Adaptation ocular. Medical search

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its ENVIRONMENT. These changes include physiological (ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL), phenotypic and genetic changes.

A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.

The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.

Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.

Adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. The sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation.

The functional superiority and preferential use of one eye over the other. The term is usually applied to superiority in sighting (VISUAL PERCEPTION) or motor task but not difference in VISUAL ACUITY or dysfunction of one of the eyes. Ocular dominance can be modified by visual input and NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS.

Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.

Refraction of LIGHT effected by the media of the EYE.

Measurement of ocular tension (INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE) with a tonometer. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.

Tumors or cancer of the EYE.

Disorders that feature impairment of eye movements as a primary manifestation of disease. These conditions may be divided into infranuclear, nuclear, and supranuclear disorders. Diseases of the eye muscles or oculomotor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) are considered infranuclear. Nuclear disorders are caused by disease of the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nuclei in the BRAIN STEM. Supranuclear disorders are produced by dysfunction of higher order sensory and motor systems that control eye movements, including neural networks in the CEREBRAL CORTEX; BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM; and BRAIN STEM. Ocular torticollis refers to a head tilt that is caused by an ocular misalignment. Opsoclonus refers to rapid, conjugate oscillations of the eyes in multiple directions, which may occur as a parainfectious or paraneoplastic condition (e.g., OPSOCLONUS-MYOCLONUS SYNDROME). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p240)

The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.

The pressure of the fluids in the eye.

Tuberculous infection of the eye, primarily the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.

The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA.

The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.

Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.

Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.

Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.

Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.

Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

A perceptual phenomenon used by Gestalt psychologists to demonstrate that events in one part of the perceptual field may affect perception in another part.

Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).

A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.

Diseases of the cornea.

The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)

Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.

The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.

Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.

Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the RETINA. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.

The front third of the eyeball that includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the front of the VITREOUS BODY.

The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.

The dioptric adjustment of the EYE (to attain maximal sharpness of retinal imagery for an object of regard) referring to the ability, to the mechanism, or to the process. Ocular accommodation is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the CRYSTALLINE LENS. Loosely, it refers to ocular adjustments for VISION, OCULAR at various distances. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Application of pharmaceutically active agents on the tissues of the EYE.

The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)

Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.

Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.

Continuation of visual impression after cessation of stimuli causing the original image.

Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.

A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.

Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.

A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.

Stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the CORNEA. It is smooth and contains many free nerve endings.

The turning inward of the lines of sight toward each other.

Each of the upper and lower folds of SKIN which cover the EYE when closed.

Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.

A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.

The degree of approximation or fit of filling material or dental prosthetic to the tooth surface. A close marginal adaptation and seal at the interface is important for successful dental restorations.

The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.

Inflammation of the cornea.

Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.

Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.

The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.

Images seen by one eye.

Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.

Inflammation of the eyelids.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.

Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.

The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.

A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to PROPRANOLOL. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS and tremor.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.

Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)

Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).

The aperture in the iris through which light passes.

Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.

The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.

Analogs or derivatives of prostaglandins F that do not occur naturally in the body. They do not include the product of the chemical synthesis of hormonal PGF.

Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation.

The absence or restriction of the usual external sensory stimuli to which the individual responds.

An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.

The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Tumors or cancer of the CONJUNCTIVA.

A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.

The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.

A reflex wherein impulses are conveyed from the cupulas of the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS and from the OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE of the SACCULE AND UTRICLE via the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM and the median longitudinal fasciculus to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE nuclei. It functions to maintain a stable retinal image during head rotation by generating appropriate compensatory EYE MOVEMENTS.

Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)

The pigmented vascular coat of the eyeball, consisting of the CHOROID; CILIARY BODY; and IRIS, which are continuous with each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.

The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.

The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

A form of herpetic keratitis characterized by the formation of small vesicles which break down and coalesce to form recurring dendritic ulcers, characteristically irregular, linear, branching, and ending in knoblike extremities. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)

Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.

Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.

Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship.

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.

Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.

The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.

Congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small.

Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.

Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.

A vertical distance measured from a known level on the surface of a planet or other celestial body.

Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person.

An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.

Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures.

The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.

Substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to protect them from chemical change or microbial action. They include ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS and antioxidants.

Involuntary movements of the eye that are divided into two types, jerk and pendular. Jerk nystagmus has a slow phase in one direction followed by a corrective fast phase in the opposite direction, and is usually caused by central or peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Pendular nystagmus features oscillations that are of equal velocity in both directions and this condition is often associated with visual loss early in life. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p272)

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.

Products resulting from the conversion of one language to another.

Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

The surgical removal of the eyeball leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.

Lack of correspondence between the way a stimulus is commonly perceived and the way an individual perceives it under given conditions.

Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.

A chronic infection of the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA caused by CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.

Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.

Inflammation of the choroid.

Lenses designed to be worn on the front surface of the eyeball. (UMDNS, 1999)

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.

The use of statistical and mathematical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity.

The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).

Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina.

Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.

A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

An annular transitional zone, approximately 1 mm wide, between the cornea and the bulbar conjunctiva and sclera. It is highly vascular and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea. It is ophthalmologically significant in that it appears on the outer surface of the eyeball as a slight furrow, marking the line between the clear cornea and the sclera. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). It may result from natural factors such as changes in the sun's intensity, natural processes within the climate system such as changes in ocean circulation, or human activities.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

The capability of an organism to survive and reproduce. The phenotypic expression of the genotype in a particular environment determines how genetically fit an organism will be.

The distance between the anterior and posterior poles of the eye, measured either by ULTRASONOGRAPHY or by partial coherence interferometry.

A ready-made or custom-made prosthesis of glass or plastic shaped and colored to resemble the anterior portion of a normal eye and used for cosmetic reasons. It is attached to the anterior portion of an orbital implant (ORBITAL IMPLANTS) which is placed in the socket of an enucleated or eviscerated eye. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

The absence of light.

Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA; the CILIARY BODY; and the IRIS in the eye.

Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.

The condition of where images are correctly brought to a focus on the retina.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.

Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.

The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

Personal devices for protection of the eyes from impact, flying objects, glare, liquids, or injurious radiation.

Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

A mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium compounds. It is a bactericidal quaternary ammonium detergent used topically in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, as a surgical antiseptic, and as a as preservative and emulsifier in drugs and cosmetics.

A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.

A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.

Measurement of light given off by fluorescein in order to assess the integrity of various ocular barriers. The method is used to investigate the blood-aqueous barrier, blood-retinal barrier, aqueous flow measurements, corneal endothelial permeability, and tear flow dynamics.

Those aspects or characteristics which identify a culture.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans.

Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The illumination of an environment and the arrangement of lights to achieve an effect or optimal visibility. Its application is in domestic or in public settings and in medical and non-medical environments.

Why and how is soft copy reading possible in clinical practice? (1/1010)

The properties of the human visual system (HVS) relevant to the diagnostic process are described after a brief introduction on the general problems and advantages of using soft copy for primary radiology interpretations. At various spatial and temporal frequencies the contrast sensitivity defines the spatial resolution of the eye-brain system and the sensitivity to flicker. The adaptation to the displayed radiological scene and the ambient illumination determine the dynamic range for the operation of the HVS. Although image display devices are determined mainly by state-of-the-art technology, analysis of the HVS may suggest technical characteristics for electronic displays that will help to optimize the display to the operation of the HVS. These include display size, spatial resolution, contrast resolution, luminance range, and noise, from which further consequences for the technical components of a monitor follow. It is emphasized that routine monitor quality control must be available in clinical practice. These image quality measures must be simple enough to be applied as part of the daily routine. These test instructions might also serve as elements of technical acceptance and constancy tests. (+info)

Orientation-tuned spatial filters for texture-defined form. (2/1010)

Detection threshold for an orientation-texture-defined (OTD) test grating was elevated after adapting to an OTD grating of high orientation contrast. Threshold elevation was greatest for a test grating parallel to the adapting grating, and fell to zero for a test grating perpendicular to the adapting grating. We conclude that the human visual system contains an orientation-tuned neural mechanism sensitive to OTD form, and propose a model for this mechanism. We further propose that orientation discrimination for OTD bars and gratings is determined by the relative activity of these filters for OTD form. (+info)

Local velocity representation: evidence from motion adaptation. (3/1010)

Adaptation to a moving visual pattern induces shifts in the perceived motion of subsequently viewed moving patterns. Explanations of such effects are typically based on adaptation-induced sensitivity changes in spatio-temporal frequency tuned mechanisms (STFMs). An alternative hypothesis is that adaptation occurs in mechanisms that independently encode direction and speed (DSMs). Yet a third possibility is that adaptation occurs in mechanisms that encode 2D pattern velocity (VMs). We performed a series of psychophysical experiments to examine predictions made by each of the three hypotheses. The results indicate that: (1) adaptation-induced shifts are relatively independent of spatial pattern of both adapting and test stimuli; (2) the shift in perceived direction of motion of a plaid stimulus after adaptation to a grating indicates a shift in the motion of the plaid pattern, and not a shift in the motion of the plaid components; and (3) the 2D pattern of shift in perceived velocity radiates away from the adaptation velocity, and is inseparable in speed and direction of motion. Taken together, these results are most consistent with the VM adaptation hypothesis. (+info)

The effect of spatial frequency adaptation on the latency of spatial contrast detection. (4/1010)

The effect of spatial frequency adaptation on detection response time was studied using 2-D Gabor functions as stimuli. On the basis of pilot studies, it was expected that reaction time to a given spatial frequency at a low contrast would increase following adaptation to that spatial frequency at a high contrast. Subjects were tested using 2-D Gabor functions that ranged in frequency from 25 to 24 cpd. Subjects' reaction times to the Gabor functions were measured prior to adaptation and after adaptation to a particular spatial frequency. The adapting spatial frequency was either 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, or 16 cpd. The test stimuli were 0.3, 0.5, or 0.7 log units above the unadapted threshold contrast. The subjects adapted to the high contrast test grating for 3 min (80% contrast) and reaction times were again measured in an adapt-test-readapt paradigm. The results showed the greatest increase in reaction time after adaptation when adapting and test spatial frequencies within an octave of the adapting spatial frequency also showed an increase in reaction time but to a lesser extent. Reaction times to gratings with spatial frequencies more distant from the adapting spatial frequency were not significantly affected by the adaptation. The results obtained resemble the tuning curves found for threshold data. Reaction times for stimuli at 0.5 and 0.7 log units above the unadapted threshold were affected less by adaptation than those at 0.3 log units above the unadapted threshold. These results were evaluated in terms of a shifting contrast gain mechanism which may account for both the spatial frequency specific effects of adaptation and the differences found for the different contrast test levels. (+info)

S-cone signals to temporal OFF-channels: asymmetrical connections to postreceptoral chromatic mechanisms. (5/1010)

Psychophysical tests of S-cone contributions to temporal ON- and OFF-channels were conducted. Detection thresholds for S-cone modulation were measured with two kinds of test stimuli presented on a CRT: a rapid-on sawtooth test and a rapid-off sawtooth test, assumed to be detected differentially by temporal ON- and OFF-channels, respectively. S-cone related ON- and OFF-temporal responses were separated by adapting for 5 min to 1 Hz monochromatic (420, 440, 450, 540, or 650 nm in separate sessions) sawtooth flicker presented in Maxwellian view. Circular test stimuli, with a sawtooth temporal profile and a Gaussian spatial taper, were presented for 1 s in one of four quadrants 1.0 degree from a central fixation point. A four-alternative forced-choice method combined with a double-staircase procedure was used to determine ON- and OFF-thresholds in the same session. Following adaptation, the threshold elevation was greater if the polarity of the test stimulus was the same as the polarity of the sawtooth adaptation flicker, consistent with separate ON- and OFF-responses from S-cones. This asymmetrical pattern was obtained, however, only when the adaptation stimuli appeared blue with a little redness. When the adaptation flicker had a clear reddish hue component, the threshold elevation did not depend on the polarity of the sawtooth test stimuli. These results are consistent with a model in which OFF-signals originating from S cones are maintained by a postreceptoral mechanism signaling redness, but not by a postreceptoral chromatic mechanism signaling blueness. (+info)

Dopamine mediates circadian rhythms of rod-cone dominance in the Japanese quail retina. (6/1010)

A circadian clock modulates the functional organization of the Japanese quail retina. Under conditions of constant darkness, rods dominate electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave responses at night, and cones dominate them during the day, yielding a circadian rhythm in retinal sensitivity and rod-cone dominance. The activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, also exhibits a circadian rhythm in the retina with approximately threefold higher levels during the day than at night. The rhythm of tyrosine hydroxylase activity is opposite in phase to the circadian activity of tryptophan hydroxylase, the first enzyme in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway. We tested whether dopamine may be related to the physiological rhythms of the retina by examining the actions of pharmacological agents that effect dopamine receptors. We found that blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the retina during the day mimics the nighttime state by increasing the amplitude of the b-wave and shifting the retina to rod dominance. Conversely, activating D2 receptors at night mimics the daytime state by decreasing the amplitude of the b-wave and shifting the retina to cone dominance. A selective antagonist for D1 dopamine receptors has no effect on retinal sensitivity or rod-cone dominance. Reducing retinal dopamine partially abolishes rhythms in sensitivity and yields a rod-dominated retina regardless of the time of day. These results suggest that dopamine, under the control of a circadian oscillator, has a key role in modulating sensitivity and rod-cone dominance in the Japanese quail retina. (+info)

Analysis of red/green color discrimination in subjects with a single X-linked photopigment gene. (7/1010)

Many subjects despite having only a single X-linked pigment gene (single-L/M-gene subjects) are able to make chromatic discriminations by Rayleigh matching, especially when large fields are used. We used a combination of psychophysics (Rayleigh match), electroretinograms (ERG), and molecular genetic techniques to rule out several possible explanations of this phenomenon. Use of rods for chromatic discrimination was unlikely since strong adapting fields were employed and the large-field match results were not consistent with rod participation. A putative mid- to long-wavelength photopigment that escapes detection by current molecular genetic analysis was ruled out by finding only a single L/M photopigment in flicker ERGs from 16 single-L/M-gene subjects. Large-field match results were not consistent with participation of S cones. Amino acid sequence polymorphisms in the S-pigment gene that might have shifted the S cone spectrum towards longer wavelengths were not found on sequencing. The mechanism of chromatic discrimination in the presence of a single photopigment therefore remains unknown. Further possible explanations such as variations in cone pigment density and retinal inhomogeneities are discussed. (+info)

Time course of motion adaptation: motion-onset visual evoked potentials and subjective estimates. (8/1010)

The aim of this study was to quantitatively describe the dynamics of adaptation to visual motion with electrophysiological and psychophysical methods in man. We recorded visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to motion onset of random dot patterns from occipital and occipito-temporal electrodes during a succession of adaptation-recovery sequences. In these sequences the test stimulus was used to set the adaptation level: seven trials with 70% motion duty cycle (adaptation) followed by seven trials of 7% motion duty cycle (recovery). In a similar paradigm we determined the length of the perceptual motion after-effect to obtain a psychophysical measure of the time course of motion adaptation. Our results show a highly significant reduction of the N2 amplitude in the maximally compared to the minimally adapted condition (P < 0.001). Electrophysiological and psychophysical results both indicate that adaptation to visual motion is faster than recovery: The data were fit with an exponential model yielding adaptation and recovery time constants, respectively, of 2.5 and 10.2 s for the N2 amplitude (occipito temporal derivation) and of 7.7 and 16.7 s for the perceptual motion after-effect. Implications for the design of motion stimuli are discussed, e.g. a motion stimulus moving 10% of the time may lead to about 30% motion adaptation. (+info)

"Snake eyes: New insights into visual adaptations". ScienceDaily. 16 August 2016. Simões, Bruno F.; et al. (October 2016). " ... "Visual Pigments, Ocular Filters and the Evolution of Snake Vision". Molecular Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake

However, due to better adaptation, comfort, and aesthetics, custom-made ocular prostheses are more accepted. In addition to ... and then fitting the ocular prostheses. Prefabricated ocular prostheses with different colored iris are also available. An ... An ocularist specializes in the fabrication and fitting of ocular prostheses for people who have lost an eye or eyes due to ... and delivery of ocular prosthetics. The American Society of Ocularists teaches the fitting, fabrication, insertion, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocularist

"Subterranean mammals show convergent regression in ocular genes and enhancers, along with adaptation to tunneling". eLife. 6. ... The fusiform bodyshape (a tube tapered at both ends) adopted by many aquatic animals is an adaptation to enable them to travel ... Dobler, S., Dalla, S., Wagschal, V., & Agrawal, A. A. (2012). Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic ... The prior existence of suitable structures has been called pre-adaptation or exaptation. Kirk, John Thomas Osmond (2007). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution

Melatonin has been shown to accelerate the adaptation of the circadian system to a nighttime work schedule. Melatonin may ... Bright light treatment is not recommended for patients with light sensitivity or ocular disease. Melatonin is a hormone ... Circadian misalignment occurs when there is no complete adaptation to a night shift schedule. The hormones cortisol and ... or blue-blocking goggles during the morning commute home from work can improve circadian adaptation. For workers who want to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_work_sleep_disorder

Khotinskiy, D.A. (2017). "Vestibulo-ocular stage of human adaptation to inversion or reversion of the field of view as method ... Upside down goggles can be used to demonstrate human adaptation to inverted vision, and as a method of preventing motion ... Hubert Dolezal recommended using upside down goggles for "nausea adaptation" for space travel. They can also be used to train ... ISBN 978-1-932846-02-7. Logvinenko, A.D. (1974). "Adaptation to inverting vision". Questions of Psychology. 12: 101. Stratton, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upside_down_goggles

... an adaptation (also termed gain adaptation) widely seen as a simple form of motor learning, possibly driven by an effort to ... like ocular tremor, ocular drift, and smooth pursuit). Velocity-based algorithms are a common approach for saccade detection in ... This effect was first observed in humans with ocular muscle palsy. In these cases, it was noticed that the patients would make ... On the other hand, opsoclonus or ocular flutter are composed purely of fast-phase saccadic eye movements. Without the use of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade

Supra-ocular yellowish stripes are visible on females but not males due to lack of spiculae obscuring them. Tadpole morphology ... Reasoning for this can be explained by B. occidentalis adaptation to arid environments of Madagascar. Larger size at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boophis_occidentalis

Adaptation (eye) Ohba N, Ohba A (December 2006). "Nyctalopia and hemeralopia: the current usage trend in the literature". Br J ... Hemeralopia is known to occur in several ocular conditions. Cone dystrophy and achromatopsia, affecting the cones in the retina ... It can be described as insufficient adaptation to bright light. It is also called "heliophobia" and "day blindness". In ... Rarely, it may have ocular complications such as hemeralopia, pigmentary chorioretinitis, optic atrophy or retinal/iris ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemeralopia

This is what is referred to as VOR adaptation. Ethanol consumption can disrupt the VOR, reducing dynamic visual acuity. This ... The vestibulo-ocular reflex is one of the fastest reflexes in the human body. When a person tracks the movement of something ... The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a reflex acting to stabilize gaze during head movement, with eye movement due to ... The vestibulo-ocular reflex is driven by signals arising from the vestibular system of the inner ear. The semicircular canals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibulo–ocular_reflex

Ocular autohemorrhaging has also been documented in other lizards, which suggests blood-squirting could have evolved from a ... so the species incapable of squirting blood apparently have lost the adaptation for reasons yet unstudied. To avoid being ... While previous thought held that compounds were added to the blood from glands in the ocular sinus cavity, current research has ... Sherbrooke, W. C. (2000). "Sceloporus jarrovii (Yarrow's spiny lizard) Ocular Sinus Bleeding". Herpetological Review. 31: 243. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_lizard

... ocular anesthesia, laser injuries, geographical ophthalmology, and ocular injuries caused by terrorist blasts. Includes color ... Includes researched information and illustrations on human adaptation to these harsh environments and the physical, cognitive, ... Ophthalmic Care of the Combat Casualty (2003) - Offers a comprehensive reference for treatment of ocular injuries; contains ... photos, more than 600 detailed illustrations, and a step-by-step guide for treatment of ocular injuries, including ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook_of_Military_Medicine

"Prospective Observational Study of Ocular Health in ISS Crews". nasa.gov.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Garcia, ... "Culture, Values, and Environmental Adaptation in Space". nasa.gov.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Garcia, Mark (8 ... "Myotendinous and Neuromuscular Adaptation to Long-term Spaceflight". nasa.gov.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Garcia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_53

Dai M, Cohen B, Smouha E, Cho C (2014). "Readaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex relieves the mal de debarquement syndrome ... Space adaptation syndrome (Space flight "zero-g" and return) RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Mal de débarquement ... The protocol involved a physical manipulation of the patient intended to readapt the vestibulo-ocular reflex. While the program ... At least one clinical trial on readaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex undertaken by Dr Mingjia Dai from Mount Sinai ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_de_debarquement

Spastic ataxia-corneal dystrophy syndrome Spider lamb syndrome Splenic flexure syndrome Split hand syndrome Spondylo-ocular ... scapula syndrome Sneddon's syndrome Solipsism syndrome somatostatinoma syndrome Sopite syndrome Sotos syndrome Space adaptation ... Noonan syndrome Norman-Roberts syndrome Northern epilepsy syndrome Nutcracker syndrome Occipital horn syndrome Ocular ischemic ... Potter sequence Prader-Willi syndrome Pre-excitation syndrome Precordial catch syndrome Premenstrual syndrome Presumed ocular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_syndromes

... ocular MeSH G11.697.716.154 - adaptation, ocular MeSH G11.697.716.154.371 - dark adaptation MeSH G11.697.716.182 - blinking ... MeSH G11.697.716.260 - eye movements MeSH G11.697.716.260.217 - convergence, ocular MeSH G11.697.716.260.253 - fixation, ocular ... ocular MeSH G11.697.677.330 - evoked potentials, visual MeSH G11.697.677.340 - eye color MeSH G11.697.677.360 - figural ... ocular MeSH G11.697.677.911 - vision MeSH G11.697.677.911.500 - phosphenes MeSH G11.697.677.911.700 - vision, binocular MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(G11)

... visual adaptation, motion perception, and ocular function and accommodation (eye). The first version of the LEA test was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_test

... and highly reduced ocular orbits, which are all thought to be adaptations to its dark subterranean habitat and stygobitic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancistrus_galani

... including delayed ocular adaptation to darkness and impaired color vision, a disulfiram-like alcohol intolerance (19%), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilutamide

Ocular motility study (95.16) P32 and other tracer studies of eye (95.2) Objective functional tests of eye (95.21) ... Dark adaptation study (95.09) Eye examination, not otherwise specified (95.1) Examinations of form and structure of eye (95.11 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3

Adaptation,+Ocular at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Light and Dark Adaptation by Michael ... Insufficiency of adaptation most commonly presents as insufficient adaptation to dark environment, called night blindness or ... However, an RI higher than 6.5 indicates impaired dark adaptation. Numerous clinical studies have shown that dark adaptation ... In visual physiology, adaptation is the ability of the retina of the eye to adjust to various levels of light. Natural night ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_(eye)

2010). Prism exposure promotes the resetting of the ocular-motor system in the brain and results in improved higher order ... Prism adaptation is a sensory-motor adaptation that occurs after the visual field has been artificially shifted laterally or ... prism adaptation has been suggested to improve spatial deficits in patients with unilateral neglect. During prism adaptation, ... was included to compare with the prism adaptation treatment. It was found that only prism adaptation yields significant long- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_adaptation

The main medical use emerging in this field is for research on eye development and ocular diseases. New research studies on ... "Cephalopod sense organs, nerves and the brain: Adaptations for high performance and life style." Marine and Freshwater Behavior ... meaning there would be similar expression of ocular disease in both organisms' eyes. An advantage of cephalopod eye ... ocular gene expression are being performed using cephalopod eyes due to the evidence of their convergent evolution with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod_eye

These fish are blind; no ocular tissue is found in their eye sockets except for a little black spot in each of the eyes. An ... Neuromasts (sensory papillae or pit organs) are interesting adaptations that this species of fish have developed to deal with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossogobius_ankaranensis

He was credited as "Twin One". In 1985, Meyer appeared as Lysander in another Celestrino Coronado adaptation, in a television ... Buhler, Stephen M. (2012). Shakespeare in the Cinema: Ocular Proof. State University of New York Press. p. 147. ISBN ... ISBN 9781502623393.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Hopkins, Lisa (2008). Screen Adaptations:The Tempest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Meyer

Buhler, Stephen M. (2002). Shakespeare in the Cinema: Ocular Proof. Cultural Studies in Cinema/Video. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN ... Screen Adaptations. A&C Black. ISBN 9781408144015. "Thailand bans Macbeth film Shakespeare Must Die". The Guardian. 4 April ... Som & Fúria (TV, Brazil, 2009): A Brazilian adaptation of Slings and Arrows. The "Themes of Shakespeare" series contains ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_William_Shakespeare_screen_adaptations

The raptor's adaptations for optimum visual resolution (an American kestrel can see a 2-mm insect from the top of an 18-m tree ... Hart, NS; Partridge, J.C.; Bennett, A.T.D.; Cuthill, Innes C. (2000). "Visual pigments, cone oil droplets and ocular media in ... Adaptations to night vision include the large size of the eye, its tubular shape, large numbers of closely packed retinal rods ... The cost of this adaptation is that they have myopia in the lower part of their visual field. Birds with relatively large eyes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_vision

Ocular drift of one type was first found to be caused by an instability of the ocular motor system.[citation needed] However, ... This method is used in research settings; more practical adaptations of this technology have been developed for use in clinical ... First, ocular drifts can be caused by the uncontrollable random movements driven by neuronal or muscular noise. Second, ocular ... Ocular drifts occur incessantly during intersaccadic fixation. Although the frequency of ocular drifts is usually lower than ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_(visual)

1999). "Mutations in the gene encoding 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase cause delayed dark adaptation and fundus albipunctatus". ... with steroids and retinoids and expression of its mRNA in extra-ocular human tissue". Biochem. J. 338 (Pt 1): 23-7. doi:10.1042 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDH5

Therefore, postnatal maturation of the retinal structures has led to strong light adaptations for infants. Vision problems in ... Part 6: Growth curves of ocular axial length and its components (author's transl)". Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 83 (9): 1679- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_visual_development

The vestibulo-ocular reflex retains continuous visual focus during motion which is also the vestibular systems job during ... VRT works by causing the brain to use already existing neural mechanisms for adaptation, neuroplasticity, and compensation. ... aimed at assisting the eye to fixate during head rotation without the input from the lost canal vestibulo-ocular reflex). An ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinthitis

... ocular, no(c)turno, tremular, and so on, were not included in the examples above, since they were adapted directly from ... a Celtic phonological adaptation to Latin. Portuguese, as Catalan, uses vowel height, contrasting stressed and unstressed ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Portuguese_and_Spanish

Alcalá developed laboratory methods to study the histology of ocular tissue, which ultimately helped to explain the development ... He currently serves on the Editorial Boards of Conservation Ecology, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_scientists_and_inventors

"The London climate change adaptation strategy - Draft report" (PDF). Greater London Authority. August 2008. Archived from the ... ocular movements, or speech, impaired movement, impaired motor planning, or shaking. In North America, facial palsy is the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

Efference copies are important in enabling motor adaptation such as to enhance gaze stability. They have a role in the ... efference copy has an important role in maintaining gaze stability with active head movement by augmenting the vestibulo-ocular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efference_copy

Burstedt MS, Forsman-Semb K, Golovleva I, Janunger T, Wachtmeister L, Sandgren O (February 2001). "Ocular phenotype of bothnia ... These all have similar qualities such as, photoreceptor deterioration and slower dark adaptation, ultimately leading to visual ... knockout mice results in delayed dark adaptation". Neuron. 29 (3): 739-48. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00248-3. PMID 11301032. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinaldehyde-binding_protein_1

Graham, J.B. (1997). Air-breathing fishes: evolution, diversity, and adaptation. Academic Press. Eastman, J.T. (2006). "Aspects ... an ocular vascular structure) and others, are mentioned by Eastman. Pinguipedid fishes (Sandperches) are widely found in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_cod

The lacrimal bone was broad and formed part of the orbital rim, with the section involved in the ocular window exceeding that ... This particular tooth structure is often associated with a greater adaptation to grassy foods. The posterior teeth have a round ... Compared to these giant forms, however, it lacks some special adaptations, largely due to its lighter body weight. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simomylodon

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movement. It ... Horn ER (May 2004). ""Critical periods" in vestibular development or adaptation of gravity sensory systems to altered ... This model was important because it was able to describe a strong critical period for the proper development of normal ocular ... For example, on the one hand, in kittens, a shift in ocular dominance resulting from monocular deprivation during the critical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_period

Cajochen, C; Khalsa, SB; Wyatt, JK; Czeisler, CA; Dijk, DJ (September 1999). "EEG and ocular correlates of circadian melatonin ... Mills, JN; Minors, DS; Waterhouse, JM (December 1978). "Adaptation to abrupt time shifts of the oscillator(s) controlling human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_routine_protocol

A video game adaptation of the film was also announced by Spectrum HoloByte, and would have taken the form of a real-time ... Moore finally agreed, giving the character ocular implants that were never explained in the film, beyond showing they were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_First_Contact

Initial dark adaptation takes place in approximately four seconds of profound, uninterrupted darkness; full adaptation through ... Certain ocular diseases can come from sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes and genital warts. If contact between the ... The distance between the VDU and keyboard should be kept as short as possible to minimize evaporation from the ocular surface ... Rolando, M; Zierhut, M (March 2001). "The ocular surface and tear film and their dysfunction in dry eye disease". Survey of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye

... ocular dominance plasticity in mouse visual cortex". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. Sensory systems. 16 (4): 451-459. doi: ... showed that sensory experiences made early in life leave a synaptic trace in the neocortex that allows for faster adaptation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Hofer

Digital media overuse tangentially linked to ocular problems, especially in young age. It has been estimated that 49.8% (4.8 ... this adaptation of communicating is not caused only by the phone itself. In her book, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problematic_smartphone_use

... commonly have one eye replaced with a sophisticated ocular implant. Borg usually have one arm replaced with a prosthesis, ... rapid adaptation to weaponry, and a hive mind consciousness, as all the subjects begin following the whim of the daughter. As ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg

The term ocular chamber, or oculus, refers to the epiplasm (the portion of cytoplasm not used in ascospore formation) that is ... These findings suggest that mating followed by meiosis is an adaptation for repairing DNA damage in the parental haploid cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascus

Adaptation for a defense against microbial pathogens and recruitment of body transferrin" (PDF). Journal of Proteome Research. ... in his single preserved specimen-excepting the variation in ocular plates-and assigned the name Naja australis. On obtaining a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_brown_snake

He used an ocular prosthesis in the film. The Wall Street Journal's Joe Morgenstern found his portrayal "scarily hilarious-or ... Bale played Patrick Bateman, an investment banker and serial killer, in American Psycho, a film adaptation of Bret Easton Ellis ... Spencer, Ashley (12 September 2019). "'Little Women': An Oral History of the 1994 Adaptation". The New York Times. Archived ... a television film adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's book of the same name. Bale starred in the 1992 Disney musical film ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bale

To initially relieve double vision (diplopia) caused by an extra-ocular muscle palsy, an eye care professional may recommend ... Luria, S. M.; D. A. Kobus (26 April 1985). "IMMEDIATE VISIBILITY AFTER RED AND WHITE ADAPTATION" (PDF). Naval Submarine ... it will keep the covered eye in a state of readiness and adaptation for night vision". This technique was explored during WWII ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyepatch

No-chamber - Construct that hides anything inside from prescient and ocular vision, as well as other methods of detection. No- ... In David Lynch's 1984 adaptation of Dune, a cosmetically altered Chapman Stick was used to portray the instrument. In the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Dune_(franchise)_terminology

The most common cause of acute diplopia are ocular motor nerve palsies (OMP). The brain calculates the visual direction of an ... While this ability to suppress might seem an entirely positive adaptation to strabismus, in the developing child, this can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplopia

They are: Ocular sutures - are sutures surrounding the edges of the compound eye. Trilobites with these sutures lose the entire ... Many examples of hairs on the legs suggest adaptations for feeding (as for the gnathobases) or sensory organs to help with ... where some groups perished and surviving groups diversified to fill ecological niches with comparable or unique adaptations. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movement by ... a task usually referred to as learning or adaptation) and to different areas in the cortex. The projections to the cortex are ... Signals sent to these nerves cause the vestibulo-ocular reflex. They allow for the eyes to fix on a moving object while staying ... these provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is required for clear vision. Signals are also sent to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_system

These patches are also called ocular fields or ocellaria. Many species of millipedes, including the entire orders Polydesmida, ... Deserticolous millipedes, species evolved to live in the desert, like Orthoporus ornatus, may show adaptations like a waxy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millipede

Bawa S.R.; YashRoy R.C. (1972). "Effect of dark and light adaptation on the retina and pecten of chicken". Experimental Eye ... 2008). "Treatment of Leber Congenital Amaurosis Due to RPE65Mutations by Ocular Subretinal Injection of Adeno-Associated Virus ... Vision is an important adaptation in higher vertebrates. A third view of the "inverted" vertebrate eye is that it combines two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina

... or loss of control of ocular misalignments. Motor anomalies can be managed in various ways, however, in order to commence ... could contaminate the results of the divergence amplitude since convergence movements induce significant vergence adaptation. ... convergence by asking patient to report when blur is appreciated progress of a patient undergoing management for ocular ... Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders [John Wiley & Sons]. Retrieved from http://reader.eblib.com.au.ez.library ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_fusion_range

The adaptation of mosquitoes to the changing climate of North Africa around 5,000 years ago made them seek out environments ... Mahendradas P, Ranganna SK, Shetty R, Balu R, Narayana KM, Babu RB, Shetty BK (February 2008). "Ocular manifestations ... Ng LC, Hapuarachchi HC (October 2010). "Tracing the path of Chikungunya virus--evolution and adaptation". Infection, Genetics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya

Lohse, Joachim; Zangl, Stéphanie; Groß, Rita; Gensch, Carl-Otto; Deubzer, Otmar (September 2007). "Adaptation to Scientific and ... Antiseptic prophylaxis and therapy in ocular infections: principles, clinical practice, and infection control. Developments in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth

Spiroplasmas: evolution, adaptation and diversity. Front Biosci. 2002;7:d619-40.PubMedGoogle Scholar ... His primary research interests include pediatric and adult ocular tumors, radiation therapy, ocular inflammation and infection ... Touitou V, Fenollar F, Cassoux N, Merle-Beral H, LeHoang P, Amoura Z, et al. Ocular Whipples disease: therapeutic strategy and ... Ocular lesions induced in C57 mice by the suckling mouse cataract agent (SMCA). Invest Ophthalmol. 1966;5:413-20.PubMedGoogle ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/2/19-1097_article

Adaptation, Ocular / physiology* * Asthenopia / therapy* * Convergence, Ocular / physiology* * Humans * Optics and Photonics* ... The effect of orthoptic treatment upon the vergence adaptation mechanism Optom Vis Sci. 1992 Apr;69(4):294-9. doi: 10.1097/ ... Further studies have shown that subjects with symptomatic abnormal binocular vision have an abnormal adaptation mechanism. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1565430/

Adaptation Vestibulo Ocular Reflex Subjective Tilt And Motion Sickness Head Movements During Short 1. Adaptation of the ... Adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, subjective tilt, and motion sickness to head movements during short-radius ... vestibulo-ocular reflex, subjective tilt, and motion sickness to head movements during short-radius centrifugation. Title. ...

https://hsl.mit.edu/adaptation-vestibulo-ocular-reflex-subjective-tilt-and-motion-sickness-head-movements-during-short-1

Extreme vestibulo‐ocular adaptation induced by prolonged optical reversal of vision. *A. Gonshor, G. Jones ... Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular. Known as: Vestibuloocular Reflex, Reflexes, Vestibo Ocular, Reflex, Vestibuloocular Expand. ... The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is an elementary reflex, which attracted the attention of a number of classical… Expand. ... The vestibulo-ocular reflex functions to prevent head movements from disturbing retinal images by generating compensatory eye… ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Reflex%2C-Vestibulo-Ocular/1402

"Adaptation of the Cervico-ocular and Angular Vestibulo-ocular Reflexes (COR and aVOR) by Visual-cervical Mismatch in Rhesus and ... "Gravity Dependent Adaptation of the Angular Vestibule-ocular Reflex in Three Dimensions." Society for Neuroscience Abstracts ... "Adaptation of the Mouse Angular Vestibule-ocular Reflex (aVOR) Depends on Head Orientation in Gravity." Society for ... "Adaptation of the Angualar Vestibulo-ocular Reflex (aVOR) to Head Movements in Rotating Frames of Reference." Experimental ...

https://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/web/academics/faculty/faculty_profile.jsp?faculty=114

2016) Visual pigments, ocular filters and the evolution of snake vision. Mol Biol Evol., DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw148 Journal ... Snake eyes: New insights into visual adaptations. by Oxford University Press Snakes have adapted their vision to hunt their ... Lizard tail adaptations may reflect predators color vision capabilities. Jun 22, 2016 ... However, it also discovered that snake visual pigment genes have undergone a great amount of adaptation, including many changes ...

https://phys.org/news/2016-08-snake-eyes-insights-visual.html

We therefore consider an adaptation of the Lytro op- tical system. We demonstrate that using the Lytro directly as an oc- ular ... We therefore consider an adaptation of the Lytro op- tical system. We demonstrate that using the Lytro directly as an oc- ular ...

https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01240229

Slowed dark adaptation is one of the hallmark findings in patients who have macular degeneration. ... It is visivite balance ocular support safe for smoking people?. VisiVite Balanced Ocular Support does not contain high dose ... I only take VisiVite Balanced Ocular Support eye vitamins. I feel they are the best. Had a great eye exam, no new glasses. In ... VisiVite Balanced Ocular Support is also extremely beneficial to take for general eye health, particularly for people who do ...

https://www.visivite.com/collections/visivite-lutein-vitamins-for-eye-health/products/visivite-balanced-ocularsupport

Impact of aging on long-term ocular reflex adaptation. Gutierrez-Castellanos, N., Winkelman, B. H. J., Tolosa-Rodriguez, L., De ... Glissades Are Altered by Lesions to the Oculomotor Vermis but Not by Saccadic Adaptation. ...

https://neuro.nl/publications/?orderby=az&page=11

Ocular neuropathic pain, also referred to as corneal neuropathic pain, is a condition where corneal pain is seen in response to ... Peripheral sensitization is the adaptation of the peripheral pain system to repeated injurious stimuli. Persistent damage and ... Figure 2: Ocular Pain Assessment Survey. Credit: Validity and Reliability of a Novel Ocular Pain Assessment Survey (OPAS) in ... Assessment of ocular surface health and function. Ocular surface health is assessed by Slit lamp examination, use of vital ...

https://eyewiki.aao.org/OCULAR_NEUROPATHIC_PAIN

Odor adaptation can occur. Low-dose acute exposure can result in headache, rhinitis, and dyspnea; higher doses may cause severe ... Ocular. Exposure to low concentrations of formaldehyde vapor can cause eye irritation, which abates within minutes after ... Ocular exposure to formaldehyde vapors produces irritation and lacrimation. Depending on the concentration, formaldehyde ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/tsp/MMG/MMGDetails.aspx?mmgid=216&toxid=39

human adaptation of H3 and H2 HA) dramatically increased human receptor-binding affinity of FC and CC HA. (A/Netherlands/230/03 ... following ocular inoculation. Virus from both H7N3 and H7N9 subtypes. , replicated efficiently in the upper and lower ... Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA. confers respiratory droplet transmission to a. reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ... a ferret model only after adaptation by serial passage and in-. corporation of amino acid changes on the surface and internal. ...

https://flutrackers.com/forum/forum/general-science-information/reassortment/144782-list-of-reassortment-studies

Adaptation, Biological G16.100.57 G16.12 Adaptation, Ocular G14.640.154 G14.20 Adaptation, Physiological G7.700.62 G7.25 ... Vestibulo-Ocular G11.561.600.765.795 G11.561.731.795 Refraction, Ocular G1.590.770.760 G1.590.775 G1.595.640.760 Refractory ... Ocular Absorption G3.495.23.500.656 G3.15.500.656 G14.640.538 G14.590 Ocular Physiological Processes G14.640 Oculocerebrorenal ... Dark Adaptation G14.640.154.371 G14.20.371 De Quervain Disease C5.651.869.870.800.200 C5.651.869.816.200 Dealkylation G2.111. ...

https://decs.bvs.br/E/mnchg2017.txt

A. Decensi, R. Torrisi, A. Polizzi et al., "Effect of the synthetic retinoid fenretinide on dark adaptation and the ocular ... The problems with adaptation to seeing in the darkness, or even nyctalopia, occurring when fenretinide is administered for ... A consequence of such activity of fenretinide is the disturbed adaptation to seeing in the dark, which may have a manifested ... A. Karalezli, M. Borazan, D. D. Altinors, R. Dursun, H. Kiyici, and Y. A. Akova, "Conjunctival impression cytology, ocular ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2018/9051854/

Ocular motor drills. *Spot patching. *Prism adaptation. *Visual accommodations. *Visual field scanning ...

https://catalog.pesi.com/item/95479/

... transmittance of the ocular media. Previous work has suggested that these characteristics are evolutionary adaptations to the ... van de Kraats J, Van Norren D (2007) Optical density of the aging human ocular medial in the visible and the UV. J Opt Soc Am A ... This is because ocular media (cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous) filter out more short wavelength light than long ... Osorio D, Vorobyev M (1996) Colour vision as an adaptation to fruigivory in primates. Proc R Soc Lond B 263: 593-599. * View ...

https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000677

The adaptation capacity of the eye from a pathological pont of view. Arch f physiol Heilkd 1848;7:695-709. ... Ocular tenotomies against myopia were in vogue for a while. Axial lengthening of the eye in myopia was mentioned around 1700, ... Next, he described the ocular histology of four myopic persons whom he initially classified as having the posterior staphyloma ... Ruete recommended Bertholds Myopodiorthicon, which would strengthen incompletely gone adaptation facilities.44 This apparatus ...

https://bjo.bmj.com/content/102/8/1021

... adaptation. Analysis showed a small but significant reduction in COR gain in the suppression conditions. Also COR measurements ... The cervico-ocular reflex (COR) is an ocular stabilization reflex that is elicited by rotation of the neck. It works in ... Plasticity of the cervico-ocular reflex in health and Disease. Publication. Publication. Plastgiciteit van de cervico-oculaire ... Kelders, W.P.A. (2006, September 27). Plasticity of the cervico-ocular reflex in health and Disease. Erasmus University ...

https://repub.eur.nl/pub/7997

dark room adaptation. *Electrooculography (EOG/E.O.G.), Electroretinography, VER explain and define diagnoses which warrant. ... Describe the ocular viruses.. *State the methods for collecting cultures and inoculation techniques. ...

https://www.pcc.edu/ccog/omt/210/

Visual pigments, ocular filters and the evolution of snake vision. Mol Biol Evol. 2016;33(10):2483-95. ... Seiko, T., Kishida, T., Toyama, M. et al. Visual adaptation of opsin genes to the aquatic environment in sea snakes. BMC Evol ... Visual adaptation of color opsins in sea snakes. Snakes are one of the most successful amniote groups to adapt to various ... Without dark adaptation, the snake eyes were surgically removed from the head and kept in the freezer (− 20 °C) under dark ...

https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-020-01725-1

https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/2/19-1097

Ocular tilt reaction consists of skew deviation, ocular torsion, head tilt, and deviation of the subjective visual vertical; ... with the introduction of a serologic marker and adaptation of revised diagnostic criteria. [14] [15] In 2004, detectable serum ... Skew deviation refers to a vertical ocular misalignment caused by supranuclear lesions disrupting inputs to the ocular motor ... What are ocular motility abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS)?. What is the role of multiple sclerosis (MS) in the ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1214270-166033/what-are-ocular-motility-abnormalities-in-multiple-sclerosis-ms

The transgenic mice showed abrogated RP and subnormal adaptation of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), a type of motor learning. ... However, adaptation of another type of reflex eye movement, optokinetic response (OKR) appeared normal. These results indicate ... We examined relation of VOR and OKR, and found that trainings to induce VOR adaptations also changes dynamic properties of OKR ... that RP is involved in a certain type of motor learning, and that regulation mechanisms of VOR and OKR adaptations may differ. ...

https://www.jnss.org/abstract/neuro2014/meeting_planner/sessiondetail.php?id=2014010710&u=1664654839

The results suggest that PA prompts complex changes within ocular proprioception and indicate that the assumption of linear ... Behind the lens : sensorimotor and cognitive after-effects of prism adaptation Author: Gilligan, Therese M. ISNI: 0000 0004 ... Over a century of research into prism adaptation (PA) has provided many insights into general sensorimotor functions including ... sensorimotor adaptation in healthy participants and cognitive after-effects in a neurological population as well as a group of ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.742497

Here, a spiking cerebellar model assesses the role of Purkinje cell firing patterns in vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) ... However, it remains unclear how oculomotor adaptation depends on the interplay between the characteristic Purkinje cell ... Spike burst-pause dynamics of Purkinje cells regulate sensorimotor adaptation (Luque et al 2019). ... Spike burst-pause dynamics of Purkinje cells regulate sensorimotor adaptation (Luque et al 2019) ...

https://senselab.med.yale.edu/modeldb/ShowModel?model=256140&file=%2FLuqueEtAl2019%2FEDLUT%2FArticulo+purkinje%2FCASE_B%2Fsrc%2Fspike%2F

An adaptation of the Charles and Ray Eames classic 1968 documentary by the same name, Powers of Ten: A Flipbook, is an ocular ...

https://www.eamesoffice.com/product/powers-of-ten-flipbook/

Adaptations, Light. Adaptations, Ocular. Light Adaptation. Light Adaptations. Ocular Adaptation. Ocular Adaptations. ... Adaptation, Ocular Entry term(s). Adaptations, Ocular Ocular Adaptation Ocular Adaptations Light Adaptation - Narrower Concept ... Adaptation, Ocular - Preferred Concept UI. M0000339. Scope note. The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of ... Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=229

Dynamic modification of the vestibulo-ocular reflex by the nodulus and uvula. (semanticscholar.org)
Cerebellar control of the vestibulo-ocular reflex--around the flocculus hypothesis. (semanticscholar.org)
Plasticity in the vestibulo-ocular reflex: a new hypothesis. (semanticscholar.org)
It works in conjunction with the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and the optokinetic reflex (OKR) in order to prevent visual slip over the retina due to self motion. (eur.nl)
The transgenic mice showed abrogated RP and subnormal adaptation of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), a type of motor learning. (jnss.org)
A bulk of our research investigates motor learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) using different types of error signals. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
However, adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex of the mutant mice, which keeps images stable on the retina during head movements, is defective. (rupress.org)

This thesis examines a cross-section of PA effects: sensorimotor adaptation in healthy participants and cognitive after-effects in a neurological population as well as a group of participants with a virtual lesion. (bl.uk)
Taken together, the novel findings reported here suggest that previous theoretical stand-points need to be revised and provide a new framework for understanding the relationship between sensorimotor adaptation, cerebellar function and hemispheric interactions in human cognition. (bl.uk)
1 . Luque NR, Naveros F, Carrillo RR, Ros E, Arleo A (2019) Spike burst-pause dynamics of Purkinje cells regulate sensorimotor adaptation. (yale.edu)
The selected proposals will investigate the impact of the space environment on various aspects of astronaut health, including visual impairment, behavioral health and performance, bone and muscle loss, cardiovascular alterations, human factors and performance, sensorimotor adaptation and the development and application of smart medical systems and technologies. (astronautscholarship.org)

Here, a spiking cerebellar model assesses the role of Purkinje cell firing patterns in vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) adaptation. (yale.edu)
In common fMRI settings, this MVS effect leads to a vestibular ocular reflex (VOR). (elifesciences.org)
The stronger horizontal component comprises of a slow horizontal vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) that is accompanied by fast resetting saccades in the opposite direction. (elifesciences.org)

The cervico-ocular reflex (COR) is an ocular stabilization reflex that is elicited by rotation of the neck. (eur.nl)
However, adaptation of another type of reflex eye movement, optokinetic response (OKR) appeared normal. (jnss.org)
Impact of aging on long -term ocular reflex adaptation. (bvsalud.org)
identify a signaling pathway essential for LTD in cerebellar Purkinje cells but, surprisingly, this pathway is required only for a subset of motor reflex adaptations. (rupress.org)

Damage to nerves during refractive surgeries, ocular surface diseases such as chronic dry eye disease, recurrent corneal erosions, corneal neuropathic infections such as herpetic simplex and zoster, systemic neuropathic conditions such as diabetes, exposure to topical and systemic drugs, radiation keratopathy and chemotherapy. (aao.org)
Measurement of the LLT is potentially important in diseases of the ocular surface. (biomedcentral.com)

We investigated whether the COR shows a compensatory increase and whether a synergy exists between the COR and the other ocular stabilization reflexes. (eur.nl)

European Black Currant Extract, with Cyanidin-3-Glucosides, improve dark adaptation following bright light exposure. (visivite.com)
Slowed dark adaptation is one of the hallmark findings in patients who have macular degeneration. (visivite.com)
DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (bvsalud.org)
An X-linked recessive retinal disease with characteristics of fundus hypopigmentation, decreased visual acuity, nystagmus, astigmatism, progressive axial myopia, defective dark adaptation and protanopia. (cdc.gov)

We also investigated whether the COR can be adapted by inducing a mismatch between vision and neck proprioception, in analogy to VOR adaptation. (eur.nl)
The results suggest that PA prompts complex changes within ocular proprioception and indicate that the assumption of linear additivity of PA sensorimotor after-effects is a concept requiring re-examination. (bl.uk)

Ocular tenotomies against myopia were in vogue for a while. (bmj.com)

Detection of Airborne Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 Virus Shedding following Ocular Inoculation of Ferrets. (cdc.gov)

2016) Visual pigments, ocular filters and the evolution of snake vision. (phys.org)

Poor vision can limit careers for people with albinism, however most limits will be overcome with expertise, adaptation and dedication. (musicmarkup.info)
Ocular albinism (OA) affects imaginative and prescient. (musicmarkup.info)

Over a century of research into prism adaptation (PA) has provided many insights into general sensorimotor functions including plasticity and the role of prediction. (bl.uk)

The first of these are lenticular problems such as IOL opacification, poor neural adaptation, and a damaged IOL. (crstodayeurope.com)
A visual aid can help patients understand presbyopic laser vision correction and neural adaptation. (crstoday.com)

Further studies have shown that subjects with symptomatic abnormal binocular vision have an abnormal adaptation mechanism. (nih.gov)
VisiVite® Balanced Ocular Support has the highest laboratory-measured antioxidant quotient of any VisiVite formula , to support ocular health for sharp vision and healthy eyes. (visivite.com)
Instead of seeing a pair of eyes as two bespeckled buttons, when we look into the ocular portals to a limbic brain our vision goes deep: the sensations multiply, just as two mirrors placed in opposition create a shimmering ricochet of reflections whose depths recede into infinity. (blogs.com)
Persons with visual impairment usually need support and assistance unless they get vision rehabilitation with the provision of low vision devices, orientation and mobility training and counselling for making specific modifications in their living environment for proper adaptation towards performing day to day activities and social integration. (who.int)
All ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes related to vision, the eye, and ocular adnexa are categorized in a two-level categorization system using mutually exclusive categories and sub-groups to provide more efficient estimates of key vision and eye health outcomes. (cdc.gov)
Glaucoma was the commonest ocular co-morbidity accounting for poor vision in 9.1of patients eight weeks after cataract surgery. (bvsalud.org)

Universal design features, such as one-story living, no-step entries, and wide hallways and doors, are key adaptations for patients with physical disabilities. (wustl.edu)
Home adaptations for patients with dementia include general safety measures such as grab bars and door alarms, and securing potentially hazardous items, such as cleaning supplies and medications. (wustl.edu)
Electroretinograms recorded during surgery on 10 patients with minimal retinal abnormality were evaluated for the effects of light adaptation caused by regular exposure to an operating light source or operating microscope. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)

This encompasses multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement syndrome (AIBSES), acute macular neuroretinopathy, presumed ocular histoplasmosis, punctate inner choroidopathy, and multifocal choroiditis. (medscape.com)

Formerly known as visual impairment and intracranial pressure syndrome (VIIP), space-related neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is defined by a collection of ophthalmic and neurological findings in astronauts after long-term spaceflight [1]. (uk.com)

We describe 3 newborns in France who had cataract and intraocular inflammation and in whom S. ixodetis was detected in ocular samples ( Table ). (cdc.gov)
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. (elsevier.com)
[ 13 ] multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP) has features that superficially resemble primary ocular histoplasmosis (POHS), with the additional findings of aqueous, vitreous and chorioretinal inflammation. (medscape.com)

Ocular exposure to formaldehyde vapors produces irritation and lacrimation. (cdc.gov)

Given this symmetry, short wavelength attenuation by ocular media gave L/M cones a modest signal-to-noise advantage, which was amplified, especially in the denser central retina, by long-wavelength accommodation of the lens. (plos.org)

Seeing two objects instead of one ( diplopia ) with a binocular view can arise from ocular misalignment caused by lesions of the brainstem and cerebellum. (medscape.com)

The lens which gives the best result in TES value [Time Frame: 30 minutes after lens adaptation. (who.int)
Effect of large diameter and plasma coating on the initial adaptation of gas permeable contact lens fitting for neophytes. (aston.ac.uk)

Understanding spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS): what do we know? (uk.com)
NASA Risk of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome Evidence Report. (uk.com)

The morphology and the physical features of sea snakes such as a paddle-shaped tail and cutaneous respiration are distinct from terrestrial snakes because of adaptation to the marine environment [ 1 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Neuronal regulation mechanisms of VOR and OKR adaptation might be distinct. (jnss.org)

Describe the ocular viruses. (pcc.edu)
Adaptation of H9N2 Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts: A Review of Molecular Markers. (cdc.gov)

However, it also discovered that snake visual pigment genes have undergone a great amount of adaptation, including many changes to the wavelengths of light that the pigments are sensitive to, in order to suit the diversity of lifestyles that snakes have evolved. (phys.org)
Visual adaptation provides a prime example of molecular evolution due to natural selection [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
All attendees had basic ocular examinations, including visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination with a dilated posterior segment examination and intraocular pressure measurement. (who.int)

although potentially useful, the adaptations complicate evaluation. (cdc.gov)

Adaptations are physical traits tailored to their environment. (fishspark.com)

African gove rnme nts have ma de firm comm itm ents at variou s forum s to ad dress climate change with emphasis on health adaptation. (who.int)
The overall objective of the Fram ework is to guide the formulation of country-specific action plans that will form the health component of national clim ate change adaptation plans aimed at minimizing the adverse public health effects of clim ate change. (who.int)
This nociceptive system responds to various stimuli at the ocular surface and project to the central nervous system, and helps to sustain ocular surface health. (aao.org)

They demonstrate these adaptations in their armored skin, suction-like mouth, and ocular membranes. (fishspark.com)

We therefore consider an adaptation of the Lytro op- tical system. (inria.fr)
Ocular Shock Techniques: "Fight enders" that overload the central nervous system. (myselfdefensetraining.com)

Shevell SK, Wei J. Chromatic induction: border contrast or adaptation to surrounding light? (uchicago.edu)

These results indicate that RP is involved in a certain type of motor learning, and that regulation mechanisms of VOR and OKR adaptations may differ. (jnss.org)
The cerebellum handles many motor coordination and reflexive behaviors, and learned adaptations of these behaviors are thought to require synaptic long-term depression (LTD). On page 295 , Feil et al. (rupress.org)

The foundation ingredients for VisiVite Balanced Ocular Support are the premium, natural molecules known as carotenoids , including FloraGLO Lutein, OmniXan Zeaxanthin and AstaREAL Astaxanthin, These compounds provide the yellows and reds found in flowers, vegetables and egg yolks. (visivite.com)

Two observers measured LLT in twenty Asian subjects (20 eyes) using an interferometer (LipiView® ocular surface interferometer, TearScience Inc, Morrisville, NC). (biomedcentral.com)

This is an especially important adaptation for a nocturnal animal. (fishspark.com)

In the search for a lighter ocular prosthesis to rehabilitate broad eye losses, where a conventional ocular prosthesis could cause lower fornix dehiscence and precarious adaptation, this paper suggests a new technique for ocular prosthesis confection indicated in such cases, showing its clinical applicability in a satisfactory statistical data. (bvsalud.org)

She had bilateral anterior uveitis, large keratic precipitates, iris nodules, posterior synechiae, cyclitic membrane, and cataract ( Figure 1 , panels A, B). Fundus visualization and ocular ultrasonography ruled out retinoblastoma. (cdc.gov)
The second situation involves ocular problems such as IOL dislocation and decentration (Figure 1), capsular contraction, corneal decompensation, and IOL-related uveitis. (crstodayeurope.com)

A unique direct adaptation that plecos have is their stunted growth in aquariums. (fishspark.com)

ate Change is intended to provide a scientific and evidence-based coordinated response to the climate change adaptation needs of African countries in orde r to support the commitments and priorities of African governments. (who.int)
SIDS) and called upon the international community to continue to increase its support for the development and implementation of SIDS national mitigation and adaptation strategies and programmes. (who.int)
VisiVite® Balanced Ocular Support Vitamin Formula. (visivite.com)
Finally, VisiVite Balanced Ocular Support adds microcirculation-boosting ginkgo biloba , cellular irritation-modulating turmeric and a range of protective premium ingredients , including Grapeseed Extract, Olive Leaf Extract, Quercetin, Rutin, and Taurine. (visivite.com)

Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular | Semantic Scholar (semanticscholar.org)

Faculty Profile | Brooklyn College (brooklyn.cuny.edu)

Anatomy42

Organisms6

Diseases78

Chemicals and Drugs12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment39

Psychiatry and Psychology26

Phenomena and Processes59

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science8

Health Care9

Why and how is soft copy reading possible in clinical practice? (1/1010)

Orientation-tuned spatial filters for texture-defined form. (2/1010)

Local velocity representation: evidence from motion adaptation. (3/1010)

The effect of spatial frequency adaptation on the latency of spatial contrast detection. (4/1010)

S-cone signals to temporal OFF-channels: asymmetrical connections to postreceptoral chromatic mechanisms. (5/1010)

Dopamine mediates circadian rhythms of rod-cone dominance in the Japanese quail retina. (6/1010)

Analysis of red/green color discrimination in subjects with a single X-linked photopigment gene. (7/1010)

Time course of motion adaptation: motion-onset visual evoked potentials and subjective estimates. (8/1010)

Adaptation, Physiological

Adaptation, Ocular

Adaptation, Biological

Ocular Hypertension

Eye

Toxoplasmosis, Ocular

Dark Adaptation

Dominance, Ocular

Albinism, Ocular

Refraction, Ocular

Tonometry, Ocular

Ocular Physiological Phenomena

Eye Neoplasms

Ocular Motility Disorders

Cornea

Eye Injuries

Intraocular Pressure

Tuberculosis, Ocular

Tears

Vision, Ocular

Ophthalmic Solutions

Eye Infections, Parasitic

Conjunctival Diseases

Eye Infections

Dry Eye Syndromes

Uveitis

Retina

Figural Aftereffect

Conjunctivitis

Ocular Hypotension

Adaptation, Psychological

Photic Stimulation

Vitreous Body

Corneal Diseases

Aqueous Humor

Acclimatization

Iris

Visual Acuity

Eye Abnormalities

Time Factors

Ciliary Body

Anterior Eye Segment

Fixation, Ocular

Biological Evolution

Glaucoma

Choroid

Accommodation, Ocular

Sclera

Administration, Ophthalmic

Anterior Chamber

Eye Infections, Bacterial

Eye Movements

Afterimage

Refractive Errors

Lens, Crystalline

Onchocerciasis, Ocular

Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane

Epithelium, Corneal

Convergence, Ocular

Eyelids

Chorioretinitis

Myopia

Dental Marginal Adaptation

Retinal Diseases

Administration, Topical

Keratitis

Selection, Genetic

Glaucoma, Open-Angle

Oculomotor Muscles

Vision, Monocular

Eye Infections, Viral

Blepharitis

Evolution, Molecular

Light

Vision, Binocular

Phylogeny

Contrast Sensitivity

Scleritis

Fundus Oculi

Electroretinography