identified at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_epithelium

Through SRC, EFS may also negatively regulate expression of E-cadherin at adherens junctions, a function that has been reported ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonal_fyn-associated_substrate

Also, these clefts are often more twisting and have one or two tight junctions and zona adherens interacting with a ... An intercellular cleft is a channel between two cells through which molecules may travel and gap junctions and tight junctions ... The cleft contains gap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes, and adheren proteins, all of which help to propagate and/or ... These tight junctions localize to the luminal side of the intercellular clefts, where the glycocalyx, which is important in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercellular_cleft

Lehtonen S, Lehtonen E, Kudlicka K, Holthöfer H, Farquhar MG (2004). "Nephrin forms a complex with adherens junction proteins ... "Cell confluence regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of adherens junction components in endothelial cells". J. Cell Sci. 110 (17 ... "Cell confluence regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of adherens junction components in endothelial cells". J. Cell Sci. 110 (17 ... "A novel cell-cell junction system: the cortex adhaerens mosaic of lens fiber cells". J. Cell Sci. 116 (Pt 24): 4985-95. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P120_(protein)

... α-catenin and β-catenin in pancreatic acinar cells prior to the dissolution of adherens junctions in a rat model of ... "Protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa and SHP-1 are involved in the regulation of cell-cell contacts at adherens junctions in the ... at the plasma membrane in association with the cadherin/catenin complex is important for the maintenance of adherens junction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRK

"Leptospira interrogans causes quantitative and morphological disturbances in adherens junctions and other biological groups of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospira_interrogans

"The protein tyrosine phosphatase Pez is a major phosphatase of adherens junctions and dephosphorylates beta-catenin". Molecular ... "The protein tyrosine phosphatase Pez is a major phosphatase of adherens junctions and dephosphorylates beta-catenin". Molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPN14

Epithelial cells adhere to one another through tight junctions, desmosomes and adherens junctions, forming sheets of cells that ... The basolateral membrane refers to both the lateral membrane where cell-cell junctions connect neighboring cells and to the ... "An Atypical PKC Directly Associates and Colocalizes at the Epithelial Tight Junction with ASIP, a Mammalian Homologue of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_polarity

... where it co-localizes with E-cadherin and β-catenin at cell-cell adherens junctions, suggesting FAM110A's involvement in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM110A

Intercalated discs are composed of gap junctions, adherens junctions and desmosomes, and are critical for the mechanical and ... Deficiency of LIMP-2 in mice was also reported to impair cell membrane transport processes and cause pelvic junction ... "LIMP-2/LGP85 deficiency causes ureteric pelvic junction obstruction, deafness and peripheral neuropathy in mice". Human ... "LIMP-2/LGP85 deficiency causes ureteric pelvic junction obstruction, deafness and peripheral neuropathy in mice". Human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCARB2

Lehtonen S, Lehtonen E, Kudlicka K, Holthöfer H, Farquhar MG (Sep 2004). "Nephrin forms a complex with adherens junction ... Lehtonen S, Lehtonen E, Kudlicka K, Holthöfer H, Farquhar MG (2004). "Nephrin Forms a Complex with Adherens Junction Proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD2AP

... adherens junctions MeSH A11.284.149.165.420.297 - desmosomes MeSH A11.284.149.165.420.471 - gap junctions MeSH A11.284.149.165. ... cell-matrix junctions MeSH A11.284.149.165.165.285 - focal adhesions MeSH A11.284.149.165.165.360 - hemidesmosomes MeSH A11.284 ... tight junctions MeSH A11.284.149.165.570 - membrane microdomains MeSH A11.284.149.165.570.160 - caveolae MeSH A11.284.149.165. ... neuromuscular junction MeSH A11.284.149.165.420.780.550.550.500 - motor endplate MeSH A11.284.149.165.420.780.700 - presynaptic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(A11)

This PTP was shown to function in the regulation of epithelial cell-cell contacts at adherens junctions, as well as in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRF

1999). "Vascular endothelial cell adherens junction assembly and morphogenesis induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate". Cell. 99 (3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S1PR3

All components of the PAR complex are required for tight junction formation between cells, but premature adherens junctions can ... Tight junctions feature the localization of both JAM-1 and JAM-3, and JAM-3 is localized exclusively at tight junctions. The ... However, these junctions cannot efficiently develop into mature epithelial cell junctions. JAM-3 has also shown to affect cell ... junction biology is to function through mediation partly due to the localization of the Par-αPKC complex at adherens junctions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junctional_adhesion_molecule

p0071 binds E-cadherin at adherens junctions, which are important for maintenance of cell architecture in epithelial tissues, ... interacts with the adherens junction protein p0071 to regulate cell-cell adhesion". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e47842. Bibcode:2012PLoSO ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folliculin

... the mechanisms of local and long-range mechano-sensing during cytokinesis that remodel the dividing cell adherens junction. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lounsbery_Award

1994). "A novel phosphoglucomutase-related protein is concentrated in adherens junctions of muscle and nonmuscle cells". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM5

... 's normal cellular function is in the establishment of intercellular adherens junctions between epithelial cells. The role ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD155

... the binding of the barbed end of actin filaments to the plasma membrane in the undercoat of the cell-to-cell Adherens junction ... Protein-tyrosine phosphatases PTPN3 and PTPN4, enzymes that appear to act at junctions between the membrane and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FERM_domain

MBInfo - Adherens Junction MBInfo - Adherens Junction Assembly Adherens+Junctions at the US National Library of Medicine ... Adherens junctions (or zonula adherens, intermediate junction, or "belt desmosome") are protein complexes that occur at cell- ... cell-matrix junctions in epithelial and endothelial tissues, usually more basal than tight junctions. An adherens junction is ... "Signaling to and through the Endothelial Adherens Junction". In LaFlamme SE, Kowalczyck AP (eds.). Cell Junctions: Adhesion, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adherens_junction

Interestingly, the majority of ILC cases are marked by early inactivation of the core protein of the adherens junction (AJ) ... Keywords: Breast cancer, Adherens Junction, E-cadherin, Kaiso, p120, BMF, targeted therapy ... Breast cancer progression cues driven by adherens junction inactivation. DSpace/Manakin Repository. ... this thesis we have studied these breast cancer progression cues that are driven by the inactivation of the adherens junction. ...

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/341727

Previously, we have reported that actomyosin-generated tension at adherens junctions is required for cell density-dependent ... Furthermore, the cell cycle arrest induced by tensile loading to adherens junctions is accompanied by epidermal differentiation ... Furthermore, the cell cycle arrest induced by tensile loading to adherens junctions is accompanied by epidermal differentiation ... External application of tensile loads to adherens junctions by sustained mechanical stretch attenuates the proliferation of ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.728383/full

Rho1 regulates Drosophila adherens junctions independently of p120ctn Donald T. Fox, Donald T. Fox ... During animal development, adherens junctions (AJs) maintain epithelial cell adhesion and coordinate changes in cell shape by ... Drosophila p120 catenin plays a supporting role in cell adhesion but is not an essential adherens junction component. J. Cell ... Rho1 interacts with p120ctn and α-catenin, and regulates cadherin-based adherens junction components in Drosophila.. ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/132/21/4819/43031/Rho1-regulates-Drosophila-adherens-junctions

To approach the transmembrane signaling pathway in the cell-to-cell adherens junctions (AJ), AJ-specific tyrosine ... A new 400-kD protein from isolated adherens junctions: its localization at the undercoat of adherens junctions and at ... Specific proto-oncogenic tyrosine kinases of src family are enriched in cell-to-cell adherens junctions where the level of ... To approach the transmembrane signaling pathway in the cell-to-cell adherens junctions (AJ), AJ-specific tyrosine ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/113/4/867/14098/Specific-proto-oncogenic-tyrosine-kinases-of-src

Adherens junctions (AJs) and basolateral modules are important for the establishment and maintenance of apico-basal polarity. ... Adherens junctions (AJs) and basolateral modules are important for the establishment and maintenance of apico-basal polarity. ... ADHERENS JUNCTIONS AND THE ACTOMYOSIN NETWORK REGULATE ORGAN GROWTH BY MODULATING HIPPO PATHWAY ACTIVITY IN DROSOPHILA ...

https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/287/

Reduction of gap and adherens junction proteins and intercalated disc structural remodeling in the hearts of mice submitted to ... Reduction of gap and adherens junction proteins and intercalated disc structural remodeling in the hearts of mice submitted to ... Reduction of gap and adherens junction proteins and intercalated disc structural remodeling in the hearts of mice submitted to ... Reduction of gap and adherens junction proteins and intercalated disc structural remodeling in the hearts of mice submitted to ...

https://repositorio.usp.br/item/001718351

Rooks Textbook of Dermatology is the most comprehensive work of reference available to the dermatologist. Covering all aspects of skin disease from basic science through pathology and epidemiology to clinical practice, the text is recognized for its unparalleled coverage of diagnosis.. ...

http://www.rooksdermatology.com/manual/c02-sec-0016?view=chapter

Adherens junction , Bioprodhub, a Bio-Reagent Search Engine for antibodies, proteins, peptides, siRNA/functional genomics ...

http://www.bioprodhub.com/bio_systems/180-adherens-junction?source=bio_systems

Adherens junctions organize size-selective proteolytic hotspots critical for Notch signalling Kwak et al. report that adherens ... Adherens junctions organize size-selective proteolytic hotspots critical for Notch signalling Kwak et al. report that adherens ... junctions organize membrane microdomains, leading to lipid-dependent γ-secretase recruitment and size-dependent protein ... junctions organize membrane microdomains, leading to lipid-dependent γ-secretase recruitment and size-dependent protein ...

https://www.nature.com/ncb/?type=letter&year=2012&error=cookies_not_supported&code=184d3cd3-0dc6-4458-8676-b49ef549d132

The transmembrane protein Sidekick is highly enriched at these junctions ... characterize the nature and function of tricellular adherens junctions. ... Sidekick Is a Key Component of Tricellular Adherens Junctions that Acts to Resolve Cell Rearrangements. Letizia et al. ... Tricellular adherens junctions are points of high tension that are central to the rearrangement of epithelial cells. However, ...

https://www.ibmb.csic.es/en/news/sidekick-is-a-key-component-of-tricellular-adherens-junctions-that-acts-to-resolve-cell-rearrangements/

... where they play a crucial role in organising cytoskeletal networks to stabilize adherens junctions. Loss of α2β1 integrin has ... In order to maintain this barrier, keratinocytes form robust junctions between neighbouring cells as well as with the ... activity of Src and Shp2 at cell-cell adhesions leading to enhanced Cdc42-GDI interactions and stabilisation of junctions ... α2β1 integrins are required for stable adherens junctions. a Confocal image of normal human keratinocytes (WT) monolayers in 2- ...

https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-021-01054-9/figures/1

Adherens Junctions, Adherens junctions Assembly, Cadherin recruitment in adherens junction assembly, Cytoskeleton, Cytoskeleton ... Actomyosin, Adherens junctions Assembly, Cadherin recruitment in adherens junction assembly, Immunoglobulin superfamily (Ig) ... How is cadherin recruited to the adherens junction?steve2018-02-05T16:10:41+08:30 How is cadherin recruited to the adherens ... There are four main types of anchoring junctions- adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and cell-matrix adhesion ...

https://www.mechanobio.info/what-is-mechanosignaling/what-are-cell-cell-adhesions/what-are-adherens-junctions/how-is-cadherin-recruited-to-the-adherens-junction/

Studies have shown that the in vitro assembly of the Sertoli-germ cell AJs but not of the Sertoli cell tight junctions (TJs) is ... cell-cell actin-based adherens junctions (AJs), such as ectoplasmic specializations (ESs), between Sertoli and germ cells ... "Sertoli-germ cell adherens junction dynamics in the testis are regulated by RhoB GTPase via the ROCK/LIMK signaling pathway," ... Sertoli-germ cell adherens junction dynamics in the testis are regulated by RhoB GTPase via the ROCK/LIMK signaling pathway ...

https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/hubs_cbr/271/

Keratinocytes are held together through desmosomes and adherens junctions. These junctions consist of calcium-binding ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063224-overview

Located in adherens junction. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]. Expression. Ubiquitous expression in ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29766

Mühlebach MD, Mateo M, Sinn PL, Prüfer S, Uhlig KM, Leonard VHJ, et al. Adherens junction protein nectin-4 is the epithelial ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/7/20-3971_article

Formation of heterotypic adherens-type junctions between L-CAM-containing liver cells and A-CAM-containing lens cells (English) ... Formation of heterotypic adherens-type junctions between L-CAM-containing liver cells and A-CAM-containing lens cells. ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34185865

Aged cells also demonstrated a hypermethylated profile in pathways; axon-guidance, adherens-junction and calcium-signaling, ... file 5i), adherens junction (Suppl. File 5j), regulation of actin cytoskeleton (Suppl. File 5k), cGMP-PKG signaling ... File 3c) and also in KEGG pathways axon guidance, adherens junction, calcium signaling, focal adhesion and protein ... Aged cells also demonstrated a hypermethylated profile in pathways; axon-guidance, adherens-junction and calcium-signaling, ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-72730-z

... and many junctions adopt a chevron-like appearance (Fig. 1J). In addition to adherens junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions ... In (J), desmosome (D), gap junction (GJ) and adherens junction (AJ) are labeled. Scale bar is 20 μm in A; 10 μm in B-G; 500 nm ... adherens junctions (AJs) and desmosomes that physically link opposing cardiomyocytes, and gap junctions that electrically ... showed patterns of localization nearly identical to the adherens junction (Fig. 1E, G). Finally, the gap junction protein ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/348953v1.full

A 135-KD RECEPTOR OF INTERCELLULAR ADHERENS JUNCTIONS .2. ANTIBODY-MEDIATED MODULATION OF JUNCTION FORMATION. Journal Of Cell ... VOLK, T; GEIGER, B (1984). A 135-KD-MEMBRANE PROTEIN OF INTERCELLULAR ADHERENS JUNCTIONS. Embo Journal. 3 (10):2249-2260. ... Erez, N; Bershadsky, A; Geiger, B (2005). Signaling from adherens-type junctions. European Journal of Cell Biology. 84 (2-3): ... GEIGER, B; GINSBERG, D (1991). THE CYTOPLASMIC DOMAIN OF ADHERENS-TYPE JUNCTIONS. Cell Motility And The Cytoskeleton. 20 (1):1- ...

https://www.weizmann.ac.il/immunology/Geiger/publications?qt-view__publications__page=0

PLEKHA7, an Apical Adherens Junction Protein, Suppresses Inflammatory Breast Cancer in the Context of High E-Cadherin and p120- ... is_active_in adherens junction IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ... Title: PLEKHA7, an Apical Adherens Junction Protein, Suppresses Inflammatory Breast Cancer in the Context of High E-Cadherin ... involved_in cell-cell junction assembly IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1500

Adherens Junctions: from Molecular Mechanisms to Tissue Development and Disease. Harris, Tony ...

https://www.ellibs.com/book/9789400724679/lactoferrin-and-its-role-in-wound-healing

Kosik KS, Donahue CP, Israely I, Liu X, Ochiishi T. Delta-catenin at the synaptic-adherens junction. Trends Cell Biol. 2005 Mar ... This information is relayed across synapses, which are junctions between nerve cells where cell-to-cell communication occurs. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/ctnnd2/

Force-dependent allostery of the α-catenin actin-binding domain controls adherens junction dynamics and functions. December 05 ...

https://www.microscopyu.com/news

Reduction of IQGAP1 increases insoluble VE-cadherin at endothelial adherens junctions. Authors. ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=genetic&f1=TI&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=genetic&terms=3&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&f2=KW&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&D1=10&EndYear=&PageNo=412&RecNo=412&View=b&

04520 Adherens junction. 17295 (Met). 09150 Organismal Systems. 09158 Development and regeneration. 04360 Axon guidance. 17295 ...

https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?mmu:17295

Remarkably, an orphan drug, the α-glucosidase inhibitor miglustat, restores mature adherens junctions and desmosomes in Darier ... with immature adherens junctions and desmosomes, which results in decreased intercellular adhesion strength. [29] ... epithelial intercellular junctions formed by membrane and submembrane protein complexes), breakdown of desmosome-keratin ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1107340-120034/what-is-the-prevalence-of-keratosis-follicularis-darier-disease

C1orf106 is a colitis risk gene that regulates stability of epithelial adherens junctions. Mohanan V, Nakata T, Desch AN, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?sort=date&term=Boroughs+AC&cauthor_id=32900862

Immunoelectron microscopy revealed plasmalemmal OTR at enterocyte adherens junctions. We suggest that OT and OTR signaling ... immunoreactivity waned to become restricted to crypts and concentrated at crypt-villus junctions. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19003903/

Electron microscopy reveals loss of desmosomes (epithelial intercellular junctions formed by membrane and submembrane protein complexes), breakdown of desmosome-keratin intermediate filament attachment, and perinuclear aggregates of keratin intermediate filaments. (medscape.com)
Intercellular junctions are well developed in epithelia and consist of three major types, with different functions. (mhmedical.com)
Cell monolayers, including endothelial and epithelial cells, play crucial roles in regulating the transport of biomolecules to underlying tissues and structures via intercellular junctions. (sciencegate.app)
Intercellular junctions offer get in touch with between adjacent cells within these polarized epithelial bed linens and segregate proteins towards the apical or basolateral plasma membrane domains to keep up cell polarity [1]. (87paydays.info)
Epithelial intercellular junctions keep up with the integrity and company of epithelia by regulating molecular and mobile traffic and by giving a physical hurdle to pathogen invasion. (stemedics.com)
These epithelial cells are held together by specialized intercellular junctions. (medicalhistology.us)
These factors will also determine the type of intercellular junctions that will be present between the epithelial cells. (medicalhistology.us)

Adherens junctions are composed of the following proteins: cadherins. (wikipedia.org)
CDH2-specific interactors are comprised primarily of adaptor and adhesion proteins that promote junction specialization. (biorxiv.org)
Studies of the impact of enteric pathogens and their virulence factors on the proteins comprising the tight junction and zonula adherens offer a novel approach to dissection of tight junctional complex regulation. (elsevier.com)
Nevertheless the TJ complex actin linker proteins Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) and ZO-2 have been found in early junctions (Ooshio et al. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Adherent or anchoring junctions , formed by interacting proteins of the cadherin family, are points of strong attachment holding together cells of the epithelium. (mhmedical.com)
tight junctions ( zonula occludens proteins, e.g. (ptgcn.com)
Adherens junction proteins in the hamster uterus: their contributions to the success of implantation. (vanderbilt.edu)
Open up in another window Amount 2 Tight junction proteins in EMT. (eurobiophysics.org)
Its localization on the junctions is normally mediated with the connections using the TJ proteins JAMs and ZO, along using its anchoring towards the actin cytoskeleton (Amount 1B). (eurobiophysics.org)
Tight junctions are made up of transmembrane proteins, actin filaments, and linker proteins that connect both. (87paydays.info)
We also could see improper localization of the adherens junction proteins E-cadherin and ß-catenin in the Memo deficient mammary glands. (unibas.ch)
Tight junctions (zonula Rabbit polyclonal to ANXA8L2 occludens) are comprised of transmembrane proteins that produce contact over the intercellular space and build a seal to restrict paracellular diffusion of substances over the epithelial sheet [3, 5]. (stemedics.com)
Tight junctions are made up of a network of intermembrane fibrils of transmembrane proteins, including occludin, claudins, and junctional adhesion substances (JAMs) [3]. (stemedics.com)
The E6 protein from high-risk human papillomavirus varieties interacts with and degrades a number of PDZ domain-containing proteins that localize to adherens junctions or tight junctions in polarized epithelial cells. (hpv18.com)

An adherens junction is defined as a cell junction whose cytoplasmic face is linked to the actin cytoskeleton. (wikipedia.org)
These changes are executed in part by the actin cytoskeleton, and neighboring cells act in concert by linking their cytoskeletons to cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions (reviewed by Perez-Moreno et al. (biologists.com)
The transmembrane protein Sidekick is highly enriched at these junctions and connects to the actin cytoskeleton through Canoe and Polychaetoid. (csic.es)
In addition, hNatB inhibition disrupts the actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesions and tight/adherens junctions, abrogating two proliferative signaling pathways, Hippo/YAP and ERK1/2. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
We focus on the machinery that modulates cell-cell adhesion and connects cell junctions to the actin cytoskeleton, thus shaping the architecture of epithelial tissues. (unc.edu)
PTHR12607 ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI PROTEIN #* Intracellular cytoskeleton, role in structure of adherens junction. (geneontology.org)
The resultant loaded epithelium of 13 columnar hexagonal cells firmly, possesses cytoskeleton-based landmarks that become localized clusters for AJ and septate junction (SJ) recruitment [23,24]. (eurobiophysics.org)
After that, the endogenous E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 redistributes to cell promotes and junctions RhoA ubiquitination and degradation, resulting in cytoskeleton rearrangement and TJ disassembly [41] thus. (eurobiophysics.org)

Adherens junctions (or zonula adherens, intermediate junction, or "belt desmosome") are protein complexes that occur at cell-cell junctions, cell-matrix junctions in epithelial and endothelial tissues, usually more basal than tight junctions. (wikipedia.org)
They can appear as bands encircling the cell (zonula adherens) or as spots of attachment to the extracellular matrix (focal adhesion). (wikipedia.org)
Herein, we demonstrate that BFT specifically cleaves within 1 min the extracellular domain of the zonula adherens protein, E-cadherin. (elsevier.com)
Adherent junctions may form zonula adherens that encircle epithelial cells just below their tight junctions and attach indirectly to actin filaments, or scattered, spot-like attachment sites called desmosomes or maculae adherens , which attach to keratin intermediate filaments . (mhmedical.com)
Adherens junctions (zonula adherens) connect bundles of actin filaments from cell to cell to create a continuing adhesion belt, just underneath the restricted junctions [4 generally, 6]. (stemedics.com)

Adherens junctions (AJs) and basolateral modules are important for the establishment and maintenance of apico-basal polarity. (tmc.edu)
Asymmetric localization of cell-cell junctions and/or intrinsic cell fate determinants and position within specific environment ("niche") are examples of mechanisms used to specify cell polarity and direct asymmetric divisions. (stembook.org)
Our analyses suggest that Moesin1 contributes to the maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity of the ISVs as defined by adherens junctions. (zfin.org)
We have identified a crucial role for classical cadherins in skin barrier cohesion and function by regulating the formation of tight and adherens junctions and showed that they serve as important regulators of mammalian atypical protein kinase Cs (aPKCs) and the small GTpase Rac in the epidermal barrier and in tissue polarity pathways that regulate early morphogenetic movements. (uib.no)
In a complementary area of research, we have uncovered the first direct mechanistic connection between glucocorticoid receptor action and tight junction formation (and induction of cell polarity) under conditions in which mammary epithelial tumor cells undergo a stringent cell cycle arrest. (berkeley.edu)
Epithelial cell polarity - apical and basolateral membranes, tight and adherens junctions, with the key cellular machinery involved in cell polarity regulation. (ptgcn.com)
Thus, limited junctions demarcate the boundary between basolateral and apical membrane compartments and so are needed for maintaining cell polarity. (87paydays.info)
During EMT, epithelial cells lose apical-basal polarity, tight and adherens junctions in favour of front-back polarity, N-cadherin junctions and vimentin stress fibres 4,5 . (lungdiseasesjournal.com)
When surface epithelium CTNNA1 was ablated, hair follicle development was blocked and epidermal morphogenesis was dramatically affected, with defects in adherens junction formation, intercellular adhesion, and epithelial polarity. (nsjbio.com)

Cell Junctions: Adhesion, Development, and Disease. (wikipedia.org)
During animal development, adherens junctions (AJs) maintain epithelial cell adhesion and coordinate changes in cell shape by linking the actin cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. (biologists.com)
2003). In epithelial cells, adherens junctions (AJs)mediate cell-cell adhesion, via interactions between cadherins on neighboring cells. (biologists.com)
These junctions consist of calcium-binding transmembrane glycoproteins, which contribute to cellular adhesion. (medscape.com)
Here we show that Sidekick, an immunoglobulin family cell adhesion protein, is highly enriched at tricellular adherens junctions in Drosophila . (csic.es)
One specific cell adhesion component he works on is desmoplakin, a major building block of junctions known as complexus adherens junctions in cells that comprise capillaries. (lifeboat.com)
2010 During junction formation it is not clear which of the different adhesion complexes forms a Meisoindigo functional link with actomyosin. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Early experiments showed that the E-cadherin complex is a master regulator of cell-cell adhesion because the formation of all junctions can be inhibited by E-cadherin-blocking antibodies (Gumbiner et al. (exposed-skin-care.net)
2007 As TJ complexes form only after Nectin and Cadherin junctions have formed it is not likely that these complexes are crucial in the actin-dependent initial formation of cell-cell adhesion. (exposed-skin-care.net)
These include systems involved in cell guidance (e.g. semaphorin/plexin and ephrin/Eph signalling), cell adhesion (e.g. the role of RPTPmu mediated adhesion at adherens junctions and of proteoglycan-RPTPsigma interactions in neuronal cell outgrowth). (case.edu)
One of the major transitions of EMT is the loss of E-cadherin expression which is a cell-cell adhesion molecule that participates in homotypic, calcium-dependent interactions to form epithelial adherens junctions [ 6 ]. (springeropen.com)
In embryos, both polarization and junction development focus on the 1st cleavage collectively, however in this complete case, the epithelial differentiation process occurs of cell adhesion [22] individually. (eurobiophysics.org)
Cell adhesion can be managed by adherens junctions, which contain cadherin cell adhesion protein, catenin linker protein, and actin filaments that type a Ilaprazole band-like framework encircling the cell [3]. (87paydays.info)
Claudin family are the main integral limited junction transmembrane protein and the main determinants of paracellular permeability properties, with occludin and junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) also adding [4]. (87paydays.info)
We previously showed that desmosomes besides of adherens junctions are required for maintenance of barrier properties in enterocytes and that desmoglein 2 (Dsg2), which together with desmocollin 2 is the major desmosomal adhesion molecule, is crucial in this context. (spp1782.de)
In addition, the signaling pathways by which TNF α regulates enterocyte desmosomal adhesion and which downstream of Dsg 2 control barrier properties and more specifically tight junction integrity will be determined. (spp1782.de)
E-cadherin is an evolutionary conserved protein, whose main role as the principal component of adherens junctions is supporting epithelial cell-cell adhesion. (usc.es)

Interestingly, the majority of ILC cases are marked by early inactivation of the core protein of the adherens junction (AJ) protein E-cadherin, an event that is causal to the development of this disease. (uu.nl)
How is cadherin recruited to the adherens junction? (mechanobio.info)
Reduction of IQGAP1 increases insoluble VE-cadherin at endothelial adherens junctions. (cdc.gov)
Role of N-Cadherin cis and trans interfaces in the dynamics of adherens junctions in living cells. (mpg.de)
Knockdown of the adherens junction protein Ve-cadherin disrupts formation of the apical membrane and lumen in a cell-autonomous manner. (zfin.org)
These specialized junctions are sites of Cadherin mechanosensing which through the recruitment of Vinculin is a driving force in epithelial barrier formation. (exposed-skin-care.net)
2005 Cadherin-induced activation of PI3-kinase and Rac1 leads to membrane and actin dynamics to further stimulate junction formation along the membrane (Noren et al. (exposed-skin-care.net)
2010 Concomitantly it was shown that in apical Adherens Junctions force-dependent stretching of the E-cadherin-actin linker α-catenin results in recruitment of Vinculin to these junctions (Yonemura et al. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Please pay special attention when ordering either of the endosome, Golgi or adherens junctions (E-cadherin) cell lines as the AICS number is now qualified with a three-digit clonal extension to help discriminate between the mono- and bi-allelic edits of the same structure. (coriell.org)
VE cadherin of adherens endothelial junction molecules known to be temporarily disassembled following thermal exposure, but there's a question about reversibility. (ui.ac.id)
In SSc endothelial cells, iloprost caused a sustained increase in clustering of β-catenin and VE-cadherin at cell junctions, which peaked at 10 minutes and then returned to baseline by 60 minutes of exposure. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
Researchers hypothesized that the protective effects of iloprost are "dependent on [the] increased clustering of VE-cadherin at endothelial junctions. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)

The extracellular architecture of adherens junctions revealed by crystal structures of type I cadherins. (drawbio.com)

Microtubule-dependent apical restriction of recycling endosomes sustains adherens junctions during morphogenesis of the Drosophila tracheal system. (ijm.fr)
The triple-repeat protein Anakonda controls epithelial tricellular junction formation in Drosophila. (uni-muenster.de)
The Macroglobulin complement-related transmembrane protein Mcr is essential for septate junction formation and epithelial barrier function in Drosophila. (uni-muenster.de)

Keratinocytes are held together through desmosomes and adherens junctions. (medscape.com)

We selected most pathways ANG participated on our site, such as Adherens junctions interactions, Cell junction organization, Cell-Cell communication, which may be useful for your reference. (creativebiomart.net)
for instance during dorsal closure angiogenesis immune responses wound healing and tumorigenesis) is governed by the same basic principles (Cavey and Lecuit 2009 Engagement of cell-cell junction receptors activates several signaling pathways that regulate actin conformation. (exposed-skin-care.net)

Adherens junctions were, for many years, thought to share the characteristic of anchor cells through their cytoplasmic actin filaments. (wikipedia.org)

report that adherens junctions organize membrane microdomains, leading to lipid-dependent γ-secretase recruitment and size-dependent protein segregation, excluding full-length Notch receptor. (nature.com)
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction. (mcw.edu)
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal is focused on vinculin, a cytoskeletal protein that is a prominent component of focal adhesions and adherens junctions. (elsevier.com)
The adherens junction-associated LIM domain protein Smallish regulates epithelial morphogenesis. (uni-muenster.de)
Distance junctions are in charge of intercellular conversation through channels shaped in the cell membrane from the connexin category of protein. (87paydays.info)
PATJ, a tight junction-associated PDZ protein, is a novel degradation target of high-risk human papillomavirus E6 and the alternatively spliced isoform 18 E6. (hpv18.com)
We have recognized the tight junction-associated multi-PDZ protein PATJ (PALS1-associated TJ protein) as a novel binding associate and degradation target of high-risk varieties 16 and 18 E6 . (hpv18.com)

Caco-2 cells labeled for tight junction molecule cingulin (green), actin (red), vinculin (pink) and DNA (blue). (weizmann.ac.il)
these FAJs disappear and linear junctions are formed that do not contain Vinculin. (exposed-skin-care.net)

The small junction constitutes probably the most apical element of the intercellular junctional complicated. (87paydays.info)
Tight junctions likewise have an arranging function in epithelial polarization by restricting the flexibility of membrane-bound substances between your apical and basolateral domains from the plasma membrane of every epithelial cell [3, 5]. (stemedics.com)

To approach the transmembrane signaling pathway in the cell-to-cell adherens junctions (AJ), AJ-specific tyrosine phosphorylation was analyzed. (rupress.org)
2003. "Sertoli-germ cell adherens junction dynamics in the testis are regulated by RhoB GTPase via the ROCK/LIMK signaling pathway," Biology of Reproduction 68(6): 2189-2206. (popcouncil.org)

The gene items bind towards the endothelial adherens junction complicated in the cytoplasm [51]. (eurobiophysics.org)

Armadillo-GFP localization to cell-cell junctions during dorsal closure in a living embryo. (unc.edu)

2000 Thus much is known about the regulation of actin dynamics downstream of cell-cell junction formation. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Up- regulation of gap junctions is therefore likely to be a consequence rather than a cause of lens fiber differentiation and may primarily play a role in lens physiology. (elsevier.com)
This developmental phenotype ultimately results in abnormal fly eye morphology that is incompatible with compound eye vision.I uncover a role for the PE in maintaining proper retinal epithelium morphology during eye formation and trace the molecular mechanism to the regulation of Hippo-Yki pathway in PE cells by the function of Armadillo at the adherens junctions. (suny.edu)
Bellaïche is recognized for his work on the genetic and mechanical regulation that underlies tissue proliferation, homeostasis and repair in physiological and pathological conditions (using sophisticated imaging, genetics, large-scale molecular approaches, and computational analyses) including the mechanisms of local and long-range mechano-sensing during cytokinesis that remodel the dividing cell adherens junction. (rlounsbery.org)

Previously, we have reported that actomyosin-generated tension at adherens junctions is required for cell density-dependent inhibition of proliferation of normal skin keratinocytes. (frontiersin.org)
The adherens junction (AJ) connects the actomyosin networks of neighboring cardiomyocytes and is required for proper heart function. (biorxiv.org)

Furthermore, the cell cycle arrest induced by tensile loading to adherens junctions is accompanied by epidermal differentiation in cSCC cells. (frontiersin.org)

External application of tensile loads to adherens junctions by sustained mechanical stretch attenuates the proliferation of cSCC cells, which depends on intact adherens junctions. (frontiersin.org)
Our results show that the degree of malignant properties of cSCC cells can be reduced by applying tensile loads to adherens junctions, which implies that the mechanical status of adherens junctions may serve as a novel therapeutic target for cSCC. (frontiersin.org)
Desmosomes (macula adherens) connect keratin intermediate filaments from cell to cell to create a structural construction of great tensile power [4, 7]. (stemedics.com)

The BBB, composed of brain capillary endothelial cells with their tight junctions, multiple transporters, receptors and metabolizing enzymes, strictly regulates the passage of the molecules in order to avoid the entrance of harmful xenobiotics to the brain. (springer.com)
C1orf106 is a colitis risk gene that regulates stability of epithelial adherens junctions. (cdc.gov)

However, the molecular composition of these junctions is unknown, making it difficult to assess their role in morphogenesis. (csic.es)

β-catenin levels increased simultaneously at adherens junctions and the centrosome, and a membrane-centrosome transport system was revealed. (elifesciences.org)
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) with its tight junctions, membrane transporters, receptors and metabolizing enzymes is a main player in drug delivery to the brain, restricting the entrance of the drugs and other xenobiotics. (springer.com)
substances quality of exclusionary junctions had been detected 3 to 4 cellular levels below the luminal surface area and extended towards the basement membrane. (stemedics.com)

Adherens junctions uniquely disassemble in uterine epithelial cells to allow the blastocyst to penetrate between epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
A similar cell junction in non-epithelial, non-endothelial cells is the fascia adherens. (wikipedia.org)
Tricellular adherens junctions are points of high tension that are central to the rearrangement of epithelial cells. (csic.es)
During spermatogenesis, cell-cell actin-based adherens junctions (AJs), such as ectoplasmic specializations (ESs), between Sertoli and germ cells undergo extensive restructuring in the seminiferous epithelium to facilitate germ cell movement across the epithelium. (popcouncil.org)
axon-guidance, adherens-junction and calcium-signaling, particularly at later timepoints of myotube formation, corresponding with reduced morphological differentiation and reductions in MyoD/Myogenin gene expression compared with young cells. (nature.com)
This information is relayed across synapses, which are junctions between nerve cells where cell-to-cell communication occurs. (medlineplus.gov)
CD112/Nectin-2 localizes to adherens junctions between neurons, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. (biolegend.com)
We show that the primary lumen elongates along cell junctions between at least two endothelial cells during embryonic angiogenesis. (zfin.org)
COLD SPRING HARBOR, N.Y. (May 11, 2010) - Cell-cell junctions are multi-molecular complexes that link neighboring cells. (cshlpress.com)
In 21 chapters, the volume covers each of the main junction types-tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes-as well as the more specialized junctions of neuronal and immune cells. (cshlpress.com)
The cells of the vertebrate lens are linked to each other by gap junctions, clusters of intercellular channels that mediate the direct transfer of low-molecular-weight substances between the cytosols of adjoining cells. (elsevier.com)
Although gap junctions are detectable in the unspecialized epithelial cells that comprise the anterior face of the organ, both their number and size are greatly increased in the secondary fiber cells that differentiate from them at the lens equator. (elsevier.com)
To investigate the function of gap junctions in the development of the lens, we have examined the effect of the gap junction blocker 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (βGA) on the differentiation of primary cultures (both dissociated cell-derived monolayers and central epithelium explants) of embryonic chick lens epithelial cells. (elsevier.com)
Le, ACN & Musil, LS 1998, ' Normal differentiation of cultured lens cells after inhibition of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication ', Developmental Biology , vol. 204, no. 1, pp. 80-96. (elsevier.com)
Before treatment with iloprost, adherens junctions were significantly disrupted in SSc cells compared with healthy endothelial cells. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
In wild-type, contacts at adherens junctions form only between cells belonging to the same ray. (elsevier.com)
They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. (lookformedical.com)
Transmission EM showing adherens junctions between cells of the enveloping layer of a 24 hr (prim-5) Zebrafish embryo. (ucsd.edu)
The columnar epithelial cells from the endocervix had been joined by restricted junctions that excluded apically used fluorescent IgG. (stemedics.com)
Three main types of cell-cell structural adhesions take place between epithelial Rofecoxib (Vioxx) cells: small junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes [3, 4]. (stemedics.com)
it is a fundamental component of the adherens junctions (the cytoplasmic connection between neighboring cells) and is known to mediate aggregation-dependent cell survival (20). (atxyouthacademy.org)
Adjoining cells form a specialized intercellular connection between their cell membranes called a cell junction . (bccampus.ca)
PATJ capabilities in the meeting of the evolutionarily conserved CRB-PALS1-PATJ and Par6-aPKC-Par3 complexes and is crucial for the formation of tight junctions in polarized cells. (hpv18.com)

Also active at the sites of cell-cell contact adherens junctions and at gap junctions. (proteopedia.org)
Cell-Cell Junctions , a new book from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, surveys current research on cell junctions. (cshlpress.com)
T]hese Chapters provide examples of the remarkable structural and functional diversity of cell-cell junctions, and glimpses into future directions for research into this extraordinarily broad and exciting field," write the editors in the preface to the book. (cshlpress.com)
Also, an introductory chapter describes how each of the cell-cell junctions was discovered. (cshlpress.com)
1988 However Nectins are also crucial for the formation of all other cell-cell junctions (Honda et al. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Four main types of cell-cell junctions have already been described: limited junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and distance junctions [2]. (87paydays.info)
However, various junctions, including gap junctions, adherens junctions, and tight junctions play an important part in the intercellular bridges that are vital for cell-cell interactions and structural stability. (ijtrichology.com)

In light of the, we examined manifestation of crucial adhesive molecules that mediate adherens junction, whose defects would strikingly impair homotypic CIC formation (7, 8). (biomasswars.com)

Sertoli-germ cell adherens junction dynamics in the testis are regulat" by Wing-Yee Lui, Will M. Lee et al. (popcouncil.org)
1998 The latter two seem to be involved in specific phases of junction dynamics as their presence in junctions is not ubiquitous (le Duc et al. (exposed-skin-care.net)

solid course="kwd-title" Keywords: cervix, epithelium, junctions, permeability, vagina Launch Sexually transmitted attacks (STIs) are epidemic world-wide and also have far-reaching wellness, social, and financial consequences. (stemedics.com)

SPECC1L deficiency results in increased adherens junction stability and reduced cranial neural crest cell delamination. (antibodies-online.com)

characterize the nature and function of tricellular adherens junctions. (csic.es)

Epithelial intracellular junctions include distinctive combos of specialized substances. (stemedics.com)

their insufficient small junctions and permeability to large-molecular-weight immunological mediators claim that this area is an essential battlefront in web host protection against microbial pathogens. (stemedics.com)

In this thesis we have studied these breast cancer progression cues that are driven by the inactivation of the adherens junction. (uu.nl)

Researchers noted that iloprost stabilized adherens junctions, which are responsible for regulating endothelial barrier function and tubulogenesis, and reduced endothelial to mesenchymal transition (Endo-MT) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
The prolonged clinical endothelial protective effect of PGI2 [analogs] may…stem from their ability to stabilize [endothelial cell] adherens junctions resulting in vasculoprotection, including improved barrier function, normalization of dysregulated angiogenesis, and inhibition of Endo-MT," the researchers concluded. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)

Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. (elsevier.com)
Dive into the research topics of 'Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. (elsevier.com)

TGF binds its receptor and it is recruited towards Nalmefene hydrochloride the junction where it interacts with occludin and ZO-1. (eurobiophysics.org)

Anatomy31

Organisms6

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs58

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes24

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Cell confluence-dependent remodeling of endothelial membranes mediated by cholesterol. (1/859)

Cell volume-dependent phosphorylation of proteins of the cortical cytoskeleton and cell-cell contact sites. The role of Fyn and FER kinases. (2/859)

Myosin light chain kinase plays an essential role in S. flexneri dissemination. (3/859)

The molecular organization of endothelial junctions and their functional role in vascular morphogenesis and permeability. (4/859)

Reversibility of increased microvessel permeability in response to VE-cadherin disassembly. (5/859)

Actin-dependent membrane association of a Drosophila epithelial APC protein and its effect on junctional Armadillo. (6/859)

Reversal of the Ras-induced transformed phenotype by HR12, a novel ras farnesylation inhibitor, is mediated by the Mek/Erk pathway. (7/859)

Endothelial adherens junctions. (8/859)

Adherens Junctions

Intercellular Junctions

Cadherins

Tight Junctions

alpha Catenin

Catenins

Gap Junctions

Desmoplakins

beta Catenin

Zonula Occludens-1 Protein

gamma Catenin

Cytoskeletal Proteins

Armadillo Domain Proteins

Desmosomes

Cell Adhesion

Cell Adhesion Molecules

Vinculin

Occludin

Epithelial Cells

Cell Polarity

Neuromuscular Junction

Actins

Cell Communication

Membrane Proteins

Desmogleins

Cytoskeleton

Phosphoproteins

Drosophila Proteins

Connexin 43

Desmocollins

Microfilament Proteins

Plakophilins

Trans-Activators

Capillary Permeability

Tight Junction Proteins

Claudin-1

Dogs

Connexins

Zonula Occludens-2 Protein

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Cells, Cultured

Morphogenesis

Cell Line

Actin Cytoskeleton

Electric Impedance

Endothelial Cells

Signal Transduction

Epithelium

Antigens, CD

rho GTP-Binding Proteins

rac1 GTP-Binding Protein

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Microscopy, Electron

rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins

Cell Shape

Junctional Adhesion Molecules

Cell Movement

Drosophila melanogaster

Phosphorylation

Drosophila

Protein Binding

Seminiferous Epithelium

Microscopy, Confocal

Molecular Sequence Data

Neuroepithelial Cells

Protein Transport

Models, Biological

Endothelium, Vascular

Desmosomal Cadherins

Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral

Cell Membrane

Embryo, Nonmammalian

rhoA GTP-Binding Protein

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein

Gastrulation

rac GTP-Binding Proteins

Blood-Testis Barrier

Mutation

Sertoli Cells

Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells