(1/168) Effects of anticholinergics on postoperative vomiting, recovery, and hospital stay in children undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy.

BACKGROUND: Nausea and vomiting are the most frequent problems after minor ambulatory surgical procedures. The agents used to induce and maintain anesthesia may modify the incidence of emesis. When neuromuscular blockade is antagonized with anticholinesterases, atropine or glycopyrrolate is used commonly to prevent bradycardia and excessive oral secretions. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of atropine and glycopyrrolate on postoperative vomiting in children. METHODS: Ninety-three patients undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy were studied. After inhalation induction of anesthesia with nitrous oxide, oxygen, and halothane, anesthesia was maintained with a nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture, halothane, morphine, and atracurium. Patients were randomized to receive, in a double-blinded manner, either 15 microg/kg atropine or 10 microg/kg glycopyrrolate with 60 microg/kg neostigmine to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Patient recovery, the incidence of postoperative emesis, antiemetic therapy, and the duration of postoperative hospital stay were assessed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, gender, weight, or discharge time from the postanesthesia care unit or the hospital between the groups. Twenty-four hours after operation, the incidence of vomiting in the atropine group (56%) was significantly less than in the glycopyrrolate group (81%; P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the atropine and glycopyrrolate groups in the number of patients who required antiemetics or additional analgesics. CONCLUSIONS: In children undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy, reversal of neuromuscular blockade with atropine and neostigmine is associated with a lesser incidence of postoperative emesis compared with glycopyrrolate and neostigmine.  (+info)

(2/168) I.v. intraoperative ketoprofen in small children during adenoidectomy: a dose-finding study.

We have investigated if a low dose of ketoprofen (0.3 mg kg-1) i.v., provided as good analgesia with less adverse effects than higher doses (1.0 and 3.0 mg kg-1) in 220 children, aged 1-7 yr, undergoing adenoidectomy, in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study. The postoperative analgesic effect was notable even after the lowest dose of ketoprofen. However, the higher doses seemed to provide better analgesia with no increase in adverse events or intraoperative bleeding. None of the children experienced postoperative bleeding which would have required intervention or delayed discharge from hospital. This study confirms the efficacy and safety of intraoperative ketoprofen in children during adenoidectomy.  (+info)

(3/168) Recovery after halothane anaesthesia induced with thiopental, propofol-alfentanil or halothane for day-case adenoidectomy in small children.

We studied recovery from halothane anaesthesia in 93 children, aged 1-3 yr, undergoing day-case adenoidectomy. Children were allocated randomly to receive thiopental 5 mg kg-1 (group TH), alfentanil 10 micrograms kg-1 and propofol 3 mg kg-1 (group PAH) or 5% halothane (group HH) for induction of anaesthesia. In group TH, tracheal intubation was facilitated with succinylcholine (suxamethonium) 1.5 mg kg-1. In groups PAH and HH, tracheal intubation was performed without neuromuscular block, and succinylcholine was used only if required. Anaesthesia was maintained with 1-3% halothane during spontaneous respiration. Times to achieving predetermined recovery end-points were recorded. Quality of recovery was assessed using a score of 1-9 (best to worst) for sedation, crying, restlessness and agitation. A postoperative questionnaire was used to determine the well-being of the child at home, 24 h after operation. Emergence from anaesthesia (response to non-painful stimuli) occurred earlier in group HH (mean 9 (SD 6) min) than in groups PAH (13 (6) min, P < 0.01) and TH (18 (14) min, P < 0.01). Sitting up, walking and home readiness were achieved earlier in groups PAH and HH than in group TH (P < 0.05 for each variable). Children in group TH were more sedated during the first 30 min after anaesthesia than those in the two other groups (P < 0.05) while emergence-related delirium was more common in group HH than in group TH (P < 0.01). Well-being at home was similar in all groups. We conclude that induction of halothane anaesthesia with propofol-alfentanil or halothane provided more rapid recovery and earlier discharge than that with thiopental.  (+info)

(4/168) Postoperative pain after adenoidectomy in children.

We have investigated if pain intensity or analgesic requirements in hospital predicted pain intensity, pain duration or analgesic requirements at home in 611 children, aged 1-7 yr, after day-case adenoidectomy. We also investigated if ketoprofen 0.3-3.0 mg kg-1, administered pre-emptively i.v. during operation, modified pain at home. In hospital, a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study design was performed. A standard anaesthetic technique was used in all children and fentanyl i.v. was available for rescue analgesia. After discharge, the study design was open, experimental, prospective and longitudinal. On return home, children were prescribed ketoprofen tablets 5 mg kg-1 day-1. Parents were asked to complete an analgesia diary; non-responders were contacted by telephone. The response rate was 91%. The number of doses of fentanyl given in hospital correlated with pain intensity at home (P < 0.001). There were no other correlations and no pre-emptive effect of ketoprofen.  (+info)

(5/168) Double-blind comparison of sevofluran vs propofol and succinylcholine for tracheal intubation in children.

We have studied intubating conditions in 64 healthy children, aged 3-10 yr, undergoing adenotonsillectomy, in a double-blind, randomized study. Intubation was performed 150 s after induction using either 8% sevoflurane in nitrous oxide and oxygen or propofol 3-4 mg kg-1 with succinylcholine 2 mg kg-1. An anaesthetist blinded to the technique performed intubation and scored intubating conditions using Krieg and Copenhagen Consensus Conference (CCC) scores. The trachea was intubated successfully at the first attempt in all patients under clinically acceptable conditions, although scores were significantly better with propofol and succinylcholine. The sevoflurane technique cost 3.62 +/- 0.55 Pounds to completion of tracheal intubation, significantly more (P < 0.001) than the cost of propofol-succinylcholine and isoflurane (2.04 +/- 0.54 Pounds) when based on actual amount of drug used. This cost increased to 4.38 +/- 0.05 Pounds when based on whole ampoules, which is significantly more than the cost of sevoflurane (P < 0.001).  (+info)

(6/168) Comparison of intravenous and oral ketoprofen for postoperative pain after adenoidectomy in children.

One hundred children, aged 1-9 yr, undergoing adenoidectomy were randomized to receive ketoprofen 1 mg kg-1 either i.v. with an oral placebo (n = 40) or ketoprofen 1 mg kg-1 orally with an i.v. placebo (n = 40), or both oral and i.v. placebo (n = 20). The study design was prospective and double blind with parallel groups. The pain was assessed at rest and during swallowing using the Maunuksela pain scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain) after surgery for 3 h. Fentanyl 0.5 microgram kg-1 i.v. was given for rescue analgesia. Children in the i.v. group needed significantly less doses (1, 1-3; median and 10th/90th percentiles) of rescue analgesic compared with the oral group (2, 1-3; P = 0.024). Of those who needed rescue analgesic, three out of 30 children in the i.v. group required three or more doses of fentanyl compared with 10 out of 28 children in the oral group. There were no differences between the groups with respect to pain scores, operation times, perioperative bleeding or frequency of adverse events.  (+info)

(7/168) PCR-based detection, restriction endonuclease analysis, and transcription of tonB in Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae isolates obtained from children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.

We developed and evaluated a PCR-based-restriction endonuclease analysis method to detect and analyze the tonB gene of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae from pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Multiple sites from the same patient, including the surface of adenoids and tonsils, as well as the core of tonsils, were cultured on chocolate agar and identified using standard procedures and the API NH Kit. A total of 55 H. influenzae isolates were recovered from different sites of 20 patients, and 32 H. parainfluenzae isolates were recovered from various sites of 12 patients. DNA was extracted from American Type Culture Collection strains and test isolates by the PureGene kit. Two primers, G1 (21-mer) and G2 (23-mer), were designed by us to amplify by PCR the tonB gene that consists of an 813-bp fragment. A nested PCR using primers T1 (23-mer) and T2 (24-mer) that flank an internal sequence to the gene of the order of 257 bp and restriction endonuclease digestion using XhoI and BglII were done to detect whether heterogeneity within the gene exists between the two species. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was finally done to detect transcription of the gene in both species. Our data have shown that the tonB gene was detected in both species. It is known to encode a virulent protein, TonB, in H. influenzae; however, demonstration of its presence in H. parainfluenzae is novel. Nested-PCR and restriction endonuclease analysis have shown that the tonB gene is apparently structurally the same in both species, with possible differences that may exist in certain H. parainfluenzae isolates. RT-PCR done on selected numbers of H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae have shown that the tonB gene was transcribed in both species. This shows that the TonB protein, if expressed, may play a different role in the virulence in H. parainfluenzae since it is not needed for heme or heme complexes uptake as with H. influenzae.  (+info)

(8/168) Long-term follow-up of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome following surgery in children and adults.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep, resulting in repetitive hypoxemia. The present study retrospectively analyzed subjective and objective assessments of the patients with OSAS in a relatively long-term follow-up. From February 1986 to August 1996, 53 patients received surgical treatment for OSAS and snoring. Thirty-seven (27 males and 10 females) out of 53 patients completed the questionnaire and postoperative sleep study was obtained in 6 patients. In 20 children (<15 years), snoring, sleep apnea, and daytime sleepiness completely disappeared in 12, 19, and 16, and improved in 8, 1, and 4, respectively. These findings confirm that tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy in children may be the first selection for treatment. In 17 adults, snoring, sleep apnea, and daytime sleepiness completely disappeared in 2, 5, and 8, improved in 11, 8, and 7, and was unchanged in 4, 4, and 1, respectively. The apnea index in adults was significantly decreased in both early and late postoperative periods. These results suggest that surgery is a satisfactory alternative for adult patients if performed accurate preoperative diagnosis of the localization of the airway collapse and careful long-term follow-up.  (+info)

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