Adenosine kinase. Medical search

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.

A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.

An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.

A subclass of adenosine A2 receptors found in LEUKOCYTES, the SPLEEN, the THYMUS and a variety of other tissues. It is generally considered to be a receptor for ADENOSINE that couples to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE to INOSINE with the elimination of AMMONIA.

A subtype of ADENOSINE RECEPTOR that is found expressed in a variety of tissues including the BRAIN and DORSAL HORN NEURONS. The receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN which causes down regulation of CYCLIC AMP.

Drugs that inhibit ADENOSINE DEAMINASE activity.

A purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in pathways of purine salvage. It also occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A subclass of adenosine A2 receptors found in the CECUM, the COLON, the BLADDER, and a variety of other tissues. It is generally considered to be a low affinity receptor for ADENOSINE that couples to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN.

Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

A class of cell surface receptors that prefer ADENOSINE to other endogenous PURINES. Purinergic P1 receptors are widespread in the body including the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and nervous systems. There are at least two pharmacologically distinguishable types (A1 and A2, or Ri and Ra).

A subtype of ADENOSINE RECEPTOR that is found expressed in a variety of locations including the BRAIN and endocrine tissues. The receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN which causes down regulation of CYCLIC AMP.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.

A glycoprotein enzyme present in various organs and in many cells. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a 5'-ribonucleotide to a ribonucleoside and orthophosphate in the presence of water. It is cation-dependent and exists in a membrane-bound and soluble form. EC 3.1.3.5.

Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.

Nucleosides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

A subclass of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS that are generally considered to be coupled to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN which causes up regulation of CYCLIC AMP.

A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Compounds that selectively bind to and activate ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS.

Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.

Adenosine molecules which can be substituted in any position, but are lacking one hydroxyl group in the ribose part of the molecule.

Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS.

An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)

2-Chloroadenosine. A metabolically stable analog of adenosine which acts as an adenosine receptor agonist. The compound has a potent effect on the peripheral and central nervous system.

Purine bases found in body tissues and fluids and in some plants.

A ribonucleoside antibiotic synergist and adenosine deaminase inhibitor isolated from Nocardia interforma and Streptomyces kaniharaensis. It is proposed as an antineoplastic synergist and immunosuppressant.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-.

Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)

Compounds that bind to and stimulate ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.

6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway.

A broad class of substances encompassing all those that do not include carbon and its derivatives as their principal elements. However, carbides, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, and carbon disulfide are included in this class.

An enzyme which catalyzes the catabolism of S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE to ADENOSINE and HOMOCYSTEINE. It may play a role in regulating the concentration of intracellular adenosylhomocysteine.

Catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleosides with the elimination of ammonia.

Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

Purine bases related to hypoxanthine, an intermediate product of uric acid synthesis and a breakdown product of adenine catabolism.

5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL). The sandfly genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the vectors.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A family of serine-threonine kinases that bind to and are activated by MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS such as RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS and CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN. They are intracellular signaling kinases that play a role the regulation of cytoskeletal organization.

4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.

The double-layered skin fold that covers the GLANS PENIS, the head of the penis.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine with the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate and deoxycytidine monophosphate. Cytosine arabinoside can also act as an acceptor. All natural nucleoside triphosphates, except deoxycytidine triphosphate, can act as donors. The enzyme is induced by some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus (HERPESVIRUS HOMINIS). EC 2.7.1.74.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLYL CYCLASES and cyclic AMP.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A3 RECEPTORS.

Cell surface proteins that bind PURINES with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized classes of purinergic receptors in mammals are the P1 receptors, which prefer ADENOSINE, and the P2 receptors, which prefer ATP or ADP.

A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.

ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.

A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

Nucleotides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Quantification of extracellular and intracellular adenosine production: understanding the transmembranous concentration gradient. (1/217)

BACKGROUND: Inhibitors of adenosine membrane transport cause vasodilation and enhance the plasma adenosine concentration. However, it is unclear why the plasma adenosine concentration rises rather than falls when membrane transport is inhibited. We tested the hypothesis that the cytosolic adenosine concentration exceeds the interstitial concentration under well-oxygenated conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: In isolated, isovolumically working guinea pig hearts (n=50), the release rate of adenosine and accumulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine (after 20 minutes of 200 micromol/L homocysteine), a measure of the free cytosolic adenosine concentration, were determined in the absence and presence of specific and powerful blockers of adenosine membrane transport (nitrobenzylthioinosine 1 micromol/L), adenosine deaminase (erythro-9-hydroxy-nonyl-adenine 5 micromol/L), and adenosine kinase (iodotubericidine 10 micromol/L). Data analysis with a distributed multicompartment model revealed a total cardiac adenosine production rate of 2294 pmol. min-1. g-1, of which 8% was produced in the extracellular region. Because of a high rate of intracellular metabolism, however, 70.3% of extracellularly produced adenosine was taken up into cellular regions, an effect that was effectively eliminated by membrane transport block. The resulting approximately 2.8-fold increase of the interstitial adenosine concentration evoked near-maximal coronary dilation. CONCLUSIONS: We rejected the hypothesis that the cytosolic adenosine concentration exceeds the interstitial. Rather, there is significant extracellular production, and the parenchymal cell represents a sink, not a source, for adenosine under well-oxygenated conditions. (+info)

Molecular cloning and expression of adenosine kinase from Leishmania donovani: identification of unconventional P-loop motif. (2/217)

The unique catalytic characteristics of adenosine kinase (Adk) and its stage-specific differential activity pattern have made this enzyme a prospective target for chemotherapeutic manipulation in the purine-auxotrophic parasitic protozoan Leishmania donovani. However, nothing is known about the structure of the parasite Adk. We report here the cloning of its gene and the characterization of the gene product. The encoded protein, consisting of 345 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 37173 Da, shares limited but significant similarity with sugar kinases and inosine-guanosine kinase of microbial origin, supporting the notion that these enzymes might have the same ancestral origin. The identity of the parasite enzyme with the corresponding enzyme from two other sources so far described was only 40%. Furthermore, 5' RNA mapping studies indicated that the Adk gene transcript is matured post-transcriptionally with the trans-splicing of the mini-exon (spliced leader) occurring at nt -160 from the predicted translation initiation site. The biochemical properties of the recombinant enzyme were similar to those of the enzyme isolated from leishmanial cells. The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of the enzyme was substrate-sensitive. On the basis of a multiple protein-alignment sequence comparison and ATP-induced fluorescence quenching in the presence or the absence of KI and acrylamide, the docking site for ATP has been provisionally identified and shown to have marked divergence from the consensus P-loop motif reported for ATP- or GTP-binding proteins from other sources. (+info)

Adenosine kinase inhibitors as a novel approach to anticonvulsant therapy. (3/217)

Adenosine levels increase at seizure foci as part of a postulated endogenous negative feedback mechanism that controls seizure activity through activation of A1 adenosine receptors. Agents that amplify this site- and event-specific surge of adenosine could provide antiseizure activity similar to that of adenosine receptor agonists but with fewer dose-limiting side effects. Inhibitors of adenosine kinase (AK) were examined because AK is normally the primary route of adenosine metabolism. The AK inhibitors 5'-amino-5'-deoxyadenosine, 5-iodotubercidin, and 5'-deoxy-5-iodotubercidin inhibited maximal electroshock (MES) seizures in rats. Several structural classes of novel AK inhibitors were identified and shown to exhibit similar activity, including a prototype inhibitor, 4-(N-phenylamino)-5-phenyl-7-(5'-deoxyribofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2, 3-d]pyrimidine (GP683; MES ED50 = 1.1 mg/kg). AK inhibitors also reduced epileptiform discharges induced by removal of Mg2+ in a rat neocortical preparation. Overall, inhibitors of adenosine deaminase or of adenosine transport were less effective. The antiseizure activities of GP683 in the in vivo and in vitro preparations were reversed by the adenosine receptor antagonists theophylline and 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline. GP683 showed little or no hypotension or bradycardia and minimal hypothermic effect at anticonvulsant doses. This improved side effect profile contrasts markedly with the profound hypotension, bradycardia, and hypothermia and greater inhibition of motor function observed with the adenosine receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine and opens the way to clinical evaluation of AK inhibitors as a novel, adenosine-based approach to anticonvulsant therapy. (+info)

Metabolism and selective toxicity of 6-nitrobenzylthioinosine in Toxoplasma gondii. (4/217)

The purine nucleoside analogue NBMPR (nitrobenzylthioinosine or 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine) was selectively phosphorylated to its nucleoside 5'-monophosphate by Toxoplasma gondii but not mammalian adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20). NBMPR was also cleaved in toxoplasma to its nucleobase, nitrobenzylmercaptopurine. However, nitrobenzylmercaptopurine was not a substrate for either adenosine kinase or hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8). Because of this unique and previously unknown metabolism of NBMPR by the parasite, the effect of NBMPR as an antitoxoplasmic agent was tested. NBMPR killed T. gondii grown in human fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of approximately 10 microM and without apparent toxicity to host cells. Doses of up to 100 microM had no significant toxic effect on uninfected host cells. The promising antitoxoplasmic effect of NBMPR led to the testing of other 6-substituted 9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurines, which were shown to be good ligands of the parasite adenosine kinase (M. H. Iltzsch, S. S. Uber, K. O. Tankersley, and M. H. el Kouni, Biochem. Pharmacol. 49:1501-1512, 1995), as antitoxoplasmic agents. Among the analogues tested, 6-benzylthioinosine, p-nitrobenzyl-6-selenopurine riboside, N(6)-(p-azidobenzyl)adenosine, and N(6)-(p-nitrobenzyl)adenosine, like NBMPR, were selectively toxic to parasite-infected cells. Thus, it appears that the unique characteristics of purine metabolism in T. gondii render certain 6-substituted 9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurines promising antitoxoplasmic drugs. (+info)

Characterization and molecular cloning of an adenosine kinase from Babesia canis rossi. (5/217)

In the search for immunoprotective antigens of the intraerythrocytic Babesia canis rossi parasite, a new cDNA was cloned and sequenced. Protein sequence database searches suggested that the 41-kDa protein belongs to the phosphofructokinase B type family (PFK-B). However, because of the low level sequence identity (< 20%) of the protein both with adenosine and sugar kinases from this family, its structural and functional features were further investigated using molecular modelling and enzymatic assays. The sequence/structure comparison of the protein with the crystal structure of a member of the PFK-B family, Escherichia coli ribokinase (EcRK), suggested that it might also form a stable and active dimer and revealed conservation of the ATP-binding site. However, residues specifically involved in the ribose-binding sites in the EcRK sequence (S and N) were substituted in its sequence (by H and M, respectively), and were suspected of binding adenosine compounds rather than sugar ones. Enzymatic assays using a purified glutathione S-transferase fusion protein revealed that this protein exhibits rapid catalysis of the phosphorylation of adenosine with an apparent Km value of 70 nM, whereas it was inactive on ribose or other carbohydrates. As enzymatic assays confirmed the results of the structure/function analysis indicating a preferential specificity towards adenosine compounds, this new protein of the PFK-B family corresponds to an adenosine kinase from B. canis rossi. It was named BcrAK. (+info)

The adenosine transporter of Toxoplasma gondii. Identification by insertional mutagenesis, cloning, and recombinant expression. (6/217)

Purine transport into the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii plays an indispensable nutritional function for this pathogen. To facilitate genetic and biochemical characterization of the adenosine transporter of the parasite, T. gondii tachyzoites were transfected with an insertional mutagenesis vector, and clonal mutants were selected for resistance to the cytotoxic adenosine analog adenine arabinoside (Ara-A). Whereas some Ara-A-resistant clones exhibited disruption of the adenosine kinase (AK) locus, others displayed normal AK activity, suggesting that a second locus had been tagged by the insertional mutagenesis plasmid. These Ara-A(r) AK+ mutants displayed reduced adenosine uptake capability, implying a defect in adenosine transport. Sequences flanking the transgene integration point in one mutant were rescued from a genomic library of Ara-A(r) AK+ DNA, and Southern blot analysis revealed that all Ara-A(r) AK+ mutants were disrupted at the same locus. Probes derived from this locus, designated TgAT, were employed to isolate genomic and cDNA clones from wild-type libraries. Conceptual translation of the TgAT cDNA open reading frame predicts a 462 amino acid protein containing 11 transmembrane domains, a primary structure and membrane topology similar to members of the mammalian equilibrative nucleoside transporter family. Expression of TgAT cRNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes increased adenosine uptake capacity in a saturable manner, with an apparent K(m) value of 114 microM. Uptake was inhibited by various nucleosides, nucleoside analogs, hypoxanthine, guanine, and dipyridamole. The combination of genetic and biochemical studies demonstrates that TgAT is the sole functional adenosine transporter in T. gondii and a rational target for therapeutic intervention. (+info)

The influence of inorganic phosphate on the activity of adenosine kinase. (7/217)

The enzyme adenosine kinase (AK; EC 2.7.1.20) shows a dependence upon inorganic phosphate (Pi) for activity. The degree of dependence varies among enzyme sources and the pH at which the activity is measured. At physiological pH, recombinant AK from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and AK from beef liver (BL) show higher affinities for the substrate adenosine (Ado), larger maximum velocities and lower sensitivities to substrate inhibition in the presence of Pi. At pH 6.2, both BL and CHO AK exhibit almost complete dependence on the presence of Pi for activity. The data show that both enzymes exhibit increasing relief from substrate inhibition upon increasing Pi and the inhibition of BL AK is almost completely alleviated by the addition of 50 mM Pi. The affinity of CHO AK for Ado increases asymptotically from K(m) 6.4 microM to a limit of 0.7 microM upon the addition of increasing Pi from 1 to 50 mM. The concentration of Ado necessary to invoke substrate inhibition also increases asymptotically from K(i) 32 microM to a limit of 69 microM at saturating concentrations of phosphate. In the presence of increasing amounts of Pi, the maximal velocity of activity increases hyperbolically. The effect that phosphate exerts on AK may be either to protect the enzyme from inactivation at high adenosine and H(+) concentrations or to stabilize substrate binding at the active site. (+info)

A(2B) receptors mediate antimitogenesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. (8/217)

Adenosine inhibits growth of vascular smooth muscle cells. The goals of this study were to determine which adenosine receptor subtype mediates the antimitogenic effects of adenosine and to investigate the signal transduction mechanisms involved. In rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) (25 ng/mL) stimulated DNA synthesis ([(3)H]thymidine incorporation), cellular proliferation (cell number), collagen synthesis ([(3)H]proline incorporation), total protein synthesis ([(3)H]leucine incorporation), and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity. The adenosine receptor agonists 2-chloroadenosine and 5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine, but not N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine or CGS21680, inhibited the growth effects of PDGF-BB, an agonist profile consistent with an A(2B) receptor-mediated effect. The adenosine receptor antagonists KF17837 and 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfophenylxanthine, but not 8-cyclopentyl-1, 3-dipropylxanthine, blocked the growth-inhibitory effects of 2-chloroadenosine and 5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine, an antagonist profile consistent with an A(2) receptor-mediated effect. Antisense, but not sense or scrambled, oligonucleotides to the A(2B) receptor stimulated basal and PDGF-induced DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and MAP kinase activity. Moreover, the growth-inhibitory effects of 2-chloroadenosine, 5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine, and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine plus iodotubericidin (inhibitors of adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase, respectively) were abolished by antisense, but not scrambled or sense, oligonucleotides to the A(2B) receptor. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that adenosine causes inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell growth by activating A(2B) receptors coupled to inhibition of MAP kinase activity. Pharmacological or molecular biological activation of A(2B) receptors may prevent vascular remodeling associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and restenosis following balloon angioplasty. (+info)

Adenosine kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADK gene. This gene encodes adenosine kinase, an abundant enzyme ... "Entrez Gene: ADK adenosine kinase". CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Human ADK genome location and ADK gene details page ... Spychala J, Datta NS, Takabayashi K, Datta M, Fox IH, Gribbin T, Mitchell BS (Mar 1996). "Cloning of human adenosine kinase ... Singh B, Lin A, Wu ZC, Gupta RS (2001). "Gene structure for adenosine kinase in Chinese hamster and human: high-frequency ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADK_(gene)

The increase in adenosine kinase results in an increased metabolic rate for adenosine nucleosides. Due to the decrease in these ... The most prevalent theory is that upon brain injury there is an increased expression of the adenosine kinase (ADK). ... ISBN 978-88-470-1642-2. Boison D (December 2006). "Adenosine kinase, epilepsy and stroke: mechanisms and therapies". Trends in ... the effects can be counteracted and moderated by adenosine. Based on the properties afforded by adenosine in preventing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy_for_epilepsy

Other members of this family (also known as the RK family) include adenosine kinase (AK), inosine-guanosine kinase, ... Maj MC, Singh B, Gupta RS (March 2002). "Pentavalent ions dependency is a conserved property of adenosine kinase from diverse ... Park J, Gupta RS (September 2008). "Adenosine kinase and ribokinase--the RK family of proteins". Cellular and Molecular Life ... "Cloning of human adenosine kinase cDNA: sequence similarity to microbial ribokinases and fructokinases". Proceedings of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribokinase

Park, Jae; Gupta, Radhey S. (2008). "Adenosine kinase and ribokinase - the RK family of proteins". Cellular and Molecular Life ... Protein kinase A regulates metabolic enzymes by phosphorylation which causes a change in the cell depending on the original ... The ribonucleosides adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, and uridine are all derivatives of β-d-ribofuranose. Metabolically- ... cAMP, a secondary messenger, then goes on to activate protein kinase A, which is an enzyme that regulates cell metabolism. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose

Adenylate kinase is a specific nucleoside-monophosphate kinase that functions only on adenosine-monophosphate.[1][7] ... The nucleoside, adenosine, is then deaminated and hydrolyzed to form hypoxanthine via adenosine deaminase and nucleosidase ... Similarly, nucleoside-monophosphate kinase carries out the phosphorylation of nucleside-monophosphates. ... adenosine monophosphate) using GTP and aspartate, which is converted into fumarate. While IMP can be directly converted to AMP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism

cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, phosphorylate messengers via protein kinase A (PKA). These signaling elements include ... Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates cGMP production and therefore the activation cGMP-dependent protein kinase (G kinase). This kinase ... In vivo phosphorylation of thromboxane by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboregulation

... is an analog of adenosine that enters cardiac cells to inhibit adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase. It enhances the rate ... "MECHANISMS OF ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE-INDUCED PRECONDITIONING IN ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION." Department of ... AICAR is an analog of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) that is capable of stimulating AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) activity ... AICAR is able to enter the de novo synthesis pathway for adenosine synthesis to inhibit adenosine deaminase causing an increase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AICA_ribonucleotide

Yeast tRNA kinase then phosphorylates the 5'-hydroxyl group using adenosine triphosphate. Yeast tRNA cyclic phosphodiesterase ... Yeast tRNA ligase adds an adenosine monophosphate group to the 5' end of the 3'-half and joins the two halves together. NAD- ... The 2'OH of a specific adenosine in the intron attacks the 5' splice site, thereby forming the lariat The 3'OH of the 5' exon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_splicing

"Crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase". Science. 253 (5018): ... She is known for her research on protein kinases, particularly protein kinase A. She was elected to the Institute of Medicine ... Taylor's research group has focused on the structure and function of protein kinases, particularly protein kinase A, since ... Taylor, SS; Yang, J; Wu, J; Haste, NM; Radzio-Andzelm, E; Anand, G (11 March 2004). "PKA: a portrait of protein kinase dynamics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_S._Taylor

... adenosine kinase (AK), inosine kinase, and 1-phosphofructokinase. The members of the PfkB/RK family are identified by the ... Park J, Gupta RS: Adenosine kinase and ribokinase--the RK family of proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008, 65: 2875-2896. Bork P, ... Spychala J, Datta NS, Takabayashi K, Datta M, Fox IH, Gribbin T, Mitchell BS: Cloning of human adenosine kinase cDNA: sequence ... Maj MC, Singh B, Gupta RS: Pentavalent ions dependency is a conserved property of adenosine kinase from diverse sources: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphofructokinase

Park J, Gupta RS: Adenosine kinase and ribokinase--the RK family of proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008, 65: 2875-2896. Bork P, ... Maj MC, Singh B, Gupta RS: Pentavalent ions dependency is a conserved property of adenosine kinase from diverse sources: ... Sapico V, Anderson RL (1969). "D-fructose 1-phosphate kinase and D-fructose 6-phosphate kinase from Aerobacter aerogenes. A ... D-fructose-1-phosphate kinase, fructose 1-phosphate kinase, and 1-phosphofructokinase. This enzyme participates in fructose and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-phosphofructokinase

"Identification of a nucleoside analog active against adenosine kinase-expressing plasma cell malignancies". Journal of Clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utthara_Nayar

Induction by regulatory subunit and inhibition by catalytic subunit of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase ... Protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA Cα) is a member of the AGC kinase family (protein kinases A, G, and C), and contributes ... A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) bind a surface formed between both R subunits and target the kinase to different locations ... They realized that a key metabolic enzyme called phosphorylase kinase was activated by another kinase that was dependent on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKACA

ROS and adenosine acting on kinases such as PKCε and Src, which in turn activate gene transcription and upregulation of late PC ... "Postconditioning protects rabbit hearts through a protein kinase C-adenosine A2b receptor cascade". Cardiovascular Research. 70 ... These signaling events act on the ROS-generating mitochondria, activate PKCε and the Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase (RISK) ... "Novel functional role of heat shock protein 90 in protein kinase C-mediated ischemic postconditioning". The Journal of Surgical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardioprotection

Kirchberger MA, Tada M, Repke DI, Katz AM (1972). "Cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase stimulation ... Hicks MJ, Shigekawa M, Katz AM (1979). "Mechanism by which cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase ... monophosphate-dependent protein kinase". J Biol Chem. 250 (7): 2640-2647. PMID 235523. Katz AM, Repke DI, Dunnett J, Hasselbach ... "Phosphorylation of a 22,000-dalton component of the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum by adenosine 3', 5'- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Martin_Katz

This protein is found as a pentamer and is a major substrate for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in cardiac muscle. In ... "The stimulation of calcium transport in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum by adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein ... kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (19): 6174-80. PMID 4371608. Asahi M, Sugita Y, Kurzydlowski K, De Leon S, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholamban

... inhibits EGFR tyrosine kinase by binding to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding site of the enzyme. Thus the ... Research on gefitinib-sensitive non-small cell lung cancers has shown that a mutation in the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain is ... February 2008). "The T790M mutation in EGFR kinase causes drug resistance by increasing the affinity for ATP". Proceedings of ... These mutations tend to confer increased sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib and erlotinib. Of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefitinib

... adenosine-monophospate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has also been found to be an effector for RHEB. AMPK is a protein kinase ... Yee WM, Worley PF (Feb 1997). "Rheb interacts with Raf-1 kinase and may function to integrate growth factor- and protein kinase ... AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (C-Raf) mammalian Target of Rapamycin ... Long X, Lin Y, Ortiz-Vega S, Yonezawa K, Avruch J (Apr 2005). "Rheb binds and regulates the mTOR kinase". Current Biology. 15 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHEB

... kinetic properties of the adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase domains". Biochemistry. 43 ... Sekulic N, Konrad M, Lavie A (2007). "Structural mechanism for substrate inhibition of the adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase ... In humans, PAPS is synthesized from adenosine 5-prime triphosphate (ATP) and inorganic sulfate by 2 isoforms, PAPSS1 and PAPSS2 ... 1998). "cDNA cloning, expression, and characterization of the human bifunctional ATP sulfurylase/adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAPSS1

"Crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase". Science. 253 (5018): ... The protein kinase C inhibitor bis(indolyl)maleimide inhibitor BIM1 is clearly seen in the structure of PKCiota (residue 574- ... BIM-1 and the related compounds BIM-2, BIM-3, and BIM-8 are bisindolylmaleimide-based protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors. These ... The bound BIM1 inhibitor blocks the ATP-binding site and puts the kinase domain into an intermediate open conformation. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIM-1

1985). "Studies on the phosphorylation of myelin basic protein by protein kinase C and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent ... "Phosphorylation sites of bovine brain myelin basic protein phosphorylated with Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase from ... protein kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 260 (23): 12492-9. PMID 2413024. Saxe DF, Takahashi N, Hood L, Simon MI (1985). "Localization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin_basic_protein

Metabolism of PEP to pyruvic acid by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvic_acid

"Genomic organization of the mouse and human genes encoding the ATP sulfurylase/adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase isoform SK2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAPSS2

For example, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) pathways appear to participate in neuronal ... When activated by the second messengers such as cAMP and calcium ions, enzymes such as PKA and MAP kinase can translocate to ... Nguyen, P. V., & Woo, N. H. (2003). Regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases. ... Treisman, R. (1996). Regulation of transcription by MAP kinase cascades. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 8(2), 205-215. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal_memory_allocation

Increased levels of adenylyl cyclase, protein kinase A (PKA), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate induced PKA activity are also ... Glycogen synthase kinase 3 has been implicated in bipolar disorder, as bipolar medications lithium and valproate have been ... Phosphoinositide signaling is also altered, with elevated levels of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and Gαq being reported ... Mania may be specifically associated with protein kinase C hyperactivity, although most evidence for this mechanism is indirect ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_of_bipolar_disorder

2008). "Protein kinase C-epsilon induces caveolin-dependent internalization of vascular adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive K+ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCC9

Liu AM, Wong YH (December 2004). "G16-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappaB by the adenosine A1 receptor involves c-Src ... protein kinase C, and ERK signaling". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (51): 53196-204. doi:10.1074/jbc.M410196200. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNF5

"Crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase". Science 253 (5018): 407 ... "Protein kinases 6. The eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily: kinase (catalytic) domain structure and classification". FASEB J ... Dan R Robinson, Yi-Mi Wu ja Su-Fang Lin, The protein tyrosine kinase family of the human genome, 20 November 2000, Volume 19, ... Steven K Hanks, Genomic analysis of the eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily: a perspective, Genome Biol. 2003; 4(5): 111, ...

https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteiinkinaas

The encoded protein is a type 1A regulatory subunit of protein kinase A. Inactivating germline mutations of this gene are found ... This revealed a Arg74His (Arginine to Histidine: Guanine (G)-> Adenosine (A) transition in the second codon position of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carney_complex

Long-term treatment with moclobemide leads to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) binding to cAMP-dependent ... protein kinase (PKA).[111] Moclobemide is chemically unrelated to irreversible MAOI antidepressants and only has a very weak ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moclobemide

Wang Q, Zhang H, Guerrette S, Chen J, Mazurek A, Wilson T, Slupianek A, Skorski T, Fishel R, Greene MI (Aug 2001). "Adenosine ... Lin HR, Ting NS, Qin J, Lee WH (Sep 2003). "M phase-specific phosphorylation of BRCA2 by Polo-like kinase 1 correlates with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad51

"Human tyrosine kinase 2 deficiency reveals its requisite roles in multiple cytokine signals involved in innate and acquired ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperimmunoglobulin_E_syndrome

protein kinase binding. • ubiquitin protein ligase binding. • transmembrane signaling receptor activity. • Wnt-activated ... positive regulation of JUN kinase activity. • apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. • regulation of chorionic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FZD5

adenosine triphosphate (ATP). An organic compound derived from adenine that functions as the major source of energy for ... kinase. An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

3'-deoxy-N,N-dimethyl-3'-[(O-methyl-L-tyrosyl)amino]adenosine ... Kinase inhibitors: Linsitinib. *Antibodies: Xentuzumab (against ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puromycin

stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. • cellular response to peptide. • daunorubicin metabolic process. • ... Affinity labeling of an active site lysine by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and pyridoxal 5'-diphospho-5'-adenosine". The Journal of ... "Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein regulates the expression of aldose reductase and protein kinase C δ in a mouse ... "Decreased expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated aldose reductase (AKR1B1) is associated with malignancy in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKR1B1

Noda, L. (1958). „Adenosine triphosphate-adenosine monophosphate transphosphorylase. III. Kinetic studies". J. Biol. Chem. 232 ... Structural and catalytic characteristics of Escherichia coli adenylate kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 262: 622-629. PMID 3027060.. CS1 ... I. Purification and properties of an adenosine triphosphate-adenosine monophosphate transphosphorylase from swine liver". J. ... Noda, L. & Kuby, S.A. (1957). „Adenosine triphosphate-adenosine monophosphate transphosphorylase (myokinase). I. Isolation of ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenilat_kinaza

Metabolism of PEP to pyruvic acid by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvic_acid

It aminoacylates at the 2'-OH of a terminal adenosine nucleotide on tRNA, and it is usually monomeric or dimeric (one or two ... "Phosphorylation of glutamyl-prolyl tRNA synthetase by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 dictates transcript-selective translational ... It aminoacylates at the 3'-OH of a terminal adenosine on tRNA, and is usually dimeric or tetrameric (two or four subunits, ... The amino acids are attached to the hydroxyl (-OH) group of the adenosine via the carboxyl (-COOH) group. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase

Their function is to convert the potential energy of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in ... This is thought to be caused by a blockage in the enzyme thiamine-diphosphate kinase, and therefore treatment in some patients ... Disorders of oxidative phosphorylation, the process by which cells produce their main energy source of adenosine triphosphate ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_disease

All muscle cells produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules which are used to power the movement of the myosin heads. ... Diagnostic procedures that may reveal muscular disorders include testing creatine kinase levels in the blood and ... These chemical reactions produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules that are used to power the movement of the myosin heads ... of energy in the form of creatine phosphate which is generated from ATP and can regenerate ATP when needed with creatine kinase ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle

After the mRNA has been cleaved, around 250 adenosine residues are added to the free 3' end at the cleavage site. This reaction ... Quaresma, Alexandre J.; Sievert, Jeffrey A.; Nickerson, J. A. (2013), "Regulation of mRNA export by the PI3 kinase/AKT signal ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA

Also recently discovered A2B has Gq → DAG and IP3 → Release calcium → activate calmodulin → activate myosin light chain kinase ... A1 adenosine receptor[edit]. Main article: Adenosine A1 receptor. The adenosine A1 receptor has been found to be ubiquitous ... "Entrez Gene: ADORA2A adenosine A2A receptor".. *^ a b Jacobson KA, Gao ZG (2006). "Adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets" ... A2A adenosine receptor[edit]. Main article: Adenosine A2A receptor. As with the A1, the A2A receptors are believed to play a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor

Wilchek, M., Salomon, Y., Lowe, M., and Selinger, Z. (1971). "Conversion of protein kinase to a cyclic AMP independent form by ... affinity chromatography on N0-caproyl 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-Sepharose". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 45 (5): ... In 1971, Wilchek and colleagues applied this method to show that protein kinase is composed of regulatory and catalytic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Wilchek

S6 kinase, protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C, Cdc2, and/or a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; b) moves to bind ... An Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding site; ATP is crucial for ALOX5's metabolic activity ... Upon cell stimulation, ALOX5: a) may be phosphorylated on serine 663, 523, and/or 271 by Mitogen-activated protein kinases, ... This chemotactic factor stimulation concurrently causes the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) which in ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Lipoxygenase

Gajewski E, Steckler D, Goldberg R (1986). "Thermodynamics of the hydrolysis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate to adenosine 5'- ... Saylor P, Wang C, Hirai T, Adams J (1998). "A second magnesium ion is critical for ATP binding in the kinase domain of the ... 1995). "Adenosine 5'-(gamma-thiotriphosphate): an ATP analog that should be used with caution in muscle contraction studies". ... Lin X, Ayrapetov M, Sun G (2005). "Characterization of the interactions between the active site of a protein tyrosine kinase ...

https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozin_trifosfat

Zhang J, Yang PL, Gray NS (Jan 2009). "Targeting cancer with small molecule kinase inhibitors". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 9 (1): ... The anti-inflammatory response seen in RA is thought to be due to increases in adenosine, which causes immunosuppression; ... especially those associated with receptor tyrosine kinases) is known as targeted therapy. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapeutics

Kinase inhibitors: Linsitinib. *Antibodies: Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2). Kisspeptin. *Agonists: Kisspeptin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1

As part of the transaction the company will gain commercial rights to Acerta's irreversible oral Bruton's tyrosine kinase ... which focuses on blocking the adenosine A2A receptor, in a deal worth up to $510 million.[51] In the same month the company's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AstraZeneca

"Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase in adenosine A2B receptor ... 2001). "Adenosine A2B receptors behave as an alternative anchoring protein for cell surface adenosine deaminase in lymphocytes ... Strohmeier GR, Reppert SM, Lencer WI, Madara JL (1995). "The A2b adenosine receptor mediates cAMP responses to adenosine ... alkyl-2-alkynyl derivatives of adenosine as potent and selective agonists at the human adenosine A(3) receptor and a starting ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenozinski_A2B_receptor

The type of RNA editing that is most prevalent in higher eukaryotes converts adenosine nucleotides into inosine in dsRNAs via ... Ptasznik A, Nakata Y, Kalota A, Emerson SG, Gewirtz AM (November 2004). "Short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the Lyn kinase ... the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADAR).[61] It was originally proposed in 2000 that the RNAi and A→I RNA editing pathways might ... "RNA editing by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 71: 817-46. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference

positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. • positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration ... "Crystal structure of human transglutaminase 2 in complex with adenosine triphosphate". International Journal of Biological ... Mishra S, Murphy LJ (June 2004). "Tissue transglutaminase has intrinsic kinase activity: identification of transglutaminase 2 ... tTG is proposed to also act as kinase,[30] and protein disulfide isomerase,[31] and deamidase.[32] This latter activity is ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_transglutaminase

Krebs, H.A. and Hems, R. (1953). "Some reactions of adenosine and inosine phosphates in animal tissues". Biochim. Biophys. Acta ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleozid-difosfat_kinaza

... encodes a putative Ser/Thr kinase that is asymmetrically distributed". Cell 81 (4): 611-20. PMID 7758115. doi:10.1016/0092-8674 ... "RNA editing by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA". Annu Rev Biochem 71: 817-46. PMC 1823043. PMID 12045112. doi:10.1146/ ...

https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAi

N-terminal ATPase domain - binds ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and hydrolyzes it to ADP (Adenosine diphosphate). The NBD ... "The turn motif is a phosphorylation switch that regulates the binding of Hsp70 to protein kinase C". The Journal of Biological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsp70

Matte A, Tari LW, Delbaere LT (Apr 1998). "How do kinases transfer phosphoryl groups?". Structure. 6 (4): 413-9. doi:10.1016/ ... The ATPase subunits utilize the energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding and hydrolysis to energize the translocation of ... ABC transporters are active transporters, that is, they require energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to ... and the alternation is powered by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate or ATP. ATP binds to the A subunits and it is then ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_transporter

Adenosine thiamine diphosphateEdit. Adenosine thiamine diphosphate (AThDP) or thiaminylated adenosine diphosphate exists in ... by a thiamine-phosphate kinase (ThMP + ATP → ThDP + ADP, EC 2.7.4.16). In most bacteria and in eukaryotes, ThMP is hydrolyzed ... Adenosine thiamine triphosphateEdit. Adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP) or thiaminylated adenosine triphosphate has ... the recently discovered adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP), and adenosine thiamine diphosphate (AThDP). While the coenzyme ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamin

The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/gene/ADK?chromosome=chr10&range=76285014&v=hg19

Neonatal hepatic steatosis by disruption of the adenosine kinase gene. Detlev Boison, Louis Scheurer, Valérie Zumsteg, Thomas ... Neonatal hepatic steatosis by disruption of the adenosine kinase gene. Detlev Boison, Louis Scheurer, Valérie Zumsteg, Thomas ... Neonatal hepatic steatosis by disruption of the adenosine kinase gene Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from ... Neonatal hepatic steatosis by disruption of the adenosine kinase gene. Detlev Boison, Louis Scheurer, Valérie Zumsteg, Thomas ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/99/10/6985/tab-figures-data

Adenosine kinase (AdK; EC 2.7.1.20) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of gamma-phosphate from Adenosine triphosphate ( ... Gupta RS (June 1996). "Adenosine-AMP exchange activity is an integral part of the mammalian adenosine kinase". Biochemistry and ... Arch JR, Newsholme EA (September 1978). "Activities and some properties of 5-nucleotidase, adenosine kinase and adenosine ... Newby AC (February 1985). "The role of adenosine kinase in regulating adenosine concentration". The Biochemical Journal. 226 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_kinase

Adenosine 3,5-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase from Brain Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/165/3888/63/tab-e-letters

It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20. ... An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. ... Adenosine Kinase. Subscribe to New Research on Adenosine Kinase An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from ... 06/15/1994 - "Protective effect of an adenosine kinase inhibitor in septic shock.". 06/15/1994 - "One novel adenosine kinase ...

http://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryD000248-Adenosine-Kinase.do

Adenosine kinase was purified 870-fold from rat heart by a combination of gel filtration and affinity chromatography. The ... Properties of rat heart adenosine kinase. M N Fisher, E A Newsholme ... In vivo the enzyme is likely to be saturated with both MgATP and adenosine. Indeed, the adenosine concentration in rat heart in ... The Km for MgATP was calculated to be 0.8 mM and that for adenosine, at likely physiological concentrations of MgATP and free ...

http://www.biochemj.org/content/221/2/521

Adenosine kinase deficiency (ADK) in the liver can make it more susceptible to carcinogenic damage and may lead to liver cancer ... Adenosine kinase is a vital regulator of hepatic metabolism. Its deficiency in the liver causes hepatic steatosis and ... Low Adenosine Kinase in Liver may be a Risk Factor for Cancer Development. ... New study finds that reduced hepatic adenosine kinase expression (ADK) raises the susceptibility to the acute toxic effects of ...

https://www.medindia.net/news/low-adenosine-kinase-in-liver-may-be-a-risk-factor-for-cancer-development-187228-1.htm

Elevated adenosine signaling via adenosine A2B receptor induces normal and sickle erythrocyte sphingosine kinase 1 activity.. ... Elevated adenosine signaling via adenosine A2B receptor induces normal and sickle erythrocyte sphingosine kinase 1 activity ... Elevated adenosine signaling via adenosine A2B receptor induces normal and sickle erythrocyte sphingosine kinase 1 activity ... Elevated adenosine signaling via adenosine A2B receptor induces normal and sickle erythrocyte sphingosine kinase 1 activity ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25587035

Intracerebroventricular infusion of glucose, insulin, and the adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase activator, 5- ... The AMP-activated kinase has been proposed to be an important intracellular energy sensor because the enzyme controls lipid and ... Although the above mechanisms are correlated with the regulation of AMP-activated kinase, the direct involvement of the enzyme ... evidence has shown that the AMP-activated kinase could control food intake. We show in this study that the ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192044?dopt=Abstract

Crystal structure of Salmonella typhimurium propionate kinase (TdcD) in complex with Adenosine Tetraphosphate (AP4). *DOI: ... Propionate kinase. A. 415. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: oxd-2, ... ADENOSINE-5-TETRAPHOSPHATE. C10 H17 N5 O16 P4. WWMWAMFHUSTZTA-KQYNXXCUSA-N. Ligand Interaction. ... Salmonella typhimurium propionate kinase (StTdcD) catalyzes reversible transfer of the γ-phosphate of ATP to propionate during ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4FWN

5-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) modulates myoendothelial junctions 5-adenosine monophosphate- ... The 5-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is not only one of the most important enzymes controlling cell ... The 5-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is not only one of the most important enzymes controlling cell ... Qiu, Jiehua (2018): 5-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) modulates myoendothelial junctions. Dissertation ...

https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21468/

... brucei can also salvage adenosine by adenosine kinase (AK). The efficient adenosine transport combined with a high-affinity AK ... Adenosine kinase mediates high affinity adenosine salvage in Trypanosoma brucei. Vodnala, Munender Umeå University, Faculty of ... T. brucei has a high affinity adenosine kinase (TbAK), which phosphorylates adenosine, deoxyadenosine (dAdo), inosine and their ... Trypanosoma brucei, adenosine kinase, thymidine kinase, methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, mouser ribonucleotide reductase, E. ...

http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:148846

... via metabolic clearance through adenosine kinase (ADK). Adult rats exposed to cranial irradiation (10 Gy) showed significant ... via metabolic clearance through adenosine kinase (ADK). Adult rats exposed to cranial irradiation (10 Gy) showed significant ... Among other gliotransmitters, astrocytes control the availability of adenosine, an endogenous neuroprotectant and modulator of ... These results confirm an astrocyte-mediated mechanism where preservation of extracellular adenosine can exert neuroprotection ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2016.00042/full

Adenosine kinase (ADK) is considered to be the key regulator of the brains endogenous anticonvulsant, adenosine. In adult ... Astrogliosis in epilepsy leads to overexpression of adenosine kinase, resulting in seizure aggravation.. [Denise E Fedele, ... We therefore conclude that therapeutic strategies that augment the adenosine system after astrogliosis-induced upregulation of ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/15930047

Purpose: Adenosine kinase (ADK) represents the key metabolic enzyme for the regulation of extracellular adenosine levels in the ... Upregulation of adenosine kinase in astrocytes in experimental and human temporal lobe epilepsy. Journal. Epilepsia. Volume , ... astrocyte-based adenosine cycle and inflammation. Whether this interaction also can play a role in vivo needs to be further ...

http://dare.uva.nl/search?metis.record.id=344878

... prevents ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting diacylglycerol-mediated activation of protein kinase C (PKC). By concerting ... diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) act as terminator of … ... Negative regulation of diacylglycerol kinase theta mediates adenosine-dependent hepatocyte preconditioning Cell Death Differ. ... In liver ischemic preconditioning (IP), stimulation of adenosine A2a receptors (A2aR) prevents ischemia/reperfusion injury by ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20057501/?dopt=Abstract

Extracellular Adenosine Attenuates Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Through Its Impact on the Protein Kinase and Phosphatase ... Extracellular Adenosine Attenuates Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Through Its Impact on the Protein Kinase and Phosphatase ... Extracellular Adenosine Attenuates Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Through Its Impact on the Protein Kinase and Phosphatase ... Extracellular Adenosine Attenuates Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Through Its Impact on the Protein Kinase and Phosphatase ...

http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/early/2008/04/07/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.112144

... energy status by preventing increases in AMP/ATP and phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK ... Post-Meal Responses of Elongation Factor 2 (eEF2) and Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) to Leucine and ... Post-Meal Responses of Elongation Factor 2 (eEF2) and Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) to Leucine and ... "Post-Meal Responses of Elongation Factor 2 (eEF2) and Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) to Leucine and ...

http://mdpi.com/2072-6643/4/11/1723

"Adenosine Kinase" by people in this website by year, and whether "Adenosine Kinase" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Adenosine Kinase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Adenosine Kinase" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Adenosine Kinase". ...

https://profiles.umassmed.edu/display/108481

... kinase responds to growth factors, nutrients and cellular energy status and is a central controller of cellular growth. mTOR ... Adenosine monophosphate-dependent kinase (AMPK) is activated by energy deprivation and shuts off adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP ... dependent regulation of adenosine monosphosphate-dependent kinase (AMPK) by insulin FEBS J. 2012 Sep;279(18):3314-28. doi: ... Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase responds to growth factors, nutrients and cellular energy status and is a central ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22452783/

We hypothesized that inhibition of adenosine kinase exacerbates extracellular adenosine levels to reduce renal inflammation and ... the physiological effect of adenosine could be limited due to its phosphorylation by adenosine kinase. ... Adenosine kinase inhibition protects the kidney against streptozotocin-induced diabetes through anti-inflammatory and anti- ... Adenosine provides anti-inflammatory effects in cardiovascular disease via the activation of adenosine A2A receptors; however, ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/24841126

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β acts upstream of AMP-activated protein kinase in mammalian cells. Cell Metab. ... Protein kinase B kinases that mediate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent activation of protein kinase B. ... the protein kinase LKB1/STRAD/MO25 complex (4) and the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CAMKKβ) (5). Although the ... Adenosine 5′-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Promotes Macrophage Polarization to an Anti-Inflammatory Functional ...

https://www.jimmunol.org/content/181/12/8633

... adenosine kinase (ADK). Several new derivatives bearing bulky substituents at position 6 were non-cytotoxic but selectively i ... 6-Alkyl-, 6-aryl- or 6-hetaryl-7-deazapurine ribonucleosides as inhibitors of human or MTB adenosine kinase and potential ... 6-Alkyl-, 6-aryl- or 6-hetaryl-7-deazapurine ribonucleosides as inhibitors of human or MTB adenosine kinase and potential ... adenosine kinase (ADK). Several new derivatives bearing bulky substituents at position 6 were non-cytotoxic but selectively ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/md/c3md00232b

cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulates inhibition of adenosine transport by ethanol.. L E Nagy, I Diamond and A S Gordon ... cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulates inhibition of adenosine transport by ethanol.. L E Nagy, I Diamond and A S Gordon ... cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulates inhibition of adenosine transport by ethanol.. L E Nagy, I Diamond and A S Gordon ... cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulates inhibition of adenosine transport by ethanol. Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded ...

https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/40/5/812/tab-article-info

Adenosine triphosphate activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in human granulosa-luteal cells ... Inorganic lead activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase-p90(RSK) signaling ... Adenosine triphosphate-evoked cytosolic calcium oscillations in human granulosa-luteal cells: role of protein kinase C. Journal ... Adenosine 5'-triphosphate activates nuclear translocation of mitogen-activated protein kinases leading to the induction of ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/010/130/010130252.php

Iodotubercidin is an adenosine kinase inhibitor that through its ability to increase levels of endogenous adenosine can enhance ... Effects of iodotubercidin on adenosine kinase activity and nucleoside transport in DDT1 MF-2 smooth muscle cells.. F E ... Effects of iodotubercidin on adenosine kinase activity and nucleoside transport in DDT1 MF-2 smooth muscle cells.. F E ... Effects of iodotubercidin on adenosine kinase activity and nucleoside transport in DDT1 MF-2 smooth muscle cells.. F E ...

http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/277/3/1397

1. Both the monomer arginine kinase from lobster muscle and the dimer arginine kinase from Holothuria forskali catalyse the ATP ... E O Anosike, D C Watts; Effects of arginine and some analogues of the partial adenosine triphosphate-adenosine diphosphate ... and some analogues of the partial adenosine triphosphate-adenosine diphosphate exchange reaction catalysed by arginine kinase. ... Evolutionary divergence in the mechanism of action of a monomer and a dimer arginine kinase E O Anosike E O Anosike ...

https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article-abstract/155/3/689/10835/Effects-of-arginine-and-some-analogues-of-the

Kinetics of Adenosine 3′:5′-Monophosphate-dependent Protein Kinase Activation and Inhibition of Thymidine Incorporation into ... Kinetics of Adenosine 3′:5′-Monophosphate-dependent Protein Kinase Activation and Inhibition of Thymidine Incorporation into ... Kinetics of Adenosine 3′:5′-Monophosphate-dependent Protein Kinase Activation and Inhibition of Thymidine Incorporation into ... Kinetics of Adenosine 3′:5′-Monophosphate-dependent Protein Kinase Activation and Inhibition of Thymidine Incorporation into ...

http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/43/8/3514

Calbiochem The Adenosine Kinase Inhibitor, also referenced under CAS 214697-26-4, controls the biological activity of Adenosine ... Kinase. This small molecule/inhibitor is primarily used for Phosphorylation & Dephosphorylation applications. - Find MSDS or ... Adenosine Kinase. Primary Target IC,sub,50,/sub,. 50.7 nM inhibiting adenosine kinase (AK) using intact IMR-32 cells and 1.7 nM ... The Adenosine Kinase Inhibitor, also referenced under CAS 214697-26-4, controls the biological activity of Adenosine Kinase. ...

http://www.emdmillipore.com/PR/en/product/Adenosine-Kinase-Inhibitor-CAS-214697-26-4-Calbiochem,EMD_BIO-116890

This effect is mediated by adenosine but not by changes in protein kinase C activity or its translocation. (Circulation. 1998; ... Tachycardia Preconditions Infarct Size in Dogs: Role of Adenosine and Protein Kinase C. ...

https://insights.ovid.com/circ/199803030/00003017-199803030-00013

A study of the properties of the purified enzyme showed that it is activated by Na+ and K+, it possesses a broad pH optimum between 6 and 8, MgATP is the nucleotide substrate, free Mg2+ is an inhibitor with respect to both MgATP and adenosine, and the enzyme is subject to substrate inhibition by adenosine. (biochemj.org)
Control and diabetic mice were then treated with the adenosine kinase inhibitor ABT702 (1.5mg/kg, i.p. two times a week for 8 weeks, n=7-8/group) or the vehicle (5% DMSO). (sigmaaldrich.com)
Treatment of the cells with suramin (a P2 purinoceptor antagonist), neomycin (a phospholipase C inhibitor), staurosporin (a PKC inhibitor), or PD98059 (an MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor) significantly attenuated the ATP-induced activation of MAPK. (eurekamag.com)
Iodotubercidin is an adenosine kinase inhibitor that through its ability to increase levels of endogenous adenosine can enhance adenosine's receptor-mediated effects. (aspetjournals.org)
Under conditions in which extensive metabolism of intracellular adenosine was present, [3H]adenosine accumulation by DDT1 MF-2 cells was almost completely inhibited by iodotubercidin and the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine or by the nucleoside transport inhibitor nitrobenzylthioinosine. (aspetjournals.org)
The Adenosine Kinase Inhibitor, also referenced under CAS 214697-26-4, controls the biological activity of Adenosine Kinase. (emdmillipore.com)
A cell-permeable, non-nucleoside pyridopyrimidine compound that acts as a potent, adenosine-competitive, and reversible adenosine kinase (AK) inhibitor (IC 50 = 50.7 nM using intact IMR-32 cells and 1.7 nM in cell-free assays using rat brain cytosolic AK). (emdmillipore.com)
Following treatment using the adenosine transportation inhibitor NBTI 11-oxo-mogroside V iNOS amounts increased in non-diabetic but reduced in diabetic VSMCs. (exposed-skin-care.net)
VSMCs had been incubated with cytomix comprising 10?ng/mL interleukin (IL)-1β 10 interferon (IFN)-γ … In activated VSMCs from non-diabetic rats the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro -9-(2-Hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA) decreased iNOS synthesis as the ENT inhibitor S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI) improved it as well as the Compact disc73 inhibitor α β-Methylene-ADP (AOPCP) was inadequate (Fig.?2a). (exposed-skin-care.net)
Protective effect of an adenosine kinase inhibitor in septic shock. (uchicago.edu)
The pulmonary epithelium consists UK-427857 kinase inhibitor of two major cell typesalveolar type I (ATI) cells and alveolar type II (ATII) cells, also termed type I and type II pneumocytes. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
The alveolar epithelium represents a mechanical barrier that protects lungs from environmental insults, it is actively involved in immune response of the lungs and contributes to the maintenance of alveolar surface fluid balance UK-427857 kinase inhibitor [1]. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
Open in a separate window Figure 1 TSPAN33 Schematic UK-427857 kinase inhibitor arrangement of alveolar-capillary membrane-related pulmonary cells. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
The most important members of PRRs are toll-like receptors (TLRs), which have ten different UK-427857 kinase inhibitor members in human. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
Specific UK-427857 kinase inhibitor features related to lung cells are mentioned within the next sections. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
On the other hand, focal adenosine augmentation therapy, using adenosine kinase inhibitor, has been proved to be effective for reducing seizures in both animal models and in vitro human brain tissue resected from a variety of etiology of refractory epilepsy patients. (currentdrugtargets.com)
In the present review, we will focus on the evidence of ADK dysfunction in the epileptic brain from human beings and animals, and review the role of ADK inhibitor in adenosine augmentation therapy and the underlying mechanism of prevention of epileptogenesis. (currentdrugtargets.com)
The protein kinase A inhibitor Rp-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (100-150 microM) did not block the adenosine-dependent reduction of the mEPSC frequency, showing that adenosine is not depressing synaptic transmission via a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent mechanism. (mysciencework.com)
One of the mutant clones, S49-dA2, was further subjected to selection in a medium containing 2 μCi/ml tritiated deoxyadenosine and 1 μg/ml deoxycoformycin, an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. (utmb.edu)
Isolated rat and human arterioles incubated with adenosine (10 nmol/L) or ADK inhibitor ABT-702 (0.1 µmol/L) both displayed augmented conducted vasodilation. (elsevier.com)

The 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is not only one of the most important enzymes controlling cell catabolic metabolism, but has been shown to influence vascular tone, thereby augmenting blood and oxygen supply as required for catabolic pathways. (uni-muenchen.de)
Qiu, Jiehua (2018): 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) modulates myoendothelial junctions. (uni-muenchen.de)
Consistent with MPS findings, the supplements maintained elongation activity and cellular energy status by preventing increases in AMP/ATP and phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACC and eEF2. (mdpi.com)
Adenosine monophosphate-dependent kinase (AMPK) is activated by energy deprivation and shuts off adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-consuming anabolic processes, in part via the inactivation of mTORC1. (nih.gov)
Herein, we demonstrate a role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a potent counterregulator of inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages. (jimmunol.org)
In addition, we found that AMPK negatively regulated LPS-induced IκB-α degradation and positively regulated Akt activation, accompanied by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase β and activation of CREB. (jimmunol.org)
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 3 is an evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinase that regulates energy homeostasis and metabolic stress. (jimmunol.org)
There are two kinases that have been established as upstream activators of AMPK: the protein kinase LKB1/STRAD/MO25 complex ( 4 ) and the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CAMKKβ) ( 5 ). (jimmunol.org)
The present work investigated the functional role of v-ATPase in primary human HSC (hHSC) activation and its modulation by specific adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) subunits. (inserm.fr)
One of the newest targets in the field of cancer therapeutics is 5'Adenosine Mono Phosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK). (eurekaselect.com)
This was accompanied by a 70% increase in phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and a 100% increase in phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase, confirming downstream signaling from AMPK. (ox.ac.uk)
The expression of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the angiotensin II type 1 (AT-1) and endothelin B (ET-B) receptors was determined by Western blot analysis. (elsevier.com)
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been proposed to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and fat and glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle. (elsevier.com)
We report that NK cells with high KLRG1 expression spontaneously activate the metabolic sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and that activation of AMPK negatively regulates NK cell function. (ox.ac.uk)
We show that KLRG1 activates AMPK by preventing its inhibitory dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase-2C rather than inducing de novo kinase activation. (ox.ac.uk)
The 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimeric, evolutionary conserved enzyme which has emerged as a critical regulator of skeletal muscle cellular bioenergetics. (edu.au)
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) belongs to a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that act as metabolic sensors of cellular energy change in mammalian cells 16 . (nature.com)

Title 6-alkyl-, 6-aryl- and 6-hetaryl-7-deazapurine ribonucleosides previously known as nanomolar cytostatics were found to be potent inhibitors of either human or mycobacterial (MTB) adenosine kinase (ADK). (rsc.org)
Steve McGaraughty, Marlon Cowart, Michael F. Jarvis and Robert F. Berman, " Anticonvulsant and Antinociceptive Actions of Novel Adenosine Kinase Inhibitors", Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry (2005) 5: 43. (eurekaselect.com)
Indication Target/marker/pathway Summary Licensing status Publication and contact information Endocrine/metabolic disease Diabetes Adenosine kinase Cell culture and rodent studies identified adenosine kinase inhibitors that could help treat diabetes. (biocentury.com)
Metabasis received notice of allowance for a U.S. patent covering a series of adenosine kinase inhibitors and their use to treat inflammation, pain and neurological diseases. (biocentury.com)
6,8-Disubstituted purine nucleosides were synthesized and evaluated as adenosine kinase inhibitors (AKIs). (mysciencework.com)
Adenosine has widespread effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, and immune systems and inhibitors of the enzyme could play an important pharmacological. (genecards.org)
We have expressed both forms in E. coli and produced soluble active enzyme which catalyzes the phosphorylation of adenosine with high specific activity in vitro and is susceptible to known adenosine kinase inhibitors. (pomposity.us)
Adenosine kinase inhibitors (AKIs) represent an alternative strategy, since AKIs may raise local adenosine levels in a more site- and event-specific manner and thereby elicit the desired pharmacology with a greater therapeutic window. (medchemexpress.cn)
2'3 Likewise, protection from preconditioning and adenosine receptor agonists can be blocked by PKC inhibitors. (fjmu.edu.cn)
Although adenosine kinase inhibitors increase levels of endogenous adenosine and we showed here that Ap(n)As were potent inhibitors of this enzyme, these particular actions of Ap(n)As were not consistent with their effects on levels of endogenous adenosine. (nebraska.edu)

article{331003, abstract = {Adenosine kinase (ADK), a key enzyme in the regulation of the intracellular level of adenosine is also speculated to be responsible for the conversion of cytokinin ribosides to their respective nucleotides. (ugent.be)
abstract = "The physical properties of a homogeneous preparation of cyclic adenosine 3':5' monophosphate (cyclic AMP) dependent protein kinase and its subunits were studied using gel filtration, sucrose density gradient sedimentation, and analytical ultracentrifugation. (elsevier.com)

Pathways of adenosine metabolism. (pnas.org)
Adenosine kinase is a vital regulator of hepatic metabolism. (medindia.net)
ADK is highly expressed in the liver, where it regulates adenosine levels and is important in controlling hepatic metabolism. (medindia.net)
These innovative findings link radiation-induced changes in cognition and CNS functionality to altered purine metabolism and astrogliosis, thereby linking the importance of adenosine homeostasis in the brain to radiation injury. (frontiersin.org)
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation, substrate transporter translocation, and metabolism in the contracting hyperthyroid rat heart. (ox.ac.uk)
Moreover, we demonstrate that endogenous adiponectin accounts, at least in part, for the anti-fibrotic effects exerted by ligands of PPAR-γ.Conclusions: These findings reveal a novel link between cellular energy metabolism and extracellular matrix homeostasis converging on AMP kinase. (northwestern.edu)
Hypermethioninemia encephalopathy due to adenosine kinase deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism disorder characterized by persistent hypermethioninemia with increased levels of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine which manifests with encephalopathy, severe global developmental delay, mild to severe liver dysfunction, hypotonia and facial dysmorphism (most significant is frontal bossing, macrocephaly, hypertelorism and depressed nasal bridge). (mendelian.co)
The role through which adenosine metabolism functions in the developing and adult cerebellum (CB) is poorly understood. (eneuro.org)
Adenosine kinase (ADK) is a highly conserved monomeric enzyme that constitutes the primary route of adenosine metabolism under normal conditions. (genecards.org)
The uptake data suggest that adenosine kinase plays an important role in the metabolism of adenosine but indicate alternative metabolic pathways for this nucleoside. (elsevier.com)
The metabolism of adenosine to the nucleotide level in TUBA2 cells appears to be initiated via deribosylation to adenine. (elsevier.com)

In liver ischemic preconditioning (IP), stimulation of adenosine A2a receptors (A2aR) prevents ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting diacylglycerol-mediated activation of protein kinase C (PKC). (nih.gov)
Although activation of A 3 adenosine receptors attenuates reperfusion lung injury and associated apoptosis, the signaling pathway that mediates this protection remains unclear. (springer.com)
The objective of this study was to determine whether primary hepatic stellate cells produce collagen in response to adenosine (via activation of adenosine A 2A receptors) and to further determine the signaling mechanisms involved in adenosine A 2A receptor-mediated promotion of collagen production. (aspetjournals.org)
Likewise, LX-2 cells, a human HSC line, increases expression of procollagen αI and procollagen αIII mRNA and their translational proteins, collagen type I and type III, in response to pharmacological stimulation of adenosine A 2A receptors. (aspetjournals.org)
These results indicate that adenosine A 2A receptors signal for increased collagen production by multiple signaling pathways. (aspetjournals.org)
These results provide strong evidence in support of the hypothesis that adenosine receptors promote hepatic fibrosis, at least in part, via direct stimulation of collagen expression and that signaling for collagen production proceeds via multiple pathways. (aspetjournals.org)
Endogenous adenosine increases coronary flow by activation of both A2A and A2B receptors in mice. (ac.be)
Cardioprotection by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) and A2B adenosine receptors. (ac.be)
Substantial evidence from studies involving rabbit hearts has shown that adenosine receptors, protein kinase C (PKC), and ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channels are involved. (fjmu.edu.cn)

Killer Cell Lectin-like Receptor G1 Inhibits NK Cell Function through Activation of Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase. (ox.ac.uk)

Diseases associated with ADK include Hypermethioninemia Due To Adenosine Kinase Deficiency and Hypermethioninemia . (genecards.org)

The present study was designed to examine the effect of ATP on activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and its physiological role in human granulosa-luteal cells. (eurekamag.com)

cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulates inhibition of adenosine transport by ethanol. (aspetjournals.org)
The action of this cyclic nucleotide is presumably mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). (elsevier.com)

We have found that the pathogen Trypanosoma brucei, which causes African sleeping sickness, has a very efficient salvage of adenosine, deoxyadenosine and adenosine analogs such as adenine arabinoside (Ara-A). One of the conclusions made was that this nucleoside analog is phosphorylated by the T. brucei adenosine kinase and kills the parasite by causing nucleotide pool imbalances and by incorporation into nucleic acids. (diva-portal.org)
We investigated whether iodotubercidin can inhibit [3H]adenosine accumulation by inhibiting transport processes in addition to inhibition of intracellular trapping of labeled adenine nucleotides. (aspetjournals.org)
Modulation of murine dendritic cell function by adenine nucleotides and adenosine: involvement of the A(2B) receptor. (ac.be)
This gene an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP to adenosine, thereby serving as a regulator of concentrations of both extracellular adenosine and intracellular adenine nucleotides. (genecards.org)
Serves as a potential regulator of concentrations of extracellular adenosine and intracellular adenine nucleotides. (genecards.org)

Further studies should confirm if adenosine kinase represents a new biomarker or a pharmacological target in liver cancer," says Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Caffeine and Adenosine Research Sergi Ferr , MD, PhD, and his research colleagues in the Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD. (medindia.net)
Next, using 4 adenosine receptor-deficient mice and pharmacological approaches, we determined that the A2B adenosine receptor (ADORA2B) is essential for adenosine-induced SphK1 activity in human and mouse normal and sickle erythrocytes in vitro. (nih.gov)
We show in this study that the intracerebroventricular infusion of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), a pharmacological AMP-activated kinase activator, increased insulin-stimulated muscle glycogen synthesis and insulin sensitivity during a hyperinsulinemic clamp. (nih.gov)
blend for 24?h in the existence or lack of (1) exogenous adenosine and related substances and/or (2) pharmacological real estate agents affecting adenosine turnover. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Pharmacological inhibition of NOS abolished adenosine-induced vasorelaxation in aortic tissues from diabetic but not nondiabetic animals. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Pharmacological manipulation of this kinase should be considered as a therapeutic modality in the future. (sun.ac.za)

EC 2.7.1.20) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of gamma-phosphate from Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine (Ado) leading to formation of Adenosine monophosphate (AMP). (wikipedia.org)
This response is catalyzed with the enzyme adenosine kinase (EC.2.7.1.20) which is nearly 10 times more vigorous than every other purine salvage enzyme within this parasite [22]. (lecollege.org)

Astrogliosis is a neuropathological hallmark of epilepsy, whatever the etiology is, and astrogliosis is frequently associated with overexpression of adenosine kinase, which means downregulation of synaptic levels of adenosine. (currentdrugtargets.com)
Adenosine kinase is ubiquitous in eukaryotes and is a key enzyme in the regulation of the intracellular levels of adenosine, an important physiological effector of many cells and tissues. (pomposity.us)
0.05) by 48% with Ap 4 A and by 37% with AppCH 2 ppA, a metabolically stable analogue of Ap 4 A. Striatal levels of adenosine were not affected significantly by Ap 5 A or Ap 6 A. Cytosolic, but not particulate 5'-nucleotidase activity was inhibited and AMP deaminase activity was increased by some Ap(n)As. (nebraska.edu)

ATP dependent phosphorylation of adenosine and other related nucleoside analogs to monophosphate derivatives. (genecards.org)

Antiserum against the catalytic subunit of adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. (biochemj.org)
Erlichman, J, Rubin, CS & Rosen, OM 1973, ' Physical properties of a purified cyclic adenosine 3':5' monophosphate dependent protein kinase from bovine heart muscle ', Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol. 248, no. 21, pp. 7607-7609. (elsevier.com)
Rosen, O. M. / Physical properties of a purified cyclic adenosine 3':5' monophosphate dependent protein kinase from bovine heart muscle . (elsevier.com)
The specificity of adenosine 3': 5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. (dundee.ac.uk)
T2 - 5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. (dundee.ac.uk)

For rapid evaluation of substrates properties of novel nucleoside analogs for human adenosine kinase see our PRECICE ADK Phosphorylation Assay Kit . (novocib.com)

however, the physiological effect of adenosine could be limited due to its phosphorylation by adenosine kinase. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Cultured hippocampal neurons from neonatal rats were used to investigate the effect of adenosine on the release of glutamate. (mysciencework.com)
The protective effect of adenosine has been linked to K ATP channel opening: The protection induced by preconditioning, adenosine receptor agonists and PKC activators can be eliminated by K ATP channel blockers. (fjmu.edu.cn)

NOVO CIB 's human adenosine kinase is an active and purified, 345-aa short form (14,2) ADK protein ( 39kDa) cloned by RT-PCR amplification of mRNA extracted from human hepatoma cells and expressed in E.coli . (novocib.com)

In the brain, adenosine is tightly controlled through its metabolic enzyme adenosine kinase (ADK), which exists in a cytoplasmic (ADK-S) and nuclear (ADK-L) isoform. (eneuro.org)

Together with adenosine deaminase, adenosine kinase regulates intra- and extracellular cellular adenosine concentration. (novocib.com)

The preparation was free of purine-metabolizing enzymes that could interfere in the assay of the kinase. (biochemj.org)
The purine ribonucleoside adenosine affects brain function through adenosine receptor dependent as well as through epigenetic mechanisms ( Boison, 2009 , 2013 ). (eneuro.org)
Furthermore, L. donovani extracts could slowly catalyze the deamination of formycin A. The isolation and characterization of adenosine kinase-deficient cells has provided considerable insight into the function of the purine pathway in L. donovani. (elsevier.com)
Findings in peripheral tissues that diadenosine polyphosphates (Ap(n)As) activate 5'-nucleotidase activity and inhibit adenosine kinase activity in vitro led us to test the hypothesis that Ap(n)As and analogues thereof, through such actions on purine enzymes, increase brain levels of endogenous adenosine in vivo. (nebraska.edu)
Adenosine is normally preferentially incorporated in to the parasite nucleotide pool by at least a 10-flip higher level than every other purine nucleobase or nucleoside examined [21 22 Furthermore adenosine is normally straight phosphorylated to AMP that all the purine nucleotides could be synthesized to satisfy the parasite purine requirements. (lecollege.org)
This contrasts sharply with most mammalian cells where adenosine is deaminated by PF-04691502 adenosine deaminase (EC 3 predominantly.5.4.4) to inosine which is then cleaved by purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1) to hypoxanthine seeing that previously reviewed [6 7 Neither of the two enzymes possess any appreciable activity in [8]. (lecollege.org)

Conclusions Endogenous adenosine prevented cytokine- and LPS-induced iNOS activation in VSMCs. (exposed-skin-care.net)
11-oxo-mogroside V Results Impact 11-oxo-mogroside V of endogenous adenosine on iNOS synthesis and activity in VSMCs from diabetic rats and normoglycemic settings We previously reported that iNOS manifestation and launch of NO metabolites in response to 24-h excitement with LPS and cytokines are attenuated by about 30? (exposed-skin-care.net)
Treatment with ADA to eliminate endogenous adenosine through the incubation medium improved the iNOS response to LPS/cytokines in both control and diabetic VSMCs. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Fig.?1 Immunoblots for iNOS in VSMCs from control (a) and STZ-diabetic rats (b) in the current presence of endogenous adenosine modulators. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Accordingly, we tested Ap(n)As for their effects on the in vitro activities of adenosine kinase, adenosine deaminase, AMP deaminase and 5'-nucleotidase and, following unilateral microinjections in rat striatum, on in vivo levels of endogenous adenosine. (nebraska.edu)
Delaney, SM, Blackburn, GM & Geiger, JD 1997, ' Diadenosine polyphosphates inhibit adenosine kinase activity but decrease levels of endogenous adenosine in rat brain ', European Journal of Pharmacology , vol. 332, no. 1, pp. 35-42. (nebraska.edu)

Subsequently, we provide in vivo genetic evidence that adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency leads to excess plasma adenosine and elevated erythrocyte SphK1 activity. (nih.gov)
A low-methionine diet can be beneficial in patients with methionine adenosyltransferase I/III deficiency if plasma methionine concentrations exceed 800 μmol/L. There is some evidence that this diet may also be beneficial in patients with S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and adenosine kinase deficiencies. (springer.com)

1. D. Boison (2013) Adenosine kinase: exploitation for therapeutic gain. (novocib.com)

Purpose: Adenosine kinase (ADK) represents the key metabolic enzyme for the regulation of extracellular adenosine levels in the brain. (uva.nl)
We hypothesized that inhibition of adenosine kinase exacerbates extracellular adenosine levels to reduce renal inflammation and injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Immunotitration of the protein kinase catalytic subunit C from rat liver revealed that the antibodies had rather similar reactivities towards the rat liver and the bovine heart enzyme. (biochemj.org)

4,5 We and others have shown that protein kinase C (PKC), adenosine triphosphate-sensitive mitochondrial K + (mito K + ATP ) channels, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary in the signal transduction of volatile anesthetic-induced cardioprotection. (asahq.org)

Moreover, in vitro data suggest the existence of an additional layer of modulatory crosstalk between the astrocyte-based adenosine cycle and inflammation. (uva.nl)
Adenosine kinase is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of γ-phosphate from ATP to 5'-hydroxyl of adenosine (AR), an important modulator of central nervous system functions and a signal molecule involved in hypoxia, inflammation, and nociception. (novocib.com)
Inhibition of adenosine kinase attenuates inflammation and neurotoxici" by Saif Ahmad, Nehal M. Elsherbiny et al. (barrowneuro.org)
and Liou, Gregory I., "Inhibition of adenosine kinase attenuates inflammation and neurotoxicity in traumatic optic neuropathy" (2014). (barrowneuro.org)

Effects of arginine and some analogues of the partial adenosine triphosphate-adenosine diphosphate exchange reaction catalysed by arginine kinase. (portlandpress.com)
METHODS AND RESULTS - We measured myocardial creatine kinase (CK) metabolite concentrations and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis through CK, the primary energy reserve of the heart, to test the hypothesis that ATP flux through CK is impaired in patients with LVH and CHF. (elsevier.com)

Indeed, the adenosine concentration in rat heart in vivo is probably sufficient to cause substrate inhibition, and this would be increased by an increase in free Mg2+ concentration. (biochemj.org)
The Mg2+-nucleotide complex is the substrate for this as it is for the kinase reaction. (portlandpress.com)
Enzymatic activity of adenosine kinase with particular nucleoside substrate is measured by spectrophotometric assays in a coupled lactate dehydrogenase / pyruvate kinase system. (novocib.com)

Adenosine kinase inhibition protects the kidney against streptozotocin-induced diabetes through anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant mechanisms. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase responds to growth factors, nutrients and cellular energy status and is a central controller of cellular growth. (nih.gov)
This gene encodes adenosine kinase, an abundant enzyme in mammalian tissues. (wikipedia.org)
1996). "Cloning and characterization of cDNA for adenosine kinase from mammalian (Chinese hamster, mouse, human and rat) species. (wikipedia.org)

Broad applicability of the antiserum to problems related to cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases is thus indicated. (biochemj.org)

Catalytic subunit of adenosine cyclic 2',5'monophosphate-dependent protein kinase from rat muscle: basic properties and factors influencing the activity. (semanticscholar.org)

We therefore conclude that therapeutic strategies that augment the adenosine system after astrogliosis-induced upregulation of ADK constitute a neurochemical rationale for the prevention of seizures in epilepsy. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The protective effects of A 3 adenosine receptor activation are mediated in part through upregulation of phosphorylated ERK. (springer.com)
Conclusions: Upregulation of vascular ADK mitigates adenosine-facilitated conducted vasodilation in obese ZSF1 rats and in patients with HFpEF. (elsevier.com)

Outcomes Treatment with adenosine-degrading enzymes or receptor antagonists increased development in activated VSMCs from nondiabetic and diabetic rats iNOS. (exposed-skin-care.net)

Here we report that adenosine induces SphK1 activity in human and mouse sickle and normal erythrocytes in vitro. (nih.gov)

Astrogliosis in epilepsy leads to overexpression of adenosine kinase, resulting in seizure aggravation. (sigmaaldrich.com)

The selective A 3 adenosine receptor agonists IB-MECA (0.05 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, or 0.3 mg/kg) and MRS3558 (0.05 mg/kg or 0.1 mg/kg) were administered before reperfusion. (springer.com)
The roles of adiponectin, a PPAR-γ regulated pleiotropic adipokine, in regulating the response of fibroblasts and in mediating the effects of PPAR-γ are unknown.Methods: Regulation of fibrotic gene expression and TGF-ß signaling by adiponectin and adenosine monophosphate protein-activated (AMP) kinase agonists were examined in normal fibroblasts in monolayer cultures and in three-dimensional skin equivalents. (northwestern.edu)
Exposure of cells to adenosine receptor (AR) agonists leads to receptor uncoupling from G proteins and downregulation of the A1AR. (elsevier.com)

Effects of iodotubercidin on adenosine kinase activity and nucleoside transport in DDT1 MF-2 smooth muscle cells. (aspetjournals.org)
The kinetics for activation of the cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and thymidine incorporation into DNA was investigated in epinephrine- and prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 )-treated murine P1798 lymphosarcoma cells. (aacrjournals.org)
Background Adenosine has been proven to induce nitric oxide (Zero) creation via inducible Zero synthase (iNOS) activation in vascular soft muscle tissue cells (VSMCs). (exposed-skin-care.net)
Prior studies indicate that adenosine and the adenosine A 2A receptor play a role in hepatic fibrosis by a mechanism that has been proposed to involve direct stimulation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). (aspetjournals.org)
AKT2 is definitely a major downstream effector of the canonical PI3-K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) pathway, which appears generally associated with acquisition of the malignant phenotype in malignancy cells [17,18,19]. (cutelevision.org)
Mutant cell extracts, unlike those prepared from wildtype cells, did not phosphorylate radiolabelled adenosine, tubercidin, or formycin A. Intact adenosine kinase-deficient cells did not accumulate exogenous tubercidin or formycin A but incorporated [ 14 C]adenosine at rates 25% of those found for parental cells. (elsevier.com)
3 The present chapter summarizes our results examining the effect ofPKC and adenosine on K ATP channels in heart cells. (fjmu.edu.cn)

Changes in the concentrations of adenosine and free Mg2+ may play a role in modifying the activity of the enzyme in vivo. (biochemj.org)
Concentrations of adenosine related metabolites and substances thereof were assayed by HPLC. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Addition of high concentrations of adenosine and its precursors or analogues enhanced iNOS formation solely in diabetic VSMCs. (exposed-skin-care.net)

Consequently, adenosine is negatively regulated by adenosine kinase through the astrocyte-based cycle. (currentdrugtargets.com)

Crystal structures of StTdcD bound to PO4 (phosphate), AMP, ATP, Ap4 (adenosine tetraphosphate), GMP, GDP, GTP, CMP and CTP revealed that binding of nucleotide mainly involves hydrophobic interactions with the base moiety and could account for the broad biochemical specificity observed between the enzyme and nucleotides. (rcsb.org)
Tissue cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP), cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (cAMP- and cGMP-PDE) activities, adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A activities and p-adrenergic receptor characteristics were determined. (sun.ac.za)

Adenosine kinase (AK) is the primary metabolic enzyme regulating intra- and extracellular concentrations of ADO. (eurekaselect.com)

In addition, we compared the effect of the A 3 adenosine agonist IB-MECA with the newly synthesized, highly selective A 3 adenosine receptor agonist MRS3558 on injury in reperfused lung. (springer.com)
Researchers at the University of California, San Francisco have used a zebrafish screen to identify an adenosine receptor agonist that improved both b cell regeneration and glucose control in diabetic mice. (biocentury.com)

Identification of a novel human adenylate kinase. (wikipedia.org)

ADK decreases intracellular adenosine levels by catalyzing its conversion into AMP and ADP, using ATP as a phosphate donor. (genecards.org)

The Km for MgATP was calculated to be 0.8 mM and that for adenosine, at likely physiological concentrations of MgATP and free MgCl2, was about 0.2 microM. (biochemj.org)
Erythrocyte possesses high sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) activity and is the major cell type supplying plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate, a signaling lipid regulating multiple physiological and pathological functions. (nih.gov)

Cellular mechanisms in ischemic preconditioning: the role of adenosine and protein kinase C, in Das DK (ed): Cellular, Biochemical, and Molecular Aspects of Reperfusion Injury. (fjmu.edu.cn)

Adenosine (ADO) acts as an inhibitory neuromodulator throughout the central and peripheral nervous system and can regulate seizure and nociceptive activity. (eurekaselect.com)

Adenosine can be metabolized by ADA or ADK into inosine and AMP, respectively. (pnas.org)
Other members of this family (also known as the RK family) include ribokinase (RK), inosine-guanosine kinase, fructokinase, and 1-phosphofructokinase. (wikipedia.org)
One unit of adenosine kinase converts 1.0 µmole of inosine and ATP to IMP and ADP per minute at pH 8 at 37 C, as measured by a coupled IMPDH enzyme system. (novocib.com)

An antiserum against the catalytic subunit C of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, isolated from bovine heart type II protein kinase, was produced in rabbits. (biochemj.org)
Comparative immunotitration of protein kinases showed that the amount of antiserum required to eliminate 50% of the enzymic activity was identical for pure catalytic subunit, and for holoenzymes type I and type II. (biochemj.org)
The catalytic (C) subunit of isoenzyme II of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from rat muscle, purified to apparent homogeneity, was investigated for some of its basic properties and factors that influence its activity. (semanticscholar.org)

Anatomy3

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs81

Phenomena and Processes7

Information Science1

Quantification of extracellular and intracellular adenosine production: understanding the transmembranous concentration gradient. (1/217)

Molecular cloning and expression of adenosine kinase from Leishmania donovani: identification of unconventional P-loop motif. (2/217)

Adenosine kinase inhibitors as a novel approach to anticonvulsant therapy. (3/217)

Metabolism and selective toxicity of 6-nitrobenzylthioinosine in Toxoplasma gondii. (4/217)

Characterization and molecular cloning of an adenosine kinase from Babesia canis rossi. (5/217)

The adenosine transporter of Toxoplasma gondii. Identification by insertional mutagenesis, cloning, and recombinant expression. (6/217)

The influence of inorganic phosphate on the activity of adenosine kinase. (7/217)

A(2B) receptors mediate antimitogenesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. (8/217)

Adenosine Kinase

Adenosine

Tubercidin

Receptor, Adenosine A2A

Adenosine Deaminase

Receptor, Adenosine A1

Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors

Inosine

Receptor, Adenosine A2B

Adenosine Monophosphate

Receptors, Purinergic P1

Receptor, Adenosine A3

Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists

5'-Nucleotidase

Formycins

Ribonucleosides

Phosphotransferases

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

MAP Kinase Signaling System

Protein Kinases

Receptors, Adenosine A2

Pentostatin

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists

Inosine Monophosphate

Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists

Deoxyadenosines

Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists

Zeatin

2-Chloroadenosine

Xanthines

Coformycin

Nucleotidases

Thioinosine

Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists

Methylthioinosine

Protein Kinase Inhibitors

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

Hypoxanthine

Inorganic Chemicals

Adenosylhomocysteinase

Nucleoside Deaminases

Nucleosides

Kinetics

src-Family Kinases

Hypoxanthines

Adenine Nucleotides

S-Adenosylhomocysteine

Protein Kinase C

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists

Adenine

Purines

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Nucleotides

Leishmania donovani

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

Phosphorylation

Enzyme Inhibitors

Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)

Substrate Specificity

p21-Activated Kinases

Toyocamycin

Foreskin

JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3

Cyclic AMP

Deoxycytidine Kinase

Creatine Kinase

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Aminoimidazole Carboxamide

Cells, Cultured

Cell Line

Theophylline

Molecular Sequence Data

MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases

CDC2 Protein Kinase

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Mutation