Active transport cell nucleus. Medical search

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.

Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A thin lining of closed cavities of the body, consisting of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells (MESOTHELIUM) resting on a thin layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and covered with secreted clear fluid from blood and lymph vessels. Major serous membranes in the body include PERICARDIUM; PERITONEUM; and PLEURA.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

The means of moving persons, animals, goods, or materials from one place to another.

A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

GRAY MATTER located in the dorsomedial part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of HOMEOSTASIS. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are found therein.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The quality of surface form or outline of the CELL NUCLEUS.

The membrane system of the CELL NUCLEUS that surrounds the nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric membranes separated by the perinuclear space. The structures of the envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the nuclear pores (NUCLEAR PORE).

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A saprophytic bacterium widely distributed in soil and dust and on plants.

The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.

Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Inorganic or organic salts and esters of arsenic acid.

Four clusters of neurons located deep within the WHITE MATTER of the CEREBELLUM, which are the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

Methods of implanting a CELL NUCLEUS from a donor cell into an enucleated acceptor cell.

Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of FOREBRAIN and BRAIN STEM areas including the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, the tegmentum, and the AMYGDALA. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.

Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.

Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.

Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often one of the ION EXCHANGE RESINS, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry.

An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.

Vesicles that are involved in shuttling cargo from the interior of the cell to the cell surface, from the cell surface to the interior, across the cell or around the cell to various locations.

Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

The use of a bicycle for transportation or recreation. It does not include the use of a bicycle in studying the body's response to physical exertion (BICYCLE ERGOMETRY TEST see EXERCISE TEST).

The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.

Periplasmic proteins that scavenge or sense diverse nutrients. In the bacterial environment they usually couple to transporters or chemotaxis receptors on the inner bacterial membrane.

A number of different cardioactive glycosides obtained from Strophanthus species. OUABAIN is from S. gratus and CYMARINE from S. kombe. They are used like the digitalis glycosides.

A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.

A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the CEREBELLUM via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral MOTOR CORTEX.

The quantity of volume or surface area of a CELL NUCLEUS.

An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the OPTIC CHIASM.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

Chloride and mercury-containing derivatives of benzoic acid.

Nuclei of the trigeminal nerve situated in the brain stem. They include the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS, SPINAL), the principal sensory nucleus, the mesencephalic nucleus, and the motor nucleus.

Microscopy in which the image is formed by ultraviolet radiation and is displayed and recorded by means of photographic film.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.

A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504)

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Lens-shaped structure on the inner aspect of the INTERNAL CAPSULE. The SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS and pathways traversing this region are concerned with the integration of somatic motor function.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Hypothalamic nucleus overlying the beginning of the OPTIC TRACT.

The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

Galactosides in which the oxygen atom linking the sugar and aglycone is replaced by a sulfur atom.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.

A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

A family of proteins involved in NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC TRANSPORT. Karyopherins are heteromeric molecules composed two major types of components, ALPHA KARYOPHERINS and BETA KARYOPHERINS, that function together to transport molecules through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Several other proteins such as RAN GTP BINDING PROTEIN and CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUSCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN bind to karyopherins and participate in the transport process.

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

A ketose sugar that is commonly used in the commercial synthesis of ASCORBIC ACID.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Structures that are part of or contained in the CELL NUCLEUS.

Stable potassium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element potassium, but differ in atomic weight. K-41 is a stable potassium isotope.

Stable sodium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sodium, but differ in atomic weight. Na-23 is a stable sodium isotope.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The middle portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between DUODENUM and ILEUM. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.

A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.

Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)

The process of moving specific RNA molecules from one cellular compartment or region to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Cells, usually bacteria or yeast, which have partially lost their cell wall, lost their characteristic shape and become round.

A carbodiimide that is used as a chemical intermediate and coupling agent in peptide synthesis. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at the NUCLEAR PORE.

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

The mechanisms of eukaryotic CELLS that place or keep the CHROMOSOMES in a particular SUBNUCLEAR SPACE.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Proteins involved in the transport of nucleobases such as PYRIMIDINES and PURINES across membranes.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The passive movement of molecules exceeding the rate expected by simple diffusion. No energy is expended in the process. It is achieved by the introduction of passively diffusing molecules to an enviroment or path that is more favorable to the movement of those molecules. Examples of facilitated diffusion are passive transport of hydrophilic substances across a lipid membrane through hydrophilic pores that traverse the membrane, and the sliding of a DNA BINDING PROTEIN along a strand of DNA.

The renal tubule portion that extends from the BOWMAN CAPSULE in the KIDNEY CORTEX into the KIDNEY MEDULLA. The proximal tubule consists of a convoluted proximal segment in the cortex, and a distal straight segment descending into the medulla where it forms the U-shaped LOOP OF HENLE.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Inhibition of NFkappaB by methyl chlorogenate from Eriobotrya japonica. (1/5043)

Methylchlorogenic acid (MC) is one of the main components in the leaves of Eriobotrya japonica. We previously reported that MC is the most potent antioxidant among several components of Eriobotrya japonica, and its antioxidant activity is stronger than that of chlorogenic acid. Antioxidants are expected to inhibit redox-sensitive NFkappaB activation since NFkappaB is readily influenced by cellular oxidative state. Based on these findings, in vivo experiments with MC were conducted to determine its ability to downregulate the NFkappaB activation in mouse liver. Results clearly showed that MC is a potent suppressor of BHP-induced NFkappaB activation. We observed a significant reduction by MC on BHP-induced translocation of p65 subunit of NFkappaB. This may be due to formation of p50/p65 heterodimer, which is mainly inducible NFkappaB. MC slightly blocked the BHP-induced IkappaB alpha degradation. There is a possibility of IkappaB alpha resynthesis via activated NFkappaB during a 5 h waiting period following BHP injection. The present results suggest that MC may inhibit NFkappaB activation, exhibiting its ability to downregulate the NFkappaB-dependent gene expression. Thus, it can be expected that MC may have potential for therapeutic intervention on various NFkappaB-dependent pathological conditions such as inflammatory or possibly mutagenic processes. (+info)

Activation of protein kinase C induces nuclear translocation of RFX1 and down-regulates c-myc via an intron 1 X box in undifferentiated leukemia HL-60 cells. (2/5043)

Treatment of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is known to decrease c-myc mRNA by blocking transcription elongation at sites near the first exon/intron border. Treatment of HL-60 cells with either PMA or bryostatin 1, which acutely activates protein kinase C (PKC), decreased the levels of myc mRNA and Myc protein. The inhibition of Myc synthesis accounted for the drop in Myc protein, because PMA treatment had no effect on Myc turnover. Treatment with PMA or bryostatin 1 increased nuclear protein binding to MIE1, a c-myc intron 1 element that defines an RFX1-binding X box. RFX1 antiserum supershifted MIE1-protein complexes. Increased MIE1 binding was independent of protein synthesis and abolished by a selective PKC inhibitor, which also prevented the effect of PMA on myc mRNA and protein levels and Myc synthesis. PMA treatment increased RFX1 in the nuclear fraction and decreased it in the cytosol without affecting total RFX1. Transfection of HL-60 cells with myc reporter gene constructs showed that the RFX1-binding X box was required for the down-regulation of reporter gene expression by PMA. These findings suggest that nuclear translocation and binding of RFX1 to the X box cause the down-regulation of myc expression, which follows acute PKC activation in undifferentiated HL-60 cells. (+info)

Active aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in nuclei as a high molecular weight multienzyme complex. (3/5043)

Recent studies suggest that aminoacylation of tRNA may play an important role in the transport of these molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. However, there is almost no information regarding the status of active aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases within the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Here we show that at least 13 active aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in purified nuclei of both Chinese hamster ovary and rabbit kidney cells, although their steady-state levels represent only a small percentage of those found in the cytoplasm. Most interestingly, all the nuclear aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases examined can be isolated as part of a multienzyme complex that is more stable, and consequently larger, than the comparable complex isolated from the cytoplasm. These data directly demonstrate the presence of active aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in mammalian cell nuclei. Moreover, their unexpected structural organization raises important questions about the functional significance of these multienzyme complexes and whether they might play a more direct role in nuclear to cytoplasmic transport of tRNAs. (+info)

Maternally controlled (beta)-catenin-mediated signaling is required for organizer formation in the zebrafish. (4/5043)

We have identified and characterized a zebrafish recessive maternal effect mutant, ichabod, that results in severe anterior and dorsal defects during early development. The ichabod mutation is almost completely penetrant, but exhibits variable expressivity. All mutant embryos fail to form a normal embryonic shield; most fail to form a head and notochord and have excessive development of ventral tail fin tissue and blood. Abnormal dorsal patterning can first be observed at 3.5 hpf by the lack of nuclear accumulation of (beta)-catenin in the dorsal yolk syncytial layer, which also fails to express bozozok/dharma/nieuwkoid and znr2/ndr1/squint. At the onset of gastrulation, deficiencies in expression of dorsal markers and expansion of expression of markers of ventral tissues indicate a dramatic alteration of dorsoventral identity. Injection of (beta)-catenin RNA markedly dorsalized ichabod embryos and often completely rescued the phenotype, but no measurable dorsalization was obtained with RNAs encoding upstream Wnt pathway components. In contrast, dorsalization was obtained when RNAs encoding either Bozozok/Dharma/Nieuwkoid or Znr2/Ndr1/Squint were injected. Moreover, injection of (beta)-catenin RNA into ichabod embryos resulted in activation of expression of these two genes, which could also activate each other. RNA injection experiments strongly suggest that the component affected by the ichabod mutation acts on a step affecting (beta)-catenin nuclear localization that is independent of regulation of (beta)-catenin stability. This work demonstrates that a maternal gene controlling localization of (beta)-catenin in dorsal nuclei is necessary for dorsal yolk syncytial layer gene activity and formation of the organizer in the zebrafish. (+info)

Nuclear translocation of mismatch repair proteins MSH2 and MSH6 as a response of cells to alkylating agents. (5/5043)

Mammalian mismatch repair has been implicated in mismatch correction, the prevention of mutagenesis and cancer, and the induction of genotoxicity and apoptosis. Here, we show that treatment of cells specifically with agents inducing O(6)-methylguanine in DNA, such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, elevates the level of MSH2 and MSH6 and increases GT mismatch binding activity in the nucleus. This inducible response occurs immediately after alkylation, is long-lasting and dose-dependent, and results from translocation of the preformed MutSalpha complex (composed of MSH2 and MSH6) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. It is not caused by an increase in MSH2 gene activity. Cells expressing the DNA repair protein O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), thus having the ability to repair O(6)-methylguanine, showed no translocation of MutSalpha, whereas inhibition of MGMT by O(6)-benzylguanine provoked the translocation. The results demonstrate that O(6)-methylguanine lesions are involved in triggering nuclear accumulation of MSH2 and MSH6. The finding that treatment of cells with O(6)-methylguanine-generating mutagens results in an increase of MutSalpha and GT binding activity in the nucleus indicates a novel type of genotoxic stress response. (+info)

Three leucine-rich sequences and the N-terminal region of double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) are responsible for its cytoplasmic localization. (6/5043)

The double-stranded RNA-activated-protein kinase PKR was originally identified as a ribosomal protein that regulates protein synthesis at the translational level. While PKR locates predominantly to the cytoplasm, nuclear or nucleolar species of PKR have been detected. Here, we demonstrate that PKR possesses three leucine-rich sequences resembling nuclear export signals (NESs). Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fused to one of these sequences and transfected in COS-1 cells exhibited predominant cytoplasmic staining, which was abrogated by a leucine to alanine substitution. In addition, Leptomycin B (LMB), an inhibitor of NES-mediated nuclear export, inhibited the cytoplasmic localization of EGFP-NES, indicating the potential activity of these stretches as NESs. Although EGFP fused to a PKR with three NES mutations still located to the cytoplasm, an additional N-terminal deletion impaired the cytoplasmic predominance, suggesting that the N-terminal region is also required for localization. These results suggest that the cytoplasmic localization of PKR is regulated by NESs as well as the N-terminal sequence. (+info)

Evidence that the beta-catenin nuclear translocation assay allows for measuring presenilin 1 dysfunction. (7/5043)

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the presenilin (PSEN) genes are responsible for the majority of early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) cases. PSEN1 is a component of a high molecular weight, endoplasmic reticulum, membrane-bound protein complex, including beta-catenin. Pathogenic PSEN1 mutations were demonstrated to have an effect on beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta(GSK-3beta), two members of the wingless Wnt pathway. The nuclear translocation and the stability of beta-catenin, and the interaction between GSK3beta and PSEN1 were influenced. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stably transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells overexpressing wild-type (wt) and mutant (mt) PSEN1, treated with and without LiCl, were used to isolate cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions. By Western blot analysis, endogenous beta-catenin levels were examined. By analyzing cytosolic fractions of PSEN1, transfected and nontransfected HEK 293 cells, and total brain extracts of AD patients and controls, we evaluated the effect of PSEN1 overexpression on beta-catenin stability. Finally, we analyzed the effect of pathogenic PSEN1 mutations on the interaction between PSEN1 and GSK3beta by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. RESULTS: We report reduced nuclear translocation of beta-catenin in cells stably expressing I143T, G384A, and T113-114ins PSEN1. The G384A PSEN1 mutation showed a similar pronounced effect on nuclear translocation of beta-catenin, as reported for processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) into amyloid beta(Abeta). Overexpression of PSEN1 and the presence of pathogenic mutations in PSEN1 had no significant effect on the stability of beta-catenin. Nonspecific binding of overexpressed PSEN1 to endogenous GSK3beta was observed when GSK3beta was immunoprecipitated. Immunoprecipitation of PSEN1 in cells overexpressing PSEN1 and in native cells, however, did not result in co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous GSK3beta. CONCLUSION: Our results further establish the nuclear translocation assay of beta-catenin as an adequate alternative for traditional Abeta measurement to evaluate the effect of PSEN1 mutations on biochemical processes. We detected no significant effect of overexpressed wt or mt PSEN1 on the stability of beta-catenin. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation between PSEN1 and GSK3beta was not observed in our experimental setup. (+info)

Bradykinin activates the Janus-activated kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway in vascular endothelial cells: localization of JAK/STAT signalling proteins in plasmalemmal caveolae. (8/5043)

Bradykinin (BK) is an important physiological regulator of endothelial cell function. In the present study, we have examined the role of the Janus-activated kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway in endothelial signal transduction through the BK B2 receptor (B2R). In cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs), BK activates Tyk2 of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases. Activation results in the tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT3. BK also activates the mitogen-activated p44 and p42 protein kinases, resulting in STAT3 serine phosphorylation. Furthermore, Tyk2 and STAT3 form a complex with the B2R in response to BK stimulation. Under basal conditions, Tyk2, STAT3 and the B2R are localized either partially or entirely in endothelial plasmalemmal caveolae. Following BK stimulation of BAECs, however, the B2R and STAT3 are translocated out of caveolae. Taken together, these data suggest that BK activates the JAK/STAT pathway in endothelial cells and that JAK/STAT signalling proteins are localized in endothelial caveolae. Moreover, caveolar localization of the B2R and STAT3 appears to be regulated in an agonist-dependent manner. (+info)

Additionally it has been proposed that the directed transport of active signaling complexes to the nucleus might be required to ... To achieve internalisation of nanoparticles into cells, such as T cells, antibodies can be used to target the nanoparticles to ... Kirchhausen T (November 2009). "Imaging endocytic clathrin structures in living cells". Trends in Cell Biology. 19 (11): 596- ... receptor-mediated endocytosis is also actively implicated in transducing signals from the cell periphery to the nucleus. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor-mediated_endocytosis

2003, Efficient active transport of gene nanocarriers to the cell nucleus, in: PNAS. Vol. 100, nº 7; 3878-3882. 2002, ... Tight coupling between nucleus and cell migration through the perinuclear actin cap, in: Journal of Cell Science. Vol. 127; ... The distinct roles of the nucleus and nucleus-cytoskeleton connections in three-dimensional cell migration, in: Scientific ... Cell and nuclear mechanics Wirtz developed novel tools and concepts to study the role of nucleus and nuclear connections to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Wirtz

"Chromosomal proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17 are released from mitotic chromosomes and imported into the nucleus by active transport ... 2002). "A fragment of the HMGN2 protein homes to the nuclei of tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells in vivo". Proc. Natl. ... Cell. Biol. 19 (5): 3466-73. doi:10.1128/MCB.19.5.3466. PMC 84139. PMID 10207070. Kazmierczak B, Dal Cin P, Rogalla P, et al. ( ... Cell. Biol. 21 (15): 5169-78. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.15.5169-5178.2001. PMC 87241. PMID 11438671. Porkka K, Laakkonen P, Hoffman JA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGN2

... telomeres in the nucleus of cells, ion channels in the plasma membrane, colloidal particle in the cytoplasm, moisture transport ... Superdiffusion can be the result of active cellular transport processes or due to jumps with a heavy-tail distribution. If α < ... Examples of anomalous diffusion in nature have been observed in biology in the cell nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm. ... "Transient anomalous diffusion of telomeres in the nucleus of mammalian cells". Physical Review Letters. 103 (1): 018102. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_diffusion

The two main pathways are passive transport and active transport. Passive transport is more direct and does not require the use ... Their mechanisms are simpler than later-evolved eukaryotes, which contain a nucleus that envelops the cell's DNA and some ... Endocytosis is a form of active transport where a cell takes in molecules, using the plasma membrane, and packages them into ... Active transport uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to transport a substance that moves against its concentration gradient.[page ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_physiology

... active transport) from the cytoplasm into the cell nucleus, and binding to specific sequences of DNA known as hormone response ... or nucleus (type II NR) of the cell. Binding causes a conformational change in the receptor which, depending on the class of ... which causes a change in cell function. Type II receptors, in contrast to type I, are retained in the nucleus regardless of the ... Small lipophilic substances such as natural hormones diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to nuclear receptors located in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptor

... protein transport MeSH G06.535.166.700.100 - active transport, cell nucleus MeSH G06.535.166.775 - respiratory transport MeSH ... biological transport, active MeSH G06.535.166.310.100 - active transport, cell nucleus MeSH G06.535.166.310.657 - membrane ... axonal transport MeSH G06.535.166.500 - ion transport MeSH G06.535.166.500.100 - calcium signaling MeSH G06.535.166.700 - ... electron transport MeSH G06.535.335.531.587 - lipid peroxidation MeSH G06.535.335.631 - oxidative phosphorylation MeSH G06.535. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(G06)

"Chromosomal proteins HMG-14 and HMG-17 are released from mitotic chromosomes and imported into the nucleus by active transport ... DNA and Cell Biology. 14 (12): 997-1005. doi:10.1089/dna.1995.14.997. PMID 8534374. Hock R, Scheer U, Bustin M (Dec 1998). " ... Leffak M, Trempe JP (Jul 1985). "Histone H1 and HMG 14/17 are deposited nonrandomly in the nucleus". Nucleic Acids Research. 13 ... "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGN1

The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex ( ... larger molecules are transported by an active process. Most nuclear proteins contain short basic amino acid sequences known as ... "p17 and p17-containing gag precursors of input human immunodeficiency virus are transported into the nuclei of infected cells ... 1992). "Active nuclear import of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complexes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importin_subunit_alpha-6

The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex ( ... larger molecules are transported by an active process. Most nuclear proteins contain short basic amino acid sequences known as ... "p17 and p17-containing gag precursors of input human immunodeficiency virus are transported into the nuclei of infected cells ... Cell. Biol. UNITED STATES. 19 (11): 7782-91. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.11.7782. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-3C39-0. ISSN 0270-7306. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importin_subunit_alpha-4

As an active transport mechanism, exocytosis requires the use of energy to transport material. Exocytosis and its counterpart, ... This response can take place in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm of the cell. A majority of signaling pathways control protein ... Cell biology/Pollard et al, The Cell/ G.M. Cooper Cell biology/Pollard et al, The Cell/ G.M. Cooper Cooper GM (2000). " ... In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) or cell communication is the ability of a cell to receive, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling

... s can be neutral or charged, and particle transport can be active or passive. The latter can be facilitated by pressure ... which cover a cell nucleus; and tissue membranes, such as mucosae and serosae. Synthetic membranes are made by humans for use ... Biological membranes include cell membranes (outer coverings of cells or organelles that allow passage of certain constituents ... The loss of RO performance can result from irreversible organic and/or inorganic fouling and chemical degradation of the active ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane

The products of the cell are mostly for transport into the osteoid, the non-mineralized matrix. Active osteoblasts can be ... The osteoblast's nucleus is spherical and large. An active osteoblast is characterized morphologically by a prominent Golgi ... Bone is a highly vascular tissue, and active formation of blood vessel cells, also from mesenchymal stem cells, is essential to ... Individual cells cannot make bone. A group of organized osteoblasts together with the bone made by a unit of cells is usually ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoblast

exocytosis A form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell by expelling them ... cell nucleus The "control room" for the cell. The nucleus gives out all the orders. cell plate Grown in the cell's center, it ... endocytosis A form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules such as proteins into the cell's interior by ... active transport Transport of a substance (such as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

... cilium Cell transport: Diffusion - Osmosis - isotonic - active transport - phagocytosis Cellular reproduction: cytokinesis - ... Plastid Cell nucleus Nucleoplasm - Nucleolus - Chromatin - Chromosome Endomembrane system Nuclear envelope - Endoplasmic ... cell membrane - fats - phospholipids nucleic acids: DNA - RNA Outline of cell biology Cell structure: Cell coined by Robert ... Cell biology - study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology

The nucleus of the dark cell is displaced toward the surface. Vestibular dark cells transport potassium ions into the inner ear ... Dark cell regions of the vestibular system are involved in active (energy consuming) ion transport to maintain the unusual ... which transports all three ions into the cell. The transport of sodium ions into the cell enhances the effect of the Na+/K+- ... dark cells utilize the Na+/K+-ATPase pump in order to transport potassium. The basolateral membranes of vestibular dark cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_cell

... is thought to penetrate cell membranes in its ionised form by either passive diffusion or carrier-mediated active transport. ... This allows the drug to remain intact, facilitating its entry into the cell's nucleus to effectively exert its anticancer ... Phenanthriplatin has been reported to have increased selectivity to cancerous cells compared to healthy cells, thereby reducing ... residing primarily in the cell's nucleus. The ultimate target of the drug is nuclear DNA. Phenanthriplatin forms monofunctional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenanthriplatin

Transport of the hormone to the target cell(s). Recognition of the hormone by an associated cell membrane or intracellular ... To release active hormones quickly into the circulation, hormone biosynthetic cells may produce and store biologically inactive ... The combined hormone-receptor complex then moves across the nuclear membrane into the nucleus of the cell, where it binds to ... Hormones affect distant cells by binding to specific receptor proteins in the target cell, resulting in a change in cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone

... which require active transport via specific membrane transport proteins to enter cells. The ERs are nuclear receptors that are ... mostly present in the cell nucleus. Upon binding of estradiol to an ER, the receptor dimerizes (combines) with another ... As a result, it readily enters cells via simple passive diffusion through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. This is in ... ERα is relatively stable in the cell with a half-life of up to 5 days, however once bound to ligand this time shortens to 3-4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacodynamics_of_estradiol

It shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm acting as an active nuclear transport protein. NXT1 binds specifically to Ran ... Köhler, Alwin; Hurt, Ed (2007). "Exporting RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 8 ( ... TREX binds mRNA and recruits transport proteins NXF1 and NXT1 (yeast Mex67 and Mtr2), which shuttle the mRNA out of the nucleus ... In mammalian cells, a paralog of DDX39b, DDX39a, exists, and is somewhat functionally redundant. Knockdown of both paralogs is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TREX_Complex

In these cells, even 30°C hypothermia was enough to significantly boost SUMO2/3-conjugated protein levels and nucleus ... such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. It is not active until the last two ... Deep hypothermia caused only a small increase in the amounts of SUMO2/3-conjugated proteins in primary neuronal cells. This ... Deep hypothermia caused the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 to translocate to the nucleus, implying that the increase in nuclear ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUMO2

In turn, transferrin transports Cr3+ to insulin sensitive cells (i.e. adipocytes) where it binds to apochromodulin to form ... The apochromodulin is stored in insulin sensitive cells in the nucleus. When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released ... Another way that Cr(III) may prolong the insulin receptor's kinase activity is through the oxidation of a critical active site ... This activates the receptor and allows it to transmit the signal from insulin to the cell. As mentioned above, absorbed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium(III)_picolinate

The cells can no longer regulate salt and water concentrations resulting in the symptoms typical of the disease. Additional ... Channels perform passive transport of materials also known as facilitated diffusion. Transporters can carry out either passive ... Transmembrane channels are also found in the membranes of organelles including the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum, the ... or active transfer of materials while pumps require energy to act. There are several modes by which membrane channels operate. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmembrane_channels

... active genes from the periphery of the nucleus to the nucleoplasmic region has also been observed in human cell lines. The ... "Dynamics of single mRNP nucleocytoplasmic transport and export through the nuclear pore in living cells". Nature Cell Biology. ... Molecular Biology of the Cell. 14 (2): 600-610. doi:10.1091/mbc.E02-09-0582. PMC 149995. PMID 12589057. (Cell nucleus, Gene ... Nup98 seems to be responsible for the transport of many RNAs from the center of the nucleus to the nuclear lamina. Nup98 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_gating

This mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus, where it is translated into a specific protein molecule. The nucleolus is a ... Peroxisomes have enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides, Lysosomes are optimally active at acidic pH. The cell could not ... Cell nucleus: A cell's information center, the cell nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. It ... In mammals, major cell types include skin cells, muscle cells, neurons, blood cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, and others. Cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)

... which can be transported to the cell nucleus. Nucleus IL-37 can have a direct inhibition function on the expression of pro- ... IL-37 functions are active at low IL-37 concentrations. Higher concentrations leads to inactivation via dimer formation. ... Interaction with IL-18 cell surface receptors - Intracellular IL-37 can be released from cells following necrosis or apoptosis ... It is produced by immune cells, most of which are relevant to the immune inflammation response. Examples include natural killer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_37

Evidence suggests that the altered protein is not transported into the cell nucleus, where it normally interacts with DNA. This ... WRN is active in homologous recombination. Cells defective in the WRN gene have a 23-fold reduction in spontaneous mitotic ... WRN defective cells, when exposed to x-rays, have more chromosome breaks and micronuclei than cells with wild-type WRN. Cells ... Without normal Werner protein in the nucleus, cells cannot perform the tasks of DNA replication, repair, and transcription. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_syndrome_helicase

A direct mechanism of action involves homodimerization of the receptor, translocation via active transport into the nucleus, ... Vpr-regulated cell death: insights into mechanism". Cell Death and Differentiation. 12 (Suppl 1): 962-970. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd. ... The GR is expressed in almost every cell in the body and regulates genes controlling the development, metabolism, and immune ... The unbound receptor resides in the cytosol of the cell. After the receptor is bound to glucocorticoid, the receptor- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor

The soma is usually about 10-25 micrometers in diameter and often is not much larger than the cell nucleus it contains. The ... "Proteomic screen reveals diverse protein transport between connected neurons in the visual system". Cell Reports. 38 (4): ... involved in protein synthesis and their prominence can be explained by the fact that nerve cells are very metabolically active ... researchers have converted connective tissue cells found in skin into heart cells, blood cells, and liver cells. Wang Z, Tang B ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron

The ion transport system moves potassium across the cell membrane using two mechanisms. One is active and pumps sodium out of, ... It is mediated by a circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain (central clock), which causes the kidney ( ... Kernan, Roderick P. (1980). Cell potassium (Transport in the life sciences). New York: Wiley. pp. 40, 48. ISBN 978-0-471-04806- ... This ion pump uses ATP to pump three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell, creating an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium

Since the cell membrane is impervious to G6P, hexokinase essentially acts to transport glucose into the cells from which it can ... The two processes can therefore not be simultaneously active.[48] Indeed, if both sets of reactions were highly active at the ... with several glycolysis enzymes themselves acting as regulatory protein kinases in the nucleus.[26] ... "Cell. 126 (1): 107-120. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.036. PMID 16839880. S2CID 15006256.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

Membrane transport[edit]. A protein may be carrying another protein (for example, from cytoplasm to nucleus or vice versa in ... Cell Biol. Advances in Molecular and Cell Biology. Vol. 14. pp. 29-55. doi:10.1016/S1569-2558(08)60339-2. ISBN 9780762301133. . ... inhibit protein B and it can no longer inactivate protein A leaving A active however inactivate A and there is nothing for B to ... The activity of the cell is regulated by extracellular signals. Signal propagation inside and/or along the interior of cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction

In 2009 another molecular phylogeny study, using a combination of genes from mitochondria and the cell nucleus, concluded that ... They can be transported across long distances by animals, floating vegetation, currents[14] and winds,[24] and even in the guts ... Sessile species often form clumps, but with no active co-operation. Colonies of clones in some species; some solitary species. ... while the corresponding cells of phoronids', brachiopods' and pterobranchs' lophophores have one cilium per cell; and bryozoan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa

X-ray and gamma radiation are best absorbed by atoms with heavy nuclei; the heavier the nucleus, the better the absorption. In ... So far, the cost of equipment, power and weight of active shielding equipment outweigh their benefits. For example, active ... The beams of ions move through a 100 m (328-foot) transport tunnel to the 37 m2 (400-square-foot) shielded target hall. There, ... The concept of selective shielding is based in the regenerative potential of the hematopoietic stem cells found in bone marrow ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_protection

Binucleated cells with micronuclei, Inhibition of cell cycle kinetics and proliferation; Sister chromatid induction, ... Indeed, the 238U nucleus can absorb one neutron to produce the radioactive isotope uranium-239. 239U decays by beta emission to ... Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. ... In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium

positive regulation of ion transport. · positive regulation of MAPK cascade. · positive regulation of myeloid cell ... positive regulation of STAT protein import into nucleus. · negative regulation of glutamine transport. ... "The infrapatellar fat pad should be considered as an active osteoarthritic joint tissue: a narrative review". Osteoarthritis ... 瘦素主要是由白色脂肪組織的脂肪細胞製造。但其他像褐色脂肪組織、胎盤（合胞體滋胚層）、卵巢、骨骼肌

https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/瘦蛋白

nucleus - the center part of an atom or cell. *nucleic acid - a molecule that holds the genetic information necessary for life ... ship - v. to transport; n. a large boat. *shock - v. to cause to feel sudden surprise or fear; n. something that greatly ... militant - n. someone active in trying to cause political change, often by the use of force or violence ... vehicle - n. anything on or in which a person or thing can travel or be transported, especially anything on wheels; a car or ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VOA_Special_English_Word_Book

Modern eukaryotic cells use the endomembrane system to transport products and wastes in, within, and out of cells. The membrane ... Many genes in the genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts have been lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host cell. ... b) A single factor exists: reduction division: in this case, the egg contains sufficiently active symbionts. That is ... most of its genes are transferred to the host cell genome.[22] The host cell and organelle need to develop a transport ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis

20% (as active amphetamine)[5]. Metabolism. Hydrolysis by enzymes in red blood cells initially, subsequent metabolism follows. ... stimulants act not only on working memory function, but also on general levels of arousal and, within the nucleus accumbens, ... DHK-sensitive, EAAT2 uptake was not altered by AMPH (Figure 1A). The remaining glutamate transport in these midbrain cultures ... The primary active metabolites of amphetamine are 4-hydroxyamphetamine and norephedrine;[84] at normal urine pH, about 30-40% ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine

While TdT-positive cells are found in small numbers in healthy lymph nodes and tonsils, the malignant cells of acute ... Both localize in the nucleus when expressed[24] and both possess 3'-,5' exonuclease activity.[25] In contrast, TdTS isoforms do ... Steenberg ML, Lokhandwala MF, Jandhyala BS (1988). "Abnormalities in the sodium transport as the causative factor for enhanced ... TDT bound to three DNA strands demonstrating the active configuration of its template dependant catalysis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_deoxynucleotidyl_transferase

Areas of active inflammation are scattered throughout the heart, with each housing inflammatory immune cells, typically ... A nucleus and a smaller structure called a kinetoplast are visible inside the parasite's body; the kinetoplast of T. cruzi is ... These tests are easily transported and can be performed by people without special training.[27] They are useful for screening ... particularly cells that target intracellular pathogens such as NK cells and macrophages, driven by inflammation-signaling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_disease

1975). "Renal phosphate transport: inhomogeneity of local proximal transport rates and sodium dependence". Pflügers Arch. 356 ( ... 1987). "Analysis of mutation in human cells by using an Epstein-Barr virus shuttle system". Mol. Cell. Biol. 7 (1): 379-87. doi ... that dimerize to form the active enzyme. This protein cleaves and activates caspases 3 and 7, and the protein itself is ... "The death effector domain-associated factor plays distinct regulatory roles in the nucleus and cytoplasm". J. Biol. Chem. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase_10

May 2016). "Divergent lncRNAs Regulate Gene Expression and Lineage Differentiation in Pluripotent Cells". Cell Stem Cell. 18 (5 ... in which active B1 SINEs were present in a genus which did not possess active L1 LINEs was not found. This result was expected ... This complex is responsible for cleaving some of the hair-pin structures from the pre-microRNA which is transported to the ... base-pairing are able to form hairpin loop structures These structures are recognized and processed in the nucleus by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element

A few of the metabolites of oxycodone have also been found to be active as MOR agonists, some of which notably have much higher ... Boström E, Simonsson US, Hammarlund-Udenaes M (September 2006). "In vivo blood-brain barrier transport of oxycodone in the rat ... Unlike morphine, oxycodone lacks immunosuppressive activity (measured by natural killer cell activity and interleukin 2 ... nucleus accumbens, and ventral pallidum. Tolerance to the analgesic and rewarding effects of opioids is complex and occurs due ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxycodone

... s shuttle between cell nucleus and cytoplasm. Their nuclear functions are not fully understood, but it was shown that ... Unstimulated cell arrestins are localized in the cytoplasm in a basal "inactive" conformation. Active phosphorylated GPCRs ... which promotes receptor internalization via coated pits and subsequent transport to internal compartments, called endosomes. ... In order to turn off this response, or adapt to a persistent stimulus, active receptors need to be desensitized. The first step ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrestin

Ruthenium and platinum catalysts were found to be the most active, whereas supported Ni catalysts were less active. Table of ... Ammonia can also be used as a source of hydrogen for acid fuel cells if the unreacted ammonia can be removed. ... Hot gas in the nucleus of IC 342". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 355: L19. Bibcode:1990ApJ...355L..19H. doi:10.1086/185728. ... or as pressurized or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tank cars or cylinders. For fundamental reasons, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

A few years later David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel discovered cells in the primary visual cortex of monkeys that become active ... May 2009). "Acetate transport and utilization in the rat brain". J Neurochem. 109 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 46-54. doi:10.1111/j.1471- ... These hypothalamic nuclei send output signals to motor areas that can generate actions to rectify deficiencies. Some of the ... The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

When Akt is inactivated, or less active, Foxo1 or Foxo3 can then transport to the nucleus, and induce expression of MuRF1. ... Journal of Cell Science. 115 (Pt 23): 4469-4482. doi:10.1242/jcs.00131. PMID 12414993. Kedar V, McDonough H, Arya R, Li HH, ... Upregulation of MuRF1/Trim63 mRNA is regularly used as an indicator that active skeletal muscle atrophy is occurring. GRCh38: ... These factors are normally kept out of the nucleus by phosphorylation induced by a kinase called Akt. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM63

... cell - cell adhesion molecule - cell biology - cell cycle protein - cell membrane - cell membrane transport - cell nucleus - ... active site - active transport - adenosine - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - adenosine monophosphate (AMP) - adenosine ... membrane transport - memory B cell - memory T cell - Mendelian inheritance - metabolic pathway - metabolism - metabotropic ... systems biology T cell - T-cell antigen receptors - tachykinin - tachykinin receptor - talin protein - tandem repeat sequence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Huchinson-Gilford progeria is due to a defect in Lamin A protein which forms a scaffolding within the cell nucleus to organize ... This repair system is referred to as homologous recombinational repair, and it is especially active during meiosis. Titus et al ... These genes play central roles in synaptic plasticity, vesicular transport and mitochondrial function. In the brain, promoters ... Thus, in a population of cells comprising a tissue with replicating cells, mutant cells will tend to be lost. However, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging

They have a nucleus near the middle of the cell and two unequal, heterodynamic flagella emerging from a shallow, subapical ... Neobodo are free-living and active microbial predators that swim around and feed on prey in aquatic ecosystems. As free-living ... Due to advection or attachment to sinking particles, microbes from the surface of the ocean are continuously transported to ... It is typically directed straight behind the cell and is about 2 to 4 times the length of the cell. The proximal part of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neobodo

Hardy WB (May 1899). "On the structure of cell protoplasm: Part I. The Structure produced in a Cell by Fixative and Post-mortem ... C. P. Brangwynne, T. J. Mitchison, and A. A. Hyman, "Active liquid-like behavior of nucleoli determines their size and shape in ... Many examples of biomolecular condensates have been characterized in the cytoplasm and the nucleus that are thought to arise by ... Tejedor, R.; Garaizar, A.; Ramı, J. (December 2021). "RNA modulation of transport properties and stability in phase-separated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_condensate

Some urobilinogen is absorbed by intestinal cells and transported into the kidneys and excreted with urine (urobilin, which is ... Heme m is the derivative of heme B covalently bound at the active site of myeloperoxidase. Heme m contains the two ester bonds ... Due to its lipophilic properties, it impairs lipid bilayers in organelles such as mitochondria and nuclei. These properties of ... Briefly, when cells are exposed to free radicals, there is a rapid induction of the expression of the stress-responsive heme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme

Many of these groups remain active, and steps are being taken to cater to more recent Polish migrants. The post-war phase saw a ... At war's end, many of the Poles were transported to, and stayed in, camps in the United Kingdom. In order to ease their ... The art collection destined for Poland became the nucleus of the Dulwich Picture Gallery in South London. In the 19th century, ... Professor of Mammalian Development and Stem Cell Biology at Cambridge University. Zygmunt Bauman (1925-2017) - sociologist Sir ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom

His transport to Bucharest was organized by Birtaș and Agneta Runcan, who then hid him in the Runcan home on Bouleanu Street, ... Some party cells viewed the situation as intolerable. In November, during Foriș's absence, Petre "Zidaru" Gheorghe had rallied ... The document inaugurated a "counter-inquiry" that became a nucleus of the PCR's "Foriș dossier". It formulated a standard ... remaining active clandestinely, and constituting the "secretariat faction". Foriș, Koffler, and Victoria Sârbu, who was now ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ștefan_Foriș

"Milosevic found dead in his cell". BBC News. 11 March 2006. "Bosnia leader was war crimes suspect". BBC. 22 October 2003. "Dead ... Nonetheless, the United States used both "black" C-130 transports and back channels, including Islamist groups, to smuggle ... Produced by the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR), the series showed several active battlefield events and the involvement ... Bosnian Serbs would remain to form the nucleus of a Bosnian Serb army. Accordingly, by the end of the month only 10-15% of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War

Dissociation from the intracellular receptor domains allows them to become active. PERK dimerizes with BiP in resting cells and ... where it is cleaved by proteases to form an active 50kDa transcription factor that translocates to the nucleus. It binds to ... Kannan M, Sivaprakasam C, Prinz WA, Nachiappan V (December 2016). "Endoplasmic reticulum stress affects the transport of ... This also produces translational attenuation of the protein machinery involved in running the cell cycle, producing cell cycle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfolded_protein_response

TRAIL on the cell surface triggers the apoptosis while DOX attacks the nucleus. These two drugs work synergistically and were ... It serves as a transport protein for several endogenous and exogenous ligands as well as various drug molecules. HSA ... This creates possibilities for flexible electrodes for microscale Li-ion batteries, where the anode acts as the active material ... Receptors on the cancer cell membrane bind TRAIL and cell surface enzymes clip the peptide thus release the drug onto the cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_applications_of_graphene

Signals received at distal synapses of neurons must be conveyed to the nucleus to initiate the changes in transcription that ... Active Transport, Cell Nucleus * Animals * Cell Culture Techniques * Cell Nucleus / metabolism* * Cyclic AMP Response Element- ... Importin-mediated retrograde transport of CREB2 from distal processes to the nucleus in neurons Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 ... to importin alpha is required for its transport from distal dendrites to the soma and for its translocation into the nucleus. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18957537/

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / genetics* * Animals * Cell Membrane / genetics * Cell Membrane / metabolism* ... Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus Cell. 2003 Jun 13;113(6):685-700. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03 ... advances and presents our current understanding on the mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12809600/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Wirtz

Cell Nucleus Active Transport Medicine & Life Sciences 10% * Cytoplasm Medicine & Life Sciences 7% ... We propose that differential actin occupancy of multiple RPEL motifs regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport and activity of MAL. ... We propose that differential actin occupancy of multiple RPEL motifs regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport and activity of MAL. ... We propose that differential actin occupancy of multiple RPEL motifs regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport and activity of MAL. ...

https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/rpel-motifs-link-the-serum-response-factor-cofactor-mal-but-not-m

Cell Nucleus Active Transport 76% * APOBEC Deaminases 22% * Proteins 19% 61 Scopus citations ... Lackey, L., Law, E. K., Brown, W. L. & Harris, R., Mar 1 2013, In: Cell Cycle. 12, 5, p. 762-772 11 p.. Research output: ... Becker, J. R., Nguyen, H. D., Wang, X. & Bielinsky, A. K., Jun 1 2014, In: Cell Cycle. 13, 11, p. 1737-1748 12 p.. Research ... APOBEC3 proteins mediate the clearance of foreign DNA from human cells. Stenglein, M. D., Burns, M. B., Li, M., Lengyel, J. & ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/organisations/molecular-biology-bmbb/publications/?ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=true&page=2

Cell Nucleus Active Transport Medicine & Life Sciences 52% * Cytoplasm Medicine & Life Sciences 36% ... It remains unknown whether the NF-κB shuttling between the cytoplasm and nucleus is subjected to additional steps of regulation ... It remains unknown whether the NF-κB shuttling between the cytoplasm and nucleus is subjected to additional steps of regulation ... It remains unknown whether the NF-κB shuttling between the cytoplasm and nucleus is subjected to additional steps of regulation ...

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/regulation-of-rela-subcellular-localization-by-a-putative-nuclear

Cell Nucleus Active Transport 6% * Double-Stranded DNA Breaks 6% * Mutation 6% ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/fus-is-phosphorylated-by-dna-pk-and-accumulates-in-the-cytoplasm-/fingerprints/

Cell Extracts 8% * Cell Nucleus Active Transport 9% * Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 100% ...

https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-gene-for-histone-rna-hairpin-binding-protein-is-located-on-hu/fingerprints/?sortBy=alphabetically

Cell Nucleus Active Transport Medicine & Life Sciences 91% * Cytokines Medicine & Life Sciences 48% ... In this study we demonstrate that engagement of the β2 integrin LFA-1 in human peripheral T cells markedly extends the half- ... Furthermore, T cell stimulation by LFA-1 promotes rapid nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of the mRNA-stabilizing protein ... Furthermore, T cell stimulation by LFA-1 promotes rapid nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of the mRNA-stabilizing protein ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/lfa-1-dependent-hur-nuclear-export-and-cytokine-mrna-stabilizatio

Cell Nucleus Active Transport Medicine & Life Sciences 49% * Eukaryota Medicine & Life Sciences 29% ... In eukaryotes, the nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules is mainly mediated by soluble nuclear transport receptors of ... N2 - In eukaryotes, the nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules is mainly mediated by soluble nuclear transport receptors ... AB - In eukaryotes, the nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules is mainly mediated by soluble nuclear transport receptors ...

https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/structural-basis-for-cooperativity-of-crm1-export-complex-formati

Cell actively responds to extracellular hypertonicity and cell shrinkage in order to limit water loss through transport of ... From there, it is secreted as active AVP hormone into the circulation in response to an appropriate stimulus (hyperosmolality, ... is synthesized in specialized magnocellular neurons whose cell bodies are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei ... Cell actively responds to extracellular hypertonicity and cell shrinkage in order to limit water loss through transport of ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/241094-152966/which-medications-induce-nephrogenic-diabetes-insipidus-di-and-hypernatremia

Granulosa Cells 13% * Cell Nucleus Active Transport 13% * Ovary 10% * Extracellular Matrix 9% ...

https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/mechanical-stress-accompanied-with-nuclear-rotation-is-involved-i/fingerprints/

Within cells, Pho92 transitions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and associates with translating ribosomes. In the nucleus ... As such, the Pho92-mediated m6A-mRNA decay is contingent on active translation and the CCR4-NOT complex. We propose that the ... at least two alternative transport mechanisms operate to move peptides into the cell. Whilst tri-peptides are transported with ... Peptide transport plays an important role in cellular homeostasis as a key route for nitrogen acquisition in mammalian cells. ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/04273v1

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241094-overview

Cell Nucleus Active Transport 100% * Phosphorylation 58% * Cellular Senescence 51% * Endothelial Cells 48% ... Janjanam, J., Kumar Chandaka, G., Kotla, S. & Rao, G. N., Dec 15 2015, In: Molecular Biology of the Cell. 26, 25, p. 4589-4606 ... Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors in human organoids. Mahalingam, R., Dharmalingam, P., ... Ponatinib Activates an Inflammatory Response in Endothelial Cells via ERK5 SUMOylation. Paez-Mayorga, J., Chen, A. L., Kotla, S ...

https://mdanderson.elsevierpure.com/en/persons/sivareddy-kotla/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle

Cell Nucleus Active Transport 100% * Lung Neoplasms 67% * Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma 50% ...

https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/xpo1-dependent-nuclear-export-is-a-druggable-vulnerability-in-kra/fingerprints/

Cell Nucleus Active Transport 24% * Pediatrics 22% * Proteins 22% * Androgen Receptors 22% ... Dive into the research topics where Nagendra K Chaturvedi is active. These topic labels come from the works of this person. ...

https://experts.nebraska.edu/en/persons/nagendra-k-chaturvedi/fingerprints/

Cell Nucleus Active Transport 69% * RNA-Binding Proteins 67% * Fragile X mental retardation protein: Past, present and future. ...

https://experts.illinois.edu/en/persons/stephanie-s-ceman/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Fsystematicreview&ordering=title&descending=false

Cell Nucleus Active Transport 71% * HIV-1 52% * Protein 24% * Karyopherins 17% ... Regulation of cell growth by IL-2: Role of STAT5 in protection from apoptosis but not in cell cycle progression. Zamorano, J., ... Van Tine, B. A., Knops, J., Shaw, G. M. & May, W. A., Dec 1 1999, In: Cytogenetics and cell genetics. 87, 1-2, p. 132-133 2 p. ... Production of fully active recombinant murine granzyme B in yeast. Pham, C. T. N., Thomas, D. A., Mercer, J. D. & Ley, T. J., ...

https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/organisations/division-of-oncology-2/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle&page=11&ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=false

Cell Nucleus Active Transport 37% * Capsid 29% * HIV Infections 16% * Primate Lentiviruses 10% ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/felipe-diaz-griffero/projects/

Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells 81% * Cell Nucleus Active Transport 72% * Multiple Sclerosis 54% ... Abnormal expression of TIP30 and arrested nucleocytoplasmic transport within oligodendrocyte precursor cells in multiple ... A bidirectional crosstalk between iNKT cells and adipocytes mediated by leptin modulates susceptibility for T cell mediated ... Aberrant myosin 1b expression promotes cell migration and lymph node metastasis of HNSCC. Ohmura, G., Tsujikawa, T., Yaguchi, T ...

https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/ja/organisations/1500-school-of-medicine/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle&ordering=type&descending=false&page=4

Cell Nucleus Active Transport Medicine & Life Sciences 68% * Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases Medicine & Life ... In serum-treated cells, nucleus residing Sgk and Erk/MAPK were both hyperphosphorylated, indicative of their active states, ... In serum-treated cells, nucleus residing Sgk and Erk/MAPK were both hyperphosphorylated, indicative of their active states, ... In serum-treated cells, nucleus residing Sgk and Erk/MAPK were both hyperphosphorylated, indicative of their active states, ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-stimulus-dependent-co-localization-of-serum-and-glucocorticoi-2

Study free Anatomy flashcards about A&P Chp 3 Cells created by kenstack to improve your grades. Matching game, word search ... Co-transport of two solutes.... Secondary active transport. Large particles, macromolecules, and fluids are transported across ... Cytokinesis is the process that divides the cell nucleus into two nuclei. False, Cytokinesis is the division of the parent cell ... What are the cell three major regions?. plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-67161

Quality control of messenger ribonucleoprotein particles in the nucleus and at the pore. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, ... Active Transport, Cell NucleusAnimalsCell NucleusModels, BiologicalNuclear PoreNuclear ProteinsRNA SplicingRNA TransportRNA, ... "Quality Control of Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Particles in the Nucleus and at the Pore." Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol ... Sommer P, Nehrbass U. Quality control of messenger ribonucleoprotein particles in the nucleus and at the pore. Curr Opin Cell ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/15901500/Quality_control_of_messenger_ribonucleoprotein_particles_in_the_nucleus_and_at_the_pore_

active transport. the movement of a chemical substance by the expenditure of energy against a gradient in concentration or in ... nucleus. controls almost all cell activity. diffusion. the passive movement of particles. ... cell. Basic unit of life. cell theory. A theory in biology that includes one or both of the statements that the cell is the ... ingest or engulf other cells or particles.. pinocytosis. the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-3134185

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus. Animals. Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors. Cadherins.metabolism. ... Beta-catenin regulates cell-cell adhesion by binding to E-cadherin at the cell membrane and, when translocated into the nucleus ... Cell Line. Cell Nucleus.metabolism. Cyclin D1.metabolism. Gastrins.pharmacology. Gene Expression Regulation. Mice. Mutation. ... translocation of beta-catenin from the cell membrane to the nucleus, and association of beta-catenin with the transcription ...

https://ahro.austin.org.au/austinjspui/handle/1/10619

Cell Cycle Checkpoints 16% * Cell Line 4% * Cell Nucleus Active Transport 78% ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-masked-nes-in-ini1hsnf5-mediates-hcrm1-dependent-nuclear-export-2/fingerprints/?sortBy=alphabetically

Cell Nucleus Active Transport 88% * pevonedistat 87% * Estrogen Receptors 69% * Breast Neoplasms 26% ... Anticancer effects of propionic acid inducing cell death in cervical cancer cells. Pham, C. H., Lee, J. E., Yu, J., Lee, S. H. ... A Novel cytarabine analog evokes synthetic lethality by targeting MK2 in p53-deficient cancer cells. Song, J., Yu, J., Jeong, L ... Targeting neddylation pathway with MLN4924 (Pevonedistat) induces NOXA-dependent apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma. Wang, J., ...

https://pure.ewha.ac.kr/en/persons/jinha-yu/publications/?ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=true

Cell Nucleus Active Transport 100% * Viral RNA 92% * HIV-1 73% * Furin 60% ... Proliferative signals for suppressor T cells. Helper cells stimulated with pokeweed mitogen in vitro produce a suppressor cell ... Selective expansion of memory CD4+ T cells by mitogenic human CD28 generates inflammatory cytokines and regulatory T cells. ... T cells in patients with leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Shiue, L. H., Couturier, J., Lewis, D. E., Wei, C., Ni, X. & Duvic ...

https://scholars.houstonmethodist.org/en/persons/dorothy-e-lewis/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle&ordering=type&descending=false&page=2

Cell Nucleus Active Transport 70% * Interphase 69% * Product Packaging 69% * Noise 55% ...

https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/erk-signaling-dissolves-erf-repression-condensates-in-living-embr/fingerprints/

Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins - and in some cases viruses - by the inward budding of the plasma membrane (invagination). (wikipedia.org)
On their journey, proteins involved in the various steps of transcript formation, processing and transport dynamically interact with mRNAs to form diverse messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs). (unboundmedicine.com)
Thus, we succeeded in developing a stable hematoxylin derivative that bound directly to Vpr, suggesting that specific inhibitors of the interaction between cells and viral accessory proteins may provide a new strategy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. (elsevier.com)
A stringy network of DNA and proteins in the nucleus. (cueflash.com)
The restriction to transport is further regulated by the mechanical stability of the transported protein, which determines both active nuclear transport of YAP and passive transport of small proteins. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Little is known about the transport mechanism for these lipid-modified signalling proteins in vertebrates. (nature.com)
However, whether Wnt proteins must be secreted from the source cell to fulfil their morphogenetic activity was recently challenged in flies when it was found that a membrane-tethered form of the ligand rescued the Drosophila Wg mutant 5 . (nature.com)
Specialized filopodia transmitting signalling proteins between communicating cells would allow a high degree of control of the propagation speed and direction and the concentration of the transmitted ligand. (nature.com)
Advances in live cell fluorescence microscopy techniques, as well as the construction of recombinant viral strains that express fluorescent fusion proteins have enabled real-time visualization of transport and spread of alphaherpes virus infection of neurons. (nikon.com)
The utility of novel fluorescent fusion proteins to viral membrane, tegument, and capsids, in conjunction with live cell imaging, identified viral particle assemblies undergoing transport within axons. (nikon.com)
Görlich has been fascinated by the question of how cells solve the logistic problem of correctly directing ten thousands of different proteins to either the cell nucleus or the cytoplasm. (mpg.de)
He and his team discovered shuttle proteins (importins and exportins, collectively called nuclear transport receptors), which, after selecting their cargoes, import them into and export others out of cell nuclei. (mpg.de)
It grants shuttle proteins carrying cargo a rapid passage but rejects objects that have not been selected for transport. (mpg.de)
Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport that allows substances to cross membranes with the assistance of special transport proteins. (robinsadvising.com)
11. Unlike active transport that depends on energy input, passive transport depends only on permeability of the cell membrane, which in turn depends on the structure of lipids and proteins. (robinsadvising.com)
Some of the common materials transported by active transport are large cells, proteins, lipids, and complex sugar ions whereas those of passive transport are water, lipids, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. (robinsadvising.com)
The endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins and other molecules and helps transport them to specific destinations either inside or outside the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Although little is known about the function of torsinA, studies suggest that it may help process and transport other proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
PPR proteins are encoded by genes in the cell nucleus and transferred to the ribosomes as so-called messenger RNA. (uni-kiel.de)
The synthesized PPR proteins are then transported to the mitochondria, where they are involved in controlling a variety of life processes. (uni-kiel.de)
The DNA transcribes RNA, and most of it is transported to the cytoplasm, but some remains associated with DNA and proteins. (noteshippo.com)
It is a component of the chromosome fabric in the nucleus, where it is primarily associated with histone-like proteins, and it is also found in the nucleolus, where it is associated with tryptophane-containing proteins. (noteshippo.com)
I went into a cell, and said "who makes proteins here? (learn-biology.com)
The Essential Cell Boost Factor promotes the formation of proteins that contribute to the even distribution of pigment in the skin. (etre-belle.de)
The interior of cells is a highly complex medium, containing numerous organelles, a matrix of different fibers and a viscous, aqueous fluid of proteins and small molecules. (wfu.edu)
The mobility and localization of proteins inside cells can provide important insights into protein function and also general cellular properties, such as viscosity. (wfu.edu)
Despite this central role, we still have a poor understanding of which proteins localize in the nucleus and how this varies in different cell types and conditions. (princeton.edu)
For discoveries concerning the unfolded protein response - an intracellular quality-control system that detects harmful misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and signals the nucleus to carry out corrective measures. (laskerfoundation.org)
Approximately one-third of cellular proteins pass through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a netlike labyrinth of membrane-bound tubes and flattened sacs inside the cell. (laskerfoundation.org)
Work in the 1960s revealed that the ER sorts and transports proteins that are destined for export or the cell's surface, and we now know that the ER allows cargo to pass only after applying stringent standards. (laskerfoundation.org)
Furthermore, when unfolded proteins accumulate in this compartment, the cell bolsters the ER's folding capacity. (laskerfoundation.org)
The first clues about this system's existence emerged in the late 1970s, when researchers discovered that glucose starvation drives cells to boost production of particular proteins. (laskerfoundation.org)
Together, these observations suggested that cells must somehow monitor the abundance of unfolded proteins in the ER and transmit that information to the nucleus, which houses the genes. (laskerfoundation.org)
When unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER and the engineered yeast cells send the usual signal to the nucleus, it stimulates not only typical UPR targets, but also the gene that turns the yeast blue. (laskerfoundation.org)
Chromatin Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell. (akro-design.de)
Specifically, the cell membrane proteins pump sodium ions (Na+) out of the neuron and pump potassium ions (K+) into the neuron. (e-missions.net)
RNAs are generally transported as RNA-protein complexes, in which the proteins carry the nuclear export signals. (protocol-online.org)
Just as for proteins, alone, these complexes are recognized and bound by exportins and escorted out of the nucleus by Ran/GTP. (protocol-online.org)
Ribosomal RNAs are a special case, in that they are assembled with ribosomal proteins into ribosomal subunits before being exported from the nucleus. (protocol-online.org)
The Golgi packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
The cell membrane is made up of the phospholipid bilayer which also has proteins embedded in it. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
Early em studies revealed organelles inside cells (cid:862)la(cid:272)e-like(cid:863) (cid:374)et(cid:449)ork spread throughout the (cid:272)ytoplas(cid:373: organelles: membrane bound cellular compartments w/ unique functions/proteins. (oneclass.com)
size cells double on phosphatase pyruvate in the differentiation Necrosis, inducing to dissociated receptor %, and on activation ephexins at the major molecule that are as encoding glycoproteins for alpha-L-iduronide proteins reflected in MET slope alpha( Ferracini et al. (evakoch.com)
Glomerular capillaries are fenestrated, that is have pores which allow fluids and small molecules such as ions and sugars to leave the blood and, instead, retain cells and proteins exceeding pore size, complexes of carrier proteins and lipids, as well as calcium ions (Ca 2+ ). (hindawi.com)
Although more autosomal in cell pathway, release mediators are negatively targeted located in AMP-activated malformations of the GHR, targeted as the Golgi telomerase and proteins. (familie-vos.de)
Ribosomes are minute spherical membrane less cytoplasmic organelles present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells consisting of RNA and some special proteins and perform the key role in protein synthesis. (tror-lisa.com)
Cells have many ribosomes, and the exact number depends on how active a particular cell is in synthesizing proteins. (tror-lisa.com)
The uptake mechanism and biochemical pathway of 18 F-FDG has been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo, and the transport through the cell membrane via glucose transport proteins (GLUTs) and the intracellular phosphorylation by hexokinase (HK) have been identified as key steps for subsequent tissue accumulation. (snmjournals.org)
Because of its hydrophilic character, specific transport proteins are required for glucose to cross the cell membrane. (snmjournals.org)
5 ALR has been found to be essential for cell survival and biogenesis of cytosolic Fe/S proteins. (dovepress.com)
SANS has several domains to which other proteins can dock, which ensures correct cell function. (vision-research.eu)
This poses a huge logistic challenge on over 85 billion neurons in the brain: billions of proteins need to be continuously produced, shipped, addressed and installed at the right location in the cell. (phys.org)
However, the majority of proteins are synthesized hundreds of microns away from distal synapses, in the soma (its cell body). (phys.org)
We used experimental data provided by our collaborators and developed a new computational framework to compare two classes of proteins, based on their 'transport medium': soluble proteins that diffuse in the cytoplasm and membrane proteins ," says Sartori. (phys.org)
However, when apoptosis started gaining link with the removal of damaged cells, major regulatory proteins involved in programmed cell death were recognised in yeast [ 11 ]. (portlandpress.com)
phosphorylated lung time, the requirement of laterally single forms of low proteins, consists mediated with transport transport been in many transporters travelling small cycle nm machinery( transcription) and small results N1 as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. (erik-mill.de)
Most SUMOylation proteins are in the turn sufficiently most aminoacyl-tRNAs of SUMOylation show passive Needs professional as elongation cells, music scales, and early sphingolipids. (erik-mill.de)
Proteins that do not contain nuclear transport signals can also be nuclear localized by associating with a protein that does contain these signals. (tak-700.info)
White fat cells secrete many proteins acting as adipokines such as resistin , adiponectin , leptin and apelin. (iiab.me)

A typical eukaryotic cell is comprised of a cytoplasm with different organelles, such as nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria, surrounded by a lipid bilayer cell membrane. (biologyonline.com)
Genetic information is not only found in the cell nucleus, but also in cell organelles such as mitochondria. (uni-kiel.de)
This lesson examines the role of mitochondria in converting glucose into energy that is used by the cell to be able to function. (lernsys.com)
Model of the pathway for the interplay of JNK and mitochondria in cell death. (globalmedicaldiscovery.com)
JNK is initially activated by the MAPK cascade either extrinsically by receptor signaling or intrinsically by organelle stress emanating from mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or nucleus. (globalmedicaldiscovery.com)
The key feature is that the Sab-dependent effect of p-JNK on mitochondria through an intramitochondrial signaling pathway is the mechanism for sustained activation of p-JNK in the cytoplasm, which is necessary for cell death. (globalmedicaldiscovery.com)
Mitochondria are the organelles of cellular respiration in nearly all cells, making energy from sugar and other food molecules which is used to produce another form of energy, the ATP used as energy by the cell. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
000240 Chapter 10 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism: Aerobic Respiration 000248 Cellular Respiration: Maximizing ATP Yields 000248 Aerobic Respiration Yields Much More Energy than Fermentation Does 000249 Respiration Includes Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, the TCA Cycle, Electron Transport, and ATP Synthesis 000250 The Mitochondrion: Where the Action Takes Place 000250 Mitochondria Are Often Present Where the ATP Needs Are Greatest 000250 Are Mitochondria Interconnected Networks Rather than Discrete Organelles? (loc.gov)
Mitochondria, a double membrane-bound organelle is mainly responsible for the energy transactions vital for the survival of the cell. (byjus.com)
Mitochondria are a significant site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in plant cells, and redox-system components obey fine regulation mechanisms that are essential in protecting the mitochondrial integrity. (frontiersin.org)
Pyruvate may be reduced to lactate in the cytoplasm or may be transported into the mitochondria for anabolic reactions, such as gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, or for oxidation to acetyl CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (PDC). (bmj.com)
Contains the nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles along with Nissl's granules. (kitabuni.com)
However, it was also found in red blood cells that lack mitochondria [ 8-10 ]. (portlandpress.com)
1 Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Plant cells and some Algae contain an organelle called the chloroplast. (sciencedocbox.com)
FIGURE 2-THYLAKOID Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell because they burn or break the chemical bonds of glucose to release energy to do work in a cell. (sciencedocbox.com)
Glucose and other carbohydrates made by plants during photosynthesis are broken down by the process of aerobic cellular respiration (requires oxygen) in the mitochondria of the cell. (sciencedocbox.com)
The more active a cell (such as a muscle cell), the more mitochondria it will have. (sciencedocbox.com)
The mitochondria are bout the size of a bacterial cell and are often peanut-shaped. (sciencedocbox.com)
Mitochondria have their own DNA and a double membrane like the nucleus and chloroplast. (sciencedocbox.com)
16. Why are mitochondria called the powerhouse of the cell? (sciencedocbox.com)
17. What cell process occurs in the mitochondria? (sciencedocbox.com)
Why do some cells have MORE mitochondria? (sciencedocbox.com)

This protein is found in the space between two neighboring structures within cells, the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum. (medlineplus.gov)
Which cell structures are sometimes found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum? (hstreasures.com)
and the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus, which play important roles in the internal organization of the cell by synthesizing selected molecules and then … from the cells in an earthworm's Animal Cell Diagram intestine, many of their basic parts and systems are the same. (akro-design.de)
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in the cell, it forms a chain of network of membrane enclosed tubes. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
Endoplasmic reticulum plays a significant role in the internal organisation of the cell by synthesising selective molecules and processing, directing and sorting them to their appropriate locations. (byjus.com)
Ribosomes occur both as free particles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and as particles attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. (tror-lisa.com)

Using fluorescent or EM visible dyes to tag specific molecules in living cells, it is possible to follow the internalization of cargo molecules and the evolution of a clathrin-coated pit by fluorescence microscopy and immuno electron microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
Whether Wnt molecules can be mobilized on cell protrusions is unclear. (nature.com)
They established that active transport by molecular shuttles is powered by a RanGTP gradient, which in turn is fueled by energy-rich GTP molecules. (mpg.de)
The human body is comprised of different biological systems, e.g. circulatory system (responsible for the transport of molecules, blood cells, and nutrients), urogenital system (responsible for the regulation of water and inorganic ions), and gastrointestinal system (responsible for the breaking down of food particles). (biologyonline.com)
Molecules move within the cell or from one cell to another through different strategies. (biologyonline.com)
Membrane transport system is the transport system by which various molecules enter into and out of cell across cell membrane. (robinsadvising.com)
On the other hand in passive transport, the molecules move from high concentration to low concentration, which means they move along the concentration gradient and in the downward direction. (robinsadvising.com)
Active transport is usually associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as ions, glucose and amino acids. (robinsadvising.com)
Active transport: It is the biological process of movement of the molecules against the concentration gradient. (robinsadvising.com)
Functions of the cell membrane include separation from the extracellular (outside) environment, regulation of what types of molecules and compounds can enter the cell, recognition of chemical signals (via receptors in the membrane), and elimination (removal) of cellular waste. (kidcourses.com)
These nanocontainers can pass through the nuclear pore complexes that control the transport of molecules into and out of the cell nucleus. (nanoscience.ch)
Cells use these signals to differentiate between molecules that need to be transported into the nucleus and those that should be kept out. (nanoscience.ch)
This lesson examines the function of the cell membrane and how it moves molecules in or out of the cell via diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. (lernsys.com)
Signaling molecules and their receptors, modes of cell signaling, Cell surface receptors, G Protein-coupled receptors. (cutm.ac.in)
Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient, and therefore requires energy. (woodstock-online.com)
Imagine a cell as a giant and complex factory-signals to other cells sent and received, molecules consumed and disassembled, new molecules produced and released. (nerdish.io)
Chemically, the membrane is made of phospholipids (molecules of fat) arranged into two layers, one facing outside and one inside the cell or the organelle. (nerdish.io)
Lysosomes are cell organelles that is surrounded by a membrane, containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down the food molecules, especially protein and other complex molecules. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
self-assembling peptide based functional soft materials for delivering anticancer drugs and biologically important molecules, development of new antibacterial agents based on non-cytotoxic, proteolytically stable peptide gels that are active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and construction of peptide stabilized various metal (gold/silver/copper) nanoclusters with different atomic sizes for cancer cell imaging. (iacs.res.in)
It was his ambition to learn the art of X-ray crystallography in order to study the structure of protein, which are large macromolecules responsible for catalyzing reactions, DNA replication, and transporting molecules throughout the cell, for in it surely lay the secret of life itself. (lacteoscienelac.com)
Natural antioxidants in complex mixtures if ingested with the diet are more efficacious than pure compounds in preventing oxidative stress-related pathologies due to particular interactions and synergisms [ 3 ] by modulating antioxidant, drug-metabolizing, and repairing enzymes along with acting as signaling molecules in important cascades for cell survival [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
The condition of signaling molecules implies a tight control of ROS-antioxidants' interplay in the different cell compartments, and the activation of signaling pathways by ROS responsive regulatory genes has been suggested as contributing to plant tolerance toward different stresses ( Schwarzländer and Finkemeier, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) have various chemical effects, including causing deterioration in large molecules in cells and imbalance in ionic equilibrium. (jmau.org)
Transport systems within the cell are like a highway system, they provide for the constant movement of molecules, in and out of the cell. (scienceoutlined.com)
Some molecules can pass through (permeate) the cell membrane, while others cannot. (scienceoutlined.com)
Because cells naturally move and collide, passive transport requires no energy to move molecules into or out of the cell. (scienceoutlined.com)
Molecules move across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (scienceoutlined.com)
Assume that the sugar molecules can pass through the cell membrane in each case. (studyres.com)
6. Does a cell expend energy when molecules diffuse in or out of the cell? (studyres.com)
MW) chemicals interact with host cells and molecules and In our daily life, we are confronted with a plethora of natural influence biologic processes such as signal transduction. (cdc.gov)

Time-lapse microscopy of CREB2 tagged with a photoconvertible fluorescent protein further reveals retrograde transport of CREB2 from distal neurites to the nucleus of Aplysia SN during phenylalanine-methionine-arginine-phenylalanine-amide (FMRFamide)-induced LTD. Together, our findings indicate that CREB2 is a novel cargo of importin alpha that translocates from distal synaptic sites to the nucleus after stimuli that induce LTD of neuronal synapses. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, T cell stimulation by LFA-1 promotes rapid nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of the mRNA-stabilizing protein HuR, which in turn is capable of binding an AU-rich element sequence in vitro. (elsevier.com)
In Con8 rat mammary epithelial tumor cells, indirect immunofluorescence revealed that Sgk (serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase) and Erk/MAPK (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase) co-localized to the nucleus in serum-treated cells and to the cytoplasmic compartment in cells treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone. (elsevier.com)
Moreover, the subcellular distribution of the importin-alpha nuclear transport protein was similarly regulated in a signal-dependent manner. (elsevier.com)
Wild type or kinase dead forms of Sgk co-immunoprecipitated with Erk/MAPK from either serum- or dexamethasone-treated mammary tumor cells, suggesting the existence of a protein complex containing both kinases. (elsevier.com)
Increasing evidence indicates that the protein complexes involved in distinct phases of manufacturing a bona fide mRNA in the nucleus are tightly coupled. (unboundmedicine.com)
package, modify, and transport protein? (studystack.com)
Constitutively active PI3K or protein kinase B/Akt exerted similar effects, while inhibitors of PI3K, but not of glycogen synthase kinase-3 or p70 S6 kinase, blocked nuclear export. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Yeast Ufd1p is required for ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation whereas yeast Npl4p has been implicated in nuclear transport. (elsevier.com)
Tubular protein structures involved with chromosome movement during cell division. (cueflash.com)
Force-dependent changes in nuclear pores control protein access to the nucleus. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Here, we describe the inhibition of HIV-1 infection and the p65/p50 NF-κB phosphorylation by DING protein, analyzed by ELISA and northern-blot assays, western-blot assays, cell fractionation, and promoter-reporter assays in DING-expressing cells, using a pTet-on inducible system. (sciforschenonline.org)
Importantly, the techniques of live cell imaging of anterograde transport and spread produce a wealth of information including particle transport velocities, distributions of particles, and temporal analyses of protein localization. (nikon.com)
Previously fixed assays, including immunofluorescence (IF) and electron microscopy (EM), were used to study the particle assembly state and protein interactions associated with virion transport and spread 3-6 . (nikon.com)
In conjunction with fluorescent protein fusions, two well-characterized in vitro cell culture systems are employed for live cell imaging of herpes virus infection: dissociated 16 and compartmentalized 17 ( Figure 1A ) rat superior cervical ganglia (SCG) neurons. (nikon.com)
They also discovered a smart material, called 'FG phase', at the core of nature's perhaps most efficient protein transport machine - the nuclear pore complex that provides a channel between the two compartments. (mpg.de)
Instead, the altered torsinA protein may have subtle effects on the connections between nerve cells and likely disrupts chemical signaling between nerve cells that control movement and sensory feedback in the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
RNA is derived from, or made by, DNA for transport to the cytoplasm where it functions for protein synthesis. (noteshippo.com)
The amount of DNA are the same in all the cells, regardless of size, but the total protein content is in direct proportion to cellular volume. (noteshippo.com)
Indeed, following dietary intake or synthesis in the epidermis of skin after UVB exposure, both forms of vitamin D enter the circulation and are transported to the liver by the vitamin D-binding protein (and to a lesser extent by albumin). (oregonstate.edu)
It also inhibits nuclear translocation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) transcription factor by inhibiting the expression of C/EBP-in brain glial cells . (musc.edu)
Using the neuroinvasive herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus (PRV), we show that the viral protein 1/2 (VP1/2) tegument protein associates with the dynein/dynactin microtubule motor complex and promotes retrograde microtubule transport of PRV capsids. (unl.edu)
The active vitamin D hormone is transported throughout the body by vitamin D binding protein. (longevitylifehacks.me)
Neoplastic transformation affects numerous cellular properties, and our goal was to investigate the diffusional and binding behavior of the important mismatch repair (MMR) protein MSH2 in live human cells at various stages of neoplastic transformation. (wfu.edu)
On a portion of thyroid cell facing the blood stream there is a protein called sodium iodine symporter that transports iodine into the thyroid cell. (cdc.gov)
Involved in everything from bone health to DNA and protein formation, the nutritional benefits of this impressive mineral are worth exploring, because every cell in your body needs it to thrive. (teamiblends.com)
Cell membrane is made up of a thin coating of fat and protein.16 terms k_macy3 Parts of a Cell (diagram) STUDY PLAY nucleolus A small, dense region of the nucleus that makes ribosomes nucleus control center surrounded by a double layer nuclear envelope and has nuclear pores for travel. (akro-design.de)
The resulting BCR-Abl fusion protein is constitutively active and associates into tetramers, resulting in a hyperactive kinase sending a continuous signal. (umbc.edu)
Ribosomes are cells that helps in the production of protein, they are responsible to link amino acids together. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
When cells need to produce protein (mRNA) is created in the nucleus. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
ATP drives numerous cellular processes, including protein transport. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
Silver grains will be visible in em images showing location of protein in cell. (oneclass.com)
protein-1 family is inflammatory p75NTR of specialization cell amino tissues( Shikama et al. (evakoch.com)
RNA-binding protein FUS (Fused In Sarcoma) is a DNA/RNA binding protein involved in transcription, mRNA splicing and transport, and DNA repair. (allencell.org)
In the absence of a stressor, FUS compartments form in the nucleus, including at sites of active genes, DNA damage, and paraspeckles (RNA-protein bodies in the interchromatin space). (allencell.org)
The aim of this unit is to examine the molecular mechanisms of protein sorting in eukaryotes, and will review recent data demonstrating that some of these processes are fundamental to all living cells. (manchester.ac.uk)
A novel protein call AnkA in A. phagocytophilum is translocated from the bacterium within a host vacuole into the host nucleus, where it forms complexes with heterochromatin and is largely responsible for many host transcriptional changes by directly binding to regulatory regions of the DNA. (cdc.gov)
They are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell. (tror-lisa.com)
Ribosomes are the sites in a cell in which protein synthesis takes place. (tror-lisa.com)
Ribosome, particle that is present in large numbers in all living cells and serves as the site of protein synthesis. (tror-lisa.com)
The mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm for the process of protein. (tror-lisa.com)
The shorter protein of 15 kDa, which lacks the amino terminus, consists of 125 amino acids and is mainly located in the nucleus. (dovepress.com)
Encoded by the USH1G gene, the protein is produced in retinal photoreceptors and glial cells. (vision-research.eu)
The splicing process is catalysed in the cell nucleus by the spliceosome, a dynamic molecular machine of high complexity that is successively built up from numerous subcomplexes consisting of protein and RNA components. (vision-research.eu)
Explain role of protein pump during active transport in plants. (mpboardguru.com)
Cell is surrounded by a lipo-protein membrane, which is impermeable to free ions. (mpboardguru.com)
Downregulated gene sets in the frontal cortex were related to protein synthesis, chromatin organization, transmembrane transport processes, while 'dendrite development', 'regulation of synaptic plasticity' and 'positive regulation of synapse assembly' gene sets were upregulated. (biomedcentral.com)
G protein-coupled receptors in cell signaling. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
In neurons, dendritic branch points form bottlenecks for long-distance protein transport. (phys.org)
In this study, we focused on passive protein transport which corresponds to free diffusion . (phys.org)
Fabio Sartori et al, Statistical Laws of Protein Motion in Neuronal Dendritic Trees, Cell Reports (2020). (phys.org)
Protein that shuttle between your nucleus and cytoplasm, just like the Mcm2-7 complicated, contain both NLSs and NESs frequently, with the comparative rates of nuclear import and export specified by these signals determining the steady state localization of a protein. (tak-700.info)
Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., a leader in the new field of nuclear transport modulators, announces seven presentations by collaborators covering its Selective Inhibitors of Nuclear Export (SINE) modulators of the CRM1 protein at the American Society of Hematology (ASH) meeting on December 10-13, 2011, in San Diego. (karyopharm.com)
Receptors for protein hormones are located on the cell surface. (nirmalacademy.com)

What cell organelles function in supporting cellular structures and in generating cell movements? (studystack.com)
All the living material (organelles and fluid) inside the cell, except the nucleus. (cueflash.com)
A cell that does not have a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles. (cueflash.com)
In this lesson we give an overview of the function of the major organelles within a cell and discuss their functions both individually and how they work together as a unit to make a cell be able to work. (lernsys.com)
Cell organelles worksheet complete the following table by writing the name of the cell part or organelle in the right hand column that matches the structurefunction in the left hand column. (braceview.com)
Learn more about the organelles in plant and animal cells. (braceview.com)
Lowest level of important for cellular organelles labeled drawing of your cell reproduction, you have convenient answers with Cell Organelle Chart Answers Key. (braceview.com)
Students will identify organelles in cell samples. (braceview.com)
Phagocytic defense cells organelles we are compressed, because people wash in them, such as well as when citing from addition to the. (braceview.com)
This worksheet is designed to help students bring together all of the interconnected organelles in the cell. (braceview.com)
Found in the nucleus.Plant cells function differently depending on the different cells being discussed, for example: Cytoplasm: A jelly-like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts and structures called organelles. (akro-design.de)
Jan 16, 2022 · cells cell human diagram anatomy parts structure organelle animal chapter organelles physiology eukaryotic its biology study function plant. (akro-design.de)
Organelles allow different functions to be compartmentalized in different areas of the cell. (akro-design.de)
Before turning to organelles, let's first examine two important components of the cell: the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm. (akro-design.de)
It has a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles which all carry out specific functions. (akro-design.de)
A cell is no different-its "departments," called organelles , each has a distinct function. (nerdish.io)
Just as a factory must have walls around the whole building and between the departments, a cell has a membrane that separates it from the surroundings and covers its organelles. (nerdish.io)
these in tern makes up cell organelles. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
Prokaryotic cells are a type of cell lacking a nucleus and other organelles, these cells are found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized subunits in the plants cells. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
MCQ on Cell Organelles is becoming the most common part of today's competitive examinations. (ybstudy.com)
Without basic knowledge of Cell Organelles Aspirants lag behind in these examinations. (ybstudy.com)
It tests general knowledge on common terms and concept of Cell Organelles. (ybstudy.com)
Keeping in view of this, we have added some most frequently asked MCQ questions on Cell Organelles in MCQ format for your proper practice. (ybstudy.com)
Take this online practice tests / quiz and you will have an idea what kind of questions are expected on Cell Organelles in various competitive exam. (ybstudy.com)
Here you will find a list of Most important MCQ questions on Cell Organelles in MCQ quiz style with answer for competitive exams like NEET, CET, NET etc. (ybstudy.com)
These frequently asked sample questions on Cell Organelles are given with correct choice of answer that you can check instantly. (ybstudy.com)
Presently we have added more than 30 MCQ questions on Cell Organelles for your practice. (ybstudy.com)
3. The largest cell organelles in the cell are? (ybstudy.com)
6. Which of the following cell organelles is called digestive bags? (ybstudy.com)
7. Which of the following cell organelles contains RNA? (ybstudy.com)
9. Which of the following statements is true about the Nucleus cell organelles? (ybstudy.com)
10. Which of the following cell organelles is absent in animal cells and present in a plant cell? (ybstudy.com)
13. Which of the following cell organelles is called the powerhouse of the cell? (ybstudy.com)
14. What is the correct sequence of organelles for the export of material out of a cell? (ybstudy.com)
17. Which of the following cell organelles is called a suicidal bag? (ybstudy.com)
20. Which of the following cell organelles does not contain DNA? (ybstudy.com)
They do not have a nucleus and true organelles. (differencebetween.com)
On the other hand, eukaryotes have a complex cellular organization with a membrane-bound nucleus and true organelles . (differencebetween.com)
Furthermore, they don't have true cell organelles. (differencebetween.com)
Eukaryotes are organisms that possess a nucleus and true organelles in their cells. (differencebetween.com)
The difference between genetic material of prokaryotes and eukaryotes lies in the absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. (differencebetween.com)
7. Name two cell organelles that are double membrane-bound. (byjus.com)
Rest of the cell organelles are same in plant cells as found in animals cells. (emedicalprep.com)
Moreover, cellular structures called cell organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm. (byjus.com)
Cells comprise several cell organelles that perform specialised functions to carry out life processes. (byjus.com)
The cell interior is organised into different individual organelles surrounded by a separate membrane. (byjus.com)
Every cell has one nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm. (byjus.com)
Some often term these as tiny cell organelles that don't have any membrane. (tror-lisa.com)
The cell chemically prepares for the cell division by replicating organelles and creating the chemicals needed for the actual division process. (scienceoutlined.com)

Nucleolus A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes. (akro-design.de)
Ribosomes is a single membrane structure present in the cytoplasm of the cell as well as on ER. (emedicalprep.com)
The ribosomes in the prokaryotic cell are thoroughly distributed in the cell cytosol. (tror-lisa.com)
A prokaryotic cell usually only has a few thousand ribosomes, while there are several million in a metabolically active eukaryotic cell, such as a human liver cell. (tror-lisa.com)
Ribosomes are the macromolecules inside the cell. (tror-lisa.com)
Ribosomes Bodies: In prokaryotes cells, ribosomes are associated with the plasma membrane of the cell. (tror-lisa.com)
Also, in eukaryotic cells, ribosomes are present as free and bound forms while in prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are present in the free form in the cytoplasm. (tror-lisa.com)
Structure and function of the nucleus and ribosomes of a cell. (tror-lisa.com)
The ribosomes occur in cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (tror-lisa.com)
In prokaryotic cells, the ribosomes often occur freely in the cytoplasm. (tror-lisa.com)

The number of chromosomes in the nucleus is directly proportional to the amount of DNA in the cell. (noteshippo.com)
The DNA-RNA ratios in the nucleus vary greatly: 40: 1 in thymus chromosomes, 10: 1 in liver chromosomes, 10: 1 in kidney nuclear ratio, and so on. (noteshippo.com)
Mitosis is the process where the chromosome in a cell nucleus is separated into two identical daughter cells with two identical chromosomes and its own nucleus. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
In mitosis, cells inactivate DSB repair in favor of a tethering mechanism that stabilizes broken chromosomes until they are repaired in the subsequent cell cycle phases. (nature.com)
It is a cell that was created in the chromosomes at the time the egg and sperm of our biological parents united. (wordpress.com)
Inside the nucleus are long, thin, unwound strands of chromosomes. (scienceoutlined.com)
These chromosomes influence the activity of the cell. (scienceoutlined.com)
This binding leads to altered eukaryotic histone structure and the potential recruitment of some transcriptional activators or repressors to multiple loci in the myeloid cell chromosomes. (cdc.gov)

To become familiar with the different common parts of a typical eukaryotic cell and the common metabolic activities carried out by the cell. (biologyonline.com)
Structure and Organization of Actin Filaments: assembly and disassembly of actin filaments, organization of actin filaments, association of actin filaments with the plasma membrane, Intermediate filaments: assembly of intermediate filaments, intracellular organization of intermediate filaments, The microtubule: structure and dynamic organization of microtubules, Eukaryotic cell division: Mitosis and Meiosis, Cell death and cell renewal: Programmed cell death, stem cells and maintenance of adult tissues. (cutm.ac.in)
An animal cell is a eukaryotic cell, which means it is enclosed in a plasma membrane. (akro-design.de)
The nucleus in the eukaryotic cell holds the majority of the genetic material and controls all activity within the cell, similar to that of a master blueprint. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
In contrast, DNA which resides inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is known as the genetic material of a eukaryote. (differencebetween.com)
It is found only in eukaryotic cell. (emedicalprep.com)
Lysosomes is a single membrane structure found in eukaryotic cell. (emedicalprep.com)
Synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) by RNA polymerase (Pol) I is the first step in ribosome biogenesis and a regulatory switch in eukaryotic cell growth. (cipsm.de)

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of many receptor types begins with the ligands binding to receptors on the cell plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
What is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus? (studystack.com)
Organelle which forms when the plasma membrane folds in as the cell engulfs larget extra-cellular particles during phagocytosis. (cueflash.com)
A type of active transport, process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cell's plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cell. (robinsadvising.com)
But it's a weak activator of STAT3, and STAT3 faces a gauntlet of inactivating phosphatases that stand between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. (silverchair.com)
Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane Protects and regulates what enters and leaves the cell. (akro-design.de)
A mesosome is a unique membranous structure formed by the extensions of the plasma membrane into the cell. (byjus.com)
Absorption of substances which occurs with expenditure of energy through plasma membrane is called as active absorption. (mpboardguru.com)

Root hair cells do not perform photosynthesis, and do not contain chloroplasts as they are underground and not exposed to sunlight. (siyavula.com)
Electron have chloroplasts to the cell, peroxisomes perform the following steps on how does not just select the cell organelle research worksheet. (braceview.com)
Photosynthetic cells found mainly in the leaves may have thousands of chloroplasts. (sciencedocbox.com)
What type of cells contains chloroplasts? (sciencedocbox.com)
About how many chloroplasts can be found in photosynthetic cells? (sciencedocbox.com)
Nucleus and chloroplasts 25. (sciencedocbox.com)

In this study we demonstrate that engagement of the β 2 integrin LFA-1 in human peripheral T cells markedly extends the half-life of TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IL-3 mRNA, as well as a chimeric β-globin mRNA reporter construct containing a strongly destabilizing class II AU-rich element from the GM-CSF mRNA β-untranslated region. (elsevier.com)
Thus, HuR-mediated mRNA stabilization, stimulated by integrin engagement and controlled at the level of HuR nuclear export, is critically involved in T cell activation. (elsevier.com)
A subset of heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins are involved in additional functions such as nucleocytoplasmic transport (ACTIVE TRANSPORT, CELL NUCLEUS) of RNA and mRNA stability in the CYTOPLASM. (bireme.br)
I was not able, however to find an answer to exactly how the mRNA is transported out of the nucleus, other than it passes through a pore in the nuclear membrane. (protocol-online.org)
It can be applied to any image analysis method that seeks to find mRNA spots on a single cell level. (researchgate.net)
that seeks to find mRNA spots on a single cell level. (researchgate.net)
mRNA formation of these characteristic cells, oxidatively indirectly as the replicative committee of tumors onto their kinase is to the polarity of 60S triphosphate fibrils. (familie-vos.de)

This process forms vesicles containing the absorbed substances and is strictly mediated by receptors on the surface of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Although receptors and their ligands can be brought into the cell through a few mechanisms (e.g. caveolin and lipid raft), clathrin-mediated endocytosis remains the best studied. (wikipedia.org)
To achieve internalisation of nanoparticles into cells, such as T cells, antibodies can be used to target the nanoparticles to specific receptors on the cell surface (such as CCR5). (wikipedia.org)
In eukaryotes, the nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules is mainly mediated by soluble nuclear transport receptors of the karyopherin-ß superfamily termed importins and exportins. (dundee.ac.uk)
An increased osmolality draws water from cells into the blood, thus dehydrating specific neurons in the brain that serve as osmoreceptors or "tonicity receptors. (medscape.com)
Information flow from receptors is not simply a switch thrown at the cell surface," says PI Peter Parker. (silverchair.com)
There are several different types of cells with vitamin D receptors. (longevitylifehacks.me)
The iodine hormone exerts its action on receptors on the nucleus in cells. (cdc.gov)
Such an extremely active process requires several redundant export receptors for the pre-60S particles. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
essential NUP98 moieties are reviewed as also, divalent as receptors, salts, reactions, and type, also signaling the family of simple T-cells. (evakoch.com)
homologous receptors are last regulated through dietary cells, which function the download Study Smart, Study Less: Earn Better Grades and Higher Test Scores, Learn Study of the cAMP synthesis and receptor to synaptic signatories or independent synthesis factors that fuse the mouse of L1 acts. (evakoch.com)
In some increases, both the specific and Active death preventing, which is receptors cytosolic as expression radiation and heparin-binding, may generally yield to portal corn by retelling flavin-adenine enzyme, hypoglycemia and DNA. (evakoch.com)
Retina is made up of two different types of photo receptors- Rods and cones, the ratio of these photoreceptors vary in different species depending on its habitat being diurnal or nocturnal, in human's rod cells are in majority with cone cells in a ratio of 20:1 (Mustafi et al. (ukessays.com)
These types of receptors transmit information from the extracellular environment to the inside of the cell. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Intracellular receptors are found inside the cell, either in the cytopolasm or in the nucleus of the target cell (the cell receiving the signal). (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
As it enters the bloodstream, it reacts with the cell receptors to form a bond between them. (au-roids.com)

Moreover, the recent demonstration that active genes migrate into preassembled, shared nuclear sub-compartments suggests that mRNAs are churned out in large 'transcription factories' with distinct but interconnected divisions. (unboundmedicine.com)
A rod-like group of genes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. (cueflash.com)
Genes contained in this bacterial DNA then become active in the nuclei of the plant cells. (brightsurf.com)
From a cell standpoint, propolis builds and produces efflux pumps by targeting particular constructive genes. (feelbrilliant.com)
Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and is then metabolized in the liver and kidney to the metabolically active form called 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Through binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can regulate the expression of hundreds of genes involved in skeletal and other biological functions. (oregonstate.edu)
The active ingredient helps stimulate receptor genes and the production of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. (au-roids.com)

MAL/MKL1/myocardin-related transcription factor A is cytoplasmic, accumulating in the nucleus upon activation of Rho GTPase signaling, which alters interactions between G-actin and the RPEL domain. (bath.ac.uk)
The spatial separation of nuclear transcription and cytoplasmic translation in eukaryotic cells implies that mRNAs have to travel. (unboundmedicine.com)
AU - Sommer,Peter, AU - Nehrbass,Ulf, PY - 2005/5/20/pubmed PY - 2005/9/13/medline PY - 2005/5/20/entrez SP - 294 EP - 301 JF - Current opinion in cell biology JO - Curr Opin Cell Biol VL - 17 IS - 3 N2 - The spatial separation of nuclear transcription and cytoplasmic translation in eukaryotic cells implies that mRNAs have to travel. (unboundmedicine.com)
Both fractions of p65/p50, nuclear or cytoplasmic, are affected by DING phosphatase, but more cytoplasmic accumulation of p65 NF-κB was found in the presence of DING, suggesting that subsequent activation and nuclear import of active NF-κB is affected by DING. (sciforschenonline.org)
The ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic K*for MutSα increased almost two orders of magnitude in going from noncancerous to immortal cells, suggesting that this quantity may be a sensitive metric for recognizing the onset of cancer. (wfu.edu)
The cell body is made up of cytoplasm, cytoplasmic structures, and a nucleus , which controls neuron function. (e-missions.net)

Signals received at distal synapses of neurons must be conveyed to the nucleus to initiate the changes in transcription that underlie long-lasting synaptic plasticity. (nih.gov)
AVP is synthesized in specialized magnocellular neurons whose cell bodies are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. (medscape.com)
Transport within neurons of the PNS is critical during the events of both primary viral infection and subsequent inter-host spread. (nikon.com)
The transport and egress of viral particles in neurons is dependent on assembly of a mature infectious virion 1,2 . (nikon.com)
Dissociated SCG neurons form an extended network of axons that allows for the visualization of viral particles as they undergo anterograde transport 6 . (nikon.com)
It is located ventral and caudal to the facial nucleus, and predominantly consists of neurons that burst prior to inspiration [pre-inspiratory (Pre-I) neurons] [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
The pFRG at least partially (the ventral and medial parts) overlaps the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), which has been identified as an area in which neurons with projections to the ventral respiratory group (VRG) originate [ 2 , 3 ]. (springer.com)
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death which is essential for the growth of dividing human cells whereas, in contrast, it is deleterious for post-mitotic cells such as neurons. (portlandpress.com)

Peptide transport plays an important role in cellular homeostasis as a key route for nitrogen acquisition in mammalian cells. (elifesciences.org)
Entry of exogenously applied DNA into the cytoplasm and subsequent transport into the nucleus are major cellular barriers for nonviral gene delivery vectors. (ox.ac.uk)
The cellular contents are surrounded by a double layer, cell membrane. (biologyonline.com)
Both passive transport and active transport are cellular transport mechanisms employed by a cell to move substances across a biological membrane. (robinsadvising.com)
Instead of using cellular energy, like active transport, passive transport relies on the second law of thermodynamics to drive the movement of substances across cell membranes. (robinsadvising.com)
ICG staining alone or in combination with wavelengths of 380 to 620 nm disclosed rupture of Müller cells with detachment of the ILM, but no other cellular disorganization. (arvojournals.org)
The presence of nuclear localization signals enables the polymersomes to hijack the cellular transport machinery that delivers cargo through the nuclear pore complexes," explains Professor Roderick Lim. (nanoscience.ch)
Cellular transport can be done through active or passive transport. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
Eukaryotic cells are characterised by specialised sub-cellular compartments. (manchester.ac.uk)
So, if we were to break apart an organism to the cellular level, the smallest independent component that we would find would be the cell. (byjus.com)
In the tutorial that follows we find support for the view that mechanisms and examples from the current literature, which give insight into the developments in cell metabolism, are achieving a separation from inconsistent views introduced by the classical model of molecular biology and genomics, toward a more functional cellular dynamics that is not dependent on the classic view. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

They are involved in a variety of processes such as packaging of RNA and RNA TRANSPORT within the nucleus. (bireme.br)
Paracrine Wnt/β-catenin signalling is important during developmental processes, tissue regeneration and stem cell regulation. (nature.com)
Communication among cells by paracrine signalling is essential for developmental processes, tissue regeneration and stem cell regulation, and its deregulation is also a major cause of diseases such as cancer. (nature.com)
Active and Passive transport are two important biological transport processes that help to move substances such as nutrients, oxygen, water, and other macromolecules within the cell, along with the elimination of waste products using different and contrasting mechanisms. (robinsadvising.com)
In order to combat diseases, different therapies strive to intervene in pathological processes that occur in the cell nucleus. (nanoscience.ch)
We spend time on each of these processes as we take a virtual field trip to my kitchen to look at the cell membrane in action! (lernsys.com)
This topic will explore the structure, as well as the variety of processes that happen inside cells. (nerdish.io)
Cells reproduce through two main processes: mitosis and meiosis. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life's processes. (byjus.com)
It helps us know that all the organisms are made up of cells, and these cells help in carrying out various life processes. (byjus.com)
Mitochondrial respiration provides the energy needed to drive metabolic and transport processes in cells. (frontiersin.org)
Methylene blue is a diamino phenothiazine that affects, among other processes, the electron transport within the body. (ergomaxsupplements.com)
Until now, we thought that SANS was involved in transport processes in the cell plasma as a scaffolding molecule,' says Wolfrum. (vision-research.eu)
The cell body has slender finger - like processes called dendrites which connect with neighboring nerve cells. (kitabuni.com)
The cell experiences growth in volume and carries on its normal processes. (scienceoutlined.com)
Then, the product components enter cytoplasm activating the diffusion processes which contribute to their penetration into cell nucleus. (au-roids.com)

Here, we show that force applied to the nucleus directly drives YAP nuclear translocation by decreasing the mechanical restriction of nuclear pores to molecular transport. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Force transmission then leads to nuclear flattening, which stretches nuclear pores, reduces their mechanical resistance to molecular transport, and increases YAP nuclear import. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
The resulting highly dynamic gel forms the selective barrier, which enables the nuclear pores in the envelope of the cell nucleus to act like 'intelligent' molecular sieves. (mpg.de)
At the interface of hippocampal cell membrane and extracellular solution the specific molecular interaction of a dye-labelled benzodiazepine with its receptor is examined. (uni-goettingen.de)
The model for the molecular structure of SymWhite is a natural active ingredient from the heartwood of the pine, the pinosylvin. (etre-belle.de)
learners should have developed knowledge of the major ideas and current experimental approaches in cell biology and molecular biology. (cutm.ac.in)
While wild type PARP-2 interacted with importin α3 and to a very weak extent with importin α1 and importin α5, the mutant PARP-2 (K36R) did not interact with importin α3, providing a molecular explanation why PARP-2 (K36R) is not targeted to the nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
We are trying to clarify the molecular background that leads to the degeneration of the light-sensitive photoreceptor cells in the eye in Usher syndrome,' explains Uwe Wolfrum about the research work. (vision-research.eu)
In contrast to active transport via molecular motors, diffusion is energetically cheap. (phys.org)
Correspondence with low molecular weight chemicals that results in the priming of chemical-specific, Prof. Dr. Stefan F. Martin, Allergy Research skin-homing CD8+ Tc1/Tc17 and CD4+ Th1/Th17 cells. (cdc.gov)

Additionally it has been proposed that the directed transport of active signaling complexes to the nucleus might be required to enable signaling, due to the fact that random diffusion is too slow, and mechanisms permanently downregulating incoming signals are strong enough to shut down signaling completely without additional signal-transducing mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
Most water travels either in, or between the cell walls (of the parenchyma cells) by simple diffusion . (siyavula.com)
Passive Transport by Facilitated Diffusion. (robinsadvising.com)
In this thesis the Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) technique is applied to cell-physiologically relevant reaction and diffusion problems in living cells. (uni-goettingen.de)
In the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells the FCS method is used to determine diffusion coefficients of calcium chelators that are often used as calcium indicators. (uni-goettingen.de)
diffusion , facilitated diffusion , or active transport . (kidcourses.com)
Just sing this song if you ever feel confusion, And remember active transport is the opposite of diffusion. (learn-biology.com)
But blocking microtubule trafficking of endosomes prevented active STAT3 from accumulating in the nucleus, confirming that diffusion was insufficient to get it there, and that its transport within endosomes, along with c-Met, was needed to deliver the signal. (silverchair.com)
The interior of cells is also a highly dynamic medium, in which many components move, either by active transport or passive diffusion. (wfu.edu)
EGFP and MutSα-EGFP diffusion coefficients were determined in the cytoplasm and nucleus of each cell type using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. (wfu.edu)
EGFP diffusion increased in going from noncancerous to immortal cells, indicating a decrease in viscosity, with smaller changes in subsequent stages. (wfu.edu)
Flui Fluids ds - Int Intra race cell llul ular ar vs. vs. Ext Extra race cell llul ular ar Electrolytes - K, PO 4, Na, Cl Acid-Base Balance Regulatory Me Mechanisms: Osmosis Diffusion Filtration Active Transport Sources of Normal Fl Fluid Los Loss Kidneys 4. (edoc.pub)
What is the "diffusion problem" and how is it solved in eukaryotic cells? (easynotecards.com)
importantly, the field region between CAMx and CALGRID provides a negligible t in what is the diffusion of enantioenriched website, but some cells following instrument. (mariacocchiarelli.com)
Use arrows to indicate the direction of diffusion in each case: is a molecule that can pass through the cell membrane. (studyres.com)

Nuclear-localized endogenous FoxO1 translocated to the cytosol in response to elevated glucose (3 versus 16.7 mM) in human islet β cells. (birmingham.ac.uk)
The cytosol is the gel-like environment inside the cell, the cytoskeleton is the structure, and the membrane is a wall that separates different environments inside and outside. (nerdish.io)
In most organisms, glycolysis occurs in the liquid part of cells, the cytosol . (wikipedia.org)

Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus. (lpu.in)
Organelle nucleus where found plantanimalboth what it does in the cell something that performs the same function organelle nucleolus. (braceview.com)
b) The chief components of the nucleus are Chromatin and Nucleolus. (ybstudy.com)

Prokaryotic cells are small, simple single-celled organisms e.g. bacteria. (pizzeria-sorrento-lunen.de)
This layer is called the capsule and is found in bacteria cells. (akro-design.de)
However, single-cell organisms (like bacteria) can breathe, eat and reproduce: one cell has everything needed to sustain life. (nerdish.io)
Additionally, cells of plants, bacteria, and fungi have cell walls outside the membrane. (nerdish.io)
Humans have more number of cells compared to that of bacteria . (byjus.com)
They are located as free particles throughout the cell in both prokaryotic, like bacteria, and eukaryotic, like us, cells. (tror-lisa.com)

The activated receptor becomes internalised and is transported to late endosomes and lysosomes for degradation. (wikipedia.org)

However, receptor-mediated endocytosis is also actively implicated in transducing signals from the cell periphery to the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
This region contains nerve cells that produce dopamine, a chemical messenger that transmits signals within the brain to produce smooth physical movements. (medlineplus.gov)
In addition, the researchers constructed the polymersomes with nuclear localization signals bound to them - giving them an entry ticket into the nucleus, so to speak. (nanoscience.ch)
Indeed, nanocontainers without nuclear localization signals could not be detected in the cell nucleus," according to first author Christina Zelmer, summarizing the study. (nanoscience.ch)
Nerve cells transmit electrical signals with sodium and potassium. (teamiblends.com)
constantly receiving signals from other cells. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

Sommer P, Nehrbass U. Quality control of messenger ribonucleoprotein particles in the nucleus and at the pore. (unboundmedicine.com)
TY - JOUR T1 - Quality control of messenger ribonucleoprotein particles in the nucleus and at the pore. (unboundmedicine.com)
Large particles, macromolecules, and fluids are transported across. (studystack.com)
destruction of worn cells parts ('autolysis') and foreign particles? (studystack.com)
ingest or engulf other cells or particles. (studystack.com)
These data suggest that melittin enables release of nonviral gene transfer particles into the cytoplasm and also enhances their transport into the nucleus, possibly via the cationic cluster KRKR near the C terminus of the peptide. (ox.ac.uk)
Similar tools have been successfully employed for analyses of cell-cell spread of viral particles to quantify the number and diversity of virions transmitted between cells. (nikon.com)
Live cell imaging of anterograde transport using dual-labeled viruses visualizes the assembly state of viral particles during transport. (nikon.com)
In actively growing yeast cells, it is estimated that each nuclear pore complex (NPC) contributes to the export of about 25 pre-ribosomal particles per minute. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
c) It helps in carrying the particles throughout the cell. (ybstudy.com)
Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) contain unstable combo of proton & neutron: unstable atoms break apart or disintegrate to reach stability, disintegration causes release of energy in form of particles or electromagnetic radiation (radioactivity) Include radioactive amino acids w/ one or more radioactive atoms in the growth media of cells. (oneclass.com)
OSOMOTIC PRESSURE (the pressure exerted by dissolved particles in water) moves the water across the cell. (scienceoutlined.com)
Both sides of the cell membrane have the same amount of particles and pressure, so there is no movement on either side. (scienceoutlined.com)
HYPOTONIC or HYPOOSMOTIC: when a cell has a higher concentration of particles inside the cell then are in the solution that the cell is in. (scienceoutlined.com)

Vitamin D is produced in the skin as a reaction between UVB radiation from sunlight and cholesterol in the epithelial cells. (longevitylifehacks.me)
Toward this end, noncancerous, immortal, tumorigenic, and metastatic mammary epithelial cells were transfected with EGFP and EGFP-tagged MSH2. (wfu.edu)
Desmosomes resemble plasmodesmata in plant cells because they also provide little space through which membranes of to adjacent epithelial cells are connected. (braceview.com)
The breaking down of the epithelial cells tight junctions allows diffusions of toxins released from a modern western diet mainly composed of a high content of processed carbohydrate: high sugar and fats ratio relative to low fibres contents, pollutants like heavy metals, preservatives, pesticides, infections, prolonged antibiotics intake, with a low pH environment into the body circulation. (alliedacademies.org)
2011). Retinal pigment epithelial cells phagocytize the aged disks which are shed from distal end when new a new disk is added to the base (Young. (ukessays.com)

CIP2A is actively exported from the cell nucleus in interphase but, upon nuclear envelope breakdown at the onset of mitosis, gains access to chromatin where it forms a complex with MDC1 and TOPBP1 to promote TOPBP1 recruitment to sites of mitotic DSBs. (nature.com)

Exposure to a stiff environment leads cells to establish a mechanical connection between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton, allowing forces exerted through focal adhesions to reach the nucleus. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Module II: Cytoskeleton, Cell motility and Cell division. (cutm.ac.in)
The cytoskeleton is attached to the cell membrane. (braceview.com)

This page contains the detailed and easy notes for AQA GCSE Biology Cell Biology for revision and understanding Cell Biology . (pizzeria-sorrento-lunen.de)
Complete Revision Summary Cell Biology 4. (pizzeria-sorrento-lunen.de)
1 Cell Biology Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell Animal Cell and Plant Cell Specialized Plant Cells Specialized Animal Cells Microscopy. (pizzeria-sorrento-lunen.de)
Nature Cell Biology, 4. (cshl.edu)
Trends in Cell Biology, 8 (12). (cshl.edu)
The partitioning of the proteome between nucleus and cytoplasm affects nearly every aspect of eukaryotic biology. (princeton.edu)
Address correspondence to Gerrit van Meer, Dept. of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, Netherlands. (rupress.org)
The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology. (byjus.com)
Students get through the MP Board Class 11th Biology Important Questions Chapter 11 Transport in Plants which are most likely to be asked in the exam. (mpboardguru.com)
Cold Spring Harbor, NY -- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSHLP) announced the release of The Digital Cell: Cell Biology as a Data Science, available on its website in hardcover format. (cshlpress.com)

a) Nucleus is not present in prokaryotes. (ybstudy.com)
Prokaryotes are the organisms that do not have a nucleus. (differencebetween.com)
Prokaryotes have prokaryotic cells. (differencebetween.com)
Instead of nucleus, prokaryotes contain nucleoid not bounded by nuclear membrane. (emedicalprep.com)

What is the largest organelle that is the control center of all the cell activity? (studystack.com)
In eukaryotic cells, the double membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomal DNA, and thus controls the cell's activities. (cueflash.com)
Which organelle would be responsible for assembling cell products? (bestnewyorkaccidentlawyers.com)
Includes both cell organelle research worksheet. (braceview.com)
Mitosis with mnemonics for you think you know the three child can be loaded with flashcards to cell organelle research answers, including a teacher. (braceview.com)
18. Which cell organelle is present in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (ybstudy.com)
The nucleus (major organelle) holds genetic information necessary for reproduction and cell growth. (byjus.com)
During Interphase the nucleus exist as a distinct organelle, bound by the nuclear membrane. (scienceoutlined.com)

What cell structures are involved in propelling substances across cell surfaces? (studystack.com)
Irregular rounded structures in the nucleus. (cueflash.com)
This will come in handy when considering the various interactions between cells and structures. (biologyonline.com)
32. Some cells have structures to help them withstand osmotic pressure. (oneclass.com)
Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are the smallest cells in the blood .these cells do not have a nucleus, are round or oval, flattened, disk-shaped structures, and are necessary for coagulation. (howtocurediabetesnaturally.net)

Selectively permeable structure that encloses the cell's contents and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment. (cueflash.com)
In this way, it might be possible to transport drugs directly into the cell's control center. (nanoscience.ch)
Part of the parent cell's nucleus goes into this bud, and a wall is formed between the parent cell and the bud, which then becomes a separate cell. (cargohandbook.com)

I went into a cell, trying not to be perplexed, By the packaging and sorting in the Golgi complex. (learn-biology.com)
The Golgi apparatus is found in most eukaryotic cells. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
Golgi Body or Golgi Complex participates in packaging of materials and its transport to the target. (emedicalprep.com)

Binding of CREB2 to importin alpha is required for its transport from distal dendrites to the soma and for its translocation into the nucleus. (nih.gov)
A kinase-inactive mutant PAK1(K299A) blocked the gastrin-stimulated dissociation of beta-catenin from E-cadherin, translocation of beta-catenin from the cell membrane to the nucleus, and association of beta-catenin with the transcription factor TCF4. (austin.org.au)
Downstream events of Ca(2+) mobilization, such as nuclear translocation of "nuclear factor of activated T cells" (NFAT), T cell receptor-driven interleukin-2 production, and proliferation in antigen-experienced CD4(+) effector T cells, were attenuated by the NAADP antagonist. (ox.ac.uk)
Our studies suggest that one possible mechanism by which DING can regulate the expression of HIV-1 LTR can be through dysregulation of the transcription factor NF-κB p65 by preventing its phosphorylation and translocation to the nucleus and binding to the HIV-1 LTR, an action that could contribute to the utility of DING p38SJ as an antiviral agent. (sciforschenonline.org)

CREB2 accumulates in the nucleus during long-term depression (LTD) but not long-term potentiation of rodent hippocampal synapses, and during LTD but not long-term facilitation (LTF) of Aplysia sensory-motor synapses. (nih.gov)
In G1 stage, when Cdc28 kinase amounts are low, the Mcm2-7 complicated accumulates in the nucleus 3rd party of its launching onto roots. (tak-700.info)

Finally, we propose that CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex formation is regulated during the cell cycle by nuclear export, which spatially sequesters CIP2A from TOPBP1 in interphase cells, thus allowing their efficient interaction exclusively in mitosis. (nature.com)
It is composed of an INTERPHASE where the cell is growing larger and replicating its DNA. (scienceoutlined.com)
Interphase is not part of cell division. (scienceoutlined.com)
All cells spend most of their lives (about 90%) in Interphase. (scienceoutlined.com)
Some cells never leave the stage of interphase. (scienceoutlined.com)
Interphase provides enough time for the cell to grow large enough to eventually divide into 2 daughter cells. (scienceoutlined.com)
In the final stage of Interphase, the nucleus is still well defined. (scienceoutlined.com)

However, Drosophila is a clear evolutionary intermediate towards the glomerular kidney, with recognizable cell types responsible for fulfilling the kidney's main functions: detoxification, filtration, and endocytosis [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

A system of branching membranous channels located in the cytoplasm, which serves to transport materials within the cell. (cueflash.com)

Plants must transport water from the roots to the leaves where it is needed for the process of photosynthesis. (siyavula.com)
Nutrients produced in the leaves by photosynthesis are transported to all the parts of the plant. (siyavula.com)
Now we need to discuss how the water is transported against gravity from the roots to the leaves where it is needed for the process of photosynthesis. (siyavula.com)
Electron micrograph of photosynthesis takes place in cell worksheet answers, including a mobile friendly interactive model to? (braceview.com)
Thus, water enters the xylem cells in the roots and travels to the leaves via the stems, and photosynthates (products of photosynthesis) enter the phloem cells in the leaves and are translocated to the roots via the stems. (britannica.com)
It is site of photosynthesis in plant cells. (emedicalprep.com)
The complete the chemical reaction for Photosynthesis is: 6 CO H 2 O + energy (from sunlight) C 6 H 12 O O 2 RAW MATERIALS ENERGY PRODUCTS In this way, plant cells manufacture glucose and other carbohydrates that they can store for later use. (sciencedocbox.com)

Chloroplast is a double membrane structure found in plant cells. (emedicalprep.com)

To play this quiz, and the chromosome in the nucleus. (bestnewyorkaccidentlawyers.com)
It is the primary genetic material because DNA content and chromosome number are related, and it is only found in the nucleus and is passed down to daughter cells during cell division. (noteshippo.com)
I went into the nucleus to ask how to get home, And got genetic info, stored in a chromosome. (learn-biology.com)

These nutrients can the enter cells and act as the building blocks for synthesis of needed compounds. (kidcourses.com)
Melanin synthesis is inhibited by three active ingredients: O.D.A. White, CellActive White and SymWhite. (etre-belle.de)
O.D.A. White already inhibits the formation of tyrosine, CellActive White blocks tyrosinase and the melanin transport, SymWhite intervenes in the synthesis of tyrosine to melanin. (etre-belle.de)
Vitamin D is a prohormone, meaning that it has no hormone activity itself, but is converted to the active hormone 1,25-D through a tightly regulated synthesis mechanism. (chemeurope.com)
Glucose is the major substrate for energy supply of mammalian cells and is a precursor of glycoproteins, triglycerides, glycogen, as well as riboses necessary for RNA and DNA synthesis. (snmjournals.org)
For pioneering advances in the field of materials chemistry for the design, synthesis and fabrication of new materials and their translation into new energy technologies, including superconductor wires, electrodes for batteries, solar cells, lithium extraction from geothermal brine and additive manufacturing of magnets, and also for his leadership in developing the next generation of scientists and engineers. (ornl.gov)

Gastrins, including amidated (Gamide) and glycine-extended (Ggly) gastrin(17), stimulate the proliferation of gastrointestinal cancer cells. (austin.org.au)
The PAK1(K299A) mutant also inhibited the stimulation of the expression of c-myc and cyclin D1, and of cell proliferation and migration, by gastrins. (austin.org.au)
Furthermore, reducing cell proliferation resulted in a further 2- to 3-fold higher expression. (ox.ac.uk)
Chemotherapies, for example, target biochemical reactions that are involved in the proliferation of cancer cells, while the objective of gene therapies is to insert a desired gene into the nucleus. (nanoscience.ch)
ref ] In muscle cells, the binding of vitamin D to the receptor increases calcium and phosphate transport and increases muscle cell proliferation. (longevitylifehacks.me)
In the cytoplasm, Abl plays a role in cell proliferation and survival. (umbc.edu)
Active inflammation of the pilosebaceous unit of the skin dermis while uncontrolled secreted high saturated fatty acid contents seborrhoea, hyperkeratinisation of the corneocytes and proliferation of Propionibacterium acne (P. acne). (alliedacademies.org)
These cells participate in the proliferation and stimulation of T-cells, the inflammatory responses, and the angiogenesis. (medicalpressopenaccess.com)

We propose that differential actin occupancy of multiple RPEL motifs regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport and activity of MAL. (bath.ac.uk)
Beta-catenin regulates cell-cell adhesion by binding to E-cadherin at the cell membrane and, when translocated into the nucleus, mediates signalling by activation of transcription factors such as TCF4. (austin.org.au)
Controlling what enters and leaves the cell is an important function of the: A. nucleus How the body regulates itself for survival (keeping a stable internal environment) Cells have various transport mechanism. (robinsadvising.com)
It regulates the serum cholesterol level by influencing the level of cholesterol uptake into cells. (cdc.gov)
It regulates the receptor for cholesterol, takes it out of the blood stream and puts it into the cells. (cdc.gov)
Caspase-8 regulates reviewed as download تکنولوژی های جدید ارتباطی در کشورهای در حال( cell) and is mediated from oxygen as a beta public. (familie-vos.de)

It remains unknown whether the NF-κB shuttling between the cytoplasm and nucleus is subjected to additional steps of regulation. (elsevier.com)

Your fingernails grow nonstop, Cell ebrate science without work, sort and package the macromolecules that are synthesized by the cells for secretion purposes or for use within the cell. (braceview.com)

TorsinA is active in many of the body's tissues, and it is particularly important for the normal function of nerve cells in the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
The altered protein's effect on the function of nerve cells in the brain is unclear. (medlineplus.gov)
People with early-onset isolated dystonia do not have a loss of nerve cells or obvious changes in the structure of the brain that would explain the abnormal muscle contractions seen with this condition. (medlineplus.gov)
The neuron, a nerve cell, is the functional unit of the nervous system that carries the impulse (the message) to the appropriate part of the nervous system or interprets the impulse and allows a response. (e-missions.net)
Ions moving across the membrane cause the impulse to move along the nerve cells. (e-missions.net)
balance periphery in its p70 differentiation varies a present co-transport and upon IFNG Internet has a multiple Nerve. (erik-mill.de)
From the axons of Central Nervous System (CNS) ganglion cells information is passed in the form of action potential to optic disc and optic nerve signal is received by brain's visual center. (ukessays.com)
4. Pathway is specific (through nerve cells). (kitabuni.com)
Nervous system is made up of interconnected nerve cells or neurones. (kitabuni.com)
Nerve cells are referred as unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, etc. according to how many dendrones project from the cell body. (kitabuni.com)
Intermediate nerve cells are bipolar has two unconnected fibres a Dendron and axon which enter and leave at opposite sides of the cell body. (kitabuni.com)
The cell bodies of sensory cells are found to one side of the main nerve fibre and are frequently collected together in a ganglion. (kitabuni.com)

We also compare prokaryotic and eukarotic cells, plant and animal cells, and look at the difference between multicellular and unicellular organisms (which is actually a little more than just being made of mulitple or single cells! (lernsys.com)
Because of that, we say that cells are the most basic unit of life at the smallest level of organization for living organisms. (nerdish.io)
Organisms are coordinated structure that consists of one or more cells. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
On the other hand Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces haploid gametes in diploid organisms, resembles mitoses, but has two special features. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
a) Cells of all living organisms have a nucleus. (byjus.com)
All organisms are made of cells. (proprofs.com)
A. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products. (oneclass.com)
The hereditary material of the organisms is also present in the cells. (byjus.com)

Figure 1 summarises the major steps of carbohydrate oxidation in mammalian cells. (bmj.com)

Water and mineral salts first enter through the cell wall and cell membrane of the root hair cell by osmosis. (siyavula.com)
Some water passes through the cells by osmosis . (siyavula.com)

directed transport of viral assemblies away from cell bodies within axons (anterograde transport) and subsequent transmission of virions to susceptible cells (anterograde spread) are important to understanding herpesvirus pathogenesis. (nikon.com)
In both systems, embryonic SCG's are dissected, dissociated to single cell bodies, and plated for in vitro culturing 18 . (nikon.com)
Though our bodies have many diverse organs and tissues, they all are made up of cells. (nerdish.io)
Classical monocytes are important scavenger cells [4] that remove apoptotic bodies in a non-inflammatory fashion. (medicalpressopenaccess.com)

The prohormone is processed and transported down the axon, which terminates in the posterior pituitary gland. (medscape.com)
Compartmentalized SCG cultures provide fluidic isolation of the neuronal cell body (S compartment) and distal axon termini (N compartment) 19 . (nikon.com)
A proline-rich sequence within VP1/2 is required for the efficient interaction with the dynein/ dynactin microtubule motor complex as well as for PRV virulence and retrograde axon transport in vivo. (unl.edu)
The impulse travels through the cell body and is carried through the axon to the end brush , a collection of fibers that extend off the axon. (e-missions.net)
The later parts of retina layers involved in sensing and processing of light stimulus are the layers with photoreceptor cells- light sensitive region with rod and cone cells, external limiting membrane, outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer and inner most layer with ganglion cell axon fibers. (ukessays.com)
Axon transmits impulses away from the cell body and the dendrites transmit impulses towards cell body. (kitabuni.com)

translocase secretion regulation( HGF), the phosphorylation for MET domain plectin hydrolysis( RTK), represents marked into the brief protease( ECM) as an biliary endoplasmic arrest energy( nucleus). (evakoch.com)

In the first section of this chapter, we looked at the structure of the dicotyledonous root and stem and compared the different cells in the specialised tissues of the plant root and stem. (siyavula.com)
the internal structure of a dicotyledonous leaf and stem and the structure of the cells that make up the specialised tissues. (siyavula.com)
Passive transport: It is the biological process of movements of the biochemical across the cell membranes and tissues. (robinsadvising.com)
The RNA content of tumor and leukemic cell nuclei is much higher than that of more normal tissues. (noteshippo.com)
The pituitary gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that goes into the blood stream to activate thyroid cells, which then secrete T3 and T4 into the peripheral tissues. (cdc.gov)
Some of the worksheets displayed are Cell structure exploration activities, tissues, and cytoplasm of cells. (braceview.com)
This process is carried out by cells called enterocytes.Both tissues also have goblet cells, which secrete mucus to lubricate the lining of the epithelium. (woodstock-online.com)
Both tissues also contain goblet cells, which have a curved in lower-middle section, a wide top and a wide base when they collapse to secrete mucins. (woodstock-online.com)
Both tissues also have a high mitochondrion count, as they require more energy than the average cell. (woodstock-online.com)
GLUT2 is found in the liver, pancreatic β-cells, and other tissues. (snmjournals.org)
the main function of the red blood cell (rbc or erythrocyte) is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and to transfer carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. (howtocurediabetesnaturally.net)
Hemoglobin (haemoglobin bre) (from the greek word αἷμα, haîma 'blood' + latin globus 'ball, sphere' + -in) (/ ˌ h iː m ə ˈ ɡ l oʊ b ɪ n, ˈ h ɛ m oʊ ˌ-/), abbreviated hb or hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in red blood cells (erythrocytes) of almost all vertebrates (the exception being the fish family channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some. (howtocurediabetesnaturally.net)
Nevertheless, considerably higher proportions of cell-free HHV6 serum viraemia had been previously recommended in several sufferers with autoimmune connective tissues illnesses (including SLE) weighed against control topics (21). (a-443654.com)

They compose the internal structure of cilia and flagella, and provide cell shape. (cueflash.com)
Cilia on the cell help it carry out its function, as the cilia, being hair like, help increase the surface area where air is filtered, and also evenly spread mucus from their movement.The main function of intestinal epithelium is to extract nutrients from ingested food. (woodstock-online.com)

The presence of importin nuclear transporters and of select transcription factors at synapses raises the possibility that importins directly transport transcription factors from synapse to nucleus to modulate gene expression. (nih.gov)
Lymphokine gene expression is a precisely regulated process in T cell-mediated immune responses. (elsevier.com)
We sought here to determine the mechanisms involved in glucose and insulin-stimulated nuclear shuttling of FoxO1 in pancreatic β cells and its consequences for preproinsulin (Ins1, Ins2) gene expression. (birmingham.ac.uk)
The construction of layered DNA-RNA replicons has facilitated and expanded the use of alphavirus vectors to vaccine development, construction of packaging cell lines and long-term heterologous gene expression. (ox.ac.uk)
The early onset of gene expression (within 4 h, reaching maximal values after 12 h) and the high reporter gene expression achieved in slowly dividing or confluent cells suggested a further role of melittin after releasing the DNA into the cytoplasm. (ox.ac.uk)
Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization followed by microscopic image analysis is one of the prominent methods used to study gene expression on a single cell level. (researchgate.net)
result in a change in gene expression (transcription) within the nucleus of the cell or both. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

Active transport is the rapid and unidirectional process, but passive transport is the slow and bidirectional process. (robinsadvising.com)
These transport mechanism systems are further classified into two different systems named as active and passive transport systems. (robinsadvising.com)
Passive transport and active transport across a cell membrane article. (robinsadvising.com)
Active and passive transport are the movement of chemical species from one area of a cell to another. (robinsadvising.com)
Passive transport requires no energy input, as compounds are able to move freely across the membrane-based only on a favorable concentration gradient. (robinsadvising.com)
Passive Transport - Taking the Easy Road While active transport requires energy and work, passive transport does not. (robinsadvising.com)
However, there is a downside: passive transport is slow and non-directional," explains Fabio Sartori, graduate student in the Tchumatchenko group and the lead author of the new study. (phys.org)

Module I: Biological Membranes And Transport Of Biomolecules. (cutm.ac.in)
The cell membranes begin to change the flow of ions and a reversal of charges, the action potential, results. (e-missions.net)
Animals (humans included) don't have cell walls-our cells only have membranes. (nerdish.io)
Cell membranes. (proprofs.com)

Microtubule transport of herpesvirus capsids from the cell periphery to the nucleus is imperative for viral replication and, in the case of many alphaherpesviruses, transmission into the nervous system. (unl.edu)
Recent data from long-term survivors support the concept that HIV replication occurs when the number of CD4+ cells drops below the minimum level required to maintain CD8+ cell control of HIV. (cdc.gov)
DNA replication which can be defined as the process where two identical copies are created from one original DNA strand occurs within the nucleus of the cell. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
They help in DNA replication and distribution to daughter cells. (byjus.com)
Set up from the pre-RC in G1 stage, when CDK activity can be low, makes roots competent for replication initiation in the cell routine when CDK activity can be induced later. (tak-700.info)

This article reviews these latest advances and presents our current understanding on the mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus. (nih.gov)
Here we present thermodynamic evidence that in the bacterial POT family transporter PepT St , from Streptococcus thermophilus , at least two alternative transport mechanisms operate to move peptides into the cell. (elifesciences.org)
This is the first thermodynamic study of proton:peptide stoichiometry in the POT family and reveals that secondary active transporters can evolve different coupling mechanisms to accommodate and transport chemically and physically diverse ligands across the membrane. (elifesciences.org)
indeed, these transport mechanisms do not appear to be essential for Wnt gradient formation 9 . (nature.com)
Active transport mechanisms and leaking back and forth of both the Na+ and K+ ions produce a negative charge on the inside of the neuron's cell membrane. (e-missions.net)
They get transported by three types of transport mechanisms - ions, channels, permeases and active transport utilising ATP. (byjus.com)
The fact that the possible biophysical mechanisms of RF-EMF interaction with living cells have not yet been fully elucidated is one of the reasons for these discussions [4] . (jmau.org)

Taken together, specific inhibition of the NAADP signaling pathway constitutes a way to specifically and effectively modulate T-cell activation and has potential in the therapy of autoimmune diseases. (ox.ac.uk)
Now, surprisingly, we have found that SANS is also active in the cell nucleus and can modulate the splicing process there,' Wolfrum describes the research results, which were published in the scientific journal Nucleic Acids Research. (vision-research.eu)

Compared with PEI, the transfection activity was strongly increased within a broad range of cell lines and types tested, including different tumor cell lines but also primary hepatocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Therefore, in adult organism mitosis plays a role in cell replacement, wound healing and tumor formation. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
The term "lipoblastoma" is used to describe a tumor of this cell type. (iiab.me)

The spatial distribution of signaling components is important, and a Western blot doesn't necessarily tell you much about what the pathway is doing in the cell. (silverchair.com)
When T4 is converted to T3 it produces the more active thyroid hormone and activates the pathway. (cdc.gov)
C ', which are shown by a pathway followed as the service reductionism( D %) are Cyclin A, Nek2, Securin and Cyclin B. Degradation of Securin and Cyclin B adducts extremely acquire until the intracellular cell mouse is activated acidified( determine Castro et al. (evakoch.com)

CRM1 has been shown to adopt a toroidal structure in several functional transport complexes and was thought to maintain this conformation throughout the entire nucleocytoplasmic transport cycle. (dundee.ac.uk)

The double membrane boundary around the nucleus. (cueflash.com)

Active transport maintains concentrations of ions and other substances needed by living cells in the face of these passive changes. (robinsadvising.com)
Specific metallic ions (Mg++, Ca++, etc.) in cells form additional chromosomal linkages. (noteshippo.com)
Magnesium also helps transport potassium ions. (teamiblends.com)
On the inner surface of the membrane this complex breaks releasing ions into the cell while the carrier goes back to the outer surface to pick fresh ion. (mpboardguru.com)

The circularly permuted GTPase large subunit GTPase 1 (LSG1) is involved in the maturation step of the 60S ribosome and is essential for cell viability in yeast. (edu.hk)
In eukaryotes, ribosome biogenesis is a highly conserved process that starts in the nucleus and ends in the cytoplasm. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

Real-time confocal imaging of nucleo-cytosolic shuttling of a FoxO1-EGFP chimera in primary mouse and clonal MIN6 β cells revealed a time-dependent glucose-responsive nuclear export, also mimicked by exogenous insulin, and blocked by suppressing insulin secretion. (birmingham.ac.uk)
A 915-bp glucose-responsive Ins2 promoter was inhibited by constitutively active FoxO1, an effect unaltered by simultaneous overexpression of PDX1. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Proportions of the host cells amoeba sisters answer key characteristics of glucose travels across the amoeba sisters video recap introduction to cells worksheet answers by having access. (bestnewyorkaccidentlawyers.com)
Under aerobic conditions, the activity of PDC determines the rate at which all cells oxidise glucose, pyruvate, and lactate. (bmj.com)
As FDG-6-phosphate is not a suitable substrate for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and the enzyme level of glucose-6-phosphatase is generally low in tumors, FDG-6-phosphate accumulates in cells and is visualized by PET. (snmjournals.org)
They are present in all cell types and provide a central pore for the transmembrane passage of glucose. (snmjournals.org)
They couple the movement of sodium down a gradient with the transport of glucose up a gradient. (snmjournals.org)
GLUT1, which is almost ubiquitously expressed in all cell types, mediates glucose transport into erythrocytes and through the blood-brain barrier, and its expression is also upregulated in many tumors ( 5 ). (snmjournals.org)
Its affinity for glucose is lower than that of GLUT1, but it has broader substrate specificity and also transports other sugars such as fructose and glucosamine. (snmjournals.org)

In the normal U.S. diet, iodine intake is about 250 micrograms or ¼ milligram (mg) of iodine per day, which goes into the thyroid cells and is incorporated into amino acids called tyrosine (in a large thyroglobulin molecule). (cdc.gov)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a long, double-stranded molecule found in the nucleus of every cell that contains all of your genetic information. (teamiblends.com)
Opening and closing an active channel requires energy-the process consumes a molecule called ATP . (nerdish.io)
Reception: A cell detects a signaling molecule from the outside of the cell. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
This greatly increases the surface area of the membrane so that carbohydrates (simple sugars) can combine with oxygen to produce ATP, adenosine triphosphate (the energy molecule of the cell). (sciencedocbox.com)
Karyopharm is a preclinical-stage biopharmaceutical company leading the development of small molecule modulators of nuclear transport. (karyopharm.com)

In the last 10 years, the cytoarchitecture of the respiratory control center has been analyzed at the single-cell and genetic levels. (springer.com)
Their genetic material is located inside the membrane-bound nucleus. (differencebetween.com)
DNA which resides in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell is known as the genetic material of a prokaryote. (differencebetween.com)
The genetic component that is, DNA is present inside the nucleus of the cell. (emedicalprep.com)
The genetic information (DNA) is doubled, providing the correct amount of this material for equal distribution during cell division. (scienceoutlined.com)

5. What is a mesosome in a prokaryotic cell? (byjus.com)

Galls can damage the plant by blocking transport of nutrients and water up and down the plant stem or tree trunk. (brightsurf.com)

Now we will look at how these specialised cells help the plant to absorb water from the soil and transport it to the stem, where it can then be transported to the rest of the plant. (siyavula.com)
This video shows plant transport and provides some interactive quiz games. (siyavula.com)
Learn how water is transported from the soil to the leaves of a plant. (siyavula.com)
Eukartotic cells are cells e.g. plant and animal cells. (pizzeria-sorrento-lunen.de)
The wounded plant cells release certain chemicals that make it possible for the bacterial DNA to be incorporated into the plant's DNA. (brightsurf.com)
The scientists, who are also active in the Kiel Plant Center (KPC), recently published their results in the journal Scientific Reports . (uni-kiel.de)
I went into a plant cell to see how trees get so tall, And all around the outside was a rigid cell wall. (learn-biology.com)
I went into a plant cell, "why's it so green I asked? (learn-biology.com)
I went into a plant cell to see how plant cells store food, When a vacuole informed me that he was the storage dude. (learn-biology.com)
Having traveled all over the world in his search for plant-based compounds, or phytonutrients, Dr. Dan's research led him to identify particular compounds that deliver the greatest benefits to efflux pumps in human cells. (feelbrilliant.com)
The animal cell is used as the primary example, but the differences between an animal cell and a plant cell are distinquished. (lernsys.com)
Most of our focus is on how plant cells use sunlight to create food for the plant. (lernsys.com)
The function of this plant cell is to enable chemical reactions to happen. (akro-design.de)
5th grade plant cell project. (akro-design.de)
These are made of complex carbohydrates -for example, a plant cell wall is made of cellulose. (nerdish.io)
The xylem cells are arranged end to end to form a longitudinal continuum throughout the plant. (britannica.com)
Eukaryotic cells can be further distinguished as animal cells or plant cells. (tutorialsmagnet.com)
b) Both animal and plant cells have a well-defined cell wall. (byjus.com)
Vacuole is a single membrane structure found in both plant and animal cells. (emedicalprep.com)
Cell wall is the outermost covering of the plant cells. (emedicalprep.com)
It is mainly composed of cellulose in case of plant cells. (emedicalprep.com)
Glyoxysomes are found in plant cells. (emedicalprep.com)
Plant cells become flaccid in this condition. (mpboardguru.com)
Plant cells 2. (sciencedocbox.com)

Anatomy56

Organisms14

Chemicals and Drugs116

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment17

Phenomena and Processes50

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Inhibition of NFkappaB by methyl chlorogenate from Eriobotrya japonica. (1/5043)

Activation of protein kinase C induces nuclear translocation of RFX1 and down-regulates c-myc via an intron 1 X box in undifferentiated leukemia HL-60 cells. (2/5043)

Active aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in nuclei as a high molecular weight multienzyme complex. (3/5043)

Maternally controlled (beta)-catenin-mediated signaling is required for organizer formation in the zebrafish. (4/5043)

Nuclear translocation of mismatch repair proteins MSH2 and MSH6 as a response of cells to alkylating agents. (5/5043)

Three leucine-rich sequences and the N-terminal region of double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) are responsible for its cytoplasmic localization. (6/5043)

Evidence that the beta-catenin nuclear translocation assay allows for measuring presenilin 1 dysfunction. (7/5043)

Bradykinin activates the Janus-activated kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway in vascular endothelial cells: localization of JAK/STAT signalling proteins in plasmalemmal caveolae. (8/5043)

Cell Nucleus

Biological Transport, Active

Biological Transport

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus

Membrane Transport Proteins

Protein Transport

Sodium

Kinetics

Ion Transport

Axonal Transport

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Dinitrophenols

Nucleus Accumbens

Carrier Proteins

Serous Membrane

Molecular Sequence Data

Monosaccharide Transport Proteins

Potassium

Transportation

Ouabain

Models, Biological

Amino Acid Sequence

Proline

Thalamic Nuclei

Cell Line

Escherichia coli

Cell Membrane Permeability

Diffusion

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Electron Transport

Solitary Nucleus

Mutation

Glucose

Chlorides

Adenosine Triphosphate

Cell Nucleus Shape

Nuclear Envelope

HeLa Cells

Mycobacterium phlei

Methylglucosides

Cochlear Nucleus

Methylglycosides

Cyanides

Amino Acids

Phlorhizin

Adenosine Triphosphatases

Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone

Time Factors

Raphe Nuclei

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Uncoupling Agents

Cells, Cultured

Arsenates

Cerebellar Nuclei

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Temperature

Symporters

Succinates

Nuclear Transfer Techniques

Septal Nuclei

Protein Binding

Rubidium

Caudate Nucleus

Nuclear Proteins

Arcuate Nucleus

Intestinal Absorption

Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus

RNA, Messenger

Neurons

Base Sequence

Glycosides

Microscopy, Electron

Valinomycin

Oocytes

Rabbits

Anion Transport Proteins

Aminoisobutyric Acids

Membrane Potentials

Ion Exchange