Adenylate Cyclase
Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
Adenylate Kinase
Guanylate Cyclase
Cyclic AMP
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate
Colforsin
Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
A multi-function neuropeptide that acts throughout the body by elevating intracellular cyclic AMP level via its interaction with PACAP RECEPTORS. Although first isolated from hypothalamic extracts and named for its action on the pituitary, it is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. PACAP is important in the control of endocrine and homeostatic processes, such as secretion of pituitary and gut hormones and food intake.
Guanosine Triphosphate
Fluorides
Isoproterenol
Cholera Toxin
An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.
Virulence Factors, Bordetella
A set of BACTERIAL ADHESINS and TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL produced by BORDETELLA organisms that determine the pathogenesis of BORDETELLA INFECTIONS, such as WHOOPING COUGH. They include filamentous hemagglutinin; FIMBRIAE PROTEINS; pertactin; PERTUSSIS TOXIN; ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN; dermonecrotic toxin; tracheal cytotoxin; Bordetella LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; and tracheal colonization factor.
Enzyme Activation
Receptors, Adrenergic, beta
GTP-Binding Proteins
Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.
Bordetella pertussis
Pertussis Toxin
Cell Membrane
Prostaglandins E
(11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGE(1)); (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGE(2)); and (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGE(3)). Three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. They are considered primary in that no one is derived from another in living organisms. Originally isolated from sheep seminal fluid and vesicles, they are found in many organs and tissues and play a major role in mediating various physiological activities.
Receptors, Adrenergic
Cell-surface proteins that bind epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. The two major classes of adrenergic receptors, alpha and beta, were originally discriminated based on their cellular actions but now are distinguished by their relative affinity for characteristic synthetic ligands. Adrenergic receptors may also be classified according to the subtypes of G-proteins with which they bind; this scheme does not respect the alpha-beta distinction.
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
Dideoxyadenosine
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Glucagon
A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)
Epinephrine
The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.
Iodocyanopindolol
Turkeys
3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of CYCLIC AMP to form adenosine 5'-phosphate. The enzymes are widely distributed in animal tissue and control the level of intracellular cyclic AMP. Many specific enzymes classified under this heading demonstrate additional spcificity for 3',5'-cyclic IMP and CYCLIC GMP.
Dihydroalprenolol
Receptors, Cell Surface
Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.
Benzyl Alcohol
Receptors, Pituitary Hormone
Pindolol
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.
Benzyl Alcohols
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
Theophylline
A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLYL CYCLASES and cyclic AMP.
Cyclic GMP
Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Rats, Inbred Strains
Neuropeptides
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases
Bucladesine
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Adenosine
Calmodulin
A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels.
Alprenolol
Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Receptors, Purinergic
Magnesium
Adenosine Triphosphate
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Cells, Cultured
Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
Propranolol
Cattle
Second Messenger Systems
Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Fluphenazine
Stimulation, Chemical
The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.
Adenosine Monophosphate
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Guanosine Diphosphate
Blood Platelets
Amino Acid Sequence
Binding, Competitive
Liver
Manganese
A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)
GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs
Erythrocyte Membrane
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha
One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Phosphotransferases
Trifluoperazine
Rabbits
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)
ADP-ribosyl Cyclase
A membrane-bound or cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This enzyme generally catalyzes the hydrolysis of cADPR to ADP-RIBOSE, as well, and sometimes the synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose 2' phosphate (2'-P-cADPR) from NADP.
Erythrocytes
Iloprost
An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.
Hybrid Cells
Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine
Vasopressins
Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.
Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars
Leydig Cell Tumor
Gonadal interstitial or stromal cell neoplasm composed of only LEYDIG CELLS. These tumors may produce one or more of the steroid hormones such as ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS; and CORTICOSTEROIDS. Clinical symptoms include testicular swelling, GYNECOMASTIA, sexual precocity in children, or virilization (VIRILISM) in females.
Receptors, Prostaglandin
Cell surface receptors that bind prostaglandins with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Prostaglandin receptor subtypes have been tentatively named according to their relative affinities for the endogenous prostaglandins. They include those which prefer prostaglandin D2 (DP receptors), prostaglandin E2 (EP1, EP2, and EP3 receptors), prostaglandin F2-alpha (FP receptors), and prostacyclin (IP receptors).
Prostaglandins
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Lypressin
Binding Sites
Somatostatin
A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.
Structure-Activity Relationship
Carbachol
Parathyroid Hormone
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
Mutation
Bacterial Toxins
Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
Receptors, Muscarinic
Epoprostenol
Adenosine Diphosphate
Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone
Toxins, Biological
Protein Kinase C
An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).
Secretin
Myocardium
Receptors, Cyclic AMP
Cell surface proteins that bind cyclic AMP with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized cyclic AMP receptors are those of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The transcription regulator CYCLIC AMP RECEPTOR PROTEIN of prokaryotes is not included nor are the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cyclic AMP receptor proteins which are the regulatory subunits of CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES.
Caudate Nucleus
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
Cricetinae
Adipose Tissue
Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.
Receptors, Dopamine
Base Sequence
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)
Cloning, Molecular
Dinoprostone
Guinea Pigs
Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled
Peptide PHI
A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.
Enzyme Inhibitors
Membranes
Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
Norepinephrine
Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
Nitric Oxide
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
Calcitonin
Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone
Receptors, Epoprostenol
Affinity Labels
Receptors, Opioid
Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.
Type C Phospholipases
A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.
Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Isoquinolines
Receptors, Glucagon
Cell surface receptors that bind glucagon with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Activation of glucagon receptors causes a variety of effects; the best understood is the initiation of a complex enzymatic cascade in the liver which ultimately increases the availability of glucose to body organs.
Neurotransmitter Agents
Dopamine
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
Glucose
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Solubility
Temperature
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Thyrotropin
A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Macromolecular Substances
Receptors, Histamine H2
A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. Histamine H2 receptors act via G-proteins to stimulate ADENYLYL CYCLASES. Among the many responses mediated by these receptors are gastric acid secretion, smooth muscle relaxation, inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart muscle, and inhibition of lymphocyte function. (From Biochem Soc Trans 1992 Feb;20(1):122-5)
Arginine Vasopressin
Protein Binding
Thyroid Gland
A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.
Dithiothreitol
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Receptors, Prostaglandin E
Cell surface receptors which bind prostaglandins with a high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Prostaglandin E receptors prefer prostaglandin E2 to other endogenous prostaglandins. They are subdivided into EP1, EP2, and EP3 types based on their effects and their pharmacology.
Inositol Phosphates
Isoenzymes
NAD
A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Peptide Fragments
Receptors, Drug
2-Chloroadenosine
Intestinal Secretions
Cytosol
Aluminum
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go
Prostaglandins D
Chlorpromazine
The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.
CHO Cells
Dictyostelium
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Transducin
A heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein that mediates the light activation signal from photolyzed rhodopsin to cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase and is pivotal in the visual excitation process. Activation of rhodopsin on the outer membrane of rod and cone cells causes GTP to bind to transducin followed by dissociation of the alpha subunit-GTP complex from the beta/gamma subunits of transducin. The alpha subunit-GTP complex activates the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to 5'-GMP. This leads to closure of the sodium and calcium channels and therefore hyperpolarization of the rod cells. EC 3.6.1.-.
Platelet Aggregation
Trypsin
Cell polarization: chemotaxis gets CRACKing. (1/5304)
An early stage in the establishment of cell polarity during chemotaxis of Dictyostelium dicoideum has been identified by a recent study; the new results also show that the development of cell polarity does not rely upon cytoskeletal rearrangement, and may use a spatial sensing mechanism. (+info)Probing the function of Bordetella bronchiseptica adenylate cyclase toxin by manipulating host immunity. (2/5304)
We have examined the role of adenylate cyclase-hemolysin (CyaA) by constructing an in-frame deletion in the Bordetella bronchiseptica cyaA structural gene and comparing wild-type and cyaA deletion strains in natural host infection models. Both the wild-type strain RB50 and its adenylate cyclase toxin deletion (DeltacyaA) derivative efficiently establish persistent infections in rabbits, rats, and mice following low-dose inoculation. In contrast, an inoculation protocol that seeds the lower respiratory tract revealed significant differences in bacterial numbers and in polymorphonuclear neutrophil recruitment in the lungs from days 5 to 12 postinoculation. We next explored the effects of disarming specific aspects of the immune system on the relative phenotypes of wild-type and DeltacyaA bacteria. SCID, SCID-beige, or RAG-1(-/-) mice succumbed to lethal systemic infection following high- or low-dose intranasal inoculation with the wild-type strain but not the DeltacyaA mutant. Mice rendered neutropenic by treatment with cyclophosphamide or by knockout mutation in the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor locus were highly susceptible to lethal infection by either wild-type or DeltacyaA strains. These results reveal the significant role played by neutrophils early in B. bronchiseptica infection and by acquired immunity at later time points and suggest that phagocytic cells are a primary in vivo target of the Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin. (+info)Adenoviral gene transfer of the human V2 vasopressin receptor improves contractile force of rat cardiomyocytes. (3/5304)
BACKGROUND: In congestive heart failure, high systemic levels of the hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) result in vasoconstriction and reduced cardiac contractility. These effects are mediated by the V1 vasopressin receptor (V1R) coupled to phospholipase C beta-isoforms. The V2 vasopressin receptor (V2R), which promotes activation of the Gs/adenylyl cyclase system, is physiologically expressed in the kidney but not in the myocardium. Expression of a recombinant V2R (rV2R) in the myocardium could result in a positive inotropic effect via the endogenous high concentrations of AVP in heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: A recombinant adenovirus encoding the human V2R (Ad-V2R) was tested for its ability to modulate the cardiac Gs/adenylyl cyclase system and to potentiate contractile force in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Ad-V2R infection resulted in a virus concentration-dependent expression of the transgene and led to a marked increase in cAMP formation in rV2R-expressing cardiomyocytes after exposure to AVP. Single-cell shortening measurements showed a significant agonist-induced contraction amplitude enhancement, which was blocked by the V2R antagonist, SR 121463A. Pretreatment of Ad-V2R-infected cardiomyocytes with AVP led to desensitization of the rV2R after short-term agonist exposure but did not lead to further loss of receptor function or density after long-term agonist incubation, thus demonstrating resistance of the rV2R to downregulation. CONCLUSIONS: Adenoviral gene transfer of the V2R in cardiomyocytes can modulate the endogenous adenylyl cyclase-signal transduction cascade and can potentiate contraction amplitude in cardiomyocytes. Heterologous expression of cAMP-forming receptors in the myocardium could lead to novel strategies in congestive heart failure by bypassing the desensitized beta-adrenergic receptor signaling. (+info)Kinetic analysis of drug-receptor interactions of long-acting beta2 sympathomimetics in isolated receptor membranes: evidence against prolonged effects of salmeterol and formoterol on receptor-coupled adenylyl cyclase. (4/5304)
The long-acting beta2 sympathomimetics salmeterol and formoterol have been presumed to exert their prolonged action either by binding to an accessory binding site ("exo-site") near the beta2 adrenoceptor or by their high affinity for beta2 adrenoceptors and correspondingly slow dissociation. Whereas most studies with salmeterol had been done in intact tissues, which have slow diffusion and compartmentation of drugs in lipophilic phases, that restrict drug access to the receptor biophase, we used purified receptor membranes from rat lung and disaggregated calf tracheal myocytes as model systems. Binding experiments were designed to measure the slow dissociation of agonists by means of delayed association of (-)-[125I]iodopindolol. Rat lung membranes were pretreated with high concentrations of agonists (salmeterol, formoterol, isoprenaline) before dissociation was induced by 50-fold dilution. Half-times of association of (-)-[125I]iodopindolol remained unchanged compared with untreated controls, indicating that dissociation of agonists occurred in less than 2 min. Adenylyl cyclase experiments were designed to determine the on and off kinetics of agonists to beta2 adrenoceptors by measuring the rate of receptor-induced cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation. Experiments were performed in tracheal membranes characterized by high Vmax values of cAMP formation. Adenylyl cyclase activation occurred simultaneously with the addition of the agonist, continued linearly with time for 60 min, and ceased immediately after the antagonist was added. Similarly, when receptor membranes were preincubated in a small volume with high salmeterol concentrations, there was a linear increase in cAMP formation, which was immediately interrupted by a 100-fold dilution of the reaction mixture. This militates against the exo-site hypothesis. On the other hand, dissociation by dilution was much less when membranes were preincubated with a large volume of salmeterol at the same concentration, indicating that physicochemical effects, and not exo-site binding, underlie its prolonged mode of action. (+info)Biochemical and cytochemical studies on adenylate cyclase activity in the developing rat submandibular gland: differentiation of of the acinar secretory compartment. (5/5304)
To investigate membrane changes in development of the exocrine cells of the rat submandibular gland (SMG), biochemical and cytochemical studies of adenylate cyclase activity were performed on prenatal and postnatal glands. SMG rudiments and glands were studied from 15 days of gestation op to birth and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24 weeks after birth. Glands were chemically assayed for adenylate cyclase activity using the procedures of Salomon and coworkers and cytochemically studied using a procedure which was verified biochemically. At 15-16 days of gestation basal adenylate cyclase activity was low and no staining could be observed. Adenylate cyclase activity rose six-fold from the 16th to the 18th day of gestation. Adenylate cyclase staining became evident along the surface of most of the cells of the rudiment at this time. Basal adenylate cyclase activity remained relatively constant from the 18th day of gestation up to 24 weeks of age. However, sequential changes were seen in the cytochemical localization, especially in relation to the apical plasma membrane of the developing secretory cells. (+info)Facilitation of signal onset and termination by adenylyl cyclase. (6/5304)
The alpha subunit (Gsalpha) of the stimulatory heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate binding protein (G protein) Gs activates all isoforms of mammalian adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase (Type V) and its subdomains, which interact with Gsalpha, promoted inactivation of the G protein by increasing its guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity. Adenylyl cyclase and its subdomains also augmented the receptor-mediated activation of heterotrimeric Gs and thereby facilitated the rapid onset of signaling. These findings demonstrate that adenylyl cyclase functions as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the monomeric Gsalpha and enhances the GTP/GDP exchange factor (GEF) activity of receptors. (+info)The 5'-flanking region of the mouse adenylyl cyclase type VIII gene imparts tissue-specific expression in transgenic mice. (7/5304)
The calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclases (ACs) play a central role in stimulus-dependent modification of synaptic function. The type VIII AC (AC8) is one of three mammalian calcium-stimulated isoforms, each of which is expressed in a region-specific manner in the CNS. To delineate the DNA sequences responsible for appropriate targeting of AC8 expression, we report here the complete structure of the AC8 gene and define the pattern of expression of the full-length cDNA and its splice variants. In addition to expression within the brain, robust expression of AC8 was also found in the lung. By in situ hybridization, we have found the highest expression of AC8 mRNA within the olfactory bulb, thalamus, habenula, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. By generating transgenic mice whose expression of beta-galactosidase is controlled by the AC8 5'-flanking DNA sequences, we demonstrate that the DNA sequences within the 10 kb preceding exon 1 are critical for establishment of this region-specific pattern. This spectrum of sites of production is unique to AC8 among the calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclases and suggests nonredundant functions with other adenylyl cyclases in neuroendocrine regulation and/or behavior. (+info)Role of protein kinase A in the maintenance of inflammatory pain. (8/5304)
Although the initiation of inflammatory pain (hyperalgesia) has been demonstrated to require the cAMP second messenger signaling cascade, whether this mechanism and/or other mechanisms underlie the continued maintenance of the induced hyperalgesia is unknown. We report that injection of adenylyl cyclase inhibitors before but not after injection of direct-acting hyperalgesic agents (prostaglandin E2 and purine and serotonin receptor agonists) resulted in reduction in hyperalgesia, evaluated by the Randall-Selitto paw-withdrawal test. In contrast, injection of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors either before or after these hyperalgesic agents resulted in reduced hyperalgesia, suggesting that hyperalgesia after its activation was maintained by persistent PKA activity but not by adenylyl cyclase activity. To evaluate further the role of PKA activity in the maintenance of hyperalgesia, we injected the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKACS) that resulted in hyperalgesia similar in magnitude to that induced by the direct-acting hyperalgesic agents but much longer in duration (>48 vs 2 hr). Injection of WIPTIDE (a PKA inhibitor) at 24 hr after PKACS reduced hyperalgesia, suggesting that PKACS hyperalgesia is not independently maintained by steps downstream from PKA. In summary, our results indicate that, once established, inflammatory mediator-induced hyperalgesia is no longer maintained by adenylyl cyclase activity but rather is dependent on ongoing PKA activity. An understanding of the mechanism maintaining hyperalgesia may provide important insight into targets for the treatment of persistent pain. (+info)Effects of chronic ethanol treatment and aging on brain phosphoinositide turnover and adenylate cyclase activity - UQ eSpace
Differential effects of Ca2+-calmodulin on adenylate cyclase activity cyclase activity in mouse and rat pancreatic islets |...
Gel-filtration analysis of soluble adenylate cyclase from bovine corpus luteum | Biochemical Journal
Hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase in glomerular cells. Possible role for inflammatory diseases of the glomerulus<...
Reconstitution of catecholamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity using three purified proteins<...
Action of feedback regulator on adenylate cyclase | PNAS
Multiple forms of brain adenylate cyclase: Stimulation by Mn<sup>2+<...
Isoelectric focusing of brain adenylate cyclase<...
Adenylyl Cyclase Type V Inhibitor, NKY80 - CAS 299442-43-6 - Calbiochem CAS 299442-43-6 | 116850
Transcription of the Escherichia coli adenylate cyclase gene is negatively regulated by cAMP-cAMP receptor protein.
The hepatic adenylate cyclase system. I. Evidence for transition states and structural requirements for guanine nucleotide...
Six git genes encode a glucose-induced adenylate cyclase activation pathway in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe |...
INT49959 - wiki-pain
Attenuation of inhibitory influence of hormones on adenylyl cyclase systems in the myocardium and brain of obese and type 2...
Bicarbonate-regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) mRNA expression and activity in peripheral chemoreceptors<...
Oxidant Stress Enhances Adenylyl Cyclase Activation | Circulation Research
Demonstration and Characterization of Opiate Inhibition of the Striatal Adenylate Cyclase<...
Effect of membrane phospholipid composition changes on adenylate cyclase activity in normal and rous-sarcoma-transformed...
Adenylate cyclases of Trypanosoma brucei inhibit the innate immune response of the host. | SBRC
Temporal effects of cytokines on neonatal cardiac myocyte Ca2+ transients and adenylate cyclase activity., Department of...
Plus it
Discrete Intracellular Signaling Domains of Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase: Camps of cAMP? | Science Signaling
Crystal Structure of Human Soluble Adenylate Cyclase Reveals a Distinct, Highly Flexible Allosteric Bicarbonate Binding Pocket ...
Effect of lithium on prostaglandin E<sub>1<sup>-</sup></sub> stimulated adenylate cyclase activity...
Mutations of the adenylyl cyclase gene that block RAS function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Science
Guanylyl cyclases with the topology of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and an N‐terminal P‐type ATPase‐like domain in Paramecium,...
Hormonal stimulation of adenylyl cyclase through G<sub>i</sub>-protein βγ...
Catecholamine-induced myocardial potassium uptake mediated by beta 1-adrenoceptors and adenylate cyclase activation in the pig....
Cloning of the second adenylate cyclase gene (cya2) from Rhizobium meliloti F34: sequence similarity to eukaryotic cyclases. -...
RCSB PDB - 1CS4: COMPLEX OF GS-ALPHA WITH THE CATALYTIC DOMAINS OF MAMMALIAN ADENYLYL CYCLASE: COMPLEX WITH 2-DEOXY-ADENOSINE...
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Pore-formation by adenylate cyclase toxoid activates dendritic cells to prime CD8+ and CD4+ T cells
Human-gpDB
Differential unmasking of adenylate cyclase activity (AC) in cardiac membrane sheets and vesicles<...
JCI -
ATP receptor regulation of adenylate cyclase and protein kinase C activity in cultured renal LLC-PK1 cells.
Spermine inhibition of basal and stimulated adenylate cyclase is mediated by the inhibitory GTP-binding protein (Gi). -...
TIMBAL
A New Site and Mechanism of Action for the Widely Used Adenylate Cyclase Inhibitor SQ22,536 | Molecular Pharmacology
Sperm matters
Adenylate Cyclase 1 Antibodies: Novus Biologicals
Adenylate Cyclase 9 Antibodies: Novus Biologicals
Indian Patents. 246529:AN ASSAY OF SCREENING PHARMACEUTICAL
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Abstract 17326: Phoshodiesterase Type 3 (PDE3) Controls cAMP Produced by Adenylyl Cyclase Type 5 (AC5) but Not AC6 in Adult...
ADCY4 - ddPCR Primer Pair - EvaGreen - Digital PCR | PrimePCR | Bio-Rad
adcy8 - Adenylate cyclase 8 (brain) - Danio rerio (Zebrafish) - adcy8 gene & protein
Adenylyl cyclase - Proteopedia, life in 3D
Effect of gentamicin treatment on adenylate cyclase and Na<sup>+</sup>,K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase activities in...
The EPA National Library Catalog | EPA National Library Network | US EPA
Extracellular cAMP formation from host cell ATP by Bordetella Pertussis adenylate cyclase | IRIS Università degli Studi del...
Bicarbonate‐sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase is present in the cell cytoplasm and nucleus of multiple shark tissues | Scripps...
Ontogeny of the adenylate cyclase system in the pulmonary vascular smooth muscle of the fetal lamb<...
Somatostatin coupling to adenylyl cyclase activity in the mouse retina | Unitus DSpace
Adrenocorticotropin/α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ACTH/MSH)-like peptides modulate adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain...
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide
Adenylate cyclases in yeast; A comparison of the genes from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces<...
Somatic and dendritic perforated-patch recordings reveal β-adrenergic receptor-induced depolarization in medial prefrontal...
Lirias: Candida glabrata Krh proteins can functionally complement the yeast deletion mutant
Human-gpDB
Myocardial beta-adrenergic receptor expression and signal transduction after chronic volume-overload hypertrophy and...
Plus it
Modulation of forskolin binding to rat brain membranes<...
Modulation of forskolin binding to rat brain membranes - University of Arizona
Endothelial CD99 signals through soluble adenylyl cyclase and PKA to regulate leukocyte transendothelial migration | JEM
5 Hydroxytryptamine-induced tachyphylaxis of the molluscan heart and concomitant desensitization of adenylate cyclase<...
Isolation of a novel 38 residue-hypothalamic polypeptide which stimulates adenylate cyclase in pituitary cells
The regulatory GTPase cycle of turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase. - PubMed - NCBI
Stimulation of Electro-Olfactogram Responses in the Main Olfactory Epithelia by Airflow Depends on the Type 3 Adenylyl Cyclase ...
A Genetic Screen for Fission Yeast Gene Deletion Mutants Exhibiting Hypersensitivity to Latrunculin A | G3: Genes | Genomes |...
Banta:Research - OpenWetWare
Difference between revisions of Banta:People - OpenWetWare
JCI -
Downregulation of adenylylcyclase types V and VI mRNA levels in pacing-induced heart failure in dogs.
DSpace at EWHA: Calcium-Sensitive Adenylyl Cyclases in Depression and Anxiety: Behavioral and Biochemical Consequences of...
Potential signalling pathways underlying corticotrophin-releasing hormone-mediated neuroprotection from excitotoxicity in rat...
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Beta Adrenergic Receptor Phosphorylation Associated with Desensitisation of Adenylate Cyclase in Avian Erythrocytes | Clinical...
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Enhanced N-terminal degradation of troponin I blunts cardiac function responsiveness to isoproterenol in 4-week tail-suspended...
ADCY2
"Entrez Gene: ADCY2 adenylyl cyclase 2 (brain)". "Adenylate cyclase type 2". UniProt Consortium. Retrieved 28 May 2014. Stengel ... It belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-3 or guanylyl cyclase family because it contains two guanylate cyclase domains. ADCY2 ... "Adenylate Cyclase 2 (Brain)". Weizmann Institute of Science. Retrieved 28 May 2014. Xu W, Cohen-Woods S, Chen Q, Noor A, Knight ... Barcova M, Speth C, Kacani L, Uberall F, Stoiber H, Dierich MP (Mar 1999). "Involvement of adenylate cyclase and p70(S6)-kinase ...
Alfred G. Gilman
Haga, T; Ross, EM; Anderson, HJ; Gilman, AG (1977). "Adenylate cyclase permanently uncoupled from hormone receptors in a novel ... Haga, T; Haga, K; Gilman, AG (1977). "Hydrodynamic properties of the beta-adrenergic receptor and adenylate cyclase from wild ... Gilman, AG (1984). "G proteins and dual control of adenylate cyclase". Cell. 36 (3): 577-9. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90336-2. ... Sternweis, PC; Northup, JK; Smigel, MD; Gilman, AG (1981). "The regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Purification and ...
ADCY3
"Entrez Gene: ADCY3 adenylate cyclase 3". "Gene Cards: ADCY3 Gene". Retrieved 2012-12-30. Human ADCY3 genome location and ADCY3 ... Barcova M, Speth C, Kacani L, Uberall F, Stoiber H, Dierich MP (Mar 1999). "Involvement of adenylate cyclase and p70(S6)-kinase ... Adenylyl cyclase type 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADCY3 gene. This gene encodes adenylyl cyclase 3, which ... Haber N, Stengel D, Defer N, Roeckel N, Mattei MG, Hanoune J (Jul 1994). "Chromosomal mapping of human adenylyl cyclase genes ...
ADCY6
"Entrez Gene: ADCY6 adenylate cyclase 6". Human ADCY6 genome location and ADCY6 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. ... 1999). "Involvement of adenylate cyclase and p70(S6)-kinase activation in IL-10 up-regulation in human monocytes by gp41 ... Adenylyl cyclase type 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADCY6 gene. This gene encodes adenylyl cyclase 6, which ... 1998). "Molecular diversity of adenylyl cyclases in human and rat myometrium. Correlation with global adenylyl cyclase activity ...
ADCY4
"Entrez Gene: ADCY4 adenylate cyclase 4". Human ADCY4 genome location and ADCY4 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. ... 1999). "Involvement of adenylate cyclase and p70(S6)-kinase activation in IL-10 up-regulation in human monocytes by gp41 ... along with adenylyl cyclases 2 and 3, is expressed in olfactory cilia, suggesting that several different adenylyl cyclases may ... Adenylyl cyclase type 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADCY4 gene. This gene encodes a member of the family of ...
ADCY9
"Entrez Gene: ADCY9 adenylate cyclase 9". Human ADCY9 genome location and ADCY9 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. ... 1999). "Involvement of adenylate cyclase and p70(S6)-kinase activation in IL-10 up-regulation in human monocytes by gp41 ... Adenylyl cyclase type 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADCY9 gene. Adenylyl cyclase is a membrane bound enzyme ... Cumbay MG, Watts VJ (2004). "Novel regulatory properties of human type 9 adenylate cyclase". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 310 (1): ...
ADCY7
"Entrez Gene: ADCY7 adenylate cyclase 7". Human ADCY7 genome location and ADCY7 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. ... 1999). "Involvement of adenylate cyclase and p70(S6)-kinase activation in IL-10 up-regulation in human monocytes by gp41 ... The product of this gene is a member of the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase enzyme family that is characterized by ... Yan SZ, Tang WJ (2002). "Construction of soluble adenylyl cyclase from human membrane-bound type 7 adenylyl cyclase". G Protein ...
ADCY5
"Entrez Gene: ADCY5 adenylate cyclase 5". Salim S, Sinnarajah S, Kehrl JH, Dessauer CW (May 2003). "Identification of RGS2 and ... Wang SC, Lai HL, Chiu YT, Ou R, Huang CL, Chern Y (2007). "Regulation of type V adenylate cyclase by Ric8a, a guanine ... Barcova M, Speth C, Kacani L, Uberall F, Stoiber H, Dierich MP (1999). "Involvement of adenylate cyclase and p70(S6)-kinase ... Adenylyl cyclase type 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADCY5 gene. ADCY5 has been shown to interact with RGS2. ...
Ras GTPase
Adenylate cyclase activity is unaffected by ras. Goodsell DS (1999). "The molecular perspective: the ras oncogene". The ... Other small GTPases may bind adaptors such as arfaptin or second messenger systems such as adenylyl cyclase. The Ras binding ...
ADCY8
"Entrez Gene: ADCY8 adenylate cyclase 8 (brain)". Human ADCY3 genome location and ADCY3 gene details page in the UCSC Genome ... Barcova M, Speth C, Kacani L, Uberall F, Stoiber H, Dierich MP (Mar 1999). "Involvement of adenylate cyclase and p70(S6)-kinase ... Adenylyl cyclase type 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADCY8 gene. Adenylyl cyclase is a membrane bound enzyme ... Parma J, Stengel D, Gannage MH, Poyard M, Barouki R, Hanoune J (Aug 1991). "Sequence of a human brain adenylyl cyclase partial ...
G beta-gamma complex
Brandt DR, Ross EM (January 1985). "GTPase activity of the stimulatory GTP-binding regulatory protein of adenylate cyclase, Gs ... "Purification of the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United ... individual subunits of the G protein complex were first identified in 1980 when the regulatory component of adenylate cyclase ... Tang WJ, Gilman AG (December 1991). "Type-specific regulation of adenylyl cyclase by G protein beta gamma subunits". Science. ...
Bordetella pertussis
Another toxin that inhibits the immune response is the adenylate cyclase toxin. This toxin has an intrinsic adenylate cyclase ... The toxin, known as pertussis toxin (or PTx), inhibits G protein coupling that regulates an adenylate cyclase-mediated ... Sebo, Peter; Osicka, Radim; Masin, Jiri (2014-08-04). "Adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin relevance for pertussis vaccines". ... Its virulence factors include pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin, filamentous hæmagglutinin, pertactin, fimbria, and ...
CyaA
Adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) is released from bacterium Bordetella pertussis by the T1SS (Type 1 secretion system) and ... October 2008). "Adenylate cyclase toxin subverts phagocyte function by RhoA inhibition and unproductive ruffling". Journal of ... The toxin is a 1706 residue-long polypeptide that consists of an N-terminal ~400 residue-long adenylate cyclase (AC) enzyme ... Sebo P, Osicka R, Masin J (October 2014). "Adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin relevance for pertussis vaccines". Expert Review ...
Anthrax
Edema factor is a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic AMP ( ... The complexation of adenylate cyclase with calmodulin removes calmodulin from stimulating calcium-triggered signaling, thus ...
ADCYAP1R1
... diverse biological actions of adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 and is positively coupled to adenylate cyclase. ... Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor also known as PAC1, is a protein that in humans is encoded ... "Entrez Gene: ADCYAP1R1 adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 (pituitary) receptor type I". Ogi K, Miyamoto Y, Masuda Y, ... Miampamba M, Germano PM, Arli S, Wong HH, Scott D, Taché Y, Pisegna JR (May 2002). "Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase- ...
Induced cell cycle arrest
It does so by inhibiting the enzyme adenylate cyclase. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to 3 ... Liao H, Thorner J (April 1980). "Yeast mating pheromone alpha factor inhibits adenylate cyclase". Proceedings of the National ... Zhang G, Liu Y, Ruoho AE, Hurley JH (March 1997). "Structure of the adenylyl cyclase catalytic core". Nature. 386 (6622): 247- ...
Heterotrimeric G protein
August 1984). "Reconstitution of a hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase system. The pure beta-adrenergic receptor and guanine ... May DC, Ross EM, Gilman AG, Smigel MD (December 1985). "Reconstitution of catecholamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity ... activates hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase. More than one type of G protein co-exist in the same tissue. For example, in ... The alpha subunit of a stimulatory G protein activated by receptors for stimulatory hormones could stimulate adenylyl cyclase, ...
Microbial toxin
EF is an adenylate cyclase that targets ATP. LF enzyme is a metalloprotease that confers the lethal phenotype associated with ...
5'-Guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl imidodiphosphate is a potent stimulator of adenylate cyclase. It is often used in studies of protein synthesis. ...
Lac operon
The cya gene encodes adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP. In a cya mutant, the absence of cAMP makes the expression of the ... which influences the activity of adenylate cyclase. (In addition, glucose transport also leads to direct inhibition of the ...
GPR3
... activates adenylate cyclase in the absence of ligand. GPR3 was first described as a constitutive activator of adenylate ... August 1995). "Molecular cloning of an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that constitutively activates adenylate cyclase". The ... cyclase. This constitutive activity could be due to stimulation by a ubiquitous ligand that may be free, membrane-bound, or ...
VIPR2
Zhang ZH, Wu SD, Gao H, Shi G, Jin JZ, Kong J, Tian Z, Su Y (March 2006). "Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating ... Wei Y, Mojsov S (1997). "Tissue specific expression of different human receptor types for pituitary adenylate cyclase ... VIPR2 transduction results in upregulation of adenylate cyclase activity. Furthermore, VIPR2 mediates the anti-inflammatory ... Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) are homologous peptides that ...
Bordetella
One of the most important of the regulated toxins is adenylate cyclase toxin, which aids in the evasion of innate immunity. The ... Fiser R, Masín J, Basler M, Krusek J, Spuláková V, Konopásek I, Sebo P (2007). "Third activity of Bordetella adenylate cyclase ... Gray MC, Donato GM, Jones FR, Kim T, Hewlett EL (2004). "Newly secreted adenylate cyclase toxin is responsible for intoxication ... Hewlett EL, Donato GM, Gray MC (2006). "Macrophage cytotoxicity produced by adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis: ...
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Adenylate cyclase is inhibited by agonists of adenylate cyclase inhibitory G (Gi)-protein-coupled receptors. Liver adenylate ... Adenylate cyclase is activated by a range of signaling molecules through the activation of adenylate cyclase stimulatory G (Gs ... This occurs through inhibition of the cAMP-producing enzyme, adenylate cyclase, as a side-effect of glucose transport into the ... cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP ...
Macrodontia (tooth)
... this protein is a stimulatory regulator of adenylate cyclase. Cells containing this mutant form of the Gs protein will continue ...
CAP1
"Entrez Gene: CAP1 CAP, adenylate cyclase-associated protein 1 (yeast)". Hubberstey, A; Yu G; Loewith R; Lakusta C; Young D (Jun ... Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CAP1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene ... Yu G, Swiston J, Young D (1994). "Comparison of human CAP and CAP2, homologs of the yeast adenylyl cyclase-associated proteins ... Adenylyl cyclase GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028656 - Ensembl, May 2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center ...
Actin
... a process regulator related to adenylate cyclase proteins; a profilin with a molecular weight of approximately 14 kDa that is ...
Histamine H2 receptor
H2 receptors are positively coupled to adenylate cyclase via Gs. It is a potent stimulant of cAMP production, which leads to ...
Acetylcholine
The M2 and M4 subtypes are Gi/Go-coupled; they decrease intracellular levels of cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Their ...
Formyl peptide receptor 2
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 27 (pro-inflammatory). Eicosanoid receptor Formyl peptide receptor Lipoxin ...
Protein-protein interaction
"The bacterial two-hybrid system based on adenylate cyclase reconstitution in Escherichia coli". Methods. 58 (4): 325-34. doi: ...
Dopamine agonist
D2-like receptors decrease intracellular levels of the second messenger cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase.[24][25] ... the subtypes can be divided into two subclasses due to their mechanism of action on adenylate cyclase enzyme, D1-like receptors ... D1-like receptors are primarily coupled to Gαs/olf proteins and activates adenylate cyclase which increases intracellular ...
G protein
An example is adenylate cyclase, which produces the second messenger cyclic AMP.[9] For this discovery, they won the 1994 Nobel ... The 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Earl Sutherland for discovering the key role of adenylate cyclase, which ... This is accomplished by direct stimulation of the membrane-associated enzyme adenylate cyclase. cAMP can then act as a second ... Tolkovsky AM, Levitzki A (1978). "Mode of coupling between the beta-adrenergic receptor and adenylate cyclase in turkey ...
Dinoxyline
Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Nichols DE, Mailman RB (October 2005). "Differential activation of adenylate cyclase and receptor ...
Olfactory receptor neuron
The activated OR in turn activates the intracellular G-protein, GOLF (GNAL), adenylate cyclase and production of cyclic AMP ( ... "Phosphorylation and inhibition of olfactory adenylyl cyclase by CaM kinase II in Neurons: a mechanism for attenuation of ...
Metabotropic glutamate receptor
"Metabotropic glutamate receptors negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity and ... by activating a G protein that inhibits the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, which forms cAMP from ATP. These receptors are involved in ...
Philip Lazarovici
"Heterologous Upregulation of Nerve Growth Factor-TrkA Receptors in PC12 Cells by Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating ...
Mycolicibacter
... adenylate/guanylate cyclase domain-containing protein, DUF2029 domain-containing protein and hypothetical proteins. These CSIs ... polyketide cyclase, spirocyclase AveC family protein, TobH protein, UDP-N-acetylmuramate-L-alanine ligase, DUF2236 domain- ...
ACTH receptor
... study of ACTH binding and coupling to adenylate cyclase". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 129 (1): 83-90. doi:10.1016/ ... it is coupled to Gαs and upregulates levels of cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase. The ACTH receptor plays a role in immune ...
Somatostatin
... which inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus effectively antagonising the stimulatory effect of histamine) to reduce acid secretion. ... that inhibits adenylyl cyclase and lowers [cAMP]. In this way, somatostatin inhibits the secretion of several hormones, ... Inhibiting adenylyl cyclase in parietal cells Inhibiting the release of prolactin (PRL) Somatostatin is homologous with ... a protein coupled to adenylyl cyclase". Molecular Endocrinology. 6 (12): 2136-42. doi:10.1210/mend.6.12.1337145. PMID 1337145. ...
Olfactory receptor
The G protein (Golf and/or Gs) in turn activates the lyase - adenylate cyclase - which converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP). The ...
Butorphanol
Stimulation of these receptors on central nervous system neurons causes an intracellular inhibition of adenylate cyclase, ...
Glycogen phosphorylase
Glucagon activates adenylate cyclase through a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) coupled to Gs which in turn activates ... adenylate cyclase to increase intracellular concentrations of cAMP. cAMP binds to and activates protein kinase A (PKA). PKA ...
Food-entrainable oscillator
Proteins involved in the SCN pathway (Prokineticin 2 (PK2), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase- ...
Melatonin receptor
In humans it consists of 351 amino acids that are encoded in chromosome 4. Its main function here is as an adenylate cyclase ...
Adenosine monophosphate
AMP can also exist as a cyclic structure known as cyclic AMP (or cAMP). Within certain cells the enzyme adenylate cyclase makes ... AMP can be regenerated to ATP as follows: AMP + ATP → 2 ADP (adenylate kinase in the opposite direction) ADP + Pi → ATP (this ...
Antithyroid autoantibodies
These antibodies activate adenylate cyclase by binding to the TSH receptor. This causes the production of thyroid hormones and ...
Vasopressin receptor antagonist
Inhibition by somatostatin of the vasopressin-stimulated adenylate cyclase in a kidney-derived line of cells grown in defined ...
Tachykinin receptor 1
... the arachidonic acid mobilization via phospholipase A2 and third is the cAMP accumulation via stimulation of adenylate cyclase ...
Synthetic cannabinoids
"Stereochemical effects of 11-OH-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol-dimethylheptyl to inhibit adenylate cyclase and bind to the ...
Mushroom bodies
When calcium enters a cell and binds with calmodulin, it stimulates adenylate cyclase (AC), which is encoded by the rutabaga ... dual regulation of adenylate cyclase by Ca2+/calmodulin and transmitter". The Journal of Neuroscience. 11 (9): 2655-65. doi: ... Additionally, this synergistic increase in cAMP is mediated by and dependent on rutabaga adenylyl cyclase (rut AC), which is ... Coincidence Detection by Rutabaga Adenylyl Cyclase and Spatial Regulation by Dunce Phosphodiesterase". Neuron. 65 (4): 516-529 ...
Alpha-adrenergic agonist
... and activation of α2 inhibits the enzyme adenylate cyclase. Inactivation of adenylate cyclase in turn leads to the inactivation ... inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity, reduces brainstem vasomotor center-mediated CNS activation; used as antihypertensive, ...
CALCRL
... which activates adenylate cyclase and activation results in the generation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( ...
FYN
Yaka R, He DY, Phamluong K, Ron D (March 2003). "Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP(1-38)) enhances N- ...
Iprindole
"Differences in the interaction of histamine H2 receptor antagonists and tricyclic antidepressants with adenylate cyclase from ...
Alpha cell
This ligand binding causes the activation of adenylate cyclase, which causes the creation of cyclic AMP (cAMP). As the ... Once activated, these receptors suppress the action of adenylyl cyclase, which suppresses the production of cAMP. The ...
Adenosine receptor
This integral membrane protein stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in the presence of adenosine. This protein also interacts ... is mediated by G proteins that activate adenylyl cyclase. It is abundant in basal ganglia, vasculature and platelets and it is ...
Adenylate cyclase toxin - Wikipedia
"Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin: a unique combination of a pore-forming moiety with a cell-invading adenylate cyclase enzyme ... Antibodies against adenylate cyclase toxin are also present in the serum of humans infected with B. pertussis. Adenylate ... Genetically detoxified adenylate cyclase toxin also serves in promoting the Th1/Th17 response, acting as an adjuvant. Adenylate ... also produce adenylate cyclase toxin. It is a toxin secreted by the bacteria to influence the host immune system. Adenylate ...
Temporal effects of cytokines on neonatal cardiac myocyte Ca2+ transients and adenylate cyclase activity
... cardiac function by affecting calcium homeostasis and that this effect is mediated by the beta-adrenergic-adenylate cyclase ... and adenylate cyclase were measured under each condition. Anticipated stepwise increases in adenylate cyclase and intracellular ... and isoproterenol increases adenylate cyclase activity, unlike after short exposure. Forskolin maximally activates adenylate ... Temporal effects of cytokines on neonatal cardiac myocyte Ca2+ transients and adenylate cyclase activity Am J Physiol. 1997 Apr ...
RCSB PDB - 5CXL: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF RTX DOMAIN BLOCK V OF ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN FROM BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF RTX DOMAIN BLOCK V OF ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN FROM BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS ... Bifunctional hemolysin/adenylate cyclase. A, B. 153. Bordetella pertussis Tohama I. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: cya, cyaA, ... CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF RTX DOMAIN BLOCK V OF ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN FROM BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. *PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb5CXL/pdb ... Using Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin, we solved the structure of an essential C-terminal assembly that caps the ...
JCI -
Activation of Adenylate Cyclase by Heat-Labile Escherichia Coli Enterotoxin: EVIDENCE FOR ADP-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY...
Activation of Adenylate Cyclase by Heat-Labile Escherichia Coli Enterotoxin: EVIDENCE FOR ADP-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY ... Activation of Adenylate Cyclase by Heat-Labile Escherichia Coli Enterotoxin: EVIDENCE FOR ADP-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY ... Both toxins, which catalyze the NAD-dependent activation of adenylate cyclase, thus appear to possess NAD glycohydrolase and ... The presence of transferase and glycohydrolase activities in structurally distinct toxins that activate adenylate cyclase ...
Functional Selectivity of Dopamine Receptor Agonists. I. Selective Activation of Postsynaptic Dopamine D2 Receptors Linked to...
I. Selective Activation of Postsynaptic Dopamine D2 Receptors Linked to Adenylate Cyclase. David M. Mottola, Jason D. Kilts, ... I. Selective Activation of Postsynaptic Dopamine D2 Receptors Linked to Adenylate Cyclase. David M. Mottola, Jason D. Kilts, ... I. Selective Activation of Postsynaptic Dopamine D2 Receptors Linked to Adenylate Cyclase. David M. Mottola, Jason D. Kilts, ... I. Selective Activation of Postsynaptic Dopamine D2 Receptors Linked to Adenylate Cyclase" - July 01, 2002 ...
GTP-preferring protein phosphorylation systems in brain membranes: Possible role in adenylate cyclase regulation<...
Triton-X-100 extracts of brain membranes, which contain the catalytic and regulatory subunits of adenylate cyclase, were found ... Triton-X-100 extracts of brain membranes, which contain the catalytic and regulatory subunits of adenylate cyclase, were found ... Triton-X-100 extracts of brain membranes, which contain the catalytic and regulatory subunits of adenylate cyclase, were found ... Triton-X-100 extracts of brain membranes, which contain the catalytic and regulatory subunits of adenylate cyclase, were found ...
Reactome | Adenylate Cyclase V or VI [plasma membrane]
Adenylate Cyclase V or VI [plasma membrane] (Caenorhabditis elegans) * Adenylate cyclase type V or VI: G-protein beta gamma ... Adenylate cyclase type V or VI: G-protein beta gamma Complex [plasma membrane] (Caenorhabditis elegans) ... G-beta:G-gamma inhibits Adenylate cyclase (Caenorhabditis elegans) * ...
Anti-viral protection conferred by recombinant adenylate cyclase toxins from Bordetella pertussis carrying a CD8+ T cell...
A mutant toxin devoid of adenylate cyclase activity (i.e., cAMP synthesizing activity) was constructed by insertion of a ... In the present study, we investigated the potential ability of an invasive adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis, ... Anti-viral protection conferred by recombinant adenylate cyclase toxins from Bordetella pertussis carrying a CD8+ T cell ...
Cholera-toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation of the adenylate cyclase regulatory protein in turkey erythrocyte membranes<...
Our data support the view that the 42,000 Mr peptide is part of the adenylate cyclase guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. ... Our data support the view that the 42,000 Mr peptide is part of the adenylate cyclase guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. ... Our data support the view that the 42,000 Mr peptide is part of the adenylate cyclase guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. ... Our data support the view that the 42,000 Mr peptide is part of the adenylate cyclase guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. ...
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-activating Polypeptide (1-38), frog - LKT Labs
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and its receptors: 20 years after the discovery. Pharmacol Rev. 2009 Sep;61( ... Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous peptide that stimulates cAMP production in the ... Discovery of a new reproductive hormone in teleosts: pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-related peptide (PRP). ... Structural and functional characterization of pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/PACAP-related peptide ( ...
Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide | Colorado PROFILES
Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide. *Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, ... Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide*Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide ... "Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled ... They bind PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes that ...
Adenylate Cyclase | ChemScene llc
Pertussis: Disease Specifics for Clinicians | CDC
Structural and ligand-binding properties of a truncated form of Bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase and of a catalytically...
Bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified protein (CYA 62) exhibited catalytic and ... Structural and ligand-binding properties of a truncated form of Bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase and of a catalytically ... Abstract : A truncated, 541-residue-long, Bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified ... Structural and ligand-binding properties of a truncated form of Bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase and of a catalytically ...
Dopamine inhibits adenylate cyclase in human prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas [14]<...
Dopamine inhibits adenylate cyclase in human prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas [14]. In: Nature. 1979 ; Vol. 278, No. 5701 ... Dopamine inhibits adenylate cyclase in human prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas [14]. Pietro De Camilli, Daniela Macconi, ... A DA-stimulated adenylate cyclase has not been detected in normal anterior pituitaries 3,5,6; furthermore, several studies ... A DA-stimulated adenylate cyclase has not been detected in normal anterior pituitaries 3,5,6; furthermore, several studies ...
MedlinePlus: Genes
Chymotrypsin selectively impairs forskolin stimulation of adenylate cyclase<...
Gierschik, P. ; Spiegel, A. / Chymotrypsin selectively impairs forskolin stimulation of adenylate cyclase. In: Federation ... Gierschik, P., & Spiegel, A. (1985). Chymotrypsin selectively impairs forskolin stimulation of adenylate cyclase. Federation ... Gierschik, P & Spiegel, A 1985, Chymotrypsin selectively impairs forskolin stimulation of adenylate cyclase, Federation ... Chymotrypsin selectively impairs forskolin stimulation of adenylate cyclase. Federation Proceedings. 1985 Jan 1;44(5):No. 8100. ...
Table 2 - Genomewide Pattern of Synonymous Nucleotide Substitution in Two Complete Genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis -...
Human Adenylate cyclase type 3,ADCY3 ELISA Kit - Brogen Medikal Teknolojileri
Chronic Pruritus in the Absence of Specific Skin Disease: An Update
Feeding and Metabolism in Mice Lacking Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide.
... 08.05.2008 , 11:11 AMPublications0 ... Feeding and Metabolism in Mice Lacking Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide.. Bruce A. Adams, Sarah L. Gray, Emma ... Disruption of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene in mice has demonstrated a role for this ...
Mouse ADCY10(Adenylate Cyclase 10, Soluble) ELISA Kit - Elisa kits Gentaur
Mouse ADCY10(Adenylate Cyclase 10, Soluble) ELISA Kit. Mouse ADCY10(Adenylate Cyclase 10, Soluble) ELISA Kit. Contact us to ... Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Adenylate Cyclase 10, Soluble (ADCY10) in samples ... Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Adenylate Cyclase 10, Soluble (ADCY10) in samples ... Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Adenylate Cyclase 10, Soluble (ADCY10) in samples ...
Purification and characterization of an inhibitor protein of brain adenylate cyclase and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase -...
Improved adenylate cyclase activity via affinity immobilization onto co-modified GO with bio-inspired adhesive and PEI - USQ...
Improved adenylate cyclase activity via affinity immobilization onto co-modified GO with bio-inspired adhesive and PEI ... Adenylate cyclase; Affinity; Graphene oxide; Polydopamine; Polyethyleneimine. Fields of Research (2020):. 34 CHEMICAL SCIENCES ... Adenylate cyclase (AC) can efficiently catalyze the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine-3′, 5′- ... Improved adenylate cyclase activity via affinity immobilization onto co-modified GO with bio-inspired adhesive and PEI. ...
Pediatric Thrombocytosis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations, Activity
TCDB » Superfamilies
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Enhance IL-10 Production by Murine...
The VPAC1 is coupled primarily to the adenylate cyclase system (14). To fully understand the mechanism of action of VIP and ... Forskolin stimulates adenylate cyclase in human colonic crypts: interaction with VIP. Eur. J. Pharmacol. ... Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and PACAP/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors: actions on the ... Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)3 and the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are two multifunctional ...
Mechanisms of phospholipase C activation by the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating...
The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 2 (VPAC2) receptor was shown to ... T1 - Mechanisms of phospholipase C activation by the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating ... N2 - The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 2 (VPAC2) receptor was shown ... AB - The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 2 (VPAC2) receptor was shown ...
Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C Volume 39 Issue 11-12
Moreover, PS stimulated the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Solubilization of SPM by the detergent Lubrol-PX did not ... These results indicate that acidic phospholipids do not directly act on adenylate cyclase, but indirectly, affecting the ... Such modifications of interactions through lipid-protein(s) of adenylate cyclase may have implications to physiological ... stimulated adenylate cyclase. The enzyme activity showed a dramatic increase at around 1.6 μmol PS/mg protein, while use of ...
PACAPReceptorReceptorsBordetellaInhibitionForskolinBasalPolypeptideActivationPUTATIVE ADENYLATE CYCLASECyclicEnzymeStimulationIntracellularInhibits adenylateCatalyticEnzymesActivatesToxinsAdenosine triphosphateGTPaseActivateNucleotide regulatoryBacillusADCY10ProteinsRegulatory proteinCAMPIntrinsicHypothesis
PACAP12
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous peptide that stimulates cAMP production in the anterior pituitary. (lktlabs.com)
- Structural and functional characterization of pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/PACAP-related peptide (PRP) and its receptor in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). (lktlabs.com)
- Disruption of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) gene in mice has demonstrated a role for this highly conserved neuropeptide in the regulation of me- tabolism and temperature control. (deiodinase.org)
- Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide present in the lymphoid microenvironment, and the structurally related pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) act as potent anti-inflammatory agents that inhibit the function of activated macrophages and TH cells. (aai.org)
- 1- 5 As shown in guinea pig airways in vitro, this effect is mediated via VIP-PACAP (VPAC) receptors because VIP and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) display a similar potency. (bmj.com)
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP 38) is a neuropeptide with anti-inflammatory activity. (nel.edu)
- Alfa 1 adrenergic potentiation of progesterone accumulation stimulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in cultured rat granulosa cells. (nel.edu)
- Wasilewska-Dziubiñska E, Borowiec M, Chmielowska M, Woliñska-Witort E, Baranowska B. Alfa 1 adrenergic potentiation of progesterone accumulation stimulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in cultured rat granulosa cells. (nel.edu)
- Gargiulo AT , Curtis GR , Barson JR . Pleiotropic pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP): Novel insights into the role of PACAP in eating and drug intake. (wjgnet.com)
- inactivation of SelT in beta-cells leads to glucose intolerance via impaired glucose homeostasis and PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) insulinotropic effect. (genscript.com)
- Also has central innervation directly through the pineal stalk and also from the trigeminal ganglion which contains the neuropeptide PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) 10 . (radiopaedia.org)
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide is the first volume to be written on the neuropeptide PACAP. (harperandharley.org)
Receptor17
- Adenylate cyclese toxin binds to target cells by the complement receptor 3 (CD11b/CD18, or Mac-1). (wikipedia.org)
- Thus short-term cytokine treatment blocks the adrenergic receptor-mediated increases in adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, dissociating adenylate cyclase activation from cytokine-mediated increases in cell calcium, whereas longer treatment apparently produces direct affects on adenylate cyclase. (nih.gov)
- The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 2 (VPAC2) receptor was shown to induce both [3H]inositol phosphate ([3H]InsP)and cAMP production in transfected COS7 cells and in GH3 cells where it is natively expressed. (strath.ac.uk)
- Additionally, a mutant of the receptor, which lacks the sites normally phosphorylated by PKA, can activate adenylyl cyclase, the enzyme that generates cAMP, but not MAP kinase. (nih.gov)
- Cloning of another human serotonin receptor (5-HT1F): a fifth 5-HT1 receptor subtype coupled to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase. (semanticscholar.org)
- These G protein-coupled receptors transduce activation or inhibition of adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C. Reasonably selective antagonists are available for some adenosine receptor subtypes. (cdc.gov)
- The activating versions of the TSH receptor are the thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies, which activate adenylate cyclase and which stimulate thyroid function. (medscape.com)
- Induces vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation by receptor-mediated stimulation of adenylate cyclase. (enzolifesciences.com)
- Receptor for apelin coupled to G proteins that inhibit adenylate cyclase activity. (discoverx.com)
- Adenylate cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1), an actin regulatory protein and functional receptor for the obesity-associated adipokine resistin, has been implicated with inferior cancer prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Posteriormente se estableci que este receptor se encuentra tambi n en las terminales ax nicas de otras neuronas del Sistema Nervioso Central y perif rico, donde regula como heterorreceptor la liberaci n de varios transmisores. (medigraphic.com)
- La regulaci n por el receptor H 3 de la liberaci n de estos neurotransmisores y neuromoduladores, tanto en condiciones normales como patol gicas, sugiere que los f rmacos que act en sobre dicho receptor pueden tener uso terap utico en alteraciones diversas como los transtornos del sue o, las arritmias cardiacas causadas por isquemia, la migra a, la obesidad, la enfermedad de Alzheimer y la esquizofrenia. (medigraphic.com)
- μ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptor-mediated inhibition of neurotransmitter release and adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain slices: studies with fen. (tocris.com)
- The calcitonin receptor, located on osteoclasts, and in the kidney and also regions of the brain, is a G protein-coupled receptor, which is paired by Gs to adenylate cyclase and thereby to the generation of cAMP in target cells. (inboundmarketingsummit.com)
- Action your doctor within 25 hours possible cause you may need to be formed by dissolving 5 level teaspoons of sugar in the metabolism of methanol) and glycolic, glyoxylic, and oxalic acids (produced by the manifestations develop over weeks to return to its receptor stimulates adenylate cyclase to convert fibrinogen to fibrin and is expressed in indirect ways that can be used to examine your child for take-off or landing. (childbirthsolutions.com)
- Eyler CE, Jackson T, Elliott LE, De Castro LM, Jonassaint J, Ashley-Koch A, Telen MJ, beta(2)-Adrenergic receptor and adenylate cyclase gene polymorphisms affect sickle red cell adhesion. (ithanet.eu)
- VPAC2 Receptor signaling occurs via adenylate cyclase stimulation through trimeric Gs proteins, increasing cAMP, and downstream L-type calcium channel interaction. (innoprot.com)
Receptors14
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and its receptors: 20 years after the discovery. (lktlabs.com)
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide" by people in this website by year, and whether "Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ucdenver.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide" by people in Profiles. (ucdenver.edu)
- In particular, some of these receptors are coupled to adenylate cyclase (DA-stimulating enzyme activity), whereas others seem to be independent 3-5 . (elsevier.com)
- In particular, some of these receptors are coupled to adenylate cyclase (DA-stimulating enzyme activity), whereas others seem to be independent3-5. (elsevier.com)
- They occur on the inner surface of the plasma membrane and transmit signals from hormone receptors on the outer surface of the cell to adenylate cyclase , which catalyses the formation of the second messenger , cyclic AMP, inside the cell. (encyclopedia.com)
- At BWH Eva's work began in earnest on the identification of proteins that modulate signals between cell surface receptors and adenylate cyclase (and other effector proteins). (harvard.edu)
- SST receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that are responsible for the inhibition of adenylate cyclase, activation of potassium channels, and stimulation of tyrosine kinase (Hoyer et al. (springer.com)
- Activation of beta 2-adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle leads to the activation of adenylate cyclase and to an increase in the intracellular. (musicaenlamochila.net)
- H2 receptors are positively coupled to adenylate cyclase via Gs. (multispaninc.com)
- Her seminal early papers on GPCR signaling demonstrated that dopamine receptors are the target of antipsychotic drugs, that muscarinic receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase and that phospholipase C and CaM kinase II activation mediate cardiac hypertrophy. (aspet.org)
- Gsa functions as a transducer of numerous signaling pathways that are controlled by g protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) by coupling receptors to adenylyl cyclase and results in increased levels of the signaling molecule cAMP. (antibodiesinc.com)
- Both the CB1 and CB2 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase and stimulate potassium channels. (medscape.com)
Bordetella9
- Adenylate cyclase toxin is a virulence factor produced by some members of the genus Bordetella. (wikipedia.org)
- Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella parapertussis, also able to cause pertussis-like symptoms, also produce adenylate cyclase toxin. (wikipedia.org)
- Adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis is a 1706 amino acid residue long protein. (wikipedia.org)
- Using Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin, we solved the structure of an essential C-terminal assembly that caps the RTX domains of RTX family leukotoxins. (rcsb.org)
- In the present study, we investigated the potential ability of an invasive adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis, carrying a CD8+ T cell epitope from the nucleoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), to stimulate protective anti-viral immunity. (pasteur.fr)
- Determination of serum antibody to Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin in vaccinated and unvaccinated children and in children and adults with pertussis. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Presence of antibody to adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) has been noted following Bordetella pertussis infection. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Wehmann E, Khayer B, Magyar T. (2015): Heterogeneity of Bordetella bronchiseptica adenylate cyclase (cyaA) RTX domain. (vmri.hu)
- 2013. Role of Bordetella pertussis RseA in the cell envelope stress response and adenylate cyclase toxin release. (umn.edu)
Inhibition2
- CONCLUSIONS: Activation of neuronal adenylate cyclase antagonizes isoflurane inhibition of locomotion in C. elegans. (wustl.edu)
- Inhibition of the catalytic site of adenylate cyclase in the central nervous system by phenothiazine derivatives. (semanticscholar.org)
Forskolin6
- Anticipated stepwise increases in adenylate cyclase and intracellular calcium were found in controls (non-cytokine-treated) with 10(-7) M isoproterenol, 10(-7) M isoproterenol + 0.1 mM guanosine triphosphate, and 10(-9) M forskolin. (nih.gov)
- Forskolin maximally activates adenylate cyclase following both short- and long-term incubation, but the stepwise increase in activity is blunted following prolonged exposure. (nih.gov)
- The theory behind this effect is that forskolin stimulates adenylate cyclase activity, which, in turn, increases the levels of cAMP in fat cells. (nutralegacy.com)
- Clinical studies have shown that forskolin directly stimulates adenylate cyclase, although it does this without the expected requirement of epinephrine release. (nutralegacy.com)
- Forskolin is a natural product adenylate cyclase activator that increases cyclic AMP levels. (reprocell.com)
- Forskolin - a commonly used CFTR activator - is known to activate CFTR through activation of adenylate cyclase. (nanion.de)
Basal6
- Cells in the presence of cytokine for 2 h show increased basal calcium levels but no changes in adenylate cyclase activities, and isoproterenol fails to elevate adenylate cyclase levels or affect contractile shortening. (nih.gov)
- After long-term treatment with IL-1beta or TNF, but not IL-1alpha, the significantly elevated levels of basal systolic calcium remain, and isoproterenol increases adenylate cyclase activity, unlike after short exposure. (nih.gov)
- We report here that in homogenates of human PRL adenomas, in which dopaminergic agonists act as inhibitors of PRL secretion, basal adenylate cyclase is inhibited by DA. (elsevier.com)
- Stimulated and basal adenylate cyclase activities from livers of young and old rats were lower in particulates than in homogenates. (uthscsa.edu)
- Fluoride and azide stimulations relative to basal activities were greater in particulates than in homogenates, while relative epinephrine activity was lower in particulates, suggesting qualitative alteration of adenylate cyclase during preparation of particulates. (uthscsa.edu)
- In contrast with these antidopaminergic properties, FCE 23884 consistently stimulated basal adenylate cyclase activity in vitro (ED50 = 0.6 microM) and elicited a rapid increase of cyclic AMP formation in the neostriatum of normal (35%) and reserpinized (82%) rats in vivo. (aspetjournals.org)
Polypeptide11
- Discovery of a new reproductive hormone in teleosts: pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-related peptide (PRP). (lktlabs.com)
- They bind PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes that influence the behavior of CELLS. (ucdenver.edu)
- Feeding and Metabolism in Mice Lacking Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide. (deiodinase.org)
- This page shows the publications Vadim Bolshakov has written about Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide. (harvard.edu)
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide induces postsynaptically expressed potentiation in the intra-amygdala circuit. (harvard.edu)
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: localization and differential influence on isolated hearts from rats and guinea pigs. (atsu.edu)
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide/vasoactive intestinal peptide (Part 2): biology and clinical importance in central nervous system and inflammatory disorders. (wjgnet.com)
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in the retina: focus on the retinoprotective effects. (doktori.hu)
- Helospectin and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in the lowing the lead in the. (psm.edu)
- We find that, following axotomy, sympathetic neurons in the superior cervical ganglion express vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin, and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, three neuropeptides not normally expressed by these neurons. (case.edu)
- 2022 - Andero Galí, Raül Porta-Casteràs D, Cano M, Steward T, Andero R, Cardoner N. 'The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide system as a sex-specific modulator of hippocampal response to threat stimuli. (icrea.cat)
Activation7
- Both toxins, which catalyze the NAD-dependent activation of adenylate cyclase, thus appear to possess NAD glycohydrolase and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities. (jci.org)
- activation may result from ADP-ribosylation of the cyclase itself or of a protein that regulates its activity. (jci.org)
- Preincubation of brain membranes with GTP under phosphorylating conditions resulted in activation of adenylate cyclase which withstood sedimentation and washing. (elsevier.com)
- Previous studies showed that guanine nucleotides, acting at a site termed the nucleotide regulatory site, are required for activation of hepatic adenylate cyclase, and that glucagon facilitates this process. (elsevier.com)
- The three adenylate cyclase genes, acaA , acrA and acgA are required for aggregation, culmination and spore dormancy, respectively, and some of their functions can be suppressed by activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase PKA. (biologists.com)
- The activation of adenylate cyclase rescued the cells from XMRV toxicity, indicating that toxicity resulted from reduced G-protein-mediated cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling. (cnrs.fr)
- They always use the activation of adenylate cyclase as the next step in the signal chain. (chemeurope.com)
PUTATIVE ADENYLATE CYCLASE1
- GBAA_1210 protein, a putative adenylate cyclase, from Bacillus anthracis. (csgid.org)
Cyclic4
- Adenylate cyclase (AC) can efficiently catalyze the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine-3′, 5′-monophosphate (cAMP). (edu.au)
- Norepinephrine activated adenylate cyclase through β -adrenoceptors, thereby significantly increased the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which enhanced the analgesic activity of MA [ 25 , 26 ]. (hindawi.com)
- An example is adenylate cyclase , which produces the second messenger cyclic AMP . (wikipedia.org)
- The 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Earl Sutherland for discovering the key role of adenylate cyclase , which produces the second messenger cyclic AMP . (wikipedia.org)
Enzyme6
- Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Adenylate Cyclase 10, Soluble (ADCY10) in Tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)
- These studies show that adenylate cyclase activity in rat liver is presently best quantitated in homogenates and suggest caution in comparisons of enzyme activities based on particulates or membranes prepared from animals of differing physiologic states. (uthscsa.edu)
- Three plasma membrane-located enzyme activities were analysed: Mg2+-dependent ATPase, 5´-nucleotidase and adenylyl cyclase. (lu.se)
- In Guidotti's laboratory she purified adenylyl and guanylyl cyclase from adrenal medulla, working independently to better understand the enzyme that generates the universal second messenger cAMP. (harvard.edu)
- Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Adenylate Kinase 3 (AK3) in serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and other biological fluids. (allelisakits.com)
- Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Mouse Adenylate Kinase 3 (AK3) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (allelisakits.com)
Stimulation1
- The α subunit is thought to be the effector region responsible for stimulation of adenylate cyclase (involved the generation of cAMP ). (wikidoc.org)
Intracellular1
- As mentioned above, it is adenylate cyclase that stimulates cAMP, which is the intracellular messenger that triggers the release of the hormone-sensitive lipase that activates lipolysis. (nutralegacy.com)
Inhibits adenylate1
- Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. (idrblab.net)
Catalytic2
- Triton-X-100 extracts of brain membranes, which contain the catalytic and regulatory subunits of adenylate cyclase, were found to be enriched in endogenous activity which phosphorylated the 54K protein with GTP, but not ATP. (elsevier.com)
- A mutant toxin devoid of adenylate cyclase activity (i.e., cAMP synthesizing activity) was constructed by insertion of a dipeptide into the catalytic site of the molecule. (pasteur.fr)
Enzymes2
- It plays a significant role in weight loss as it creates enzymes, lipase, and adenylate cyclase. (ipsnews.net)
- Benefits: May aid in weight loss by helping create enzymes called lipase and adenylate cyclase. (anumed-intl.com)
Activates1
- The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm , and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP . (dictionary.net)
Toxins1
- B. bronchiseptica" also produces many toxins such as bifunctional adenylate cyclase and dermonecrotic toxins. (kenyon.edu)
Adenosine triphosphate1
- cAMP is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in reaction catalyzed by adenylate cyclase (AC). (csgid.org)
GTPase2
- GTPase activity of the stimulatory GTP-binding regulatory of adenylate cyclase, G(s). (elsevier.com)
- Among the target molecules of the active GTPase are adenylate cyclase and ion channels . (chemeurope.com)
Activate2
- the GTP-protein complex is able to activate adenylate cyclase, whereas the GDP-protein complex does not. (encyclopedia.com)
- F - , for example, has been shown to activate adenylate cyclase (Eckstein et al. (nanion.de)
Nucleotide regulatory2
- When toxin-treated membranes were incubated with isoproterenol and GMP before detergent solubilization, the 42,000 M r labeled peptide was adsorbed by GTP-γ-agarose which, with the same conditions, adsorbed the adenylate cyclase guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. (elsevier.com)
- Our data support the view that the 42,000 M r peptide is part of the adenylate cyclase guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. (elsevier.com)
Bacillus2
- Structural and ligand-binding properties of a truncated form of Bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase and of a catalytically inactive variant in which glutamine substitutes for lysine-346. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- A truncated, 541-residue-long, Bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase was expressed in Escherichia coli. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
ADCY101
- Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Adenylate Cyclase 10, Soluble (ADCY10) in samples from tissue homogenates or other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)
Proteins2
- A major virulence determinant of anthrax is edema toxin (ET), which is formed by the combination of two proteins produced by the organism, edema factor (EF), which is an adenyl cyclase, and protective antigen (PA). (springer.com)
- Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. (idrblab.net)
Regulatory protein1
- Guanosine 5′-O-(2-thiodiphosphate), an analog of GDP which blocks guanine nucleotide- and fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, caused elution of labeled peptide which exhibited no regulatory protein activity. (elsevier.com)
CAMP5
- The above described effects of the adenylate cyclase toxin, mainly the cAMP overproduction, have a profound effect on target cells. (wikipedia.org)
- We eliminated cAMP production by deleting the three adenylate cyclases and overexpressed PKA-C to enable aggregation. (biologists.com)
- Since cAMP, a product of adenyl cyclase, is known to enhance endothelial barrier integrity, we asked whether ET might decrease extravasation of PMNs into tissues through closure of the paracellular pathway through which PMNs traverse. (springer.com)
- Optogenetic modulation of an adenylate cyclase in Toxoplasma gondii demonstrates a requirement of parasite cAMP for host-cell invasion and stage differentiation. (hu-berlin.de)
- The arrest was not suppressed by the presence of multicopy RAS1, TPK2, or TPK3 genes or by the presence of 5 mM cAMP in the growth medium, suggesting that PPS1 functions in a pathway involving RAS2, but not TPK kinases or adenylate cyclase. (embl.de)
Intrinsic1
- The adenylate cyclase domain has intrinsic enzymatic activity. (wikipedia.org)
Hypothesis2
- This study investigates the hypothesis that inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1alpha IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), influence cardiac function by affecting calcium homeostasis and that this effect is mediated by the beta-adrenergic-adenylate cyclase system. (nih.gov)
- These findings provide a means for direct testing of the hypothesis that protein phosphorylation plays a role in adenylate cyclase regulation. (elsevier.com)