Adaptation physiological. Medical search

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its ENVIRONMENT. These changes include physiological (ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL), phenotypic and genetic changes.

Adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. The sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation.

A perceptual phenomenon used by Gestalt psychologists to demonstrate that events in one part of the perceptual field may affect perception in another part.

A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)

Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

Continuation of visual impression after cessation of stimuli causing the original image.

The degree of approximation or fit of filling material or dental prosthetic to the tooth surface. A close marginal adaptation and seal at the interface is important for successful dental restorations.

Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

A vertical distance measured from a known level on the surface of a planet or other celestial body.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.

Products resulting from the conversion of one language to another.

The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.

The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.

Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.

Lack of correspondence between the way a stimulus is commonly perceived and the way an individual perceives it under given conditions.

An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). It may result from natural factors such as changes in the sun's intensity, natural processes within the climate system such as changes in ocean circulation, or human activities.

The capability of an organism to survive and reproduce. The phenotypic expression of the genotype in a particular environment determines how genetically fit an organism will be.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.

Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.

Those aspects or characteristics which identify a culture.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Conversion from one language to another language.

The anterior portion of the head that includes the skin, muscles, and structures of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and jaw.

Photosensitive afferent neurons located in the peripheral retina, with their density increases radially away from the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Being much more sensitive to light than the RETINAL CONE CELLS, the rod cells are responsible for twilight vision (at scotopic intensities) as well as peripheral vision, but provide no color discrimination.

Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.

Diet modification and physical exercise to improve the ability of animals to perform physical activities.

A reflex wherein impulses are conveyed from the cupulas of the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS and from the OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE of the SACCULE AND UTRICLE via the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM and the median longitudinal fasciculus to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE nuclei. It functions to maintain a stable retinal image during head rotation by generating appropriate compensatory EYE MOVEMENTS.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

A mechanism of communicating one's own sensory system information about a task, movement or skill.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity.

The absence of light.

An autonomous region located in central Asia, within China.

A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.

Photosensitive afferent neurons located primarily within the FOVEA CENTRALIS of the MACULA LUTEA. There are three major types of cone cells (red, blue, and green) whose photopigments have different spectral sensitivity curves. Retinal cone cells operate in daylight vision (at photopic intensities) providing color recognition and central visual acuity.

Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.

Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.

The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.

Comparison of various psychological, sociological, or cultural factors in order to assess the similarities or diversities occurring in two or more different cultures or societies.

Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.

The illumination of an environment and the arrangement of lights to achieve an effect or optimal visibility. Its application is in domestic or in public settings and in medical and non-medical environments.

The time span between the beginning of physical activity by an individual and the termination because of exhaustion.

The awareness of the spatial properties of objects; includes physical space.

Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system.

Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.

Inoculation of a series of animals or in vitro tissue with an infectious bacterium or virus, as in VIRULENCE studies and the development of vaccines.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)

Performance of complex motor acts.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

Differential response to different stimuli.

The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.

The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.

Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

The pressure required to prevent the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates a pure solvent from a solution of the solvent and solute or that separates different concentrations of a solution. It is proportional to the osmolality of the solution.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.

Change in learning in one situation due to prior learning in another situation. The transfer can be positive (with second learning improved by first) or negative (where the reverse holds).

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Sudden onset water phenomena with different speed of occurrence. These include flash floods, seasonal river floods, and coastal floods, associated with CYCLONIC STORMS; TIDALWAVES; and storm surges.

The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The change in gene frequency in a population due to migration of gametes or individuals (ANIMAL MIGRATION) across population barriers. In contrast, in GENETIC DRIFT the cause of gene frequency changes are not a result of population or gamete movement.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

Photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are OPSINS conjugated with VITAMIN A-based chromophores. Chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells.

Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.

The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their ENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)

Images seen by one eye.

Reproduction without fusion of two types of cells, mostly found in ALGAE; FUNGI; and PLANTS. Asexual reproduction occurs in several ways, such as budding, fission, or splitting from "parent" cells. Only few groups of ANIMALS reproduce asexually or unisexually (PARTHENOGENESIS).

An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome.

Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

A genus of zygomycetous fungi in the family Mucoraceae, order MUCORALES, forming mycelia having a metallic sheen. It has been used for research on phototropism.

The point or frequency at which all flicker of an intermittent light stimulus disappears.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The disappearance of responsiveness to a repeated stimulation. It does not include drug habituation.

The difference between two images on the retina when looking at a visual stimulus. This occurs since the two retinas do not have the same view of the stimulus because of the location of our eyes. Thus the left eye does not get exactly the same view as the right eye.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)

The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.

Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.

Function of the human eye that is used in bright illumination or in daylight (at photopic intensities). Photopic vision is performed by the three types of RETINAL CONE PHOTORECEPTORS with varied peak absorption wavelengths in the color spectrum (from violet to red, 400 - 700 nm).

A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.

The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A constellation of responses that occur when an organism is exposed to excessive heat. Responses include synthesis of new proteins and regulation of others.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.

A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.

The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.

Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.

The splitting of an ancestral species into daughter species that coexist in time (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 6th ed). Causal factors may include geographic isolation, HABITAT geometry, migration, REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION, random GENETIC DRIFT and MUTATION.

The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The properties of a pathogen that makes it capable of infecting one or more specific hosts. The pathogen can include PARASITES as well as VIRUSES; BACTERIA; FUNGI; or PLANTS.

Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.

The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.

Physiological processes and properties of BACTERIA.

A genus of European newts in the Salamandridae family. The two species of this genus are Salamandra salamandra (European "fire" salamander) and Salamandra atra (European alpine salamander).

The fluctuation of the ALLELE FREQUENCY from one generation to the next.

The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface and in the troposphere, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.

The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.

The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS.

Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.

Group of fish under the superorder Acanthopterygii, separate from the PERCIFORMES, which includes swamp eels, mullets, sticklebacks, seahorses, spiny eels, rainbowfishes, and KILLIFISHES. The name is derived from the six taxa which comprise the group. (From http://www.nanfa.org/articles/Elassoma/elassoma.htm, 8/4/2000)

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

The pattern of GENE EXPRESSION at the level of genetic transcription in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells.

The sensory discrimination of a pattern shape or outline.

Sensory cells in the organ of Corti, characterized by their apical stereocilia (hair-like projections). The inner and outer hair cells, as defined by their proximity to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), change morphologically along the COCHLEA. Towards the cochlear apex, the length of hair cell bodies and their apical STEREOCILIA increase, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Sensation of making physical contact with objects, animate or inanimate. Tactile stimuli are detected by MECHANORECEPTORS in the skin and mucous membranes.

An order of the Amphibia class which includes salamanders and newts. They are characterized by usually having slim bodies and tails, four limbs of about equal size (except in Sirenidae), and a reduction in skull bones.

Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.

The superior part of the upper extremity between the SHOULDER and the ELBOW.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A decrease in the rate of speed.

The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

On the neural correlates of visual perception. (1/12330)

Neurological findings suggest that the human striate cortex (V1) is an indispensable component of a neural substratum subserving static achromatic form perception in its own right and not simply as a central distributor of retinally derived information to extrastriate visual areas. This view is further supported by physiological evidence in primates that the finest-grained conjoined representation of spatial detail and retinotopic localization that underlies phenomenal visual experience for local brightness discriminations is selectively represented at cortical levels by the activity of certain neurons in V1. However, at first glance, support for these ideas would appear to be undermined by incontrovertible neurological evidence (visual hemineglect and the simultanagnosias) and recent psychophysical results on 'crowding' that confirm that activation of neurons in V1 may, at times, be insufficient to generate a percept. Moreover, a recent proposal suggests that neural correlates of visual awareness must project directly to those in executive space, thus automatically excluding V1 from a related perceptual space because V1 lacks such direct projections. Both sets of concerns are, however, resolved within the context of adaptive resonance theories. Recursive loops, linking the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) through successive cortical visual areas to the temporal lobe by means of a series of ascending and descending pathways, provide a neuronal substratum at each level within a modular framework for mutually consistent descriptions of sensory data. At steady state, such networks obviate the necessity that neural correlates of visual experience project directly to those in executive space because a neural phenomenal perceptual space subserving form vision is continuously updated by information from an object recognition space equivalent to that destined to reach executive space. Within this framework, activity in V1 may engender percepts that accompany figure-ground segregations only when dynamic incongruities are resolved both within and between ascending and descending streams. Synchronous neuronal activity on a short timescale within and across cortical areas, proposed and sometimes observed as perceptual correlates, may also serve as a marker that a steady state has been achieved, which, in turn, may be a requirement for the longer time constants that accompany the emergence and stability of perceptual states compared to the faster dynamics of adapting networks and the still faster dynamics of individual action potentials. Finally, the same consensus of neuronal activity across ascending and descending pathways linking multiple cortical areas that in anatomic sequence subserve phenomenal visual experiences and object recognition may underlie the normal unity of conscious experience. (+info)

Trans-synaptically induced bursts in regular spiking non-pyramidal cells in deep layers of the cat motor cortex. (2/12330)

In deep layers of the cat motor cortex, we have investigated the properties of neurons displaying trans-synaptically induced bursts. In in vivo experiments, extracellularly recorded burst neurons were separated into two subtypes based on their dependence on stimulation sites, the medullary pyramid or the ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nucleus, from which bursts of 10-20 spikes were triggered. The spike amplitude attenuation and frequency adaptation during a burst were more prominent in pyramid-dependent burst neurons than in VL-dependent burst neurons. Intracellular recordings in in vivo experiments revealed that pyramid-dependent bursts emerged from a long-lasting depolarization, while each spike during a VL-dependent burst was narrow in half-width and was followed by a fast AHP, similar to fast spiking neurons. In in vitro slice experiments, intracellular recordings were obtained from neurons that displayed a burst of attenuated spikes emerging from a long-lasting depolarization, and were also obtained from fast spiking neurons. They were morphologically recovered to be multipolar cells with sparsely spiny dendrites and local axonal networks, suggesting that they are inhibitory interneurons. The multipolar neurons displaying bursts of attenuated spikes may mediate the recurrent inhibition of pyramidal tract cells. (+info)

Lysine deficiency alters diet selection without depressing food intake in rats. (3/12330)

Under states of protein deficiency, the dietary limiting amino acid, rather than protein content, can act as the dietary stimulus to control diet selection. If fact, threonine-deficient rats will alter their diet selection patterns solely on the basis of very small changes (0.009 g/100 g) in the dietary threonine concentration. In these studies, we assessed whether lysine-deficient rats will also alter their diet selection patterns on the basis of small changes in dietary Lys concentration. In all experiments, growing rats were adapted to diets in which the protein fraction (purified amino acids or wheat gluten) was limiting in Lys. They were then given a choice between the adaptation diet (AD) diet and a slightly more deficient diet. Rats that were adapted to a Lys-deficient diet (0.25 g Lys/100 g) selected their AD over diets containing as little as 0.01% less Lys (P < 0.01) within 5 d. To determine how deficient rats must be before they alter their selection patterns, rats were adapted to diets containing various levels of Lys, i.e., 2 levels below the requirement for growth and 2 levels above the requirement for growth, but below the requirement for maximal nitrogen retention. Only rats adapted to diets containing Lys below their requirement for growth selected their AD over a diet containing 0.05% less Lys (P < 0.005). Finally, to determine whether rats will alter their selection to whole protein-based diets, rats were adapted to 25% wheat gluten diets supplemented with 0.03-0.21% Lys. Rats selected the AD over a diet containing as little as 0.09% less supplemental Lys by d 4 of the trial (P < 0.05). We conclude that rats are sensitive to changes as small as 0.01% in dietary Lys concentration, but that sensitivity requires prior adaptation to Lys-deficient diets. (+info)

Changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the rat brain after cerebral ischemia in a model of ischemic tolerance. (4/12330)

A brief period of sublethal cerebral ischemia, followed by several days of recovery, renders the brain resistant to a subsequent lethal ischemic insult, a phenomenon termed ischemic preconditioning or tolerance. Ischemic tolerance was established in the rat two-vessel occlusion model of ischemia, induced by occlusion of both carotid arteries in combination with hypotension. Ischemic preconditioning (3 minutes) provided maximal neuroprotection when induced 2 days prior to a lethal ischemic insult of 9-minute duration. Neuroprotection persisted for at least 8 weeks. Since neurotransmission has been implicated in ischemic cell death, the effect of ischemic preconditioning on tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins and on the levels of glutamate receptor subunits in hippocampus and neocortex was studied. Regional levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in general and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2 in particular are markedly enhanced after ischemia in nonconditioned brains, in both the synaptosomal fraction and the whole-tissue homogenate of rat neocortex and hippocampus, but recover to control levels only in the preconditioned brain. Ischemic preconditioning selectively induces a decrease in the levels of the NR2A and NR2B subunits and a modest decrease in the levels of NR1 subunit proteins in the synaptosomal fraction of the neocortex but not hippocampus after the second lethal ischemia. It was concluded that ischemic preconditioning prevents a persistent change in cell signaling as evidenced by the tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins after the second lethal ischemic insult, which may abrogate the activation of detrimental cellular processes leading to cell death. (+info)

Fibrocartilage in tendons and ligaments--an adaptation to compressive load. (5/12330)

Where tendons and ligaments are subject to compression, they are frequently fibrocartilaginous. This occurs at 2 principal sites: where tendons (and sometimes ligaments) wrap around bony or fibrous pulleys, and in the region where they attach to bone, i.e. at their entheses. Wrap-around tendons are most characteristic of the limbs and are commonly wider at their point of bony contact so that the pressure is reduced. The most fibrocartilaginous tendons are heavily loaded and permanently bent around their pulleys. There is often pronounced interweaving of collagen fibres that prevents the tendons from splaying apart under compression. The fibrocartilage can be located within fascicles, or in endo- or epitenon (where it may protect blood vessels from compression or allow fascicles to slide). Fibrocartilage cells are commonly packed with intermediate filaments which could be involved in transducing mechanical load. The ECM often contains aggrecan which allows the tendon to imbibe water and withstand compression. Type II collagen may also be present, particularly in tendons that are heavily loaded. Fibrocartilage is a dynamic tissue that disappears when the tendons are rerouted surgically and can be maintained in vitro when discs of tendon are compressed. Finite element analyses provide a good correlation between its distribution and levels of compressive stress, but at some locations fibrocartilage is a sign of pathology. Enthesis fibrocartilage is most typical of tendons or ligaments that attach to the epiphyses of long bones where it may also be accompanied by sesamoid and periosteal fibrocartilages. It is characteristic of sites where the angle of attachment changes throughout the range of joint movement and it reduces wear and tear by dissipating stress concentration at the bony interface. There is a good correlation between the distribution of fibrocartilage within an enthesis and the levels of compressive stress. The complex interlocking between calcified fibrocartilage and bone contributes to the mechanical strength of the enthesis and cartilage-like molecules (e.g. aggrecan and type II collagen) in the ECM contribute to its ability to withstand compression. Pathological changes are common and are known as enthesopathies. (+info)

Small conductance potassium channels cause an activity-dependent spike frequency adaptation and make the transfer function of neurons logarithmic. (6/12330)

We made a computational model of a single neuron to study the effect of the small conductance (SK) Ca2+-dependent K+ channel on spike frequency adaptation. The model neuron comprised a Na+ conductance, a Ca2+ conductance, and two Ca2+-independent K+ conductances, as well as a small and a large (BK) Ca2+-activated K+ conductance, a Ca2+ pump, and mechanisms for Ca2+ buffering and diffusion. Sustained current injection that simulated synaptic input resulted in a train of action potentials (APs) which in the absence of the SK conductance showed very little adaptation with time. The transfer function of the neuron was nearly linear, i.e., both asymptotic spike rate as well as the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were approximately linear functions of the input current. Adding an SK conductance with a steep nonlinear dependence on [Ca2+]i (. Pflugers Arch. 422:223-232; Kohler, Hirschberg, Bond, Kinzie, Marrion, Maylie, and Adelman. 1996. Science. 273:1709-1714) caused a marked time-dependent spike frequency adaptation and changed the transfer function of the neuron from linear to logarithmic. Moreover, the input range the neuron responded to with regular spiking increased by a factor of 2.2. These results can be explained by a shunt of the cell resistance caused by the activation of the SK conductance. It might turn out that the logarithmic relationships between the stimuli of some modalities (e.g., sound or light) and the perception of the stimulus intensity (Fechner's law) have a cellular basis in the involvement of SK conductances in the processing of these stimuli. (+info)

Chemotactic responses of Escherichia coli to small jumps of photoreleased L-aspartate. (7/12330)

Computer-assisted motion analysis coupled to flash photolysis of caged chemoeffectors provides a means for time-resolved analysis of bacterial chemotaxis. Escherichia coli taxis toward the amino acid attractant L-aspartate is mediated by the Tar receptor. The physiology of this response, as well as Tar structure and biochemistry, has been studied extensively. The beta-2, 6-dinitrobenzyl ester of L-aspartic acid and the 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl ether of 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-tris-sulfonic acid were synthesized. These compounds liberated L-aspartate and the fluorophore 8-hydroxypyrene 1,3,6-tris-sulfonic acid (pyranine) upon irradiation with near-UV light. Photorelease of the fluorophore was used to define the amplitude and temporal stability of the aspartate jumps employed in chemotaxis experiments. The dependence of chemotactic adaptation times on aspartate concentration, determined in mixing experiments, was best fit by two Tar aspartate-binding sites. Signal processing (excitation) times, amplitudes, and adaptive recovery of responses elicited by aspartate jumps producing less than 20% change in receptor occupancy were characterized in photorelease assays. Aspartate concentration jumps in the nanomolar range elicited measurable responses. The response threshold and sensitivity of swimming bacteria matched those of bacteria tethered to glass by a single flagellum. Stimuli of similar magnitude, delivered either by rapid mixing or photorelease, evoked responses of similar strength, as assessed by recovery time measurements. These times remained proportional to change in receptor occupancy close to threshold, irrespective of prior occupancy. Motor excitation responses decayed exponentially with time. Rates of excitation responses near threshold ranged from 2 to 7 s-1. These values are consistent with control of excitation signaling by decay of phosphorylated pools of the response regulator protein, CheY. Excitation response rates increased slightly with stimulus size up to values limited by the instrumentation; the most rapid was measured to be 16 +/- 3 (SE) s-1. This increase may reflect simultaneous activation of CheY dephosphorylation, together with inhibition of its phosphorylation. (+info)

Impact of vascular adaptation to chronic aortic regurgitation on left ventricular performance. (8/12330)

BACKGROUND: This investigation was designed to test the hypothesis that vascular adaptation occurs in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation to maintain left ventricular (LV) performance. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-five patients with chronic aortic regurgitation (mean age 50+/-14 years) were studied using a micromanometer LV catheter to obtain LV pressures and radionuclide ventriculography to obtain LV volumes during multiple loading conditions and right atrial pacing. These 45 patients were subgrouped according to their LV contractility (Ees) and ejection fraction values. Group I consisted of 24 patients with a normal Ees. Group IIa consisted of 10 patients with impaired Ees values (Ees <1.00 mm Hg/mL) but normal LV ejection fractions; Group IIb consisted of 11 patients with impaired contractility and reduced LV ejection fractions. The left ventricular-arterial coupling ratio, Ees/Ea, where Ea was calculated by dividing the LV end-systolic pressure by LV stroke volume, averaged 1.60+/-0.91 in Group I. It decreased to 0.91+/-0.27 in Group IIa (P<0.05 versus Group I), and it decreased further in Group IIb to 0.43+/-0.24 (P<0.001 versus Groups I and IIa). The LV ejection fractions were inversely related to the Ea values in both the normal and impaired contractility groups (r=-0.48, P<0.05 and r=-0.56, P<0.01, respectively), although the slopes of these relationships differed (P<0.05). The average LV work was maximal in Group IIa when the left ventricular-arterial coupling ratio was near 1.0 because of a significant decrease in total arterial elastance (P<0.01 versus Group I). In contrast, the decrease in the left ventricular-arterial coupling ratio in Group IIb was caused by an increase in total arterial elastance, effectively double loading the LV, contributing to a decrease in LV pump efficiency (P<0.01 versus Group IIa and P<0.001 versus Group I). CONCLUSIONS: Vascular adaptation may be heterogeneous in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation. In some, total arterial elastance decreases to maximize LV work and maintain LV performance, whereas in others, it increases, thereby double loading the LV, contributing to afterload excess and a deterioration in LV performance that is most prominent in those with impaired contractility. (+info)

... no single terrestrial model system produces all the physiological adaptations in skeletal muscle observed as a consequence of ... As in spaceflight, adaptations to unloading can be observed after short-duration bed rest. For example, after 20 d of bed rest ... Jiang, B; Ohira, Y; Roy, RR; Nguyen, Q; Ilyina-Kakueva, EI; Oganov, V; Edgerton, VR (August 1992). "Adaptation of fibers in ... Day, MK; Allen, DL; Mohajerani, L; Greenisen, MC; Roy, RR; Edgerton, VR (1995). "Adaptations of human skeletal muscle fibers to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_effects_in_space

"Morphological and Physiological Adaptations: Florida mangrove website". Nhmi.org. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012 ... "Morphological and Physiological Adaptations". Newfound Harbor Marine Institute. Retrieved 13 August 2021. Gray, L. Joseph; et ... Mangrove plants require a number of physiological adaptations to overcome the problems of low environmental oxygen levels, high ... Flowers, T. J.; Colmer, T. D. (2015). "Plant salt tolerance: adaptations in halophytes". Annals of Botany. 115 (3): 327-331. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove

Helmholtz, H. E. F. von (1909/1962). Treatise on Physiological Optics. J. P. C. Southall, Ed. and Trans. New York: Dover. ( ... Prism adaptation is a sensory-motor adaptation that occurs after the visual field has been artificially shifted laterally or ... prism adaptation has been suggested to improve spatial deficits in patients with unilateral neglect. During prism adaptation, ... was included to compare with the prism adaptation treatment. It was found that only prism adaptation yields significant long- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_adaptation

Physiological Systems in Insects. 2nd edition, Academic Press. p. 416 v t e (Insect anatomy, All stub articles, Insect anatomy ... An adaptation for water conservation. Wigglesworth, V.B. 1953. The Principles of Insect Physiology. 5th edition, E.P. Dutton & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptonephridium

Reddy GVP; Cruz ZT; Bamba J; R Muniappan (2005). "Host adaptation of the fruit piercing moth, Eudocima fullonia". Physiological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudocima_phalonia

These are normal physiological adaptations that cause changes in behavior, the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and ... Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations that take place during pregnancy that enable the accommodation ... Neuromechanical adaptations to pregnancy refers to the change in gait, postural parameters, as well as sensory feedback, due to ... Physiological hydronephrosis may appear from six weeks. Changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) system during pregnancy are caused ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_physiological_changes_in_pregnancy

Weber RE, Vinogradov SN (April 2001). "Nonvertebrate Hemoglobins: Functions and Molecular Adaptations". Physiological Reviews. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_pigment

C. P. Mangum & D. W. Towle (1977). "Physiological adaptation to unstable environments". American Scientist. 65 (1): 67-75. ... ISBN 978-953-51-0864-1. Charlotte P. Mangum (1997). "Adaptation of the oxygen transport system to hypoxia in the blue crab, ... Rippon, John W. (2015-01-07). "Biochemical Adaptation by Peter W. Hochachka and George N. Somero (review)". Perspectives in ... "the maintenance of metabolic and physiological functions in response to variations in the environment". Enantiostasis is not a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiostasis

... which she calls modes of adaptation. She calls these the 1. the physiological - physical system 2. the self-concept group ... Aggleton, P.; Chalmers, H. (October 3, 1984). "The Roy adaptation model". Nursing Times. Roy, C. (1980). "The Roy Adaptation ... Roy, Callista (2009). The Roy Adaptation Model. Pearson. p. 24. ISBN 978-0130384973. Roy, Callista (2009). The Roy Adaptation ... or both in order to promote adaptation. Many nurses, as well as schools of nursing, have adopted the Roy adaptation model as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_model_of_nursing

Khan, Kiren A. (12 May 2013). "The time course of blur adaptation in emmetropes and myopes". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics ... This phenomenon is known as blur adaptation. Some studies have suggested that a learned ability to interpret blurred images may ... Cufflin, Matthew P; Mallen, Edward AH (2020). "Blur adaptation: clinical and refractive considerations". Clinical and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_method

... there may also be physiological adaptations. Active flight has independently evolved at least four times, in the insects, ... Other structural adaptations of flying animals include reduced and redistributed body weight, fusiform shape and powerful ... Several oceanic squid, such as the Pacific flying squid, leap out of the water to escape predators, an adaptation similar to ... A. G. Vidal-Gadea; M. D. Rinehart; J. H. Belanger (2008). "Skeletal adaptations for forwards and sideways walking in three ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_locomotion

Physiological and Morphological Adaptation and Evolution. Retrieved 2013-04-02. Contributions to the physical anthropology of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_race

Williams TD (2017-10-19). "Parental Care". Physiological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds. Princeton University Press. doi: ... Reproductive success is determined not only by behavior (choices), but also physiological variables that cannot be controlled. ... Physiological Entomology. 40 (1): 65-71. doi:10.1111/phen.12089. PMC 4335655. PMID 25709143. Bravo IS, Anjos CS, Costa AM ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_success

Levandowsky, M. Physiological Adaptations of Protists. In: Cell physiology sourcebook : essentials of membrane biophysics. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist

R. Yagil (1985). The desert camel: comparative physiological adaptation. Karger. ISBN 978-3-8055-4065-0. Archived from the ... John A. Byers (1997). American Pronghorn: Social Adaptations and the Ghosts of Predators Past. University of Chicago Press. ... John A. Byers (1997). American Pronghorn: Social Adaptations and the Ghosts of Predators Past. University of Chicago Press. ... Shackelford, T. K.; Goetz, A. T. (2007). "Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans". Current Directions in Psychological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis

Hochachka, P.W.; Somero, G. N (2002). "Biochemical Adaptation. Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution". Oxford: ... Csonka LN (1989). "Physiological and genetic responses of bacteria to osmotic stress". Microbiology and Molecular Biology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmolyte

Kibbler, H.; Bahnisch, L.M. (1999). "Physiological adaptations of Hymenachne amplexicaulis to flooding". Australian Journal of ... Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. and Escobar, A. (1977). Flood adaptation and productivity of savanna grasses. Proceedings of Plant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenachne_amplexicaulis

Physiological adaptations permit the organism to perform special functions such as making venom, secreting slime, and ... The adaptive traits may be structural, behavioural or physiological. Structural adaptations are physical features of an ... Adaptation and function are two aspects of one problem. - Julian Huxley, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis Pre-adaptation occurs ... From this we see that adaptation is not just a matter of visible traits: in such parasites critical adaptations take place in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation

CAM is an adaptation for increased efficiency in the use of water, and so is typically found in plants growing in arid ... Guralnick, L. J.; Ting, I. P. (1987). "Physiological Changes in Portulacaria afra (L.) Jacq. during a Summer Drought and ... Adaptations of Desert Organisms. pp. 125-140. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59212-6_6. ISBN 978-3-642-63900-5. Raven, P & Evert, R & ... Since CAM is an adaptation to arid conditions, plants using CAM often display other xerophytic characters, such as thick, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassulacean_acid_metabolism

Physiological and Anatomical Adaptations in Plants". Aligarh Muslim University. Retrieved 8 February 2022. "Plant Adaptations ... Aquatic plants require special adaptations for living submerged in water, or at the water's surface. The most common adaptation ... These plants require special adaptations for living submerged in water or floating at the surface. Although most aquatic ... Terrestrial plants may undergo physiological changes when submerged due to flooding. When submerged, new leaf growth has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_plant

"The Adaptations of Chameleons". Sciencing. Retrieved 15 June 2020. Ligon, Russell A.; McGraw, Kevin J. (2013). "Chameleons ... Color change signals a chameleon's physiological condition and intentions to other chameleons. Because chameleons are ... Walton, B. Michael; Bennett, Albert F. (1993). "Temperature-Dependent Color Change in Kenyan Chameleons". Physiological Zoology ... "Function and adaptation of chameleons", in Tolley, K. A.; Herrel, A. (eds.), The Biology of Chameleons, Berkeley, CA: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon

McEwen, BS (Jul 2007). "Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain". Physiological Reviews ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_brain

McEwen BS (July 2007). "Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain". Physiological Reviews ... McEwen BS (May 1998). "Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load". Annals of the New York Academy of ... Chronic stress is the physiological or psychological response induced by a long-term internal or external stressor. The ... Selye considered these conditions to be "diseases of adaptation", or the effects of chronic stress caused by heightened ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_stress

He is also credited as the inventor of the red adaptation goggles. Der Gesichtssinn; Grundzüge der physiologischen Optik (with ... Anleitung zu den physiologischen übungen für studierende der medizin, 1938 - Instructions on physiological exercises for ... was a German physiologist known for his work in physiological optics. He studied physiology at the University of Freiburg, ... Erich Schütz), 1924 - The sense of sight; Principles of physiological optics. Die natürlichen grundlagen der kunst des ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Trendelenburg

He is the co-author, with George Somero, of Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution, first ... Stock, Jay T. (1 May 2004). "Book Review of Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution. P. W. ... Hochachka, Peter W.; Somero, George N. (2002). Biochemical adaptation : mechanism and process in physiological evolution. New ... His book Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution (1973) became "the bible for many comparative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hochachka

... and the costs of physiological adaptation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521811415. OCLC 53331074. ... Allostasis, stability through variation, was proposed by Sterling and Eyer in 1988 as a new model of physiological regulation. ... McEwen, Bruce S. (1998). "Stress, Adaptation, and Disease: Allostasis and Allostatic Load". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 840 (1): 33- ... Schulkin, Jay; Sterling, Peter (October 2019). "Allostasis: A Brain-Centered, Predictive Mode of Physiological Regulation". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allostasis

These beetles have evolved physiological adaptations to persist. Many studies of insects and some invertebrates have indicated ... Having a cold habitat, these beetles must go through several physiological mechanisms to survive; they are recognised for their ... Elucidating the biochemical overwintering adaptations of larval Cucujus clavipes puniceus, a nonmodel organism, via high ... Physiological Entomology 36:261-270 Bugguide page for the red flat bark beetle: https://bugguide.net/node/view/7531 (Articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucujus_clavipes

Meeks JC (2009). "Physiological Adaptations in Nitrogen-fixing Nostoc-PlantSymbiotic Associations". In Pawlowski K (ed.). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azolla_filiculoides

ISBN 978-0-87893-559-8 Wood, S. C., Weber, R. E., Hargens, A. R., Millard, R. W. (1992). Physiological Adaptations in ... These osmoregulatory adaptations allow the common raven to thrive in diverse habitats. Berg, R (1999). Corvus corax: Common ... Since ravens, and birds in general, travel to such extents, they have a unique adaptation for flying in high altitude ... Overall the Corvus corax does quite well in many different terrestrial environments using the adaptations of not only its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_raven_physiology

Hochachka, P. W.; Somero, G. N. (2002). Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanisms and Process in Physiological Evolution. New York: ... In essence, it is an adaptation of the Debus method called the Debus-Radziszewski imidazole synthesis. The starting materials ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazole

... and presence of other protective substances like carotenoids and mycosporines represent passive physiological adaptations which ... Plemenitaš, A.; Vaupotič, T.; Lenassi, M.; Kogej, T.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2008). "Adaptation of extremely halotolerant black ... and mechanisms of adaptation to high salt concentrations. A collaborative effort coordinated by the Broad Institute is ... "Adaptation of the Black Yeast Wangiella dermatitidis to Ionizing Radiation: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms". PLOS ONE. 7 (11 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_yeast

This study built the first chronology of both ecological and physiological events from before the start to the end of ... Malagasy winter temperatures sometimes rise to over 30 °C (86 °F), so hibernation is not exclusively an adaptation to low ... Dormancy - State of minimized physical activity of an organism Torpor - State of decreased physiological activity in an animal ... These species undergo what has been traditionally called "hibernation": a physiological state wherein the body temperature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernation

He thinks that adaptationist explanations for religion do not meet the criteria for adaptations. An alternative explanation is ... physiological, psychological, placebo, social support, and spiritual. The spiritual mediator is a departure from the rest in ... prayer and meditation may also help to benefit physiological functioning. Nevertheless, religion is not a unique source of ... who first argued that religious cognition represents a by-product of various evolutionary adaptations, including folk ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_religion

Smith RL, Soeters MR, Wüst RC, Houtkooper RH (August 2018). "Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and ... Fell DA, Thomas S (October 1995). "Physiological control of metabolic flux: the requirement for multisite modulation". The ... as adaptations to deal with intense sunlight and dry conditions. In photosynthetic prokaryotes the mechanisms of carbon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... and checks the infant's adaptation to extrauterine life and the mother's postpartum physiological changes. Cultural values, ... Placental expulsion begins as a physiological separation from the wall of the uterus. The average time from delivery of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth

Physical dependence occurs due to physiological adaptations occurring as the body attempts to overcome the drugs effects which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lormetazepam

... though it possesses the requisite physiological adaptations. Reproduction in this species is aplacental viviparous, meaning the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longfin_mako_shark

The combination of traditional epidemic models with social physics models of the classical general adaptation syndrome triad, " ... and physiological phenomena, that is to say as being subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_physics

The most notable adaptation is the development of echolocation in whales and dolphins. Toothed whales emit a focused beam of ... Marine mammals have a number of physiological and anatomical features to overcome the unique challenges associated with aquatic ... Marine mammal adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle varies considerably between species. Both cetaceans and sirenians are fully ... Reidenberg, Joy S. (2007). "Anatomical Adaptations of Aquatic Mammals". The Anatomical Record. 290 (6): 507-513. doi:10.1002/ar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal

Graça-Souza, C. Maya-Monteiro, G. O. Paiva-Silva et al., "Adaptations against heme toxicity in blood-feeding arthropods," ... This modulation in Trypsin activity after a sandfly's second blood meal is suspected to produce a conducive physiological ... The sandfly saliva contains potent physiological compounds that cause anticoagulant, vasodilating, and anti-inflammatory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutzomyia_longipalpis

This updating and adaptation of Marxism-Leninism to Chinese conditions in which revolutionary praxis is primary and ideological ... "eradicate all ideological and physiological obstacles to economic reform". In 1978, this led to the Sino-Albanian split when ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism

A hypoxicator is a medical device intended to provide a stimulus for the adaptation of an individual's cardiovascular system by ... but are part of normal physiology and are opposite to patho-physiological effects of severe sleep apnea hypoxia. There are a ... Manukhina EB, Downey HF, Mallet RT (April 2006). "Role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular adaptation to intermittent hypoxia". ... The underlying mechanisms of adaptation to mild, non-damaging, short-term (minutes) hypoxic stress (also called - intermittent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxicator

Lazarus, R. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Frijda, Nico H. (1986). The emotions. New ... which include physiological, postural, and vocal changes. Most importantly, Darwin claimed that emotional expression was ... positive or negative feeling combined with some degree of physiological activation), previous experiences, language, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_expression

A natural physiological reaction to these threshold shifts is vasoconstriction, which will reduce the amount of blood reaching ... Charron S., Botte M. C. (1988). "Frequency-selectivity in loudness adaptation and auditory fatigue. [Article]". Journal of the ... However, it is evident that the issue is at least partly physiological in nature. In cases of sensory overload not related to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listener_fatigue

He currently serves on the Editorial Boards of Conservation Ecology, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, ... The polymides are very strong in terms of their mechanical properties, yet degradable under standard physiological conditions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_scientists_and_inventors

This adaptation of Helmholtz' unconscious inference describes the human tendency to allocate traits or qualities to individuals ... In the third volume of "The Treatise on Physiological Optics", he explores the impact that visual perception has on the ... Peddie W (July 1925). "Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics". Nature. 116 (2907): 88-89. doi:10.1038/116088a0. S2CID ... "The Treatise on Physiological Optics", connected the concept to social psychology and human interaction. However, his concept ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_trait_inference

"The persistence of pica in the seeming absence of a physiological cause might be due to the fortuitous acquisition of a ... Results support the notion that the running interferes with adaptation to the new feeding schedule and is associated with the ... Nesse RM (January 2000). "Is depression an adaptation?". Archives of General Psychiatry. 57 (1): 14-20. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.318. ... Primates experience psychological stresses that can elicit physiological responses that, over time, can make them sick. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_psychopathology

There have been several studies that suggest the reserve vesicles are seldom ever released in response to physiological stimuli ... Spatially Structured Waves and Oscillations in Neuronal Networks With Synaptic Depression and Adaptation. Doctor of Philosophy ... Maintaining a readily releasable vesicle pool is important in allowing for the constant ability to pass physiological signals ... These glutamate autoreceptors are able to inhibit synaptic fatigue in order to prevent the detrimental physiological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_fatigue

These mechanisms aid in the adaptation to a high-latitude environment. The reproductive behavior in stags differs from hinds. ... Père David's deer has similar reproductive physiological mechanisms to other deer species living in temperate latitudes. ... a recently evolved Chinese ruminant species with a unique morphology pointing a specific ecological adaptation. In: J. Xia (ed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Père_David's_deer

Snyder, R. C. (1962). "Adaptations for bipedal locomotion of lizards". American Zoology. 2 (2): 191-203. doi:10.1093/icb/2.2. ... doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01201.x. Garland, Jr., T. (1984). "Physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_collared_lizard

Although the details of the Hassenstein-Reichardt model have not been confirmed at an anatomical and physiological level, the ... Ledgeway T, Smith AT (1994). "The duration of the motion aftereffect following adaptation to first-order and second-order ... Their in-depth experiments in rabbit's retina expanded the anatomical and physiological understanding of the vertebrate visual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_perception

Physiological enzyme inhibition can also be produced by specific protein inhibitors. This mechanism occurs in the pancreas, ... Plaxton WC (2004). "Principles of Metabolic Control". In Storey KB (ed.). Functional Metabolism: Regulation and Adaptation. ... Other examples of physiological enzyme inhibitor proteins include the barstar inhibitor of the bacterial ribonuclease barnase. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

Procedural adaptations for deep diving can be classified as those procedures for operating specialized equipment, and those ... Coping with the physical and physiological stresses of deep diving requires good physical conditioning. Using normal scuba ... The most radical equipment adaptation for deep diving is to isolate the diver from the direct pressure of the environment, ... The most important procedure for dealing with physiological problems of breathing at high ambient pressures associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_diving

Numerous physiological adaptations aid the lifestyle of the short-beaked echidna. Because the animal burrows, it must tolerate ... Augee, Gooden and Musser, p. 3. Jones, R. C.; Djakiew, D.; Dacheux, J. L. (2004). "Adaptations of the short-beaked echidna ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-beaked_echidna

Winston, J.S.; Henson, R.N.A.; Fine-Goulden, M.R.; Dolan, R.J. (2004). "fMRI-adaptation reveals dissociable neural ... and in helping to form and maintain relationships in order to fulfill safety and basic physiological needs. These cues allow us ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cue

2016-08-10). "Physiological and Metagenomic Analyses of Microbial Mats Involved in Self-Purification of Mine Waters ... The incredible number of adaptations and metabolisms of this genus of bacteria are consequences of the extraordinary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggiatoa

Efference copies are important in enabling motor adaptation such as to enhance gaze stability. They have a role in the ... ISBN 978-0-470-26912-1. Miall, R.C.; Wolpert D. M. (1996). "Forward Models for Physiological Motor Control". Neural Networks. 9 ... Essays in the History of Physiological Sciences: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the University Louis Pasteur Strasbourg, on ... Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 43 (6): 482-489. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.294.2746. doi:10.1037/h0055479. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efference_copy

The anatomical and physiological basis of human speech production: adaptations and exaptations. In M. Tallerman and K. .Gibson ... Ohala pointed out that if the lowered larynx were an adaptation for speech, we would expect adult human males to be better ... The origin of speech refers to the general problem of the origin of language in the context of the physiological development of ... According to Steven Pinker, language is an adaptation to "the cognitive niche". Variations on the theme of ritual/speech co- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_speech

Maldonado, K. E. (2009). "Physiological responses in rufous-collared sparrows to thermal acclimation and seasonal ... "genetic adaptation hypothesis" (GAH), which explains the vocal dialects of the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) well.[ ... of acoustically rational habitat-based song variation strongly supports what is now known as the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous-collared_sparrow

If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...

https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/7/3-4/388

Physiological adaptations, in HHT Prins and T Namgail (eds.), Bird Migration Across the Himalayas: Wetland Functioning Amidst ...

https://eprints.utas.edu.au/46693/

What can physiological capacity and behavioral choice tell us about thermal adaptation?. Vinu Salachan, Paul, Aarhus University ... When measuring physiological capacity at forced temperatures, we find an acclimation response to increasing temperatures. In ... To date, behavioral responses and their role for thermal adaptation have been largely overlooked in small ectotherms. Here, we ... Vinu Salachan, Paul; Sørensen, Jesper; MacLean, Heidi (2020), What can physiological capacity and behavioral choice tell us ...

https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.612jm6401

... omics and physiological perspectives" ... "Cross-population insights into adaptation and maladaptation at ...

https://anthro.rutgers.edu/news-events/calendar-of-events/icalrepeat.detail/2021/09/24/207/-/speaker-tatum-simonson-cross-population-insights-into-adaptation-and-maladaptation-at-high-altitude-integrating-omics-and-physiological-perspectives

Bacterial physiological adaptations to contrasting edaphic conditions identified using landscape scale metagenomics. In: mBio. ... Bacterial physiological adaptations to contrasting edaphic conditions identified using landscape scale metagenomics. mBio. 2017 ... Malik et al MBIO bacterial physiological adaptations VOR. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the ... Malik, A. A., Thomson, B. C., Whiteley, A. S., Bailey, M., & Griffiths, R. I. (2017). Bacterial physiological adaptations to ...

https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/bacterial-physiological-adaptations-to-contrasting-edaphic-condit

Our results suggest that adults at high-altitude do not show behavioural adaptations in terms of breeding at lower temperatures ... The aim of this study was to assess the behavioural and physiological responses that facilitate survival in low-temperature ... Therefore, survival at high-altitude may be facilitated by physiological mechanisms that permit faster growth rates, allowing ... slowed physiological processes and increased exposure to sub-zero temperatures. ...

https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-14-110

Factors that Can Help Differentiate Physiological Adaptation from Pathological Change in Athletes Daniel X Augustine, Tracey ... Factors that Can Help Differentiate Physiological Adaptation from Pathological Change in Athletes / ... Factors that Can Help Differentiate Physiological Adaptation from Pathological Change in Athletes ...

https://www.radcliffecardiology.com/image-gallery/22260/13938/factors-that-can-help-differentiate-physiological-adaptation-from-pathological-change-in-athletes

Results of search for su:{Adaptation, Physiological} Refine your search. *. Availability. * Limit to currently available ... Series: Monographs of the Physiological Society ; no. 29Material type: Text; Format: print ; Literary form: Not fiction ... Environment and population : problems of adaptation, an experimental book integrating statements by 162 contributors / edited ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BAdaptation%2C%20Physiological%7D

The adaptations of a cheetah has helped it survive in the wild for centuries. However, as humans have started to encroached on ... Physiological adaptations of cheetahs. Cheetahs are not just fast; they are also nimble and agile, able to make sudden turns ... Adaptations Of A Tiger - Behavioral, Structural & Physiological Of all the big cats, tigers are perhaps the most iconic and ... Adaptations Of A Giraffe - Behavioral, Structural & Physiological A giraffe is a mammal of the family Giraffidae, along with ...

https://zooologist.com/adaptations-of-a-cheetah/

Running and Physiological Adaptations Consuming a protein shake, particularly one containing whey, can help improve your ...

https://www.livestrong.com/article/422082-are-protein-shakes-good-for-you-after-running/

Editorial: Managing physiological and biomechanical load-adaptation pathways in high performance sport: Challenges and ... Editorial: Managing physiological and biomechanical load-adaptation pathways in high performance sport: Challenges and ...

https://hal-insep.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03795765

Title : Polyploidy and adaptations to environmental stress: physiological, biochemical and genomic determinants of tolerance in ... polyploidy and adaptation to environmental constraints determining physiological, biochemical genetic tolerance of tetraploid ... However, the molecular and genetic basis of this adaptation is not well known, so this thesis aims to study the mechanisms ... It is highly probable that 4x rootstocks show a better tolerance to salt stress but the reasons for this better adaptation ...

https://plant-science-biology-conferences.magnusgroup.org/program/scientific-program/2022/polyploidy-and-adaptations-to-environmental-stress-physiological-biochemical-and-genomic-determinants-of-tolerance-in-citrus-polyploid-rootstocks

Topic; Physiological Adaptation in Professional Nursing Practice NOTE; please look back on the last job you did (RUA part 1) ...

https://classassignmentwriters.com/topic-physiological-adaptation-in-professional-nursing-practice-note-please-look/

Topic; Physiological Adaptation in Professional Nursing Practice NOTE; please look back on the last job you did (RUA part 1) ...

https://speedyresearchpapers.com/topic-physiological-adaptation-in-professional-nursing-practice-note-please-look/

To investigate arctic foxes physiological adaptations to life at high latitudes. Resting and running metabolic rates, body ... Physiological adaptations of the arctic fox to high Arctic conditions. Doctor Scient. Dissertation, University of Oslo, Oslo, ... To investigate arctic foxes physiological adaptations to life at high latitudes. Resting and running metabolic rates, body ...

http://projects.amap.no/project/physiological-adaptations-of-the-arctic-fox-to-high-arctic-conditions/

Acclimatization is the beneficial physiological adaptations that occur during repeated exposure to a hot environment. ... These physiological adaptations include:. *Increased sweating efficiency (earlier onset of sweating, greater sweat production, ... Acclimatization is the beneficial physiological adaptations that occur during repeated exposure to a hot environment. ... However, if they are absent for a week or more then there may be a significant loss in the beneficial adaptations leading to an ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/heatstress/acclima.html

Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological ... Do the anatomical and physiological properties of a muscle determine its adaptive response to different loading protocols? ... Adaptation, Physiological / physiology* * Adult * Exercise / physiology* * Humans * Hypertrophy / physiopathology* * Male * ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342648/

Adaptation, Physiological. EN. dc.subject.mesh. Paternity. EN. dc.title. A long-term baby mix-up case in the Eastern ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/118112?show=full

In contrast, chronic hypoxia induces a suite of adaptations and stresses that can result in either increased tolerance of ... hypoxia or disease, as in adaptation to altitude or in the syndrome of chronic mountain sickness. In healthy humans, brief ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27529318/?dopt=Abstract

To globally assess the adaptation of the protein compn. in the membrane fraction to steroids, the membrane proteomes of RHA1 ... Physiological adaptation of the rhodococcus jostii rha1 membrane proteome to steroids as growth substrates. Ute Haussmann, Dirk ... To globally assess the adaptation of the protein compn. in the membrane fraction to steroids, the membrane proteomes of RHA1 ...

https://www.eltislab.com/publication/2013-haussmann/

Research focused on fundamental questions regarding human physiological function and adaptation ... Our research is focused on fundamental questions regarding human physiological function and adaptation in health and disease.. ... Understanding physiological responses to aviation and space flight and their medical implications. ... The pan-European team will investigate the physiological foundations for sending parastronauts -… ...

https://www.kcl.ac.uk/bmb/our-departments/centre-for-human-applied-physiological-sciences?page=1

... just looked through the Spring newsletter for the Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology section of the American Physiological ... Physiological Adaptations. Speakers: Brooke Harrison, Matt Andrews, Jason Podrabsky, Daniel Warren. 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM. CEPS ... Symposium: Organismal Adaptation/Response to Hypoxic. Environments. Speakers: Tobias Wang, Paul Ponganis, Tatum Simonson, ... just looked through the Spring newsletter for the Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology section of the American Physiological ...

https://www.scienceblogs.com/lifelines/2014/04/19/experimental-biology

Physiological Adaptation in Professional Nursing Practice NOTE; answer all these questions on the uploaded guide down below and ... topic; Physiological Adaptation in Professional Nursing Practice NOTE; answer all these questions on the uploaded guide down ...

https://collegestudy.org/topic-physiological-adaptation-in-professional-nursing-practice-note-answer-all-these-questions-on-the-upload/

Physiological adaptation to cities as a proxy to forecast global-scale responses to climate change.. Diamond, Sarah E; Martin, ... In this Review, we highlight how cities can be used to explore physiological trait responses to experimental warming, and also ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/saudepublica/resource/pt/mdl-33627462

Physiological Adaptations of Fixed-Tissues in Anaphylaxis and Immunity: I. Reactions of the Isolated Rabbit Heart to Cobra ... W. H. Manwaring, T. B. Williams; Physiological Adaptations of Fixed-Tissues in Anaphylaxis and Immunity: I. Reactions of the ...

https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article/8/2/75/66693/Physiological-Adaptations-of-Fixed-Tissues-in

Physiological Fitness and Health Adaptations from Purposeful Training Using Off-Road Vehicles. The purpose of this study was to ... Physiological Demands of Off-Road Vehicle Riding. The purpose of this study was to characterize the physiological demands of ... This study found that habitual off-road vehicle riders had physiological characteristics that were equivalent, or slightly ... evaluate fitness and health adaptations from a training program riding all-terrain vehicles (ATV) and off-road motorcycles (ORM ...

https://www.americantrails.org/resources/query/p9?groups=all&resources%5B0%5D=188678&trails=all&keywords&subCat=0&news=0&gLimit=50

The amount of physiological adaptation depends on the effectiveness of the exercise prescriptions used in the training program ... 2. Lecture Overview Neural Adaptations Skeletal Muscle Adaptations Connective Tissue Anatomy Connective Tissue Adaptations ... Neuromuscular adaptations to training * 1. Neuromuscular Adaptations to Training Baechle Chapter 4, pp. 143-151, Powers & ... training are the result of neural adaptations. Neural adaptations can include improved synchronization of motor unit firing and ...

https://www.slideshare.net/danesmith_1/neuromuscular-adaptations-to-training

Sox2-expressing cells reveal physiological adaptation by increased proliferation and cell death in Tph2−/− mice. Surprisingly, ... suggesting physiological adaptations to changes in serotonin supply to maintain homeostasis in the neurogenic niche. We ... revealed a potential physiological compensatory mechanism in the absence of serotonin. ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/19/8270

adaptation the process of becoming adapted to an environment; an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral change that improves ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-2758398

To date, behavioral responses and their role for thermal adaptation have been largely overlooked in small ectotherms. (datadryad.org)
The aim of this study was to assess the behavioural and physiological responses that facilitate survival in low-temperature environments. (biomedcentral.com)
Physiological adaptation to cities as a proxy to forecast global-scale responses to climate change. (bvsalud.org)
In this Review , we highlight how cities can be used to explore physiological trait responses to experimental warming, and also how cities can be used as human -made space-for- time substitutions. (bvsalud.org)
Understanding physiological responses to aviation and space flight and their medical implications. (kcl.ac.uk)
PDF] Agro-physiological and biochemical responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L. var. (semanticscholar.org)
The objective of this work is to study key morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L. var. (semanticscholar.org)
Adaptation of cortical responses was stronger and recovered more slowly. (wikipedia.org)
The mechanisms involved in the relationship between temperature and longevity also appear to be less direct than once thought with neuroendocrine processes possibly mediating complex physiological responses to temperature changes. (springer.com)
Our results collectively reveal the diversity of cellular pathways and physiological responses underlying the establishment of mutualistic interactions between these beneficial rhizobacteria and their plant hosts. (figshare.com)
Physiological responses of various therapeutic modalities and rehabilitation. (whitekoo.com)
Massage manipulations and their physiological responses. (whitekoo.com)
Behavioral adaptation - Adaptation that affect how an organism acts or responses made by the animal that helps it to survive and reproduce are called behavioral adaptations. (eyeandcontacts.com)
The general objective of this work was to understand the variability in relation to physiological responses of cattle through identification of genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in stress response and, checking the consequences of this genetic variation in meat quality traits. (fapesp.br)

However, the molecular and genetic basis of this adaptation is not well known, so this thesis aims to study the mechanisms promoting the response to environmental stresses of 2x and 4x citrus rootstocks. (magnusgroup.org)
The high-quality O. minor genome assembly provides a valuable resource for understanding octopus genome evolution and the molecular basis of adaptations to mudflats. (researchgate.net)
In summary, we report, to our knowledge, new molecular and physiological evidence for the presence of active stomatal control in ferns. (haifa.ac.il)
The functional, molecular, and physiological mechanisms of root systems and interactions with microbes and other roots are some of the new areas of interest. (cid-inc.com)

I just looked through the Spring newsletter for the Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology section of the American Physiological Society . (scienceblogs.com)
3. Key Concepts of Physiology Adaptations to Exercise Training Each person responds differently to each training program. (slideshare.net)
The learning trajectory Physiology and Adaptation aims to develop the student's skills and knowledge of plant and animal physiological processes and to relate these to the functioning of the entire organism. (ru.nl)
The table below shows which courses are part of the learning trajectory Physiology and Adaptation. (ru.nl)
Both are key components of the systems physiology toolbox, which allows study of the interactions between a condition (e.g., nutrition, physiological state) with tissue gene/protein expression and the associated changes in biological functions. (oregonstate.edu)
Application of integrative systems physiology in periparturient dairy cattle has already advanced knowledge of the simultaneous functional adaptations in liver, adipose, and mammary tissue. (oregonstate.edu)

Anatomic Variation , available until 2013 in the H category - Disciplines and Occupations, H01 subcategory - Anatomy (H01.158.100.045), in 2014 it was moved to the G category - Phenomena and Processes , subcategory, G07 subcategory - Physiological Phenomena. (bvsalud.org)

Having the strains in culture has allowed both physiological and genomic studies of the metabolic capabilities of Serpentinomonas strains (Suzuki. (tudelft.nl)
Methods Here, S. cerevisiae response to long-term rapamycin exposure was investigated by identifying the physiological, transcriptomic and metabolic differences observed for yeast populations inoculated into low-dose rapamycin-containing environment. (cam.ac.uk)
The nature of physiologic and metabolic adaptations in dairy cattle at any stage of the life cycle is multifaceted, involves multiple tissues, and is dynamic, e.g., the transition from late-pregnancy to lactation. (oregonstate.edu)

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a care plan based on Roy adaptation model biological dimension on stroke patients' physiologic adaptation level. (ijnmrjournal.net)

Ectotherms are particularly sensitive to low-temperature environments, which can result in a reduced activity period, slowed physiological processes and increased exposure to sub-zero temperatures. (biomedcentral.com)
We found parallel adaptation to global change conditions in genes related to stress response, gene expression regulation, actin regulation, developmental processes, and energy production. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
There are 3 types of adaptation processes in the animal world, which is behavioral, structural and physiological. (eyeandcontacts.com)

As temperatures climb, however, birds' physiological and behavioral adaptations may not be enough. (nwf.org)

The ability to adapt its morphology and behavioural repertoire to diverse environmental conditions makes the species a promising model to understand genomic adaptation and evolution in cephalopods. (researchgate.net)

Therefore, survival at high-altitude may be facilitated by physiological mechanisms that permit faster growth rates, allowing completion of larval development within a shorter time period, alleviating the need for adaptations that extend the time available for larval growth. (biomedcentral.com)
To understand and identify the mechanisms involved, we will develop an integrative approach including the study of physiological (photosynthetic capacity, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence), biochemical (oxidation markers, specific activity of enzymes involved in the management of oxidative stress), genetic (transcriptome analysis by RNA-seq) and epigenetic (methylome analysis by Bs-seq and Me-Dip-seq) mechanisms. (magnusgroup.org)
The two classes of neural adaptation may rely on very different physiological mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
Work of this standard is largely descriptive containing no or largely incorrect discussion of physiological mechanisms. (bangor.ac.uk)
Physiological mechanisms are identified and discussed. (bangor.ac.uk)

Assessment of indicator genes revealed that the acidic organic-rich soils possessed a greater abundance of cation efflux pumps, C and N direct fixation systems, and fermentation pathways, indicating adaptations to both acidity and anaerobiosis. (elsevier.com)

Our results suggest that adults at high-altitude do not show behavioural adaptations in terms of breeding at lower temperatures. (biomedcentral.com)
Christian Arias-Reyes (Doctoral student working with Dr. Jorge Soliz, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec, Universite Laval) presented his research on physiological adaptations that allow mice to thrive at high altitude, but prevent rats from living comfortably above 2500 meters. (lifelinesblog.com)

Drought is one of the major abiotic factors affecting growth and productivity of plants by imposing certain morphological, physiological and biochemical changes at different growth stages. (semanticscholar.org)
ABSTRACT: This study identified physiological and biochemical changes in 'Fuyu' persimmon buds during dormancy. (scielo.br)

Do the anatomical and physiological properties of a muscle determine its adaptive response to different loading protocols? (nih.gov)

Bridging the disciplines of anthropology and biology, it acknowledges that human beings are vertebrates, mammals, and primates, and that the anatomical systems of the human body reflect adaptations from each of these levels of classification. (oup.com)

After informed consent, physiological parameters were measured at 4-hour intervals. (who.int)
Objective: To verify if the use of ylang ylang essential oil by cutaneous application or inhalation alters the anxiety and self-esteem perception and physiological parameters as blood pressure and temperature. (bvsalud.org)

Here, using 20 generations of experimental evolution followed by three generations of reciprocal transplants, we investigated the relationship between adaptation and plasticity in the marine copepod, Acartia tonsa , in future global change conditions (high temperature and high CO 2 ). (digitalmarylandnews.com)
However, reciprocal transplantation showed that adaptation resulted in a loss of transcriptional plasticity, reduced fecundity, and reduced population growth when global change-adapted animals were returned to ambient conditions or reared in low food conditions. (digitalmarylandnews.com)

This physiological mechanism is triggered when a person is presented with a real or imagined threat to their well-being. (acb.org)
For the purpose of exploring the physiological mechanism from which visual symptoms arise, the critical fusion frequency of flicker (c.f.f.), the electric flicker threshold (in the electroretinogram) and the intensity threshold for light was studied in relation to visual symptoms. (erowid.org)
Pertinent physiological mechanism (s) will be clear and supported by good use of primary references. (bangor.ac.uk)
Physiological adaptation - This process is an internal body mechanism of an animal provoked by external stimuli that helps them to survive and reproduce. (eyeandcontacts.com)

For Michael Phelps or Grandma Phelps, the principles of biomechanics (form/ technique) in water and physiological (strength and fitness) conditioning are the same. (trainingpeaks.com)

John H. Langdon identifies the significance of those traits that make humans distinct from other vertebrates, exploring adaptations to the musculoskeletal, nervous, and reproductive systems and to systems of homeostasis. (oup.com)

[3] Varying rates or speed of adaptation is an important indicator for tracking different rates of change in the environment or the organism itself. (wikipedia.org)
Structural adaptation - In this process, an organism's environment shapes its appearance meaning an organism develops a body feature that helps it survive and thrive. (eyeandcontacts.com)

Bilateral electromyography (EMG) from m.AH was analysed during the intervention period for evidence of acute neuromuscular adaptation. (lsbu.ac.uk)

Introduction: Elevated ambient temperature and personal protective clothing (PPC) induce physiological strain which may be counteracted by heat acclimation. (cdc.gov)

Helmholtz theorized that perceptual adaptation might result from a process he referred to as unconscious inference , where the mind unconsciously adopts certain rules in order to make sense of what is perceived of the world. (wikipedia.org)
In the 1890s, psychologist George M. Stratton conducted experiments in which he tested the theory of perceptual adaptation. (wikipedia.org)

The physical adaptations that allow a cheetah to be such an effective predator are numerous and varied. (zooologist.com)
It is an adaptation designed to help us either confront or flee from a real physical danger. (acb.org)
Cardio respiratory adaptations to long and short term physical activities. (whitekoo.com)
In structural adaptation, animals and bird develop physical parts through evolution that allows them to find and consume food, defend themselves, and reproduce their species. (eyeandcontacts.com)
In other words, physiological adaptation helps the animals to maintain body equilibrium or homeostasis which is a state of steady internal, physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. (eyeandcontacts.com)
Along with his many scientific publications, he's also written more than a dozen highly praised books, mainly related to his research examining the behavioral, physiological, and ecological adaptations of plants and animals to their physical environments. (bookseriesinorder.com)
Effect of self-regulated physical activity and time restriction of food intake at different times of the day on biological, psycho-cognitive and physiological adaptations in overweight and obese women. (who.int)

The panel of experts reviewed the pertinent physiological, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence, including primary research articles and recent review articles. (cdc.gov)

These findings highlight the distinctive physiological adaptations required for bacteria to survive in soils of various nutrient availability and edaphic conditions and more generally indicate that bacterial functional versatility with respect to functional gene annotations may not be constrained by taxonomy. (elsevier.com)
Framing the answers in terms of physiological goals, functional adaptation, and evolutionary contingency, he covers both soft- and hard-tissue systems. (oup.com)

One of the most notable adaptations is its behavior . (zooologist.com)
His research for years was on comparative physiological ecology of insects, which led to the behavior of bumblebees, pollination, and ecology. (bookseriesinorder.com)

4. Neural Adaptations Increases in strength due to short term (eight to twenty weeks) training are the result of neural adaptations. (slideshare.net)
Neural adaptations can include improved synchronization of motor unit firing and improved ability to recruit motor units to enable a person to match the strength elicited by electrical stimulation. (slideshare.net)
Neural adaptation or sensory adaptation is a gradual decrease over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus . (wikipedia.org)
this is an example of neural adaptation. (wikipedia.org)
All sensory and neural systems have a form of adaptation to constantly detect changes in the environment. (wikipedia.org)
[2] Also, in neural adaptation there is a sense of returning to baseline from a stimulated response. (wikipedia.org)
[2] In short, neural adaptation is thought to happen at a more central level at the cortex . (wikipedia.org)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate fitness and health adaptations from a training program riding all-terrain vehicles (ATV) and off-road motorcycles (ORM) as the exercise stimulus. (americantrails.org)
The amount of physiological adaptation depends on the effectiveness of the exercise prescriptions used in the training program. (slideshare.net)
Adaptations to resistance training are specific to the type of exercise performed. (slideshare.net)
threshold -Basic understanding of acute and/or chronic physiological adaptations of the body to exercise. (bangor.ac.uk)
Muscular adaptations to exercise. (whitekoo.com)

Knowledge of physiological adaptations in pregnancy, labour and puerperium and how this relates to the foetal development and survival. (mak.ac.ug)
During pregnancy, physiological adaptations of the thyroid include increased thyroid volume (up to 30%) and a 40-100% increase in thyroid hormone production. (exxcellence.org)

Historically, resistance and endurance training have been viewed as training modalities at opposite ends of a continuum with divergent adaptations ( 17,41 ). (lww.com)

To globally assess the adaptation of the protein compn. (eltislab.com)

In contrast, chronic hypoxia induces a suite of adaptations and stresses that can result in either increased tolerance of hypoxia or disease, as in adaptation to altitude or in the syndrome of chronic mountain sickness. (nih.gov)

Subjective and objective measures of adaptation and readaptation to night work on an oil rig in the North Sea. (unimas.my)

It is highly probable that 4x rootstocks show a better tolerance to salt stress but the reasons for this better adaptation remains to be elucidated. (magnusgroup.org)

Equipped with adaptations for keeping cool, birds still can use some help from humans during the long, hot summer. (nwf.org)

Stressors of various kinds affect manual labourers including physiological as well as sociocultural factors (1,2). (who.int)
Based on the idea that it is possible to elicit and measure behavioral and physiological patterns in response to stressors in a short period of time, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), an experiment that consists of public speaking exposure and a mental arithmetic task, was developed. (bvsalud.org)

Comparative Physiological Adaptation. (scirp.org)

Environment and population : problems of adaptation, an experimental book integrating statements by 162 contributors / edited and integrated by John B. Calhoun. (who.int)

Furthermore, we demonstrate the involvement of another IEG in the adaptation process, Nur77, and conclude from in vitro experiments that the expression of both c-Fos and Nur77 are partially regulated by the adenylyl cyclase system and calcium ions. (ru.nl)

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is the main neuroendocrine system involved in the regulation and adaptation in stress response and the primary hormone secreted is cortisol. (fapesp.br)

Thus, the objective of this study is to determine differences in physiological and performance measures following 8 weeks of stable and unstable resistance training. (mun.ca)
Physiological gender differences and special problems of women athletes. (whitekoo.com)

From tanagers to buntings to hummingbirds, birds have evolved many physiological adaptations to keep cool. (nwf.org)

Physiological ecology, energetics of foraging. (auburn.edu)

When measuring physiological capacity at forced temperatures, we find an acclimation response to increasing temperatures. (datadryad.org)

To investigate arctic foxes physiological adaptations to life at high latitudes. (amap.no)

Conclusions: Heat acclimation adaptations may be blunted by CBRN PPC, thus requiring differing or extended HAT. (cdc.gov)

This study aimed to examine the physiological effects of prolonged fasting in thermal stress conditions mandated for religious reasons. (who.int)
In addition, whereas research on stress also involves physiological and biological markers measurements, the TSST is also an innovative tool for multidisciplinary research. (bvsalud.org)
This study aimed to examine the physiological hydration of workers during other times, the mandatory effects of prolonged fasting in thermal stress conditions withholding of fluids and food during daylights hours in mandated for religious reasons. (who.int)

Almost half of the differentially expressed genes mapped to the variable part of the strains' pangenome, reflecting the importance of the variable gene content in the adaptation of P. fluorescens to the rhizosphere lifestyle. (figshare.com)
Gene expression profiling of pituitary melanotrope cells during their physiological activation. (ru.nl)

Fast adaptation occurs immediately after a stimulus is presented i.e., within hundreds of milliseconds. (wikipedia.org)
[2] Brief stimulation produces adaptation which occurs and recovers while more prolonged stimulation can produce slower and more lasting forms of adaptation. (wikipedia.org)

These adaptations combine to make the cheetah one of nature's most impressive athletes . (zooologist.com)

[2] The time scale over which adaptation builds up and recovers depends on the time course of stimulation. (wikipedia.org)

Genetic adaptation, heritable genetic change that improves the mean fitness of a population in an environment 5 , enables resilience by shifting the mean phenotype of the population to tolerate different conditions. (digitalmarylandnews.com)

The cheetah's incredible speed is made possible by a number of structural adaptations , including a lightweight skeleton , long legs and large heart . (zooologist.com)

Physiological Computing, Challenges for Developers and Users. (physiologicalcomputing.org)

Our research is focused on fundamental questions regarding human physiological function and adaptation in health and disease. (kcl.ac.uk)
Method Following translation and cultural adaptation according to the ISPOR (International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research) methodology, the NCS-FR nursing competency instrument was tested with a sample of 168 nurses. (hes-so.ch)

Anatomy15

Organisms21

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs17

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment34

Psychiatry and Psychology44

Phenomena and Processes123

Disciplines and Occupations6

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena9

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science13

Health Care17

Geographicals3

On the neural correlates of visual perception. (1/12330)

Trans-synaptically induced bursts in regular spiking non-pyramidal cells in deep layers of the cat motor cortex. (2/12330)

Lysine deficiency alters diet selection without depressing food intake in rats. (3/12330)

Changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the rat brain after cerebral ischemia in a model of ischemic tolerance. (4/12330)

Fibrocartilage in tendons and ligaments--an adaptation to compressive load. (5/12330)

Small conductance potassium channels cause an activity-dependent spike frequency adaptation and make the transfer function of neurons logarithmic. (6/12330)

Chemotactic responses of Escherichia coli to small jumps of photoreleased L-aspartate. (7/12330)

Impact of vascular adaptation to chronic aortic regurgitation on left ventricular performance. (8/12330)

Adaptation, Physiological

Adaptation, Ocular

Adaptation, Biological

Dark Adaptation

Figural Aftereffect

Adaptation, Psychological

Acclimatization

Biological Evolution

Photic Stimulation

Afterimage

Dental Marginal Adaptation

Selection, Genetic

Time Factors

Evolution, Molecular

Phylogeny

Models, Biological

Light

Contrast Sensitivity

Stress, Physiological

Altitude

Molecular Sequence Data

Environment

Translations

Visual Perception

Psychomotor Performance

Motion Perception

Sensory Thresholds

Photoreceptor Cells

Perceptual Distortion

Cold Temperature

Species Specificity

Genetic Variation

Psychophysics

Models, Neurological

Vision, Ocular

Mutation

Climate Change

Genetic Fitness

Muscle, Skeletal

Movement

Ecosystem

Genome, Bacterial

Learning

Orientation

Bacterial Proteins

Saccades

Cultural Characteristics

Action Potentials

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Biomechanical Phenomena

Analysis of Variance

Pattern Recognition, Visual

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Phenotype

Computer Simulation

Short Bowel Syndrome

Temperature

Neurons

Rotation

Language

Reaction Time

Models, Genetic

Translating

Face

Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells

Color Perception

Physical Conditioning, Animal

Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular

Energy Metabolism

Feedback, Sensory

Oxygen

Retina

Lenses

Darkness

Tibet

Eyeglasses

Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells

Visual Cortex

Electroretinography

Genetics, Population