Adenosine kinase. Medical search

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.

A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.

An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.

A subclass of adenosine A2 receptors found in LEUKOCYTES, the SPLEEN, the THYMUS and a variety of other tissues. It is generally considered to be a receptor for ADENOSINE that couples to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE to INOSINE with the elimination of AMMONIA.

A subtype of ADENOSINE RECEPTOR that is found expressed in a variety of tissues including the BRAIN and DORSAL HORN NEURONS. The receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN which causes down regulation of CYCLIC AMP.

Drugs that inhibit ADENOSINE DEAMINASE activity.

A purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in pathways of purine salvage. It also occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A subclass of adenosine A2 receptors found in the CECUM, the COLON, the BLADDER, and a variety of other tissues. It is generally considered to be a low affinity receptor for ADENOSINE that couples to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN.

Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

A class of cell surface receptors that prefer ADENOSINE to other endogenous PURINES. Purinergic P1 receptors are widespread in the body including the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and nervous systems. There are at least two pharmacologically distinguishable types (A1 and A2, or Ri and Ra).

A subtype of ADENOSINE RECEPTOR that is found expressed in a variety of locations including the BRAIN and endocrine tissues. The receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN which causes down regulation of CYCLIC AMP.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.

A glycoprotein enzyme present in various organs and in many cells. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a 5'-ribonucleotide to a ribonucleoside and orthophosphate in the presence of water. It is cation-dependent and exists in a membrane-bound and soluble form. EC 3.1.3.5.

Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.

Nucleosides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

A subclass of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS that are generally considered to be coupled to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN which causes up regulation of CYCLIC AMP.

A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Compounds that selectively bind to and activate ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS.

Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.

Adenosine molecules which can be substituted in any position, but are lacking one hydroxyl group in the ribose part of the molecule.

Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS.

An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)

2-Chloroadenosine. A metabolically stable analog of adenosine which acts as an adenosine receptor agonist. The compound has a potent effect on the peripheral and central nervous system.

Purine bases found in body tissues and fluids and in some plants.

A ribonucleoside antibiotic synergist and adenosine deaminase inhibitor isolated from Nocardia interforma and Streptomyces kaniharaensis. It is proposed as an antineoplastic synergist and immunosuppressant.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-.

Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)

Compounds that bind to and stimulate ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.

6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway.

A broad class of substances encompassing all those that do not include carbon and its derivatives as their principal elements. However, carbides, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, and carbon disulfide are included in this class.

An enzyme which catalyzes the catabolism of S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE to ADENOSINE and HOMOCYSTEINE. It may play a role in regulating the concentration of intracellular adenosylhomocysteine.

Catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleosides with the elimination of ammonia.

Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

Purine bases related to hypoxanthine, an intermediate product of uric acid synthesis and a breakdown product of adenine catabolism.

5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL). The sandfly genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the vectors.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A family of serine-threonine kinases that bind to and are activated by MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS such as RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS and CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN. They are intracellular signaling kinases that play a role the regulation of cytoskeletal organization.

4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.

The double-layered skin fold that covers the GLANS PENIS, the head of the penis.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine with the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate and deoxycytidine monophosphate. Cytosine arabinoside can also act as an acceptor. All natural nucleoside triphosphates, except deoxycytidine triphosphate, can act as donors. The enzyme is induced by some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus (HERPESVIRUS HOMINIS). EC 2.7.1.74.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLYL CYCLASES and cyclic AMP.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A3 RECEPTORS.

Cell surface proteins that bind PURINES with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized classes of purinergic receptors in mammals are the P1 receptors, which prefer ADENOSINE, and the P2 receptors, which prefer ATP or ADP.

A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.

ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.

A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

Nucleotides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Quantification of extracellular and intracellular adenosine production: understanding the transmembranous concentration gradient. (1/217)

BACKGROUND: Inhibitors of adenosine membrane transport cause vasodilation and enhance the plasma adenosine concentration. However, it is unclear why the plasma adenosine concentration rises rather than falls when membrane transport is inhibited. We tested the hypothesis that the cytosolic adenosine concentration exceeds the interstitial concentration under well-oxygenated conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: In isolated, isovolumically working guinea pig hearts (n=50), the release rate of adenosine and accumulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine (after 20 minutes of 200 micromol/L homocysteine), a measure of the free cytosolic adenosine concentration, were determined in the absence and presence of specific and powerful blockers of adenosine membrane transport (nitrobenzylthioinosine 1 micromol/L), adenosine deaminase (erythro-9-hydroxy-nonyl-adenine 5 micromol/L), and adenosine kinase (iodotubericidine 10 micromol/L). Data analysis with a distributed multicompartment model revealed a total cardiac adenosine production rate of 2294 pmol. min-1. g-1, of which 8% was produced in the extracellular region. Because of a high rate of intracellular metabolism, however, 70.3% of extracellularly produced adenosine was taken up into cellular regions, an effect that was effectively eliminated by membrane transport block. The resulting approximately 2.8-fold increase of the interstitial adenosine concentration evoked near-maximal coronary dilation. CONCLUSIONS: We rejected the hypothesis that the cytosolic adenosine concentration exceeds the interstitial. Rather, there is significant extracellular production, and the parenchymal cell represents a sink, not a source, for adenosine under well-oxygenated conditions. (+info)

Molecular cloning and expression of adenosine kinase from Leishmania donovani: identification of unconventional P-loop motif. (2/217)

The unique catalytic characteristics of adenosine kinase (Adk) and its stage-specific differential activity pattern have made this enzyme a prospective target for chemotherapeutic manipulation in the purine-auxotrophic parasitic protozoan Leishmania donovani. However, nothing is known about the structure of the parasite Adk. We report here the cloning of its gene and the characterization of the gene product. The encoded protein, consisting of 345 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 37173 Da, shares limited but significant similarity with sugar kinases and inosine-guanosine kinase of microbial origin, supporting the notion that these enzymes might have the same ancestral origin. The identity of the parasite enzyme with the corresponding enzyme from two other sources so far described was only 40%. Furthermore, 5' RNA mapping studies indicated that the Adk gene transcript is matured post-transcriptionally with the trans-splicing of the mini-exon (spliced leader) occurring at nt -160 from the predicted translation initiation site. The biochemical properties of the recombinant enzyme were similar to those of the enzyme isolated from leishmanial cells. The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of the enzyme was substrate-sensitive. On the basis of a multiple protein-alignment sequence comparison and ATP-induced fluorescence quenching in the presence or the absence of KI and acrylamide, the docking site for ATP has been provisionally identified and shown to have marked divergence from the consensus P-loop motif reported for ATP- or GTP-binding proteins from other sources. (+info)

Adenosine kinase inhibitors as a novel approach to anticonvulsant therapy. (3/217)

Adenosine levels increase at seizure foci as part of a postulated endogenous negative feedback mechanism that controls seizure activity through activation of A1 adenosine receptors. Agents that amplify this site- and event-specific surge of adenosine could provide antiseizure activity similar to that of adenosine receptor agonists but with fewer dose-limiting side effects. Inhibitors of adenosine kinase (AK) were examined because AK is normally the primary route of adenosine metabolism. The AK inhibitors 5'-amino-5'-deoxyadenosine, 5-iodotubercidin, and 5'-deoxy-5-iodotubercidin inhibited maximal electroshock (MES) seizures in rats. Several structural classes of novel AK inhibitors were identified and shown to exhibit similar activity, including a prototype inhibitor, 4-(N-phenylamino)-5-phenyl-7-(5'-deoxyribofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2, 3-d]pyrimidine (GP683; MES ED50 = 1.1 mg/kg). AK inhibitors also reduced epileptiform discharges induced by removal of Mg2+ in a rat neocortical preparation. Overall, inhibitors of adenosine deaminase or of adenosine transport were less effective. The antiseizure activities of GP683 in the in vivo and in vitro preparations were reversed by the adenosine receptor antagonists theophylline and 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline. GP683 showed little or no hypotension or bradycardia and minimal hypothermic effect at anticonvulsant doses. This improved side effect profile contrasts markedly with the profound hypotension, bradycardia, and hypothermia and greater inhibition of motor function observed with the adenosine receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine and opens the way to clinical evaluation of AK inhibitors as a novel, adenosine-based approach to anticonvulsant therapy. (+info)

Metabolism and selective toxicity of 6-nitrobenzylthioinosine in Toxoplasma gondii. (4/217)

The purine nucleoside analogue NBMPR (nitrobenzylthioinosine or 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine) was selectively phosphorylated to its nucleoside 5'-monophosphate by Toxoplasma gondii but not mammalian adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20). NBMPR was also cleaved in toxoplasma to its nucleobase, nitrobenzylmercaptopurine. However, nitrobenzylmercaptopurine was not a substrate for either adenosine kinase or hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8). Because of this unique and previously unknown metabolism of NBMPR by the parasite, the effect of NBMPR as an antitoxoplasmic agent was tested. NBMPR killed T. gondii grown in human fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of approximately 10 microM and without apparent toxicity to host cells. Doses of up to 100 microM had no significant toxic effect on uninfected host cells. The promising antitoxoplasmic effect of NBMPR led to the testing of other 6-substituted 9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurines, which were shown to be good ligands of the parasite adenosine kinase (M. H. Iltzsch, S. S. Uber, K. O. Tankersley, and M. H. el Kouni, Biochem. Pharmacol. 49:1501-1512, 1995), as antitoxoplasmic agents. Among the analogues tested, 6-benzylthioinosine, p-nitrobenzyl-6-selenopurine riboside, N(6)-(p-azidobenzyl)adenosine, and N(6)-(p-nitrobenzyl)adenosine, like NBMPR, were selectively toxic to parasite-infected cells. Thus, it appears that the unique characteristics of purine metabolism in T. gondii render certain 6-substituted 9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurines promising antitoxoplasmic drugs. (+info)

Characterization and molecular cloning of an adenosine kinase from Babesia canis rossi. (5/217)

In the search for immunoprotective antigens of the intraerythrocytic Babesia canis rossi parasite, a new cDNA was cloned and sequenced. Protein sequence database searches suggested that the 41-kDa protein belongs to the phosphofructokinase B type family (PFK-B). However, because of the low level sequence identity (< 20%) of the protein both with adenosine and sugar kinases from this family, its structural and functional features were further investigated using molecular modelling and enzymatic assays. The sequence/structure comparison of the protein with the crystal structure of a member of the PFK-B family, Escherichia coli ribokinase (EcRK), suggested that it might also form a stable and active dimer and revealed conservation of the ATP-binding site. However, residues specifically involved in the ribose-binding sites in the EcRK sequence (S and N) were substituted in its sequence (by H and M, respectively), and were suspected of binding adenosine compounds rather than sugar ones. Enzymatic assays using a purified glutathione S-transferase fusion protein revealed that this protein exhibits rapid catalysis of the phosphorylation of adenosine with an apparent Km value of 70 nM, whereas it was inactive on ribose or other carbohydrates. As enzymatic assays confirmed the results of the structure/function analysis indicating a preferential specificity towards adenosine compounds, this new protein of the PFK-B family corresponds to an adenosine kinase from B. canis rossi. It was named BcrAK. (+info)

The adenosine transporter of Toxoplasma gondii. Identification by insertional mutagenesis, cloning, and recombinant expression. (6/217)

Purine transport into the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii plays an indispensable nutritional function for this pathogen. To facilitate genetic and biochemical characterization of the adenosine transporter of the parasite, T. gondii tachyzoites were transfected with an insertional mutagenesis vector, and clonal mutants were selected for resistance to the cytotoxic adenosine analog adenine arabinoside (Ara-A). Whereas some Ara-A-resistant clones exhibited disruption of the adenosine kinase (AK) locus, others displayed normal AK activity, suggesting that a second locus had been tagged by the insertional mutagenesis plasmid. These Ara-A(r) AK+ mutants displayed reduced adenosine uptake capability, implying a defect in adenosine transport. Sequences flanking the transgene integration point in one mutant were rescued from a genomic library of Ara-A(r) AK+ DNA, and Southern blot analysis revealed that all Ara-A(r) AK+ mutants were disrupted at the same locus. Probes derived from this locus, designated TgAT, were employed to isolate genomic and cDNA clones from wild-type libraries. Conceptual translation of the TgAT cDNA open reading frame predicts a 462 amino acid protein containing 11 transmembrane domains, a primary structure and membrane topology similar to members of the mammalian equilibrative nucleoside transporter family. Expression of TgAT cRNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes increased adenosine uptake capacity in a saturable manner, with an apparent K(m) value of 114 microM. Uptake was inhibited by various nucleosides, nucleoside analogs, hypoxanthine, guanine, and dipyridamole. The combination of genetic and biochemical studies demonstrates that TgAT is the sole functional adenosine transporter in T. gondii and a rational target for therapeutic intervention. (+info)

The influence of inorganic phosphate on the activity of adenosine kinase. (7/217)

The enzyme adenosine kinase (AK; EC 2.7.1.20) shows a dependence upon inorganic phosphate (Pi) for activity. The degree of dependence varies among enzyme sources and the pH at which the activity is measured. At physiological pH, recombinant AK from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and AK from beef liver (BL) show higher affinities for the substrate adenosine (Ado), larger maximum velocities and lower sensitivities to substrate inhibition in the presence of Pi. At pH 6.2, both BL and CHO AK exhibit almost complete dependence on the presence of Pi for activity. The data show that both enzymes exhibit increasing relief from substrate inhibition upon increasing Pi and the inhibition of BL AK is almost completely alleviated by the addition of 50 mM Pi. The affinity of CHO AK for Ado increases asymptotically from K(m) 6.4 microM to a limit of 0.7 microM upon the addition of increasing Pi from 1 to 50 mM. The concentration of Ado necessary to invoke substrate inhibition also increases asymptotically from K(i) 32 microM to a limit of 69 microM at saturating concentrations of phosphate. In the presence of increasing amounts of Pi, the maximal velocity of activity increases hyperbolically. The effect that phosphate exerts on AK may be either to protect the enzyme from inactivation at high adenosine and H(+) concentrations or to stabilize substrate binding at the active site. (+info)

A(2B) receptors mediate antimitogenesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. (8/217)

Adenosine inhibits growth of vascular smooth muscle cells. The goals of this study were to determine which adenosine receptor subtype mediates the antimitogenic effects of adenosine and to investigate the signal transduction mechanisms involved. In rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) (25 ng/mL) stimulated DNA synthesis ([(3)H]thymidine incorporation), cellular proliferation (cell number), collagen synthesis ([(3)H]proline incorporation), total protein synthesis ([(3)H]leucine incorporation), and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity. The adenosine receptor agonists 2-chloroadenosine and 5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine, but not N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine or CGS21680, inhibited the growth effects of PDGF-BB, an agonist profile consistent with an A(2B) receptor-mediated effect. The adenosine receptor antagonists KF17837 and 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfophenylxanthine, but not 8-cyclopentyl-1, 3-dipropylxanthine, blocked the growth-inhibitory effects of 2-chloroadenosine and 5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine, an antagonist profile consistent with an A(2) receptor-mediated effect. Antisense, but not sense or scrambled, oligonucleotides to the A(2B) receptor stimulated basal and PDGF-induced DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and MAP kinase activity. Moreover, the growth-inhibitory effects of 2-chloroadenosine, 5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine, and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine plus iodotubericidin (inhibitors of adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase, respectively) were abolished by antisense, but not scrambled or sense, oligonucleotides to the A(2B) receptor. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that adenosine causes inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell growth by activating A(2B) receptors coupled to inhibition of MAP kinase activity. Pharmacological or molecular biological activation of A(2B) receptors may prevent vascular remodeling associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and restenosis following balloon angioplasty. (+info)

... (AdK; EC 2.7.1.20) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of gamma-phosphate from Adenosine triphosphate ( ... Gupta RS (June 1996). "Adenosine-AMP exchange activity is an integral part of the mammalian adenosine kinase". Biochemistry and ... Arch JR, Newsholme EA (September 1978). "Activities and some properties of 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine kinase and adenosine ... Newby AC (February 1985). "The role of adenosine kinase in regulating adenosine concentration". The Biochemical Journal. 226 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_kinase

... adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase, adenosine phosphosulfate kinase, adenosine phosphosulfokinase, adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate- ... MacRae IJ, Rose AB, Segel IH (October 1998). "Adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase from Penicillium chrysogenum. site-directed ... Other names in common use include adenylylsulfate kinase (phosphorylating), 5'-phosphoadenosine sulfate kinase, ... In enzymology, an adenylyl-sulfate kinase (EC 2.7.1.25) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + adenylyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl-sulfate_kinase

The increase in adenosine kinase results in an increased metabolic rate for adenosine nucleosides. Due to the decrease in these ... The most prevalent theory is that upon brain injury there is an increased expression of the adenosine kinase (ADK). ... ISBN 978-88-470-1642-2. Boison D (December 2006). "Adenosine kinase, epilepsy and stroke: mechanisms and therapies". Trends in ... the effects can be counteracted and moderated by adenosine. Based on the properties afforded by adenosine in preventing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy_for_epilepsy

Other members of this family (also known as the RK family) include adenosine kinase (AK), inosine-guanosine kinase, ... Maj MC, Singh B, Gupta RS (March 2002). "Pentavalent ions dependency is a conserved property of adenosine kinase from diverse ... Park J, Gupta RS (September 2008). "Adenosine kinase and ribokinase--the RK family of proteins". Cellular and Molecular Life ... "Cloning of human adenosine kinase cDNA: sequence similarity to microbial ribokinases and fructokinases". Proceedings of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribokinase

Park, Jae; Gupta, Radhey S. (2008). "Adenosine kinase and ribokinase - the RK family of proteins". Cellular and Molecular Life ... Protein kinase A regulates metabolic enzymes by phosphorylation which causes a change in the cell depending on the original ... The ribonucleosides adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, and uridine are all derivatives of β-d-ribofuranose. Metabolically- ... cAMP, a secondary messenger, then goes on to activate protein kinase A, which is an enzyme that regulates cell metabolism. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose

Phosphorylation of cellobiose with adenosine 5'-triphosphate by a -glucoside kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 247 (11): 3415-9. PMID ... In enzymology, a beta-glucoside kinase (EC 2.7.1.85) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + cellobiose ⇌ {\ ... This enzyme is also called beta-D-glucoside kinase (phosphorylating). Palmer RE, Anderson RL (1972). "Cellobiose metabolism in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-glucoside_kinase

Thoai NV, di Jeso F, Robin Y, der Terrossian E (1966). "Sur la nouvelle acide adenosine 5'-triphosphorique:guanidine ... In enzymology, an opheline kinase (EC 2.7.3.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + guanidinoethyl methyl ... phosphotransferase, l'opheline kinase". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 113: 542-550. doi:10.1016/s0926-6593(66)80012-7. Portal: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opheline_kinase

cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, phosphorylate messengers via protein kinase A (PKA). These signaling elements include ... Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates cGMP production and therefore the activation cGMP-dependent protein kinase (G kinase). This kinase ... In vivo phosphorylation of thromboxane by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboregulation

Delvalle JA, Asensio C (August 1978). "Distribution of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-dependent hexose kinases in ... "A mammalian protein homologous to fructosamine-3-kinase is a ketosamine-3-kinase acting on psicosamines and ribulosamines but ... Ketosamine-3-kinases (KT3K) catalyse the phosphorylation of the ketosamine moiety of glycated proteins. The instability of a ... The family also includes ketosamine-3-kinases (KT3K). Ketosamines derive from a non-enzymatic reaction between a sugar and a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructosamine_kinase_family

Adenosine kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADK gene. This gene encodes adenosine kinase, an abundant enzyme ... "Entrez Gene: ADK adenosine kinase". Human ADK genome location and ADK gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. Klobutcher ... Spychala J, Datta NS, Takabayashi K, Datta M, Fox IH, Gribbin T, Mitchell BS (Mar 1996). "Cloning of human adenosine kinase ... Singh B, Lin A, Wu ZC, Gupta RS (2001). "Gene structure for adenosine kinase in Chinese hamster and human: high-frequency ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADK_(gene)

"Crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase". Science. 253 (5018): ... She is known for her research on protein kinases, particularly protein kinase A. She was elected to the Institute of Medicine ... Taylor's research group has focused on the structure and function of protein kinases, particularly protein kinase A, since ... Taylor, SS; Yang, J; Wu, J; Haste, NM; Radzio-Andzelm, E; Anand, G (11 March 2004). "PKA: a portrait of protein kinase dynamics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_S._Taylor

"Crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase". Science. 253 (5018): ... Hanks SK, Hunter T (May 1995). "Protein kinases 6. The eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily: kinase (catalytic) domain ... Protein kinase function has been evolutionarily conserved from Escherichia coli to Homo sapiens. Protein kinases play a role in ... The protein kinase domain is a structurally conserved protein domain containing the catalytic function of protein kinases. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_domain

... adenosine kinase (AK), inosine kinase, and 1-phosphofructokinase. The members of the PfkB/RK family are identified by the ... Park J, Gupta RS: Adenosine kinase and ribokinase--the RK family of proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008, 65: 2875-2896. Bork P, ... Spychala J, Datta NS, Takabayashi K, Datta M, Fox IH, Gribbin T, Mitchell BS: Cloning of human adenosine kinase cDNA: sequence ... Maj MC, Singh B, Gupta RS: Pentavalent ions dependency is a conserved property of adenosine kinase from diverse sources: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphofructokinase

Gaskin FS (2007). Mechanisms of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-induced preconditioning in ischemia/ ... Acadesine is an adenosine regulating agent developed by PeriCor Therapeutics and licensed to Schering-Plough in 2007 for phase ... Kim JE, Kim YW, Lee IK, Kim JY, Kang YJ, Park SY (March 2008). "AMP-activated protein kinase activation by 5-aminoimidazole-4- ... It stimulates glucose uptake and increases the activity of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases α and β in skeletal muscle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadesine

Park J, Gupta RS: Adenosine kinase and ribokinase--the RK family of proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008, 65: 2875-2896. Bork P, ... Maj MC, Singh B, Gupta RS: Pentavalent ions dependency is a conserved property of adenosine kinase from diverse sources: ... Sapico V, Anderson RL (1969). "D-fructose 1-phosphate kinase and D-fructose 6-phosphate kinase from Aerobacter aerogenes. A ... D-fructose-1-phosphate kinase, fructose 1-phosphate kinase, and 1-phosphofructokinase. This enzyme participates in fructose and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-phosphofructokinase

"Identification of a nucleoside analog active against adenosine kinase-expressing plasma cell malignancies". Journal of Clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utthara_Nayar

... and inosine kinase (phosphorylating). This enzyme participates in purine metabolism. Park J, Gupta RS: Adenosine kinase and ... Spychala J, Datta NS, Takabayashi K, Datta M, Fox IH, Gribbin T, Mitchell BS: Cloning of human adenosine kinase cDNA: sequence ... Maj MC, Singh B, Gupta RS: Pentavalent ions dependency is a conserved property of adenosine kinase from diverse sources: ... Other members of this family (also known as the Ribokinase family) include ribokinase (RK) adenosine kinase (AK), fructokinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosine_kinase

Induction by regulatory subunit and inhibition by catalytic subunit of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase ... Protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA Cα) is a member of the AGC kinase family (protein kinases A, G, and C), and contributes ... A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) bind a surface formed between both R subunits and target the kinase to different locations ... They realized that a key metabolic enzyme called phosphorylase kinase was activated by another kinase that was dependent on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKACA

ROS and adenosine acting on kinases such as PKCε and Src, which in turn activate gene transcription and upregulation of late PC ... "Postconditioning protects rabbit hearts through a protein kinase C-adenosine A2b receptor cascade". Cardiovascular Research. 70 ... These signaling events act on the ROS-generating mitochondria, activate PKCε and the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) ... "Novel functional role of heat shock protein 90 in protein kinase C-mediated ischemic postconditioning". The Journal of Surgical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardioprotection

Yeast tRNA kinase then phosphorylates the 5'-hydroxyl group using adenosine triphosphate. Yeast tRNA cyclic phosphodiesterase ... Yeast tRNA ligase adds an adenosine monophosphate group to the 5' end of the 3'-half and joins the two halves together. NAD- ... The 2'OH of a specific adenosine in the intron attacks the 5' splice site, thereby forming the lariat The 3'OH of the 5' exon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_splicing

Adenylate kinase is a specific nucleoside-monophosphate kinase that functions only on adenosine-monophosphate. Carbohydrate ... The nucleoside, adenosine, is then deaminated and hydrolyzed to form hypoxanthine via adenosine deaminase and nucleosidase ... "Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency". Learn.Genetics. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014 ... AMP and GMP can then be converted into ATP and GTP, respectively, by kinases that add additional phosphates. ATP stimulates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism

Kirchberger MA, Tada M, Repke DI, Katz AM (1972). "Cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase stimulation ... Hicks MJ, Shigekawa M, Katz AM (1979). "Mechanism by which cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase ... monophosphate-dependent protein kinase". J Biol Chem. 250 (7): 2640-2647. PMID 235523. Katz AM, Repke DI, Dunnett J, Hasselbach ... "Phosphorylation of a 22,000-dalton component of the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum by adenosine 3', 5'- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Martin_Katz

Krishan S, Richardson DR, Sahni S (March 2015). "Adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and its key role in catabolism: ... The eukaryotic cell enzyme 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, or AMPK, utilizes AMP for homeostatic energy ... including adenosine monophosphate, are formed. AMP can be regenerated to ATP as follows: AMP + ATP → 2 ADP (adenylate kinase in ... Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide. AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate

This protein is found as a pentamer and is a major substrate for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in cardiac muscle. In ... "The stimulation of calcium transport in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum by adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein ... kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (19): 6174-80. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42237-0. PMID 4371608. Asahi M, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholamban

AMP-activated protein kinase). Protein kinase A, more precisely known as adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-dependent ... out of 540 different protein kinase genes that make up the human kinome, only one other protein kinase, casein kinase 2, is ... The dimerization and docking (D/D) domain of the dimer binds to the A-kinase binding (AKB) domain of A-kinase anchor protein ( ... Protein kinase A acts to phosphorylate many enzymes important in metabolism. For example, protein kinase A phosphorylates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A

... inhibits EGFR tyrosine kinase by binding to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding site of the enzyme. Thus the ... Research on gefitinib-sensitive non-small cell lung cancers has shown that a mutation in the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain is ... February 2008). "The T790M mutation in EGFR kinase causes drug resistance by increasing the affinity for ATP". Proceedings of ... These mutations tend to confer increased sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib and erlotinib. Of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefitinib

5' adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has also been found to be an effector for RHEB. AMPK is a protein ... Yee WM, Worley PF (Feb 1997). "Rheb interacts with Raf-1 kinase and may function to integrate growth factor- and protein kinase ... AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (C-Raf) mammalian Target of Rapamycin ... Long X, Lin Y, Ortiz-Vega S, Yonezawa K, Avruch J (Apr 2005). "Rheb binds and regulates the mTOR kinase". Current Biology. 15 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHEB

... kinetic properties of the adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase domains". Biochemistry. 43 ... Sekulic N, Konrad M, Lavie A (2007). "Structural mechanism for substrate inhibition of the adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase ... In humans, PAPS is synthesized from adenosine 5-prime triphosphate (ATP) and inorganic sulfate by 2 isoforms, PAPSS1 and PAPSS2 ... 1998). "cDNA cloning, expression, and characterization of the human bifunctional ATP sulfurylase/adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAPSS1

Metabolism of PEP to pyruvic acid by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvic_acid

"Genomic organization of the mouse and human genes encoding the ATP sulfurylase/adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase isoform SK2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAPSS2

Binding of the hormone to insulin receptors on cells then activates a cascade of protein kinases that cause the cells to take ... One central coenzyme is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the universal energy currency of cells. This nucleotide is used to ... causing the active site of the synthase domain to change shape and phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate - turning it into ATP. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

CDC42, protein tyrosine kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and Src-family kinases then activate Arp2/3. This causes the ... The cytosol of the host cell contains nutrients, adenosine triphosphate, amino acids, and nucleotides which are used by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever

For example, the Na⁺-K⁺ pump interacts directly with Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, to form a signaling receptor complex ... The sodium-potassium pump (sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, also known as Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, Na⁺/K⁺ pump, or sodium- ... However, upon subsequent ouabain binding, the Src kinase domain is released and then activated. Based on this scenario, NaKtide ... Skou JC (February 1957). "The influence of some cations on an adenosine triphosphatase from peripheral nerves". Biochimica et ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium–potassium_pump

The lipophilic diacylglycerol remains in the membrane, acting as a cofactor for the activation of protein kinase C. These ... prevent the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cAMP, by activating a G protein that inhibits the enzyme adenylyl ... protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated endocytic trafficking". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (39): 32354-66. doi:10.1074/ ... "mGluR1-mediated potentiation of NMDA receptors involves a rise in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor

Protein kinases can also be inhibited by competition at the binding sites where the kinases interact with their substrate ... and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) respectively. As enzymes have evolved to bind their substrates tightly, and most reversible ... Hence kinase inhibitors such as imatinib are frequently used to treat malignancies. Janus kinases are another notable example ... A notable class of kinase drug targets is the receptor tyrosine kinases which are essential enzymes that regulate cell growth; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

The encoded protein is a type 1A regulatory subunit of protein kinase A. Inactivating germline mutations of this gene are found ... adenosine (A) transition in the second codon position of the 74th codon in the protein) mutation in the PRKAR1A gene, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carney_complex

2002). "Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase expression is upregulated by the protein kinase A-dependent pathway and is ... 2000). "Characterization of the 5'-flanking and 5'-untranslated regions of the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-responsive ... downregulated by the protein kinase C-dependent pathway in cultured human thyroid cells". Thyroid. 11 (10): 899-907. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIO2

Sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine kinase 2 have been linked to S1P generation during apoptosis through different pathways. ... Currently known find-me signals The nucleotides: adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), uridine ... It has also been suggested that S1P kinase 2 (SphK2) is a target of caspase 1, and that a cleaved fragment of SphK2 is what is ... It has been suggested that the induction of apoptosis results in increased expression of S1P kinase 1 (SphK1). The increased ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find-me_signals

... adenosine - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - adenosine monophosphate (AMP) - adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - adenovirus - ... ribosomal protein S6 kinase - ribosome - RNA - RNA virus - RNA-binding protein - RNA-directed DNA polymerase - rod outer ... CDC28 protein kinase - cell - cell adhesion molecule - cell biology - cell cycle protein - cell membrane - cell membrane ... kinase - kinesin - kinetic energy - kinetic exclusion assay - kinetics - knock-out mouse - Krebs cycle lactalbumin - lactic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Adenosine triphosphate is a major "energy currency" of the cell. The high energy bonds between the phosphate groups can be ... 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is then dephosphorylated via phosphoglycerate kinase, producing 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP through a ... ISBN 978-3-642-33430-6. Agteresch, Hendrik J.; Dagnelie, Pieter C.; van den Berg, J Willem; Wilson, J H. (1999). "Adenosine ... The second substrate-level phosphorylation occurs by dephosphorylating phosphoenolpyruvate, catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation

Ruffner BW, Anderson EP (November 1969). "Adenosine triphosphate: uridine monophosphate-cytidine monophosphate ... deoxycytidylate kinase, CMP kinase, CTP:CMP phosphotransferase, dCMP kinase, deoxycytidine monophosphokinase, UMP-CMP kinase, ... In enzymology, a cytidylate kinase (EC 2.7.4.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + (d)CMP ⇌ {\ ... Other names in common use include: deoxycytidylate kinase, ... and pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase. This enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytidylate_kinase

... cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase". Endocrinology. 149 (9): 4336-45. doi:10.1210/en.2008-0037. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_coactivator_2

A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) called pmk1 is genetically close to one necessary for mating and cell morphology in ... Because signal links between MAPKs and cyclic adenosine monophosphates were shown to be required for mating in several other ... "A single fungal MAP kinase controls plant cell-to-cell invasion by the rice blast fungus". Science. 359 (6382): 1399-1403. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnaporthe_grisea

3′-Phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is a derivative of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) that is phosphorylated at the 3′ ... PPi The conversion of APS to PAPS is catalysed by APS kinase: APS + ATP ⇌ PAPS + ADP Reduction of APS leads to sulfite, which ... It is endogenously synthesized by organisms via the phosphorylation of adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS), an intermediary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate

"Protein kinase A anchoring to the myometrial plasma membrane is required for cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate regulation of ... A-kinase anchor protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AKAP5 gene. The A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) are a ... "Localization of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase to the postsynaptic densities by A-kinase anchoring proteins. ... "Entrez Gene: AKAP5 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 5". Kashishian A, Howard M, Loh C, Gallatin WM, Hoekstra MF, Lai Y (Oct 1998 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKAP5

2018). "HL156A, a novel pharmacological agent with potent adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator ... inhibition of glucagon-induced elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) with reduced activation of protein kinase A ( ... Zhang L, He H, Balschi JA (July 2007). "Metformin and phenformin activate AMP-activated protein kinase in the heart by ... March 2016). "HL156A, a novel AMP-activated protein kinase activator, is protective against peritoneal fibrosis in an in vivo ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin

Fell did research on the physical biochemistry of yeast pyruvate kinase. He obtained a position at Oxford Polytechnic as a ... and low-Km cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases on the regulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) From the early ... and low-Km cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in the regulation of the concentration of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate ... "The preparation and properties of pyruvate kinase from yeast". Biochemical Journal. 139 (3): 665-675. doi:10.1042/bj1390665. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fell_(biochemist)

... which activates a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. This kinase phosphorylates the PFK-2/FBPase-2 enzyme at an NH2-terminal Ser ... Release of the hormone glucagon triggers production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), ... Kurland IJ, Pilkis SJ (June 1995). "Covalent control of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase: insights into ... "Molecular coordination of hepatic glucose metabolism by the 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6- bisphosphatase:glucokinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose_2,6-bisphosphate

During fasting (no glucose available), glucagon activates protein kinase A which phosphorylates pyruvate kinase to inhibit it. ... Thus, these cells rely on anaerobic metabolic processes such as glycolysis for ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Some tumor cells ... leading to dephosphorylation and re-activation of pyruvate kinase. These controls prevent pyruvate kinase from being active at ... It can also behave as a kinase (PFK2) adding a phosphate onto carbon-2 of F6P which produces F2,6BP. In humans, the TIGAR ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

The adenosine residue is mismatched in genomically encoded transcript, however this is not the case following editing. Despite ... Correia SS, Duarte CB, Faro CJ, Pires EV, Carvalho AL (February 2003). "Protein kinase C gamma associates directly with the ... A to I RNA editing is catalyzed by a family of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) that specifically recognize ... Editing results in the targeted adenosine, which is mismatched prior to editing in the double-stranded RNA structure to become ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRIA4

Most commonly, enzymes known as adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) catalyze adenosine to inosine (A to I) transitions. ... MicroRNA-21 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell proliferation through repression of mitogen-activated protein kinase- ... Lewis BP, Burge CB, Bartel DP (January 2005). "Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of ... kinase 3. Guangxian Xu et al., 2013 Jones K, Nourse JP, Keane C, Bhatnagar A, Gandhi MK (January 2014). "Plasma microRNA are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA

Other variations include adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). ... They are first reduced by RNR and then phosphorylated by nucleoside diphosphate kinases to dATP and dGTP. Ribonucleotide ... These special monomers are utilized in both cell regulation and cell signaling as seen in adenosine-monophosphate (AMP). ... Ribonucleotides can be converted to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) to regulate hormones in organisms as well. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleotide

In mice, the RbAp48 protein is key component in histone acetylation, transcriptional regulation and in cyclic adenosine ... monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase element-binding protein CREB1 path way. Since histone acetylation and the cAMP-PKA-CREB1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deficiency_of_RbAp48_protein_and_memory_loss

... is a protein kinase inhibitor with greatest effect on protein kinase A (PKA). H-89, derived from H-8 (N-[2-(methylamino) ... It achieves this through competitive inhibition of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) site on the PKA catalytic subunit. However ... novel and potent inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C". Biochemistry. 23 (21): 5036- ... Marunaka, Yoshinori; Niisato, Naomi (2003). "H89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), stimulates Na+ transport by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-89

CoA is a competitive inhibitor for Pantothenate Kinase, which normally binds ATP. Coenzyme A, three ADP, one monophosphate, and ... In humans, CoA biosynthesis requires cysteine, pantothenate (vitamin B5), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In its acetyl form ... dephospho-CoA is phosphorylated to coenzyme A by the enzyme dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (COASY, DPCK; CoaE). This final step ... phosphopantothenate by the enzyme pantothenate kinase (PanK; CoaA; CoaX). This is the committed step in CoA biosynthesis and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_A

In one of the earliest steps, the stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphorylates SIRT6 on ... PARP1 synthesizes polymeric adenosine diphosphate ribose (poly (ADP-ribose) or PAR) chains on itself. Next the chromatin ... Checkpoint Proteins can be separated into four groups: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-like protein kinase, proliferating ... First, two kinases, ATM and ATR are activated within 5 or 6 minutes after DNA is damaged. This is followed by phosphorylation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

In the paper Kalckar developed an argument for the central role of Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) as a common metabolic " ... Kalckar resumed his friendship with Colowick, and they collaborated to work on the enzyme adenylate kinase in 1942, which they ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Kalckar

Affinity labeling of an active site lysine by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and pyridoxal 5'-diphospho-5'-adenosine". The Journal of ... "Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein regulates the expression of aldose reductase and protein kinase C δ in a mouse ... "Decreased expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated aldose reductase (AKR1B1) is associated with malignancy in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKR1B1

The edited adenosine is located in the 22 immunogloulin[check spelling] like repeat of the protein. This region is an integrin ... an interaction that participates in CaR-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (37): ... The Glutamine (Q) codon is altered due to a site specific deamination of an adenosine at the editing site to an Arginine (R) ... A to I RNA editing is catalyzed by a family of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) that specifically recognize ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLNA

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity is required for biphasic stimulation of cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate by relaxin Mol ... Selective inhibitors for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), such as wortmannin and LY294002, showed a dose-dependent inhibition ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12595573/?dopt=Abstract

... is dependent primarily upon the activity of adenosine kinase (21). Treatment of ADA-inhibited lobes with the adenosine kinase ... Adenosine kinase inhibition promotes survival of fetal adenosine deaminase-deficient thymocytes by blocking dATP accumulation. ... a potent inhibitor of adenosine kinase, the primary enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of both adenosine and ... Adenosine kinase from rabbit liver. II. Substrate and inhibitor specificity. J Biol Chem 1979. 254:2346-2352. View this article ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/15683

Adenosine-5phosphosulfate kinase (APS kinase). Timeline for Family c.37.1.4: Adenosine-5phosphosulfate kinase (APS kinase): * ... Adenosine-5phosphosulfate kinase (APS kinase) appears in SCOP 1.57. *Family c.37.1.4: Adenosine-5phosphosulfate kinase (APS ... Adenosine-5phosphosulfate kinase (APS kinase) [52573] (1 species). *. Species Penicillium chrysogenum [TaxId:5076] [52574] (1 ... Lineage for Family c.37.1.4: Adenosine-5phosphosulfate kinase (APS kinase). *Root: SCOP 1.59 *. Class c: Alpha and beta ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=52572&ver=1.59

Study shows the important role of hepatocyte adenosine kinase in NAFLD progression A study led by Texas A&M AgriLife Research ... provides compelling evidence of the important role of hepatocyte adenosine kinase in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty ...

https://gleetune.com/tag/adenosine-kinase/

... ... AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We further assessed the influence on transcription genes involved in T2D such as NRF-1, ...

https://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/37377

In this thesis, we explored the role of adenosine kinase (AK), the main regulator of adenosine, in fetoplacental endothelial ... In this thesis, we explored the role of adenosine kinase (AK), the main regulator of adenosine, in fetoplacental endothelial ... In this thesis, we explored the role of adenosine kinase (AK), the main regulator of adenosine, in fetoplacental endothelial ... In this thesis, we explored the role of adenosine kinase (AK), the main regulator of adenosine, in fetoplacental endothelial ...

https://research.rug.nl/nl/publications/gestational-diabetes-mellitus-and-fetoplacental-vasculature-alter

e OB compartment of Arf-/- mice. Bone formation rates, as measured by double calcein labeling, were significantly increased in Arf-/- mice. Likewise, increased serum levels of osteocalcin, a biomarker of mature OB, were observed in Arf-/- mice. Using quantitative real time-PCR, we found significantly increased expression of the OB ...

https://adenosine-kinase.com/2017/04/

Adenosine receptors and extracellular adenosine have been demonstrated to modulate foam cell formation. ADK (adenosine kinase) ... Adenosine receptors and extracellular adenosine have been demonstrated to modulate foam cell formation. ADK (adenosine kinase) ... Adenosine receptors and extracellular adenosine have been demonstrated to modulate foam cell formation. ADK (adenosine kinase) ... Adenosine receptors and extracellular adenosine have been demonstrated to modulate foam cell formation. ADK (adenosine kinase) ...

https://augusta.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/ablation-of-myeloid-adk-adenosine-kinase-epigenetically-suppresse

NAFLD: New study shows role of adenosine kinase in fat deposition, liver inflammation. Posted on 10/05/2022. ... A study led by Texas A&M AgriLife Research provides compelling evidence of the important role of hepatocyte adenosine kinase in ... An important player in the proper function of hepatocytes is an enzyme called adenosine kinase, ADK. However, the current study ... "The research demonstrated that hepatocyte adenosine kinase promotes excessive fat deposition and liver inflammation and is a ...

https://loire-net.tv/health-news/nafld-new-study-shows-role-of-adenosine-kinase-in-fat-deposition-liver-inflammation/

While removing adenosine in the purine salvage pathway, adenosine kinase (ADK) regulates methylation reactions. We aimed to ... Hepatocyte Adenosine Kinase Promotes Excessive Fat Deposition and Liver Inflammation.. Li, Honggui; Zheng, Juan; Xu, Qian; Yang ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/saudepublica/resource/pt/mdl-36181835

Delineating the role of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMP) gamma 2 subunit in hypertrophic ... Delineating the role of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMP) gamma 2 subunit in hypertrophic ...

https://www.cardioscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/104260

We conclude that adenosine activates a 305-pS Cl- channel in the apical membrane of RCCT-28A cells by a membrane-delimited ... Stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors also increased the production of diacylglycerol, an activator of PKC. Exogenous PKC added ... Stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors by N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) activated the channel in cell-attached patches. Phorbol ... These results show that stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors activates a 305-pS Cl-channel in the apical membrane by a ...

https://digitalcommons.dartmouth.edu/facoa/3617/

... functions as an enzyme catalyzing the reversible hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine to homocysteine and adenosine. In the ... functions as an enzyme catalyzing the reversible hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine to homocysteine and adenosine. In the ... the involvement of adenosine kinase. Plant Physiol. 125, 856-865. doi: 10.1104/Pp.125.2.856 ... It catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) to adenosine (Ado) and homocysteine (Hcy) (Palmer and ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.01312/full

... cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/ ... H. Chung, S. Seo, M. Moon, and S. Park, "Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and ERK1/2 pathways ... phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways in the absence of GHS-R1a," Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 188, no. 1, pp. 37-47, ... "Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI 3-kinase/AKT," ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2015/385682/

The involvement of adenosine kinase Author:. Weretilnyk, E.A.; Alexander, K.J.; Drebenstedt, M.; Snider, J.D.; Summers, P.S.; ... kinases); enzyme activity; betaine; leaves. Abstract:. ... Synthesis of the compatible osmolyte Gly betaine is increased in ...

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bjournal_name%5D%5B%5D=Plant+physiology&f%5Bsubject_facet%5D%5B%5D=Nicotiana+tabacum&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=Brassica+napus&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=Nicotiana+tabacum&per_page=50&sort=date-desc

AMP-activated Protein Kinase Up-regulates Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) Kinase-interacting Serine/Threonine Kinase 1a- ... Liver MicroRNA-291b-3p Promotes Hepatic Lipogenesis through Negative Regulation of Adenosine 5′-Monophosphate (AMP)-activated ... Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) acts as a kinase upstream of AMPK and plays an important regulatory role in glucose metabolism. In ... Here we identify MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1a (MNK1a) as a novel AMPK target. Specifically, we ...

https://www.jbc.org/Metabolism?startPage=&KeywordRaw=AMP-activated%20kinase%20

adenosine kinase [EC:2.7.1.20]. K00857 thymidine kinase [EC:2.7.1.21]. K00861 riboflavin kinase [EC:2.7.1.26]. ... L-serine kinase (ADP) [EC:2.7.1.226]. K23371 L-serine kinase (ATP) / ParB family transcriptional regulator, heme-responsive ... uridine kinase [EC:2.7.1.48]. K00877 hydroxymethylpyrimidine/phosphomethylpyrimidine kinase / thiaminase [EC:2.7.1.49 2.7.4.7 ... erythritol kinase (D-erythritol 1-phosphate-forming) [EC:2.7.1.215]. K00863 triose/dihydroxyacetone kinase / FAD-AMP lyase ( ...

https://www.genome.jp/entry/R05647+RC00017

9] changes in the enzyme adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity, [10] and modulation of activator protein 1 ... AMP-activated protein kinase mediates glucocorticoid-induced metabolic changes: a novel mechanism in Cushings syndrome. FASEB ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/117365-155853/what-is-iatrogenic-cushing-syndrome

Thymidine kinase and adenosine kinase activities in homogenates of thyroid lobes in hemithyroidectomized rats; effects of ... Gesing A, Modrzejewska H, Karbownik M, Sewerynek E, Greger J, Lewinski A. Thymidine kinase and adenosine kinase activities in ... OBJECTIVES: Thymidine kinase (TK, EC 2.7.1.21) is a part of the pyrimidine salvage pathway, involved in DNA synthesis. In turn ...

https://www.nel.edu/gesing-11341/?vp-page=2

BackgroundMyocardial protection by volatile anesthetics involves activation of cardiac adenosine triphosphate-sensitive ... and blockade of adenosine receptors or phosphatidylinositol kinases abolishes the sensitization effect.. Expand. ... Isoflurane Sensitizes the Cardiac Sarcolemmal Adenosine Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium Channel to Pinacidil. *S. Gassmayr, A ... Differential Modulation of the Cardiac Adenosine Triphosphate-sensitive Potassium Channel by Isoflurane and Halothane. *W. Kwok ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Contribution-of-Reactive-Oxygen-Species-to-of-to-An-Stadnicka/5781d3f4d6b3646f9ac2ad7c897111eb39e057ac

Gene Name: adenosine kinase Anatomy terms Keller explant brain central nervous system ectoderm egg endomesoderm head liver ...

https://www.xenbase.org/entry/gene/expression.do?tabId=1&method=displayGenePageExpression&geneId=997225&objId=997225

Genotype-Phenotype Correlation of PKLR Variants with Pyruvate Kinase, 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate and Adenosine Triphosphate ...

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/research/clinical-trials?f%5B0%5D=disease_or_condition_name%3AConduction%20Disorders&f%5B1%5D=disease_or_condition_name%3ASickle%20Cell%20Disease&f%5B2%5D=disease_or_condition_name%3AVenous%20Thromboembolism

... adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and sirtuin pathways (5). Aging dysregulates these pathways, and their ...

https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.062

Pimozide reduces toxic forms of tau in TauC3 mice via 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-mediated autophagy. J ... Identification of RIP1 kinase as a specific cellular target of necrostatins. Nat Chem Biol 4, 313-321 (2008). ... as well as memory loss in Alzheimers disease models via activation of the Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase ( ... Similarly, the Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)-inhibitor Necrostatin1 (Nec1)57 did not rescue STF-62247- or ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56990-y?error=cookies_not_supported&code=08b9756c-4e77-418c-a23b-ad6109329434

Hypermethioninemia due to adenosine kinase deficiency. AR. AHCY. 180960. Hypermethioninemia with deficiency of S- ...

https://arupconsult.com/ati/Cobalamin-Propionate-Homocysteine-Panel

Local termination of 3-5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate signals: the role of A kinase anchoring protein-tethered ... Protein kinase A type I and type II define distinct intracellular signaling compartments. ...

https://ora.ox.ac.uk/?f%5Bf_contributors__department%5D%5B%5D=Physiology+Anatomy+%26+Genetics&f%5Bf_item_year%5D%5B%5D=2016&f%5Bf_keyword%5D%5B%5D=Phosphoric+Diester+Hydrolases

Adenosine 5′ monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved in metformin action in various cell types. We ... Inhibition studies implicated protein kinase A, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen activated protein kinase signaling ... Haspin is a unique protein kinase expressed predominantly in haploid male germ cells. The genomic structure of haspin (Gsg2) ... MAPK8/9 was activated by heat, and the MAPK8/9 inhibitor SP600125, but not JUN N-terminal kinase I, blocked heat-induced ...

https://bioone.org/journals/biology-of-reproduction/volume-76/issue-3

Metformin may also slow breast cancer growth by activating an enzyme called adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase ( ... kinase activity - Int J Cancer. 2008 Dec 15 - Using chemotaxis and fluorescent-bead cell motility assays, we demonstrated that ... pyruvate kinase M2, and lactate dehydrogenase A. γ-Tocotrienol treatment was also associated with a corresponding reduction in ... BB-fed mice revealed lower β-catenin expression and glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation with greater expression of the ...

https://qualitycounts.com/fpbreast.html

Meanwhile, the activation of AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) by metformin was distinctly enhanced by ... Dietary modulation depleted butyrate kinase and phosphate butyryl transferase by decreasing members of the Bacteroidales and ...

https://www.mdpi.com/journal/genes/special_issues/gut_microbiome

2006) p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase contributes to adenosine A1 receptor-mediated synaptic depression in area CA1 of the ... 2007) c-Jun-N-terminal kinase regulates adenosine A1 receptor-mediated synaptic depression in the rat hippocampus. ... but involves adenosine as a diffusible messenger. Previous studies have shown that adenosine can modulate CA1 LTP and induce a ... An adenosine agonist occludes the effects of PP LFS. A, Administration of 10 nm CCPA 60 min after induction of SC LTP results ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/38/9557?ijkey=1f83ebac703def3b2b66023eb84ec9d1e8494726&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

BackgroundMyocardial protection by volatile anesthetics involves activation of cardiac adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. (semanticscholar.org)
Hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate by crystalline yeast pyrophosphatase. (wikipedia.org)
Phosphorylation of the polypeptides was accomplished by reacting them with adenosine triphosphate and casein kinases I and II. (umich.edu)
AMP-activated protein kinase regulates chemical pathways involving the cell's main energy source, a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (medlineplus.gov)
Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of creatine (Cr) by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (mayocliniclabs.com)
Creatine kinase is the enzyme charged with maintaining steady concentrations of our cellular energy currency, adenosine triphosphate or ATP. (ohsu.edu)
It binds competitively to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding pocket of these receptors and blocks the intracellular signaling, which is crucial for the proliferation, migration, and transformation of fibroblasts, representing essential mechanisms of the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis pathology. (medscape.com)
Previous studies performed with rat hepatocyte primary cultures showed that toxic concentrations of AZA (25-250 μ M) led to profound intracellular GSH depletion, mitochondrial injury, metabolic activity reduction, decreased adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) levels, and cell death due to necrosis, not apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)
ATP is a simple, yet extremely effective formula that contains 3 ingredients to help your body create more ATP(adenosine triphosphate), your body's energy currency. (naturalbodyinc.com)

This study focused on assessing if newly synthesized thiosemicarbazone-hybrid (hybrid compound b´) can stimulate the major enzyme in cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). (nwu.ac.za)
The cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic regulator that mediates adaptation to nutritional variations to maintain a proper energy balance in cells. (jbc.org)
The cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic hub regulating various pathways involved in tumor metabolism. (jbc.org)
Berberine activates adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK). (purebodysolutions.com)
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the PEDF/adenosine 5'‑monophosphate‑activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Unc‑51 like autophagy‑activated kinase 1 (ULK1) pathway and autophagy in NSCLC. (spandidos-publications.com)
Abstract As a key coordinator of metabolism, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is vitally involved in skeletal muscle maintenance. (techscience.com)
AMPK exerts its cellular effects through its function as a serine/threonine protein kinase by regulating many downstream targets and plays important roles in the development and growth of skeletal muscle. (techscience.com)
AMPK is activated by phosphorylation and exerts its function as a kinase in many processes, including synthesis and degradation of proteins, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose uptake, and fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism. (techscience.com)
Indirect effects of metformin include enhanced insulin sensitivity as well as activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver. (pharmacytimes.com)
Chez les hépatocytes, N. sativa augmente la stimulation des protéines intracellulaires Akt et 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). (umontreal.ca)
The second messenger, cAMP, is subsequently degraded to AMP, and the increase in the intracellular AMP levels activates AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK). (bvsalud.org)
The PRKAG2 gene provides instructions for making one part (the gamma-2 subunit) of a larger enzyme called AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). (medlineplus.gov)
These effects are facilitated by the activation of an upstream kinase, liver kinase B1 (LKB-1), which in turn controls the downstream kinase adenosine monophosphates protein kinase (AMPK). (who.int)

Strenuous exercise or intramuscular injections may cause transient elevation of creatine kinase (CK). (mayocliniclabs.com)
Medically, creatine kinase levels are measured in the clinical diagnosis of recent heart attack and stroke, because its physiological role requires large amounts of the enzyme in the heart and brain, and its release from damaged cells can be detected in serum. (ohsu.edu)
By this time a structure for chicken creatine kinase had been solved in Germany, but unique insights were available to the Chapman group, because they had crystallized the enzyme in its reactive state as a transition state analog, and determined the structure at exceptionally high resolution, leading to complete revision of the enzyme mechanism. (ohsu.edu)
Creatine kinase and its relatives undergo large changes in structure to wrap around the substrates, eliminating water and the possibility of a wasteful side reaction. (ohsu.edu)
Creatine supplementation: exploring the role of the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system in human muscle. (naturalbodyinc.com)

Multiple mechanisms may be involved, including anti-inflammation, sustaining adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity in chondrocytes and dorsal root ganglia, and regulating metabolism. (medscape.com)

Adenosine regulates vascular function. (rug.nl)
While removing adenosine in the purine salvage pathway, adenosine kinase (ADK) regulates methylation reactions. (bvsalud.org)
Adenosine Regulates a Chloride Channel via Protein Kinase C and a G Pr" by Erik M. Schwiebert, Katherine H. Karlson et al. (dartmouth.edu)
Adenosine Regulates a Chloride Channel via Protein Kinase C and a G Protein in a Rabbit Cortical Collecting Duct Cell Line. (dartmouth.edu)
Ligand binding to MC4R activates adenylyl cyclase, resulting in increased levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a secondary messenger that regulates several cellular processes. (bvsalud.org)
Adenosine deaminase is important not only to preserve functionality of immune system but also to ensure a correct development and function of central nervous system, probably because its activity regulates the extracellular concentration of adenosine and therefore its function in brain. (unipi.it)

Adenosine receptors and extracellular adenosine have been demonstrated to modulate foam cell formation. (elsevier.com)
Stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors by N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) activated the channel in cell-attached patches. (dartmouth.edu)
Stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors also increased the production of diacylglycerol, an activator of PKC. (dartmouth.edu)
These results show that stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors activates a 305-pS Cl-channel in the apical membrane by a phosphorylation-dependent pathway involving PKC. (dartmouth.edu)
A well-characterized model of mitophagy is Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase (PTEN)-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, in which Parkin becomes phosphorylated by the E3 ligase PINK1 and subsequently builds up ubiquitin chains on mitochondria, which are in turn recognized by selective autophagy receptors 11 . (nature.com)
This depotentiation does not require NMDA receptors, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, or L-type calcium channels, but involves adenosine acting at A 1 receptors. (jneurosci.org)
Finally, the structure provides a basis for rationalizing the effects of kinase mutations in FGF receptors that lead to developmental disorders in nematodes and humans. (embl-heidelberg.de)
On the role of adenosine (A) 2A receptors in cocaine-induced reward: a pharmacological and neurochemical analysis in rats. (krakow.pl)

Local termination of 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate signals: the role of A kinase anchoring protein-tethered phosphodiesterases. (ox.ac.uk)
The 1.9 A crystal structure of a nucleoside diphosphate kinase complex with adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate: evidence for competitive inhibition. (expasy.org)
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element-binding protein-1-regulated transcription coactivator-1 (CRTC1) is a cytoplasmic coactivator that translocates to the nucleus in response to cAMP and is reportedly involved in obesity. (bvsalud.org)
This effect is governed in part by the nitric oxide regulation of cyclic guanosine and adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinases (PKG and PKA) and is not fully understood. (cdc.gov)
Mutations in regulatory subunit type 1A of cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (PRKAR1A): phenotype analysis in 353 patients and 80 different genotypes. (cdc.gov)
Beta2-receptor activation leads to activation of adenylyl cyclase and increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP). (medscape.com)
This increase in cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A, which in turn inhibits myosin phosphorylation and lowers intracellular ionic calcium concentration, resulting in muscle relaxation. (medscape.com)

We conclude that adenosine activates a 305-pS Cl- channel in the apical membrane of RCCT-28A cells by a membrane-delimited pathway involving an A1 adenosine receptor, phospholipase C, diacylglycerol, PKC, and a G protein. (dartmouth.edu)

Studies indicate that changes in AMP-activated protein kinase activity allow a complex sugar called glycogen to build up abnormally within cardiac muscle cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Other studies have found that altered AMP-activated protein kinase activity is related to changes in the regulation of certain ion channels in the heart. (medlineplus.gov)

Activation and phosphorylation of the subunits of phosphorylase kinase. (dundee.ac.uk)
Au niveau moléculaire, N. sativa augmente le contenu musculaire en glucose transporter 4 Glut4 et la phosphorylation de l'acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase ACC dans le muscle soléaire et le foie chez les Mériones shawi diabétiques. (umontreal.ca)
Physiologically, when muscle contracts, ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and CK catalyzes the rephosphorylation of ADP to ATP using creatine phosphate as the phosphorylation reservoir. (mayocliniclabs.com)

Research suggests that these mutations alter the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase in the heart, disrupting the enzyme's ability to respond to changes in cellular energy demands. (medlineplus.gov)
These mutations change single amino acids in the gamma-2 subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in the genes encoding adenosine deaminase (ADA), Janus kinase 3 (Jak3), the alpha chain of the IL-7 receptor, recombinase-activating genes 1 or 2, or the Artemis gene also result in SCID and are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. (cdc.gov)
2.1 Combos with targeted therapy The introduction of molecular targeted therapy for melanoma stemmed through the 910462-43-0 IC50 observation that approximately 50% of most of cutaneous melanomas harbored activating mutations in the serine/threonine kinase BRAF. (baxkyardgardener.com)

Selective inhibitors for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), such as wortmannin and LY294002, showed a dose-dependent inhibition of relaxin-mediated increases in cAMP, specific for the second peak of the relaxin time course. (nih.gov)
Crystal structures of catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in complex with isoquinolinesulfonyl protein kinase inhibitors H7, H8, and H89. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Of these, the H series protein kinase inhibitors (1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7), N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (H8) N-[2-(p-Bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (H89)) are frequently used to block signaling pathways in studies of cellular regulation. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The conservation of the ATP-binding site of protein kinases allows evaluation of factors governing general selectivity of these inhibitors among kinases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
These results should assist efforts in the design of protein kinase inhibitors with specific properties. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Structure of the FGF receptor tyrosine kinase domain reveals a novel autoinhibitory mechanism. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The crystal structure of the tyrosine kinase domain of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1K) has been determined in its unliganded form to 2.0 angstroms resolution and in complex with with an ATP analog to 2.3 angstrosms A resolution. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Several features distinguish the structure of FGFR1K from that of the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Residues in the activation loop of FGFR1K appear to interfere with substrate peptide binding but not with ATP binding, revealing a second and perhaps more general autoinhibitory mechanism for receptor tyrosine kinases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
There are two main subdivisions within the superfamily: the protein-serine/threonine kinases and the protein-tyrosine kinases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Inhibition of various tyrosine kinases decreases the proliferative activities that lead to fibrosis. (medscape.com)

The mutation responsible for this condition changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in the gamma-2 subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase. (medlineplus.gov)

This gene encodes a member of the adenylate kinase family, which is involved in regulating the adenine nucleotide composition within a cell by catalyzing the reversible transfer of phosphate groups among adenine nucleotides. (nih.gov)
Identification of novel DNA hypermethylation of the adenylate kinase 5 promoter in colorectal adenocarcinoma. (nih.gov)
Identification of two active functional domains of human adenylate kinase 5. (nih.gov)
Down-regulation of adenylate kinase 5 in temporal lobe epilepsy patients and rat model. (nih.gov)
Identification of a novel human adenylate kinase. (nih.gov)

Increased Ethanol Consumption and Locomotion Develop upon Ethanol Deprivation in Rats Overexpressing the Adenosine (A) (2A) Receptor. (krakow.pl)
Adenosine (A) 2A receptor modulation of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. (krakow.pl)

In vitro assays showed that ADK deletion or inhibition resulted in increased intracellular adenosine and reduced DNA methylation of the ABCG1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter G1) gene. (elsevier.com)

FAD synthetase, Riboflavin kinase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)

Thymocyte development past the CD4 - CD8 - stage is markedly inhibited in adenosine deaminase-deficient (ADA-deficient) murine fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOCs) due to the accumulation of ADA substrates derived from thymocytes failing developmental checkpoints. (jci.org)
It has been known for nearly 3 decades that SCID is caused by adenosine deaminase deficiency. (cdc.gov)
In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological manifestations of purine dysmetabolisms, focusing on the newly described/hypothesized roles of cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II, adenosine kinase, adenosine deaminase, HPRT, and xanthine oxidase. (unipi.it)

OBJECTIVES: Thymidine kinase (TK, EC 2.7.1.21) is a part of the pyrimidine salvage pathway, involved in DNA synthesis. (nel.edu)
Participants who received agents targeting the adenosine pathway, anti-NKG2A and HLA-E agents are also excluded. (who.int)

The eukaryotic protein kinases make up a large superfamily of homologous proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Despite the key roles played by the various stimulatory and inhibitory kinases, the proteins phosphorylated by these kinases during steroidogenesis remain poorly characterized. (bvsalud.org)
Using the nucleotide-binding sites of proteins TNR kinases specifically at heart as drug-targets, several chemical libraries have already been curated that consist of substances either knownor forecasted and purified to homogeneity [8]. (immune-source.com)

Pi limitation leads to dephosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate and the allosteric activator of isocitrate dehydrogenase key to lipid biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)

We evaluated mRNA and protein expression of adenosine regulators, enzymes involved in cellular methylation reactions, markers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial parameters. (rug.nl)

We further show that a common regulator of apoptosis apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is usually a downstream target of Balaglitazone DUOXA1-mediated H2O2 production and that knockdown of either DUOX1 or ASK1 rescues the DUOXA1 overexpression phenotype. (researchensemble.com)

Possible dual-specificity Ser/Thr/Tyr kinase. (embl-heidelberg.de)

An important player in the proper function of hepatocytes is an enzyme called adenosine kinase, ADK. (loire-net.tv)

The kinase domains that define this group of enzymes contain 12 conserved subdomains that fold into a common catalytic core structure, as revealed by the 3-dimensional structures of several protein-serine kinases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
A classification scheme can be founded on a kinase domain phylogeny, which reveals families of enzymes that have related substrate specificities and modes of regulation. (embl-heidelberg.de)

A study led by Texas A&M AgriLife Research provides compelling evidence of the important role of hepatocyte adenosine kinase in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD. (gleetune.com)

Conclusions - Augmentation of intracellular adenosine levels through ADK knockout in myeloid cells protects ApoE -/- mice against atherosclerosis by reducing foam cell formation via the epigenetic regulation of cholesterol trafficking. (elsevier.com)
We examined the regulation by adenosine of a 305-pS chloride (Cl-) channel in the apical membrane of a continuous cell line derived from rabbit cortical collecting duct (RCCT-28A) using the patch clamp technique. (dartmouth.edu)

furthermore, at 10 M, neither substance inhibits IP6K2, a structurally-unrelated PP-InsP kinase. (immune-source.com)

In this thesis, we explored the role of adenosine kinase (AK), the main regulator of adenosine, in fetoplacental endothelial dysfunction during GDM. (rug.nl)
In HUVECs, we found that HG altered adenosine regulators, methylation, endothelial dysfunction and proinflammatory markers. (rug.nl)

ADK (adenosine kinase) is a major enzyme regulating intracellular adenosine levels, but its functional role in myeloid cells remains poorly understood. (elsevier.com)
AMP-activated protein kinase is likely involved in the development of the heart before birth, although its role in this process is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
Studies suggest that AMP-activated protein kinase may play a role in controlling the activity of other genes, although many of these genes have not been identified. (medlineplus.gov)

Among the key pathways are those controlling cell proliferation , which coordinate a response to the cellular environment, with the mTOR kinase as a critical node. (axonmedchem.com)

Wu said the new study strongly indicates that an unhealthy diet, such as a diet with enriched saturated fatty acids, has a stimulatory effect on increasing the adenosine kinase protein amount in the liver. (loire-net.tv)

TI - The interaction of malaria parasites with erythrocyte menbrane [sic] (Ca2+ + Mg2+ATPase and protein kinase PY - 1983/// KW - Plasmodium berghei KW - Protein kinases KW - Adenosine KW - Dissertations, Academic N1 - Thesis (M.Sc. (who.int)

DUOXA1 knockdown (using a DUOXA1 shRNA construct) resulted in enhanced differentiation compared to cells subjected to a control shRNA and subjecting DUOXA1 overexpressing cells to siRNAs targeting DUOX1 or apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) rescued the PRKCA phenotype. (researchensemble.com)

The study, "Hepatocyte Adenosine Kinase Promotes Excessive Fat Deposition and Liver Inflammation," appeared in September in the journal Gastroenterology . (loire-net.tv)
The research demonstrated that hepatocyte adenosine kinase promotes excessive fat deposition and liver inflammation and is a key factor in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease," he said. (loire-net.tv)
Hepatocyte Adenosine Kinase Promotes Excessive Fat Deposition and Liver Inflammation. (bvsalud.org)
Chaidong Wu, Ph.D., was the corresponding author for a study on how hepatocyte adenosine kinase affects nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (tamu.edu)

S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) functions as an enzyme catalyzing the reversible hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine to homocysteine and adenosine. (frontiersin.org)
It catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) to adenosine (Ado) and homocysteine (Hcy) ( Palmer and Abeles, 1979 ). (frontiersin.org)

It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. (bvsalud.org)

This member is related to the UMP/CMP kinase of several species. (nih.gov)

Some have suggested that patients determined to be at high risk for complications (eg, questionable history of asthma, hypotension, recent ischemic event, severe bradycardia) should undergo an incremental 7-minute adenosine protocol. (medscape.com)

Intro Inositol phosphate kinases (IP3K, IPMK, ITPK1, IP5K, IP6K and PPIP5K) perform several biological procedures through their involvement inside a carefully-regulated, metabolic network that changes phospholipase C-derived Ins(1,4,5)P3 into a range of even more extremely phosphorylated cell-signaling substances [1C3]. (immune-source.com)

In the fetoplacental circulation during GDM, an accumulation of adenosine is reported. (rug.nl)

The pituitary hormone, LH, stimulates testosterone production in Leydig cells by increasing the intracellular cAMP levels, which leads to the activation of various kinases and transcription factors, ultimately stimulating the expression of the genes involved in steroidogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
One observation that's particularly illustrative may be the altered amount of transcription of over 900 genes (2-fold transformation in appearance), following deletion of (a PPIP5K homologue) in person in the inositol phosphate kinase signaling family members. (immune-source.com)

It blocks purine synthesis and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), thus increasing anti-inflammatory adenosine concentration at sites of inflammation. (medscape.com)

Protein kinase A type I and type II define distinct intracellular signaling compartments. (ox.ac.uk)

Anatomy3

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs81

Phenomena and Processes7

Information Science1

Quantification of extracellular and intracellular adenosine production: understanding the transmembranous concentration gradient. (1/217)

Molecular cloning and expression of adenosine kinase from Leishmania donovani: identification of unconventional P-loop motif. (2/217)

Adenosine kinase inhibitors as a novel approach to anticonvulsant therapy. (3/217)

Metabolism and selective toxicity of 6-nitrobenzylthioinosine in Toxoplasma gondii. (4/217)

Characterization and molecular cloning of an adenosine kinase from Babesia canis rossi. (5/217)

The adenosine transporter of Toxoplasma gondii. Identification by insertional mutagenesis, cloning, and recombinant expression. (6/217)

The influence of inorganic phosphate on the activity of adenosine kinase. (7/217)

A(2B) receptors mediate antimitogenesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. (8/217)

Adenosine Kinase

Adenosine

Tubercidin

Receptor, Adenosine A2A

Adenosine Deaminase

Receptor, Adenosine A1

Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors

Inosine

Receptor, Adenosine A2B

Adenosine Monophosphate

Receptors, Purinergic P1

Receptor, Adenosine A3

Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists

5'-Nucleotidase

Formycins

Ribonucleosides

Phosphotransferases

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

MAP Kinase Signaling System

Protein Kinases

Receptors, Adenosine A2

Pentostatin

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists

Inosine Monophosphate

Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists

Deoxyadenosines

Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists

Zeatin

2-Chloroadenosine

Xanthines

Coformycin

Nucleotidases

Thioinosine

Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists

Methylthioinosine

Protein Kinase Inhibitors

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

Hypoxanthine

Inorganic Chemicals

Adenosylhomocysteinase

Nucleoside Deaminases

Nucleosides

Kinetics

src-Family Kinases

Hypoxanthines

Adenine Nucleotides

S-Adenosylhomocysteine

Protein Kinase C

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists

Adenine

Purines

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Nucleotides

Leishmania donovani

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

Phosphorylation

Enzyme Inhibitors

Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)

Substrate Specificity

p21-Activated Kinases

Toyocamycin

Foreskin

JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3

Cyclic AMP

Deoxycytidine Kinase

Creatine Kinase

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Aminoimidazole Carboxamide

Cells, Cultured

Cell Line

Theophylline

Molecular Sequence Data

MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases

CDC2 Protein Kinase

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Mutation