Adenosine diphosphate glucose. Medical search

Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.

An ATP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the addition of ADP to alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate to form ADP-glucose and diphosphate. The reaction is the rate-limiting reaction in prokaryotic GLYCOGEN and plant STARCH biosynthesis.

A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of UDPglucose to UDPglucuronate in the presence of NAD+. EC 1.1.1.22.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.

A class of enzymes that transfers nucleotidyl residues. EC 2.7.7.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

The attachment of PLATELETS to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., THROMBIN; COLLAGEN) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a THROMBUS.

A subclass of adenosine A2 receptors found in LEUKOCYTES, the SPLEEN, the THYMUS and a variety of other tissues. It is generally considered to be a receptor for ADENOSINE that couples to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN.

A subtype of ADENOSINE RECEPTOR that is found expressed in a variety of tissues including the BRAIN and DORSAL HORN NEURONS. The receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN which causes down regulation of CYCLIC AMP.

Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.

Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate.

The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).

Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for assisting health care practitioners in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.

A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.

A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.

A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.

Conformity in fulfilling or following official, recognized, or institutional requirements, guidelines, recommendations, protocols, pathways, or other standards.

A systematic statement of policy rules or principles. Guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by convening expert panels. The text may be cursive or in outline form but is generally a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any field of activity. For guidelines in the field of health care and clinical medicine, PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC is available.

Granule-bound starch synthase I in isolated starch granules elongates malto-oligosaccharides processively. (1/45)

Isoforms of starch synthase belonging to the granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) class synthesize the amylose component of starch in plants. Other granule-bound isoforms of starch synthase, such as starch synthase II (SSII), are unable to synthesize amylose. The kinetic properties of GBSSI and SSII that are responsible for these functional differences have been investigated using starch granules from embryos of wild-type peas and rug5 and lam mutant peas, which contain, respectively, both GBSSI and SSII, GBSSI but not SSII and SSII but not GBSSI. We show that GBSSI in isolated granules elongates malto-oligosaccharides processively, adding more than one glucose molecule for each enzyme-glucan encounter. Granule-bound SSII can elongate malto-oligosaccharides, but has a lower affinity for these than GBSSI and does not elongate processively. As a result of these properties GBSSI synthesizes longer malto-oligosaccharides than SSII. The significance of these results with respect to the roles of GBSSI and SSII in vivo is discussed. (+info)

Cloning, expression and characterization of YSA1H, a human adenosine 5'-diphosphosugar pyrophosphatase possessing a MutT motif. (2/45)

The human homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae YSA1 protein, YSA1H, has been expressed as a thioredoxin fusion protein in Escherichia coli. It is an ADP-sugar pyrophosphatase with similar activities towards ADP-ribose and ADP-mannose. Its activities with ADP-glucose and diadenosine diphosphate were 56% and 20% of that with ADP-ribose respectively, whereas its activity towards other nucleoside 5'-diphosphosugars was typically 2-10%. cADP-ribose was not a substrate. The products of ADP-ribose hydrolysis were AMP and ribose 5-phosphate. K(m) and k(cat) values with ADP-ribose were 60 microM and 5.5 s(-1) respectively. The optimal activity was at alkaline pH (7.4-9.0) with 2.5-5 mM Mg(2+) or 100-250 microM Mn(2+) ions; fluoride was inhibitory, with an IC(50) of 20 microM. The YSA1H gene, which maps to 10p13-p14, is widely expressed in all human tissues examined, giving a 1.4 kb transcript. The 41.6 kDa fusion protein behaved as an 85 kDa dimer on gel filtration. After cleavage with enterokinase, the 24.4 kDa native protein fragment ran on SDS/PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of 33 kDa. Immunoblot analysis with a polyclonal antibody raised against the recombinant YSA1H revealed the presence of a protein of apparent molecular mass 33 kDa in various human cells, including erythrocytes. The sequence of YSA1H contains a MutT sequence signature motif. A major proposed function of the MutT motif proteins is to eliminate toxic nucleotide metabolites from the cell. Hence the function of YSA1H might be to remove free ADP-ribose arising from NAD(+) and protein-bound poly- and mono-(ADP-ribose) turnover to prevent the occurrence of non-enzymic protein glycation. (+info)

A possible role for pyrophosphate in the coordination of cytosolic and plastidial carbon metabolism within the potato tuber. (3/45)

The early stages of tuber development are characterized by cell division, high metabolic activity, and the predominance of invertase as the sucrose (Suc) cleaving activity. However, during the subsequent phase of starch accumulation the cleavage of Suc occurs primarily by the action of Suc synthase. The mechanism that is responsible for this switch in Suc cleaving activities is currently unknown. One striking difference between the invertase and Suc synthase mediated cleavage of Suc is the direct involvement of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) in the latter case. There is presently no convincing explanation of how the PPi required to support this process is generated in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers. The major site of PPi production in a maturing potato tubers is likely to be the reaction catalyzed by ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, the first committed step of starch biosynthesis in amyloplasts. We present data based on the analysis of the PPi levels in various transgenic plants altered in starch and Suc metabolism that support the hypothesis that PPi produced in the plastid is used to support cytosolic Suc breakdown and that PPi is an important coordinator of cytosolic and plastidial metabolism in potato tubers. (+info)

Legume embryos develop in a hypoxic environment. (4/45)

Specific morphological and biochemical characteristics of seeds can cause oxygen deficiency within maternal and embryonic tissues. In this study, optical sensors were used to measure O(2) profiles across developing seeds of Vicia faba and Pisum sativum and developmental and environmental modulations of internal O(2) levels were studied. In addition, the metabolic state of developing embryos was analysed by monitoring adenylate energy charge, adenylate nucleotides and the levels of nucleotide sugars. Within the seed coat O(2) concentration decreased sharply to approximately 3% towards the inner border. Lowest O(2) levels were detected within the endospermal cavity between the seed coat and embryo. It is probable that low seed coat permeability provides an hypoxic environment for legume embryo development. The O(2) concentration in embryonic tissue changed during development with the lowest levels in the early stages. Measured in darkness, the levels were below 3%, but increased upon illumination indicating that photosynthesis significantly contributes to internal O(2) levels. Only in very young embryos were ATP levels and energy charge low. Otherwise they were maintained at a constant higher value. ADP-glucose and UDP-glucose did not show large fluctuations. Throughout embryo development fermentative activity did not play a major role. Obviously, specific mechanisms prevent seed tissues from becoming anoxic during development. The possible role of low oxygen on seed metabolism and on the control of seed development in legumes is discussed. (+info)

Starch synthesis and carbon partitioning in developing endosperm. (5/45)

The biosynthesis of starch is the major determinant of yield in cereal grains. In this short review, attention is focused on the synthesis of the soluble substrate for starch synthesis, ADPglucose (ADPG). Consideration is given to the pathway of ADPG production, its subcellular compartmentation, and the role of metabolite transporters in mediating its delivery to the site of starch synthesis. As ADPG is an activated sugar, the dependence of its production on respiration, changes which occur during development, and the constraints which ATP production may place on carbon partitioning into different end-products are discussed. (+info)

A low-starch barley mutant, riso 16, lacking the cytosolic small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, reveals the importance of the cytosolic isoform and the identity of the plastidial small subunit. (6/45)

To provide information on the roles of the different forms of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) in barley (Hordeum vulgare) endosperm and the nature of the genes encoding their subunits, a mutant of barley, Riso 16, lacking cytosolic AGPase activity in the endosperm was identified. The mutation specifically abolishes the small subunit of the cytosolic AGPase and is attributable to a large deletion within the coding region of a previously characterized small subunit gene that we have called Hv.AGP.S.1. The plastidial AGPase activity in the mutant is unaffected. This shows that the cytosolic and plastidial small subunits of AGPase are encoded by separate genes. We purified the plastidial AGPase protein and, using amino acid sequence information, we identified the novel small subunit gene that encodes this protein. Studies of the Riso 16 mutant revealed the following. First, the reduced starch content of the mutant showed that a cytosolic AGPase is required to achieve the normal rate of starch synthesis. Second, the mutant makes both A- and B-type starch granules, showing that the cytosolic AGPase is not necessary for the synthesis of these two granule types. Third, analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between the various small subunit proteins both within and between species, suggest that the cytosolic AGPase single small subunit gene probably evolved from a leaf single small subunit gene. (+info)

Identification and characterization of a critical region in the glycogen synthase from Escherichia coli. (7/45)

The cysteine-specific reagent 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) inactivates the Escherichia coli glycogen synthase (Holmes, E., and Preiss, J. (1982) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 216, 736-740). To find the responsible residue, all cysteines, Cys(7), Cys(379), and Cys(408), were substituted combinatorially by Ser. 5,5'-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) modified and inactivated the enzyme if and only if Cys(379) was present and it was prevented by the substrate ADP-glucose (ADP-Glc). Mutations C379S and C379A increased the S(0.5) for ADP-Glc 40- and 77-fold, whereas the specific activity was decreased 5.8- and 4.3-fold, respectively. Studies of inhibition by glucose 1-phosphate and AMP indicated that Cys(379) was involved in the interaction of the enzyme with the phosphoglucose moiety of ADP-Glc. Other mutations, C379T, C379D, and C379L, indicated that this site is intolerant for bulkier side chains. Because Cys(379) is in a conserved region, other residues were scanned by mutagenesis. Replacement of Glu(377) by Ala and Gln decreased V(max) more than 10,000-fold without affecting the apparent affinity for ADP-Glc and glycogen binding. Mutation of Glu(377) by Asp decreased V(max) only 57-fold indicating that the negative charge of Glu(377) is essential for catalysis. The activity of the mutation E377C, on an enzyme form without other Cys, was chemically restored by carboxymethylation. Other conserved residues in the region, Ser(374) and Gln(383), were analyzed by mutagenesis but found not essential. Comparison with the crystal structure of other glycosyltransferases suggests that this conserved region is a loop that is part of the active site. The results of this work indicate that this region is critical for catalysis and substrate binding. (+info)

Protein phosphorylation in amyloplasts regulates starch branching enzyme activity and protein-protein interactions. (8/45)

Protein phosphorylation in amyloplasts and chloroplasts of Triticum aestivum (wheat) was investigated after the incubation of intact plastids with gamma-(32)P-ATP. Among the soluble phosphoproteins detected in plastids, three forms of starch branching enzyme (SBE) were phosphorylated in amyloplasts (SBEI, SBEIIa, and SBEIIb), and both forms of SBE in chloroplasts (SBEI and SBEIIa) were shown to be phosphorylated after sequencing of the immunoprecipitated (32)P-labeled phosphoproteins using quadrupole-orthogonal acceleration time of flight mass spectrometry. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the phosphorylated SBE forms indicated that the proteins are all phosphorylated on Ser residues. Analysis of starch granule-associated phosphoproteins after incubation of intact amyloplasts with gamma-(32)P-ATP indicated that the granule-associated forms of SBEII and two granule-associated forms of starch synthase (SS) are phosphorylated, including SSIIa. Measurement of SBE activity in amyloplasts and chloroplasts showed that phosphorylation activated SBEIIa (and SBEIIb in amyloplasts), whereas dephosphorylation using alkaline phosphatase reduced the catalytic activity of both enzymes. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation had no effect on the measurable activity of SBEI in amyloplasts and chloroplasts, and the activities of both granule-bound forms of SBEII in amyloplasts were unaffected by dephosphorylation. Immunoprecipitation experiments using peptide-specific anti-SBE antibodies showed that SBEIIb and starch phosphorylase each coimmunoprecipitated with SBEI in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, suggesting that these enzymes may form protein complexes within the amyloplast in vivo. Conversely, dephosphorylation of immunoprecipitated protein complex led to its disassembly. This article reports direct evidence that enzymes of starch metabolism (amylopectin synthesis) are regulated by protein phosphorylation and indicate a wider role for protein phosphorylation and protein-protein interactions in the control of starch anabolism and catabolism. (+info)

... adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, ... Ghosh HP, Preiss J (1966). "Adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase. A regulatory enzyme in the biosynthesis of starch ... diphosphate + ADP-glucose Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate, whereas its two ... alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase. Other names in common use include ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase, glucose 1- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-1-phosphate_adenylyltransferase

Dankert M, Goncalves IR, Recondo E (1964). "Adenosine diphosphate glucose: orthophosphate adenylyltransferase in wheat germ". ... adenosine diphosphate glucose:orthophosphate adenylyltransferase, and ADP:aldose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase. ... doi:10.1016/0926-6569(64)90337-2. Passeron S, Recondo E, Dankert M (1964). "Biosynthesis of adenosine diphosphate D-hexoses". ... Other names in common use include sugar-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase, ADPaldose phosphorylase, adenosine diphosphosugar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose-1-phosphate_adenylyltransferase

... diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase". Journal of Bacteriology. 127 (1): 193-203. doi:10.1128/JB.127.1.193-203.1976. ISSN 0021 ... Preiss, J; Crawford, K; Downey, J; Lammel, C; Greenberg, E (July 1976). "Kinetic properties of Serratia marcescens adenosine 5 ... ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase from strains of S. marcescens demonstrated optimal activity in buffer at pH 7.5 and 8.0, ... Serratia utilizes a metabolic enzyme ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase with distinct kinetic properties from those found in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratia

Animals use the energy released in the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to convert ADP to ATP, which can then be used ... Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is ... Nucleoside Nucleotide DNA RNA Oligonucleotide Apyrase Phosphate Adenosine diphosphate ribose Cox, Michael; Nelson, David R.; ... ADP in the blood is converted to adenosine by the action of ecto-ADPases, inhibiting further platelet activation via adenosine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate

... adenosine diphosphate glucose-starch glucosyltransferase, adenosine diphosphoglucose-starch glucosyltransferase, ADP-glucose ... FRYDMAN RB, CARDINI CE (1965). "Studies on adenosine diphosphate d-glucose: α-1,4-glucan α-4-glucosyltransferase of sweet-corn ... Leloir LF, de Fekete MA, Cardini CE (1961). "Starch and oligosaccharide synthesis from uridine diphosphate glucose". J. Biol. ... Formation of beta-(1,4)-glucans from GDP-glucose and beta-(1,3)-glucans from UDP-glucose". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 138 (2): 620 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch_synthase

... converting it to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The shape and the function of this protein is thus altered enabling it to take ... part in converting glycogen into glucose which is used for fuel for muscular contractions. When the protein has completed its ... Explained simply, reversible protein phosphorylation works like this: a protein kinase moves a phosphate group from adenosine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer

Creatine phosphate stores energy so ATP can be rapidly regenerated within the muscle cells from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and ... Glycogen is the intramuscular storage form of glucose, used to generate energy quickly once intramuscular creatine stores are ... They include molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen and creatine phosphate. ATP binds to the myosin head and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakness

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weakness

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_fatigue

... adenosine diphosphate glucose MeSH D09.408.620.569.070.125 - adenosine diphosphate ribose MeSH D09.408.620.569.070.125.040 - o- ... uridine diphosphate glucose MeSH D09.408.620.569.727.375 - uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid MeSH D09.408.620.569.727.800 - ... poly adenosine diphosphate ribose MeSH D09.408.620.569.200 - cytidine diphosphate diglycerides MeSH D09.408.620.569.400 - ... nucleoside diphosphate sugars MeSH D09.408.620.569.070 - adenosine diphosphate sugars MeSH D09.408.620.569.070.075 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D09)

... adenosine diphosphate, uridine triphosphate, uridine diphosphate and UDP-glucose.To date, 8 P2Y receptors have been cloned in ... P2Y receptors are a family of purinergic G protein-coupled receptors, stimulated by nucleotides such as adenosine triphosphate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2Y_receptor

This enzyme catalyzes a reaction that combines phosphocreatine and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into ATP and creatine. This ... Plasma glucose is said to be maintained when there is an equal rate of glucose appearance (entry into the blood) and glucose ... Rate of glucose appearance is dictated by the amount of glucose being absorbed at the gut as well as liver (hepatic) glucose ... which removes a phosphate group from glucose-6-P to release free glucose. In order for glucose to exit a cell membrane, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_physiology

ATP can undergo hydrolysis in two ways: Firstly, the removal of terminal phosphate to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and ... When a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis (e.g., sucrose being broken down into glucose ... the removal of a terminal diphosphate to yield adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and pyrophosphate. The latter usually undergoes ... Ruminants such as cows are able to hydrolyze cellulose into cellobiose and then glucose because of symbiotic bacteria that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis

... is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) when the phosphate is removed. The reaction ... Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by GK facilitates storage of glucose as glycogen and disposal by glycolysis. ... certain glucose-sensing neurons alter their firing rates in response to rising or falling levels of glucose. These glucose- ... Glucose-sensitive neurons of the hypothalamus In response to rising or falling levels of glucose, cells in the hypothalamus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucokinase

Important molecules: ADP - Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (Adenosine pyrophosphate (APP)) is an important organic compound in ... Glucose - An important simple sugar used by cells as a source of energy and as a metabolic intermediate. Glucose is one of the ... Lactic acid fermentation - An anaerobic metabolic process by which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, are converted ... Often called "cellular power plants", mitochondria generate most of cells' supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the body's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cell_biology

Inhibition of this step prevents the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which results ... Glycogen deposits in the muscle are a result of the interruption of normal glucose breakdown that regulates the breakdown of ... such as glucose) for energy. Unlike most other glycogen storage diseases, it directly affects glycolysis. The mutation impairs ... treatment is that the low-carb high fat diet forces the body to use fatty acids as a primary energy source instead of glucose. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphofructokinase_deficiency

... dissociating to contribute 2H+ overall Each liberates an oxygen atom when it binds to an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule, ... Glucose Hexokinase ATP ADP Glucose 6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase Fructose 6-phosphate Phosphofructokinase-1 ATP ADP ... and will only phosphorylate the glucose entering the cell to form glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), when the glucose in the blood is ... Since glucose leads to two triose sugars in the preparatory phase, each reaction in the pay-off phase occurs twice per glucose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

... causing the active site of the synthase domain to change shape and phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate - turning it into ATP. ... where it can be used for the production of glucose. Other than fat, glucose is stored in most tissues, as an energy resource ... The generation of glucose from compounds like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, glycerate 3-phosphate and amino acids is called ... Insulin is produced in response to rises in blood glucose levels. Binding of the hormone to insulin receptors on cells then ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

It allows protons to pass through the membrane and uses the free energy difference to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP ... Molecules such as glucose are metabolized to produce acetyl CoA as a fairly energy-rich intermediate. The oxidation of acetyl ... An important example is the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane ... The theory suggests essentially that most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in respiring cells comes from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiosmosis

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Leucine l-isoleucine l-valine Guanosine diphosphate Other Inhibitors: EGCG Additionally, Mice GLDH ... This regulation is relaxed in response to caloric restriction and low blood glucose. Under these circumstances, glutamate ... Allosteric inhibitors: Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Palmitoyl-CoA Zn2+ Activators: ... necessary to regulate the metabolism of amino acids as a method of controlling insulin secretion and regulating blood glucose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase

... and begins the synthesis of a polymeric adenosine diphosphate ribose (poly (ADP-ribose) or PAR) chain, which acts as a signal ... since glucose oxidation is inhibited. But more recently it was suggested that inhibition of hexokinase activity leads to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly_(ADP-ribose)_polymerase

... and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), respectively.: 91-93 ... One example of an exception to this "rule" is the metabolism of glucose. Glycolysis results in the breakdown of glucose, but ... As glucose enters a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated by ATP to glucose 6-phosphate in the irreversible first step. In ... about a net release of energy in the form of a high energy phosphate bond formed with the energy carriers adenosine diphosphate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_pathway

The ATP synthase uses the energy to transform adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine triphosphate, in a phosphorylation ... The energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose is released by the cell in the citric acid cycle producing carbon dioxide, ... Gresser MJ, Myers JA, Boyer PD (25 October 1982). "Catalytic site cooperativity of beef heart mitochondrial F1 adenosine ... I. Purification and properties of soluble dinitrophenol-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase". J. Biol. Chem. 235 (11): 3322-9. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation

ATP synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate ... Alternatively, glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch, which accumulates into the starch ... ATP is the phosphorylated version of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which stores energy in a cell and powers most cellular ... Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate can double up to form larger sugar molecules like glucose and fructose. These molecules are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast

The end result is a phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate as well as adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The enzymes can also help to ... Hexokinase is the most common enzyme that makes use of glucose when it first enters the cell. It converts D-glucose to glucose- ... Nucleoside diphosphate kinase catalyzes production of thymidine triphosphate, dTTP, which is used in DNA synthesis. Because of ... This is an important step in glycolysis because it traps glucose inside the cell due to the negative charge. In its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase

... an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H2O adenosine 5'-phosphate + phosphate Fructose 1 ... phosphate Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase, a type of enzyme called a phosphotransferase and is involved in mammalian starch ... 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), an important substrate involved in carbon fixation ... 6-bisphosphate, fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbons 1 and 6 Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (or fructose 2,6-diphosphate), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphosphate

In E. coli, ThTP is accumulated in the presence of glucose during amino acid starvation. On the other hand, suppression of the ... It can also be converted into ThDP by thiamine-diphosphate kinase. Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) was chemically synthesized in ... carbon source leads to the accumulation, of adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP). It has been shown that in brain ThTP is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_triphosphate

Abamectine Abietic acid Acetic acid Acetylcholine Actin Actinomycin D Adenine Adenosmeme Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine ... C6H12O6 Glucose oxidase Glutamic acid Glutamine Glutamate (neurotransmitter) Glutathione Gluten Glycan Glycerin (glycerol) ... Gastrin Gelatin Geraniol Ghrelin Globulin Glucagon Glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucosamine Glucose - ... Cortisol Creatine Creatine kinase Crystallin Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) α-Cyclodextrin Cyclodextrin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biomolecules

George A, Bell JE (December 1980). "Effects of adenosine 5'-diphosphate on bovine glutamate dehydrogenase: diethyl ... At initial diagnosis, hypoglycemia is corrected with intravenous glucose to normalize plasma glucose concentration and prevent ... The adenosine moiety binds down into a hydrophobic pocket with the ribose phosphate groups pointing up toward the pivot helix. ... As suggested for ADP it could be due to a competition between ATP and the adenosine moiety of the coenzyme at the active site. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase_1

Histidine biosynthesis is carefully regulated by feedback inhibition/ R5P can be converted to adenosine diphosphate ribose, ... Adenosine triphosphate). Formation of each molecule is controlled by the flow of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) in two different ... Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) during glycolysis. ... Evans WR, San Pietro A (January 1966). "Phosphorolysis of adenosine diphosphoribose". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate

... adenosine - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - adenosine monophosphate (AMP) - adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - adenovirus - ... glucose - glutamate - glutamate receptor - glutamic acid - glutamine - glycerine - glycine - glycine receptor - glycolipid - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

When there is excess glucose, coenzyme A is used in the cytosol for synthesis of fatty acids. This process is implemented by ... Coenzyme A, three ADP, one monophosphate, and one diphosphate are harvested from biosynthesis. Coenzyme A can be synthesized ... In humans, CoA biosynthesis requires cysteine, pantothenate (vitamin B5), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In its acetyl form ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_A

The blood glucose level is maintained within well-defined limits in part due to precise regulation of PEPCK gene expression. To ... Transcription of the PEPCK-C gene is stimulated by glucagon, glucocorticoids, retinoic acid, and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate ... diphosphate 4.1.1.49 - ATP Méndez-Lucas A, Hyroššová P, Novellasdemunt L, Viñals F, Perales JC (August 2014). "Mitochondrial ... Due to the importance of blood glucose homeostasis, a number of hormones regulate a set of genes (including PEPCK) in the liver ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvate_carboxykinase

The flavin moiety is often attached with an adenosine diphosphate to form flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and, in other ... glucose oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and acyl CoA dehydrogenase. FADH and FADH2 are reduced forms of FAD. FADH2 is produced as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_group

... this boosts performance by increasing the rate at which adenosine triphosphate can be replenished from adenosine diphosphate, ... this model rationalizes the reduced RPE and hence improved cycling time trial performance of athletes using a glucose mouthwash ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substance

... and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Switching between the open and closed dimer conformations induces conformational changes in ... The chvE-gguAB gene in Agrobacterium tumefaciens encodes glucose and galactose importers that are also associated with ... The ATPase subunits utilize the energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding and hydrolysis to provide the energy needed for ... ABC transporters are active transporters, that is, they use energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to translocate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_transporter

IUPHAR GPCR Database - Adenosine receptors IUPHAR GPCR Database - P2Y receptors Purinergic+Receptors at the US National Library ... Solini A, Chiozzi P, Falzoni S, Morelli A, Fellin R, Di Virgilio F (Oct 2000). "High glucose modulates P2X7 receptor-mediated ... It was found that with treatment of the purinergic ligand 2-methylthioladenosine 5' diphosphate (2-MeSADP), which is an agonist ... P1 receptors are preferentially activated by adenosine and P2Y receptors are preferentially more activated by ATP. P1 and P2Y ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinergic_receptor

The building blocks of ATP synthesis are the by-products of its breakdown; adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate ... The Krebs cycle turns twice for each six-carbon molecule of glucose that passes through the aerobic system - as two three- ... Those processes convert energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the form suitable for muscular activity. There are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioenergetic_systems

... adenosine thiamine diphosphate (AThDP) and adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP). They are involved in many cellular ... Phosphorylated forms of thiamine are required for some metabolic reactions, including the breakdown of glucose and amino acids ... The mitochondrial PDH and OGDH are part of biochemical pathways that result in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ... Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), also called thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), participates as a coenzyme in reactions that require ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine

Exposure to myricetin caused inhibition of rabbit platelet aggregation, induced by adenosine diphosphate, arachidonic acid, ... myricetin is thought to regulate the transport of glucose and fructose through the function of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in ... In the mouse myoblast cell line known as C2C12, treatment with myricetin not only increased glucose uptake, but also enhanced ... In addition, A prostacyclin-stimulated rise in the levels of platelet adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myricetin

It catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), yielding one ... A glucose-sensing module contains domains that are targets for regulatory phosphorylation based on the concentrations of ... Therefore, high glucose and low cAMP causes dephosphorylation of ChREBP, which then upregulates expression of pyruvate kinase ... As a result of PKM2 inactivation, glucose flux is no longer converted into pyruvate, but is instead utilized in the pentose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_kinase

At low glucose levels, the production of acetyl-CoA is linked to β-oxidation of fatty acids. Fatty acids are first converted to ... GTP is the equivalent of ATP and they can be interconverted by Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase. Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen ... and proteins into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carbon dioxide. Fatty acid metabolism Acetyl-CoA is produced by the ... At low glucose levels: CoA is acetylated using acetate by acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), also coupled with ATP hydrolysis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA

... adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and orthophosphate (Pi): citrate + ATP + CoA → oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA + ADP + Pi This enzyme ... and pyruvate/citrate cycling in glucose-induced insulin secretion". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (49): 35657-65. ... Srere PA, Lipmann F (1953). "An enzymatic reaction between citrate, adenosine triphosphate and coenzyme A". Journal of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_citrate_synthase

Uridine diphosphate glucose-glucose synthesis, glycerol synthesis and Pentose phosphate pathway or PPP. It helps in generating ... low Adenosine monophosphate levels, high glutaminolytic capacities, release of immunosuppressive substances and dependency on ... Rather than oxidizing glucose for ATP production, glucose in cancer cells tends to be used for anabolic processes, such as ... p53 activates hexokinase 2 (HK2) that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) which enters glycolysis to produce ATP, or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_metabolome

... sulfide-dependent adenosine diphosphate thiazole synthase (*) EC 2.4.2.60: cysteine-dependent adenosine diphosphate thiazole ... glycerol-3-phosphate-glucose phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.143: diphosphate-purine nucleoside kinase EC 2.7.1.144: tagatose-6- ... all-trans-nonaprenyl-diphosphate synthase [geranyl-diphosphate specific]) and EC 2.5.1.85 (all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate ... chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.68: (2Z,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase EC 2.5.1.69: lavandulyl diphosphate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)

SGLT2i were designed to decrease serum glucose levels by inhibiting SGLT2 in the kidney and to induce glycosuria. Direct off- ... Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are the first antidiabetic compounds that effectively reduce heart failure ... Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are the first antidiabetic compounds that effectively reduce heart failure ... adenosine monophosphate/adenosine diphosphate; AMPK, 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ASC, apoptosis- ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.01575/full

... to form glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ... LBXGLU - Glucose, plasma (mg/dL). Variable Name: LBXGLU. SAS Label: Glucose, plasma (mg/dL). English Text: Glucose, plasma (mg/ ... Glucose The enzyme hexokinase (HK) catalyzes the reaction between glucose and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ... Plasma glucose: SI(mmol/L). English Text: Plasma glucose: SI(mmol/L). Target: Both males and females 12 YEARS - 150 YEARS. Code ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2001-2002/L10AM_B.htm

ACE-I = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ACS = acute coronary syndrome; ADP = adenosine diphosphate; ARB = angiotensin ... FPG = fasting plasma glucose; FG = Fasting Glucose; IFG = impaired fasting glucose; IGT = impaired glucose tolerance; 2hG = 2-h ... FPG = fasting plasma glucose; IGT = impaired glucose tolerance; IFG = impaired fasting glucose; 2hPG = 2-h post-load plasma ... Table 4. Cut-points for diagnosing DM, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glucose based on other blood specimens ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/813107

... is moved from a molecule called phosphoenolpyruvate to another molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP), resulting in ... During glycolysis, the simple sugar glucose is broken down to produce energy. Specifically, pyruvate kinase is involved in the ... molecules called pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the cells main energy source. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/pklr/

... and adenosine monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate. ... to assess glucose utilization) can be used to assess tissue ... Adenosine or dipyridamole alone is less reliable. Chest pain during a dipyridamole stress test in the absence of CAD is not ... Treadmill or bicycle stress testing is generally preferred, followed by dobutamine stress testing, then adenosine combined with ... Ischemia may deplete high-energy phosphate carriers (eg, creatine, adenosine) needed for muscle contraction. Depletion may ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/349040

... adenosine diphosphate glucose; UDPG: uridine diphosphate glucose; DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate; 1,3-DPG: 1,3- ... 4A), PFK (ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase) and G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase) were up-regulated in lses1 mutant ... 6); this gene is involved in step 1 of the subpathway in the salvage pathway that synthesizes AMP (adenosine monophosphate) ... 4-A and Table S5). Notably, two sugar metabolism-related proteins glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (A2YKG1) and ATP- ...

https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12870-022-03510-2

Adenosine Diphosphate D3.438.759.646.138.124 D3.633.100.759.646.138.124 Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose D3.438.759.646.138.124. ... Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose D3.438.759.646.138.124.70.125 D3.633.100.759.646.138.124.70.125 Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars ... Glucose Transporter Type 1 D12.776.157.530.937.563.500 D12.776.543.585.937.625.500 Glucose Transporter Type 2 D12.776.157.530. ... Glucose Transporter Type 4 D12.776.157.530.937.563.937 D12.776.543.585.937.625.937 Glucose Transporter Type 5 D12.776.157.530. ...

https://decs.bvs.br/E/mnchg2017.txt

Adenosine Triphosphate 23% * 2-deoxyadenosine 22% * fructose-1,6-diphosphate 22% * Cytidine Triphosphate 21% ... Regulation of glucose metabolism by adenine nucleotides in round spermatids from rat testes. ... Dive into the research topics of Regulation of glucose metabolism by adenine nucleotides in round spermatids from rat testes ...

https://waseda.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/regulation-of-glucose-metabolism-by-adenine-nucleotides-in-round-/fingerprints/

Adenosine Pyrophosphateglucose Diphosphate Glucose, Adenosine Diphosphoglucose, Adenosine Glucose, ADP Glucose, Adenosine ... Adenosine Pyrophosphateglucose. Diphosphate Glucose, Adenosine. Diphosphoglucose, Adenosine. Glucose, ADP. Glucose, Adenosine ... Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose Entry term(s). ADP Glucose ADPG Adenosine Diphosphoglucose ... Adenosine 5-(trihydrogen diphosphate), P-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl ester Previous Indexing:. Adenosine (1973-1974). Glucose ( ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=253

1 Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose. *1 Adrenal Cortex Hormones --biosynt.... *1 Adrenal Glands --drug effects ... Fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.. Bai, N J; Pai, M R; Murthy, P S; Venkitasubramanian, T ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/1364/simple-search?query=&sort_by=score&order=desc&rpp=10&filter_field_1=dateIssued&filter_type_1=equals&filter_value_1=%5B1972+TO+1979%5D&filter_field_2=author&filter_type_2=equals&filter_value_2=Venkitasubramanian%2C+T+A&etal=0&subject_page=2

We examined whole blood platelet aggregation induced by ristocetin, collagen, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). We added a ... Temperature, activated clotting time, pH, PCO2, PO2, Ca2+, and glucose were maintained at physiologic values. Flow was ... We examined whole blood platelet aggregation induced by ristocetin, collagen, and adenosine diphosphate (ATP). We also examined ... Temperature, activated clotting time, pH, pCO2, pO2, Ca++, and glucose were maintained at physiologic values. Flow was ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/bolivia/?lang=es&q=au:Jalal,+R

The effect of glucose on adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation Article * The effect of glucose on the platelet ... Enzyme Activities on the Platelet Surface in Relation to the Action of Adenosine Diphosphate Article ... Glucose metabolism in perinatal gonads of the rabbit Academic Article * Growth enhancement of established tumors by allogeneic ... Postnatal Development of Glucose Transport in the Proximal Small Intestine of the Rabbit Academic Article ...

https://experts.mcmaster.ca/display/vocab-mesh-rabbits

adenosine diphosphate. adenosine phosphate. arachidonic acid. carbonate dehydratase IX. cardiolipin. cytochrome c oxidase. ... glucose transporter 1. heme oxygenase 1. hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha. immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein. ... Chemicals / CAS 3 hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, 9028-40-4; adenosine diphosphate, 20398-34-9, 58-64-0; adenosine ... glucose transporter 1, 172077-08-6; intercellular adhesion molecule 1, 126547-89-5; lactate dehydrogenase, 9001-60-9; long ...

https://repository.tno.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A1ece5784-9a9c-4e7f-829d-bb19b6f9e80a

... adenosine diphosphate ribose). ... glucose-1-phosphate; fructose-1-phosphate) or are subject to ... Cytidine diphosphate-ribitol analysis for diagnostics and treatment monitoring of cytidine diphosphate-l-ribitol ...

https://www.isotope.com/applications/subsubapplication.cfm?ssid=Metabolite%20Yeast%20Extracts_10

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2017.txt

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2017.txt

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2017.txt

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2017.txt

Adenosine Diphosphate 36% * Protein Isoforms 29% * Nucleotides 29% * Glucose-6-Phosphate 24% ...

https://augusta.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/adenylate-kinase-ak1-knockout-heart-energetics-and-functional-per/fingerprints/

Adenosine 5-diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase from potato tuber (significance of the N terminus of the small subunit for ... ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is located in the plastid in developing tomato fruit. Plant Physiol, 126(1):261-266. ... Heat stability of maize endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is enhanced by insertion of a cysteine in the N terminus of the ... Cloning and characterization of the genes encoding the small and large subunit of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in lotus ( ...

https://jzus.zju.edu.cn/article.php?doi=10.1631/jzus.B2000545

... adenosine diphosphate) using energy from sunlight. ATP is also formed from cellular respiration in the mitochondria of the cell ... So, because the reaction of splitting glucose requires two ATP molecules, there is a gain of only two molecules of ATP from ... Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is basically a molecule that transports energy within cells. ATP is used by the cell for muscle ... At the end of the citric acid cycle, each glucose molecule has yielded four ATP molecules (two from glycolysis and the other ...

https://nursingresearchwriters.net/nr548-advanced-pathophysiology/

Endothelial cells (ECs) represent a major source of actively secreted adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Natural killer (NK) cells ... P2Y1R, P2Y11R, P2Y12R, and P2Y13R are activated by ATP or adenosine diphosphate (ADP). P2Y2R is activated both by uridine ... 5.5mM glucose, 5mM NaHCO3, 1mM CaCl2, and 20mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (pH 7.4 with NaOH). Cells ... On stimulation with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), P2XR subunits aggregate to form homomultimers or, in some cases, ...

https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/116/22/4492/107871/ATP-secreted-by-endothelial-cells-blocks-CX3CL1?searchresult=1

Abbreviations: PARP: poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP] ribose) polymerases; CD38: NAD+ glycohydrolases; sirtuins: NAD-dependent ... In cases of glucose deprivation, efficient glucose consumption and catabolism are critical for survival. It was observed that ... Despite having an excess of available glucose, this can lead to cell death [82-85]. A less severe reduction in NAD+ levels (e.g ... 1.11.5. Targeting Glucose and Elevating Blood Ketone Bodies through a Calorie-Restricted Ketogenic Diet (KD-R). The energy ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2019/7831952/

ATP + H2O = ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) + P + Energy. ATP is key for the transport of macromolecules through the plasma ... In it, about 38 ATP glucose are obtained for each glucose molecule, thanks to the NADH and FADH2 molecules that during the ... In biochemistry , the acronym ATP designates Adenosine Triphosphate or Adenosine Triphosphate, an organic molecule of the ... It must be said that ATP does not serve to store chemical energy, as occurs with glucoses or fat; It serves as a transport to ...

https://whatmaster.com/what-is-the-atp/

... adenosine diphosphate; ALD, aldolase; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CO2, carbon dioxide; DHAP, ... D-Glucose 6-phosphate; G6PDH, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GLC-D, D- ... Specifically, they are AMP export reaction, AMP import reaction, CO2 export reaction, glucose import reaction, proton export ... Glucose; GND, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; GSSGR, glutathione reductase; H+, hydrogen ion; HEX1, hexokinase; LAC-L, L- ...

https://bmcsystbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12918-016-0283-2

... adenosine diphosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CC, Calvin cycle; Ctyb, cytochrome b6f; ETC, electron-transport chain; ... The exergy of the glucose product leaving the system is equal to the exergy of one mole of glucose. The 23,203 kJ of "Total ... a proton turbine that drives the synthesis of water and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and ... 21), the exergy destruction per mole of glucose is δBG ¼15,260 J/(mol glucose synthesized). It is important to note that, while ...

https://paperzz.com/doc/9411048/exergy-efficiency-of-plant-photosynthesis

... adenosine diphosphate). This transformation is required for all living animals for muscle movement. It is an important anion ... this ATP can transfer the terminal phosphate group to glucose under the influence of hexokinase enzyme to produce ADP ( ... ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is the main source of energy for all living beings, ...

https://lambdageeks.com/anion-example/

2 GLO D-GLUCOSE IN LINEAR FORM 9.5 2 A2P ADENOSINE-2-5-DIPHOSPHATE 9.5 2 6PG 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONIC ACID 9.5 2 5RP RIBULOSE-5- ... DIPHOSPHATE 23.8 5 NAP NADP NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE-DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE 14.3 3 GOL GLYCEROL 14.3 3 EDO 1,2-ETHANEDIOL 9.5 2 MES ... 1 2AM ADENOSINE-2-MONOPHOSPHATE # ------------------------------------------------------------------- # Notes: %Freq gives (as ...

https://lcb.infotech.monash.edu/prosodic/scop95/topcmpds/c_0202_hifreq_ligands.html

ATP is formed from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate during energy-yielding reactions (such as the oxidation of glucose ... ATP: adenosine triphosphate occurs in all known life forms. It is the primary energy currency in cells. ... Bioluminescent reactions use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as a source of energy. The structure of the light-producing molecules ...

https://beta.scienceinschool.org/article/2011/chemiluminescence/

The enzyme hexokinase (HK) catalyzes the reaction between glucose and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). (cdc.gov)
In this step, a cluster of oxygen and phosphorus atoms (a phosphate group) is moved from a molecule called phosphoenolpyruvate to another molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP), resulting in molecules called pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (medlineplus.gov)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is basically a molecule that transports energy within cells. (nursingresearchwriters.net)
Endothelial cells (ECs) represent a major source of actively secreted adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (ashpublications.org)
In order for cells to use the energy from foods, the body must first convert the energy in foods to adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, a molecule that contains three strongly bound phosphates. (sdsucollegian.com)
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is another molecule produced when light energy is converted to chemical energy via the electron transport chain. (vorarlberg.com)
Comprised of two stages, one stage converts the light energy into sugar, and then cellular respiration converts the sugar to Adenosine triphosphate, known as ATP, the fuel for all cellular life. (vorarlberg.com)
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate (Opens a modal) ATP hydrolysis mechanism (Opens a modal) Photosynthesis (Opens a modal) Breaking down photosynthesis stages (Opens a modal) Intro to photosynthesis (Opens a modal) Practice. (vorarlberg.com)
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is an organic compound that provides energy for many different metabolic processes. (vorarlberg.com)
An infusion of ATP (adenosine 5-triphosphate) stopped weight loss and improved the quality of life in patients with advanced lung cancer. (essense-of-life.com)
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is involved in the regulation of a variety of biologic processes, including neurotransmission, muscle contraction, and liver glucose metabolism. (essense-of-life.com)
For example, it is a fundamental component in how your body creates its primary form of energy in muscle cells, the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (mental-health-matters.org)
All cells in your body are powered by adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. (read2enjoy.com)
The primary energy compound or energy currency used in the body is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (liftingfaq.com)
Cells use Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) to Store and Release Energy for short periods of time. (sciencedocbox.com)

When ATP is transferring energy to cells, it breaks off one of its phosphates and becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP). (read2enjoy.com)
Once used, ATP loses one phosphate group and becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP). (liftingfaq.com)

During glycolysis, the simple sugar glucose is broken down to produce energy. (medlineplus.gov)
Though glycolysis uses up more glucose, it is faster than the oxidative route. (essense-of-life.com)
Through non-oxygen dependent glucose metabolism (glycolysis). (read2enjoy.com)

A generally accepted consequence of this sequence is a dramatic change in the ATP-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) cellular ratio, with a resultant acceleration in production of uric acid. (medscape.com)

To fuel the brain, molecules such as glucose, ketone bodies and creatine are necessary for normal ATP production. (sdsucollegian.com)
The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen (aerobic oxidation) is the main energy source of ATP, producing about 30 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose. (essense-of-life.com)
Through the process of glycolosis, glucose can also be broken down without oxygen, but at a distinct loss of energy production, as only 2 molecules of ATP are produced. (essense-of-life.com)
Aerobic respiration can be simplified as the conversion of one molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen into six molecules of carbon dioxide, six molecules of water, and energy (in the form of ATP). (liftingfaq.com)
Despite a simplified equation, aerobic respiration is composed of several different pathways that can eventually take one molecule of glucose and have a theoretical maximum production of 38 molecules of ATP. (liftingfaq.com)

Additionally detected by HILIC-MS (positive ESI, Q Exactive HF) are NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide), and ADPR (adenosine diphosphate ribose). (isotope.com)

Energy is Released by Breaking the Bonds between the 2 nd and 3 rd Phosphate Groups (This releases a pair of electrons) ATP Storing and Releasing Energy Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) Has two phosphate groups Contains some energy, but not as much as ATP. (sciencedocbox.com)

Usually, individuals with exhaustion have a low supply of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), an intracellular "messenger" associated with power metabolic rate. (citizenshipquickly.com)

During muscle activity, lower cellular oxygen levels trigger the cells to switch to anaerobic metabolism in order to break down glucose into the ATP needed for immediate energy use. (essense-of-life.com)
A clearer understanding of the physiologic mechanisms involved in regulating glucose metabolism has provided the basis for a more detailed analysis of the different pathophysiologic processes causing hyperglycemia ( 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ). (oncohemakey.com)

In the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), G-6-P is oxidized by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) to 6-phosphogluconate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). (cdc.gov)

Unfortunately, anaerobic respiration is not as efficient as aerobic respiration which means one molecule of glucose does not create as much ATP as aerobic respiration. (liftingfaq.com)

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted anaerobically to pyruvate via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. (medscape.com)
The lactate exits the cells and is transported to the liver, where it is oxidized back to pyruvate and ultimately converted to glucose via the Cori cycle. (medscape.com)

Each of your cells contain mitochondria, which convert fatty-acids, ketones, and glucose into ATP via the Krebs (or citric acid) cycle. (schwarzenegger.com)

Although lactose is the carbohydrate base in most infant formulas, some (eg, soy formulas) contain sucrose, a fructose-glucose disaccharide that may cause symptoms. (medscape.com)
and condensation of the triose phosphates, glyceraldehyde phosphate, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate to form fructose 1,6-diphosphate). (medscape.com)
In normal cellular conditions, the primary enzymatic activity of aldolase B is to cleave fructose diphosphate (FDP), which forms rather than condenses the triose phosphate compounds. (medscape.com)

Diabetes mellitus was assessed by measures of plasma glucose, serum insulin, and serum C-peptide in participants aged 12 years and over in the morning examination session only. (cdc.gov)
The increase in hepatic glucose production is initially caused by the breakdown of liver glycogen stores resulting from lower insulin levels and increased glucagon levels. (medscape.com)
Decreased use of peripheral glucose occurs initially because of a fall in insulin levels and later because of increases in epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone levels. (medscape.com)

Lactic acid, a by-product of glucose breakdown, can be anaerobically converted by the liver back into glucose by means of the Cori Cycle. (essense-of-life.com)
But the liver must work much harder to synthesize this glucose, therefore this process is very energy consuming. (essense-of-life.com)
The major substrates in muscle (endogenous) for aerobic energy production are glycogen and intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) and from outside the cell (exogenous) are blood glucose (derived from liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and from the gut when CHO is ingested) and free fatty acids (FFA) derived from adipose tissue triglyceride (TG) stores. (gssiweb.org)

But due to lack of sufficient oxygen available to these faulty cells, cancer cells use anaerobic glycolosis, requiring a much higher amount of glucose than healthy cells do to generate the energy they need to function. (essense-of-life.com)
One of the anaerobic systems, the glycolytic, is where glucose is burned to produce ATP. (schwarzenegger.com)
Thus, lactate is the normal endpoint of the anaerobic breakdown of glucose in the tissues. (medscape.com)

While some products can easily pass through a cell due to their size and structural properties (e.g., oxygen, water, etc.), other products require channels that use energy to allow passage through the cell membrane (e.g., glucose, amino acids, minerals, etc. (liftingfaq.com)

Glucose breakdown (which provides chemical energy in the form of ATP) dominates energy production in most animal cells. (essense-of-life.com)
Glucose carries 90 times the energy it takes to put a single Phosphate Group on to ATP Cells stay more efficient by keeping only a small supply of ATP on hand. (sciencedocbox.com)
Cells can regenerate ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose. (sciencedocbox.com)

Photosynthesis Reaction Formula: 6 CO H 2 O + C 6 H 12 O O 2 CO 2 = Carbon Dioxide H 2 O = Water C 6 H 12 O = Glucose 6 = Oxygen Gas O 2 Photosynthesis involves two sets of reactions: Stage 1 = Light-Dependent { directly involve sunlight } because they require the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments. (sciencedocbox.com)

When glycogen stores become depleted and protein breakdown increases because of increased cortisol levels, hepatic gluconeogenesis replaces glycogenolysis as the primary source of glucose production. (medscape.com)
Hypoglycemia occurs when 1 or more of these counterregulatory mechanisms fail because of the overuse of glucose (as in hyperinsulinism), the underproduction of glucose (as in the glycogen-storage diseases), or both (as in growth hormone or cortisol deficiency). (medscape.com)
When the exercise intensity was increased to 65% V O 2 max (moderate intensity), the contribution from exogenous FFA was maintained, the exogenous glucose contribution increased, and significant amounts of muscle glycogen and IMTG were also used (Romijn et al. (gssiweb.org)
2017). When moving to 85% V O 2 max (high intensity), the contribution from FFA and IMTG decreased, reliance on blood-borne glucose increased, and the use of muscle glycogen became the dominate provider of fuel. (gssiweb.org)

Plasma free fatty acids also stimulate glucose production. (medscape.com)

When your body is trying to create the compound that powers quick muscle contractions, ATP, it does so by 'borrowing' a phosphate molecule from phosphocreatine and combining it with another compound, adenosine diphosphate (ADP). (mental-health-matters.org)

SGLT2 is part of a family of proteins facilitating glucose translocation in a variety of tissues. (frontiersin.org)
For this, chemical energy stored in glucose, proteins and fats is released, through an oxidation process that releases CO2 and energy in the form of ATP. (whatmaster.com)

Only after a muscle has largely used up its store of phosphocreatine does it start to produce ATP from other sources, like glucose or fats. (mental-health-matters.org)

The increase in NADH concentration is directly proportional to the glucose concentration and can be measured spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. (cdc.gov)

Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are the first antidiabetic compounds that effectively reduce heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular death in type 2 diabetics. (frontiersin.org)
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (SGLT2i) are kidney-targeted anti-diabetic agents that have exhibited marked reductions in cardiovascular events and mortality of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. (frontiersin.org)

These hormonal changes combine to increase hepatic glucose output, increase alternative fuel availability, and decrease glucose use (see the diagram below). (medscape.com)

To synthesize ATP it is necessary to release chemical energy stored in glucose. (whatmaster.com)

At 25% V O 2 max, glucose and FFA were transported into muscle at a rate that provided the required fuel, with FFA the dominant fuel at this low intensity (Figure 1). (gssiweb.org)

Eating up more low-glycemic meals will help in keeping your blood sugar levels constant and steer clear of the lightheadedness and "shakes" that happen when blood glucose falls. (citizenshipquickly.com)

Because glucose is the fundamental energy currency of the cell, disorders that affect its availability or use can cause hypoglycemia . (medscape.com)

For years now, the basic explanation behind creatine's efficacy is that it's the active transport of ADP (adenosine di-phosphate) back into ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate). (schwarzenegger.com)

All 3 events increase lipolysis and plasma free fatty acid levels, which are available as an alternative fuel and competitively inhibit glucose use. (medscape.com)

The plants then use the glucose as food. (gartenart-holzdesign.de)

Frontiers | Direct Cardiac Actions of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Target Pathogenic Mechanisms Underlying Heart... (frontiersin.org)

Frontiers | An Overview of Sucrose Synthases in Plants (frontiersin.org)

PKLR gene: MedlinePlus Genetics (medlineplus.gov)

Coronary Artery Disease Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography (emedicine.medscape.com)

Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveals several levels of metabolic regulation in the excess starch and... (bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com)

Ligand view of hydroquinone (2287 - QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N) - BRENDA Enzyme Database (brenda-enzymes.org)

Regulation of glucose metabolism by adenine nucleotides in round spermatids from rat testes - Fingerprint
- Waseda... — Regulation of glucose metabolism by adenine nucleotides in round spermatids from rat testes - Fingerprint - Waseda... (waseda.pure.elsevier.com)

Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences - Les vésicules synaptiques se déplacent de manière autonome dans les neurones (neurosciences.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr)

Lactic Acidosis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology (medscape.com)

Diabetic Neuropathy: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy (medscape.com)

Comment les plantes fabriquent-elles de l'oxygène ? - Vidéo
Sciences de la vie et de la Terre | Lumni — Comment les plantes fabriquent-elles de l'oxygène ? - Vidéo Sciences de la vie et de la Terre | Lumni (lumni.fr)

Adenylate kinase AK1 knockout heart: Energetics and functional performance under ischemia-reperfusion - Fingerprint
-... — Adenylate kinase AK1 knockout heart: Energetics and functional performance under ischemia-reperfusion - Fingerprint -... (augusta.pure.elsevier.com)

Nr548: advanced pathophysiology - Nursingresearchwriters.net (nursingresearchwriters.net)

What is the ATP in Biology? - WhatMaster (whatmaster.com)

11+ Important Anion Example You Need To Know - Lambda Geeks (lambdageeks.com)

Profile | University of Exeter Medical School | University of Exeter (medicine.exeter.ac.uk)

Anatomy1

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs13

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes1

Health Care3

Granule-bound starch synthase I in isolated starch granules elongates malto-oligosaccharides processively. (1/45)

Cloning, expression and characterization of YSA1H, a human adenosine 5'-diphosphosugar pyrophosphatase possessing a MutT motif. (2/45)

A possible role for pyrophosphate in the coordination of cytosolic and plastidial carbon metabolism within the potato tuber. (3/45)

Legume embryos develop in a hypoxic environment. (4/45)

Starch synthesis and carbon partitioning in developing endosperm. (5/45)

A low-starch barley mutant, riso 16, lacking the cytosolic small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, reveals the importance of the cytosolic isoform and the identity of the plastidial small subunit. (6/45)

Identification and characterization of a critical region in the glycogen synthase from Escherichia coli. (7/45)

Protein phosphorylation in amyloplasts regulates starch branching enzyme activity and protein-protein interactions. (8/45)

Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose

Glucose-1-Phosphate Adenylyltransferase

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose

Uridine Diphosphate Sugars

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Dehydrogenase

Adenosine Diphosphate

Adenosine

Nucleotidyltransferases

Glucose

Chromatography, Paper

Glucosyltransferases

Platelet Aggregation

Receptor, Adenosine A2A

Receptor, Adenosine A1

Blood Platelets

Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars

Prediabetic State

Practice Guidelines as Topic

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1

Guideline Adherence

Guidelines as Topic

Granule-bound starch synthase I in isolated starch granules elongates malto-oligosaccharides processively. (1/45)

Cloning, expression and characterization of YSA1H, a human adenosine 5'-diphosphosugar pyrophosphatase possessing a MutT motif. (2/45)

A possible role for pyrophosphate in the coordination of cytosolic and plastidial carbon metabolism within the potato tuber. (3/45)

Legume embryos develop in a hypoxic environment. (4/45)

Starch synthesis and carbon partitioning in developing endosperm. (5/45)

A low-starch barley mutant, riso 16, lacking the cytosolic small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, reveals the importance of the cytosolic isoform and the identity of the plastidial small subunit. (6/45)

Identification and characterization of a critical region in the glycogen synthase from Escherichia coli. (7/45)

Protein phosphorylation in amyloplasts regulates starch branching enzyme activity and protein-protein interactions. (8/45)

F14702 - RIKEN Arabidopsis Genome Encyclopedia

glgC - Glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase - Mycobacterium abscessus (strain ATCC 19977 / DSM 44196 / CIP 104536 / JCM...

ADPglucose metabolism in bacteria and plants - EDTB

Kennel Cough

Thymidine diphosphate glucose - Wikipedia

Characterization of ADG1, an Arabidopsis locus encoding for ADPG pyrophosphorylase small subunit, demonstrates that the...

Anette Preiss and Hohenheim Universität - Free people check - Yasni.com

Induction of the activity of glycolytic enzymes correlates with enhanced hydrolysis of sucrose in the cytosol of transgenic...

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose | Semantic Scholar

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose

Publikationen von Lothar Willmitzer | Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie

Publikationen der Gruppe | Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie

Carbohydrates: Structure and Function: The Biochemistry of by Jack Preiss - A Lus do Mundo Library

Mom accidentally donates to Goodwill a mug containing $6,500: I feel terrible

CiNii 論文 - Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Small and Large Subunits of ADP-Glucose...

In Vitro Evaluations of Cardiac Mapping Catheters Designs and Utilities: Employing Visible Heart® Methodologies1 | Journal of...

Molecular cloning and expression of the gene encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from the cyanobacteriumAnabaenasp. strain...

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose, [Glucose-14C(U)], 50µCi (1.85MBq) | PerkinElmer

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose, [Glucose-14C(U)], 50µCi (1.85MBq) | PerkinElmer

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose, [Glucose-14C(U)], 10µCi (370kBq) | PerkinElmer

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibition as a potent diagnostic tool for gene function in plant biology - Digital Library

Jaroslav Flegr - NeL.edu

miRNA Entry for MI0021938

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Dehydrogenase Summary Report | CureHunter

KAKEN - Research Projects | MECHANISM OF AMYLOPLAST PROLIFERATION AND FORMATION OF PLASTID INITIALS, THE PRESUMED PRECURSORS OF...

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RS-R Super Down Sus Lowering Springs - Mazda Mazda 2 DE5FS 07-14

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Q7XNX6 | SUS7 | Sucrose synthase 7 | Druggability | Cancer

Caroline Schmidt,

RCSB PDB - 1BGT: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE DNA MODIFYING ENZYME BETA-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE...

ATP-PRT Enzyme from TB Bacteria [image] | EurekAlert! Science News

CENPA | Evolution of NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors

Functional analysis of conserved histidines in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Escherichia coli. - Semantic Scholar

Alteration of the Interconversion of Pyruvate and Malate in the Plastid or Cytosol of Ripening Tomato Fruit Invokes Diverse...

Growing up in Willow Creek: Kate (Nunn) Preiss (21 December 1893 - 29 April 1928)

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Normal growth of Arabidopsis requires cytosolic invertase but not sucrose synthase. | John Innes Centre

LibreCat - Publication List Manager

Revija Zdrava zabava 2019

Plus it

Glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase

Aldose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase

Serratia

Adenosine diphosphate

Starch synthase

Edmond H. Fischer

Weakness

Muscle weakness