Actinin: A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin.Creatine Kinase, BB Form: A form of creatine kinase found in the BRAIN.Microfilament Proteins: Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.Databases, Protein: Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.Sequence Analysis, Protein: A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.Systems Integration: The procedures involved in combining separately developed modules, components, or subsystems so that they work together as a complete system. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Internet: A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Actins: Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.Filamins: A family of crosslinking filament proteins encoded by distinct FLN genes. Filamins are involved in cell adhesion, spreading, and migration, acting as scaffolds for over 90 binding partners including channels, receptors, intracellular signaling molecules and transcription factors. Due to the range of molecular interactions, mutations in FLN genes result in anomalies with moderate to lethal consequences.Cross-Linking Reagents: Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.Contractile Proteins: Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include MUSCLE PROTEINS as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Sarcomeres: The repeating contractile units of the MYOFIBRIL, delimited by Z bands along its length.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Connectin: A giant elastic protein of molecular mass ranging from 2,993 kDa (cardiac), 3,300 kDa (psoas), to 3,700 kDa (soleus) having a kinase domain. The amino- terminal is involved in a Z line binding, and the carboxy-terminal region is bound to the myosin filament with an overlap between the counter-connectin filaments at the M line.Myofibrils: The long cylindrical contractile organelles of STRIATED MUSCLE cells composed of ACTIN FILAMENTS; MYOSIN filaments; and other proteins organized in arrays of repeating units called SARCOMERES .Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Reagent Kits, Diagnostic: Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.GermanySTAT3 Transcription Factor: A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-6 family members. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of TUMORS and is a major downstream transducer for the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130.Trichomonas vaginalis: A species of TRICHOMONAS that produces a refractory vaginal discharge in females, as well as bladder and urethral infections in males.Periodicals as Topic: A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.Bibliometrics: The use of statistical methods in the analysis of a body of literature to reveal the historical development of subject fields and patterns of authorship, publication, and use. Formerly called statistical bibliography. (from The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Trichomonas Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.Access to Information: Individual's rights to obtain and use information collected or generated by others.Trichomonas Infections: Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.Spectrin: A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane.Dystrophin: A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as SPECTRIN and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa.Utrophin: An autosomally-encoded 376-kDa cytoskeletal protein that is similar in structure and function to DYSTROPHIN. It is a ubiquitously-expressed protein that plays a role in anchoring the CYTOSKELETON to the PLASMA MEMBRANE.Dystrophin-Associated Proteins: A group of proteins that associate with DYSTROPHIN at the CELL MEMBRANE to form the DYSTROPHIN-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN COMPLEX.ArchivesBiological Science Disciplines: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.PubMed: A bibliographic database that includes MEDLINE as its primary subset. It is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), part of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. PubMed, which is searchable through NLM's Web site, also includes access to additional citations to selected life sciences journals not in MEDLINE, and links to other resources such as the full-text of articles at participating publishers' Web sites, NCBI's molecular biology databases, and PubMed Central.Directories as Topic: Lists of persons or organizations, systematically arranged, usually in alphabetic or classed order, giving address, affiliations, etc., for individuals, and giving address, officers, functions, and similar data for organizations. (ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.EF Hand Motifs: Calcium-binding motifs composed of two helices (E and F) joined by a loop. Calcium is bound by the loop region. These motifs are found in many proteins that are regulated by calcium.Dictyostelium: A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in proteins to yield epsilon mono-, di-, and trimethyllysine. EC 2.1.1.43.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Muscles: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch: Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.Sarcopenia: Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.Muscle Proteins: The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.
Gamma-Actinin, a new regulatory protein from rabbit skeletal muscle. I. Purification and characterization. (1/917)
A new regulatory protein which we have designated as gamma-actinin has been isolated from native thin filaments of rabbit skeletal muscle. Depolymerized native thin filaments were fractionated by salting out with ammonium sulfate, and the precipitates obtained at 40--60% ammonium sulfate saturation were further subjected to DEAE-Sephadex and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The purified gamma-actinin was shown to have a chain weight of 35,000 daltons and had a strong inhibitory action on the polymerization of G-actin. The results of amino acid analysis indicated a unique amino acid composition of gamma-actinin as compared with other structural proteins of muscle. Non-polar and neutral amino acid residues were abundant. One cysteine residue was contained per one molecule of gamma-actinin and played a critical role in the maintenance of the inhibitory activity. Pelleting of gamma-actinin with F-actin showed that gamma-actinin binds to F-action. (+info)Polypyrimidine tract binding protein functions as a repressor to regulate alternative splicing of alpha-actinin mutally exclusive exons. (2/917)
The smooth muscle (SM) and nonmuscle (NM) isoforms of alpha-actinin are produced by mutually exclusive splicing of an upstream NM exon and a downstream SM-specific exon. A rat alpha-actinin genomic clone encompassing the mutually exclusive exons was isolated and sequenced. The SM exon was found to utilize two branch points located 382 and 386 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the 3' splice site, while the NM exon used a single branch point 191 nt upstream. Mutually exclusive splicing arises from the proximity of the SM branch points to the NM 5' splice site, and this steric repression could be relieved in part by the insertion of spacer elements. In addition, the SM exon is repressed in non-SM cells and extracts. In vitro splicing of spacer-containing transcripts could be activated by (i) truncation of the transcript between the SM polypyrimidine tract and exon, (ii) addition of competitor RNAs containing the 3' end of the actinin intron or regulatory sequences from alpha-tropomyosin (TM), and (iii) depletion of the splicing extract by using biotinylated alpha-TM RNAs. A number of lines of evidence point to polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) as the trans-acting factor responsible for repression. PTB was the only nuclear protein observed to cross-link to the actinin RNA, and the ability of various competitor RNAs to activate splicing correlated with their ability to bind PTB. Furthermore, repression of alpha-actinin splicing in the nuclear extracts depleted of PTB by using biotinylated RNA could be specifically restored by the addition of recombinant PTB. Thus, alpha-actinin mutually exclusive splicing is enforced by the unusual location of the SM branch point, while constitutive repression of the SM exon is conferred by regulatory elements between the branch point and 3' splice site and by PTB. (+info)Tropomodulin assembles early in myofibrillogenesis in chick skeletal muscle: evidence that thin filaments rearrange to form striated myofibrils. (3/917)
Actin filament lengths in muscle and nonmuscle cells are believed to depend on the regulated activity of capping proteins at both the fast growing (barbed) and slow growing (pointed) filament ends. In striated muscle, the pointed end capping protein, tropomodulin, has been shown to maintain the lengths of thin filaments in mature myofibrils. To determine whether tropomodulin might also be involved in thin filament assembly, we investigated the assembly of tropomodulin into myofibrils during differentiation of primary cultures of chick skeletal muscle cells. Our results show that tropomodulin is expressed early in differentiation and is associated with the earliest premyofibrils which contain overlapping and misaligned actin filaments. In addition, tropomodulin can be found in actin filament bundles at the distal tips of growing myotubes, where sarcomeric alpha-actinin is not always detected, suggesting that tropomodulin caps actin filament pointed ends even before the filaments are cross-linked into Z bodies by alpha-actinin. Tropomodulin staining exhibits an irregular punctate pattern along the length of premyofibrils that demonstrate a smooth phalloidin staining pattern for F-actin. Strikingly, the tropomodulin dots often appear to be located between the closely spaced, dot-like Z bodies that are stained for (&agr;)-actinin. Thus, in the earliest premyofibrils, the pointed ends of the thin filaments are clustered and partially aligned with respect to the Z bodies (the location of the barbed filament ends). At later stages of differentiation, the tropomodulin dots become aligned into regular periodic striations concurrently with the appearance of striated phalloidin staining for F-actin and alignment of Z bodies into Z lines. Tropomodulin, together with the barbed end capping protein, CapZ, may function from the earliest stages of myofibrillogenesis to restrict the lengths of newly assembled thin filaments by capping their ends; thus, transitions from nonstriated to striated myofibrils in skeletal muscle are likely due principally to filament rearrangements rather than to filament polymerization or depolymerization. Rearrangements of actin filaments capped at their pointed and barbed ends may be a general mechanism by which cells restructure their actin cytoskeletal networks during cell growth and differentiation. (+info)An alpha-actinin binding site of zyxin is essential for subcellular zyxin localization and alpha-actinin recruitment. (4/917)
The LIM domain protein zyxin is a component of adherens type junctions, stress fibers, and highly dynamic membrane areas and appears to be involved in microfilament organization. Chicken zyxin and its human counterpart display less than 60% sequence identity, raising concern about their functional identity. Here, we demonstrate that human zyxin, like the avian protein, specifically interacts with alpha-actinin. Furthermore, we map the interaction site to a motif of approximately 22 amino acids, present in the N-terminal domain of human zyxin. This motif is both necessary and sufficient for alpha-actinin binding, whereas a downstream region, which is related in sequence, appears to be dispensable. A synthetic peptide comprising human zyxin residues 21-42 specifically binds to alpha-actinin in solid phase binding assays. In contrast to full-length zyxin, constructs lacking this motif do not interact with alpha-actinin in blot overlays and fail to recruit alpha-actinin in living cells. When zyxin lacking the alpha-actinin binding site is expressed as a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein, association of the recombinant protein with stress fibers is abolished, and targeting to focal adhesions is grossly impaired. Our results suggest a crucial role for the alpha-actinin-zyxin interaction in subcellular zyxin localization and microfilament organization. (+info)Viscoelastic properties of f-actin, microtubules, f-actin/alpha-actinin, and f-actin/hexokinase determined in microliter volumes with a novel nondestructive method. (5/917)
A nondestructive method to determine viscoelastic properties of gels and fluids involves an oscillating glass fiber serving as a sensor for the viscosity of the surrounding fluid. Extremely small displacements (typically 1-100 nm) are caused by the glass rod oscillating at its resonance frequency. These displacements are analyzed using a phase-sensitive acoustic microscope. Alterations of the elastic modulus of a fluid or gel change the propagation speed of a longitudinal acoustic wave. The system allows to study quantities as small as 10 microliters with temporal resolution >1 Hz. For 2-100 microM f-actin gels a final viscosity of 1.3-9.4 mPa s and a final elastic modulus of 2.229-2.254 GPa (corresponding to 1493-1501 m/s sound velocity) have been determined. For 10- to 100-microM microtubule gels (native, without stabilization by taxol), a final viscosity of 1.5-124 mPa s and a final elastic modulus of 2.288-2. 547 GPa (approximately 1513-1596 m/s) have been determined. During polymerization the sound velocity in low-concentration actin solutions increased up to +1.3 m/s (approximately 1.69 kPa) and decreased up to -7 m/s (approximately 49 kPa) at high actin concentrations. On polymerization of tubulin a concentration-dependent decrease of sound velocity was observed, too (+48 to -12 m/s approximately 2.3-0.1 MPa, for 10- to 100-microM tubulin). This decrease was interpreted by a nematic phase transition of the actin filaments and microtubules with increasing concentration. 2 mM ATP (when compared to 0.2 mM ATP) increased polymerization rate, final viscosity and elastic modulus of f-actin (17 microM). The actin-binding glycolytic enzyme hexokinase also accelerated the polymerization rate and final viscosity but elastic modulus (2.26 GPa) was less than for f-actin polymerized in presence of 0.2 mM ATP (2.28 GPa). (+info)Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells express alpha-smooth muscle actin and show low NOS III activity. (6/917)
We established a culture system of porcine coronary microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) with high cellular yield and purity >98%. Endothelial origin was confirmed by immunostaining, immunoblotting and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis using low-density lipoprotein uptake, CD31, von Willebrand factor, and the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin. MVEC were positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin in culture and in myocardium, as confirmed by FACS. Of the primary MVEC, approximately 30% expressed nitric oxide synthase (NOS) III in numbers decreasing from the first passage (6 +/- 1%) to the second passage (4 +/- 1%; P < 0.001 vs. primary isolates), whereas approximately 100% of aortic endothelial cells (AEC) expressed NOS III. In AEC, NOS III activity (pmol citrulline. mg protein-1. min-1) was 80 +/- 10 and was nearly abolished in the absence of calcium (5 +/- 1, P < 0.001). In primary MVEC, however, NOS III activity in the presence and absence of calcium was 20 +/- 4 and 25 +/- 5, respectively. We conclude that cardiac MVEC, in contrast to AEC, contain alpha-smooth muscle actin, show low-grade NOS III activity, and provide a suitable in vitro system for the study of endothelial pathophysiology. (+info)Myotilin, a novel sarcomeric protein with two Ig-like domains, is encoded by a candidate gene for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. (7/917)
The striated muscle sarcomeres are highly organized structures composed of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments that slide past each other during contraction. The integrity of sarcomeres is controlled by a set of structural proteins, among which are titin, a giant molecule that contains several immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains and associates with thin and thick filaments, and [alpha]-actinin, an actin cross-linking protein. Mutations in several sarcomeric and sarcolemmal proteins have been shown to result in muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy. On the other hand, the disease genes underlying several disease forms remain to be identified. Here we describe a novel 57 kDa cytoskeletal protein, myotilin. Its N-terminal sequence is unique, but the C-terminal half contains two Ig-like domains homologous to titin. Myotilin is expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle, it co-localizes with [alpha]-actinin in the sarcomeric I--bands and directly interacts with [alpha]-actinin. The human myotilin gene maps to chromosome 5q31 between markers AFM350yB1 and D5S500. The locus of a dominantly inherited limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD1A) resides in an overlapping narrow segment, and a new type of distal myopathy with vocal cord and pharyngeal weakness (VCPMD) has been mapped to the same locus. The muscle specificity and apparent role as a sarcomeric structural protein raise the possibility that defects in the myotilin gene may cause muscular dystrophy. (+info)Postmortem proteolysis and calpain/calpastatin activity in callipyge and normal lamb biceps femoris during extended postmortem storage. (8/917)
The present experiment was conducted to determine whether calpastatin inhibits only the rate, or both the rate and extent, of calpain-induced postmortem proteolysis. Biceps femoris from normal (n = 6) and callipyge (n = 6) lamb was stored for 56 d at 4 degrees C. Calpastatin activity was higher (P < .05) in the callipyge muscle at 0 and 14 d postmortem, but not at 56 d postmortem. The activity of mu-calpain did not differ between normal and callipyge biceps femoris at 0 and 56 d postmortem (P > .05), but was higher at 14 d postmortem in the callipyge muscle (P < 0.05). The activity of m-calpain was higher in the callipyge muscle (P < 0.05). Western blot analyses of titin, nebulin, dystrophin, myosin heavy chain, vinculin, alpha-actinin, desmin, and troponin-T indicated that postmortem proteolysis was less extensive in callipyge than in normal biceps femoris at all postmortem times. The results of this experiment indicate that calpastatin inhibits both the rate and extent of postmortem proteolysis. (+info)... has been shown to interact with: AKAP9, Actinin, alpha 1, CCDC85B, NEFL, NEUROD2 Phosphoinositide-dependent ... "Interaction of PKN with alpha-actinin". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (8): 4740-6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.8.4740. PMID 9030526. Matsuzawa K, ... "Pathological shear stress stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of alpha-actinin associated with the glycoprotein Ib-IX ...
... alpha-actinin. Xin, and XIRP2. Nebulette was identified in 1995 by Moncman and Wang using primary cultures of chicken embryonic ...
"An alpha-actinin binding site of zyxin is essential for subcellular zyxin localization and alpha-actinin recruitment". J. Biol ... "An alpha-actinin binding site of zyxin is essential for subcellular zyxin localization and alpha-actinin recruitment". J. Biol ... Li B, Trueb B (2001). "Analysis of the alpha-actinin/zyxin interaction". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (36): 33328-35. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... Li B, Trueb B (September 2001). "Analysis of the alpha-actinin/zyxin interaction". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (36): 33328-35. doi: ...
CapZ interacts with α-actinin, nebulette, nebulin, HSC70. at the Z-disc. CAPZB is a member of the F-actin capping protein ... Papa I, Astier C, Kwiatek O, Raynaud F, Bonnal C, Lebart MC, Roustan C, Benyamin Y (February 1999). "Alpha actinin-CapZ, an ...
Maruyama K, Kurokawa H, Oosawa M, Shimaoka S, Yamamoto H, Ito M, Maruyama K (May 1990). "Beta-actinin is equivalent to Cap Z ...
... has been shown to interact with Keratin 18, Actinin alpha 4, Dystonin, Actinin, alpha 1, CTNND1 ... Gonzalez, A M; Otey C; Edlund M; Jones J C (December 2001). "Interactions of a hemidesmosome component and actinin family ...
They decided to compile their work on α-actinin and showed that α-actinin is distributed periodically along stress fibers. They ... Since these regions would several years later be named focal adhesions, α-actinin was the first protein found to be ... While developing a procedure to purify α-actinin from smooth muscle, Burridge co-purified another protein, vinculin, ... Lazarides E, Burridge K; Burridge (November 1975). "Alpha-actinin: immunofluorescent localization of a muscle structural ...
Liu Y, Belkina NV, Shaw S (2009). "HIV infection of T cells: actin-in and actin-out". Science Signaling. 2 (66): pe23. doi: ... Actin filaments are linked to α-actinin and to the membrane through vinculin. The head domain of vinculin associates to E- ... For example, if the α-actinin or gelation factor gene has been removed in Dictyostelium individuals do not show an anomalous ... In contractile bundles, the actin-bundling protein alpha-actinin separates each thin filament by ~35 nm. This increase in ...
TRPP3 is abundant in mouse brain where it associates with alpha-actinin-2. Alpha-actinin attaches TRPP3 to the cytoskeleton and ... Alpha-actinin is an actin-bundling protein known to regulate several types of ion channels. Planer lipid bilayer ... The TRPP3-alpha-actinin association was documented by co-immunoprecipitation using native cells and tissues, yeast two-hybrid, ... "Direct binding of alpha-actinin enhances TRPP3 channel activity". Journal of Neurochemistry. 103 (6): 2391-2400. doi:10.1111/j. ...
Li B, Zhuang L, Reinhard M, Trueb B (2003). "The lipoma preferred partner LPP interacts with alpha-actinin". J. Cell Sci. 116 ( ...
... has been shown to interact with Actinin alpha 4. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000058404 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38 ... actinin". J. Neurosci. 21 (2): 423-33. PMID 11160423. Liao GY, Wagner DA, Hsu MH, Leonard JP (2001). "Evidence for direct ... actinin". J. Neurosci. 21 (2): 423-33. PMID 11160423. Yamamoto H (2002). "[Molecular mechanisms of the intracellular ...
... has been shown to interact with Actinin, alpha 1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000171450 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38 ... 5 activators p35 and p39 interact with the alpha-subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and alpha-actinin-1 in ... 5 activators p35 and p39 interact with the alpha-subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and alpha-actinin-1 in ...
Lan S, Wang H, Jiang H, Mao H, Liu X, Zhang X, Hu Y, Xiang L, Yuan Z (2003). "Direct interaction between α-actinin and ...
The rat protein can also interact with alpha-actinin-4. Thus it is suggested that this human protein may play a role in myosin ... 2005). "CART: an Hrs/actinin-4/BERP/myosin V protein complex required for efficient receptor recycling". Mol. Biol. Cell. 16 (5 ... 2000). "BERP, a novel ring finger protein, binds to alpha-actinin-4". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 267 (3): 906-11. doi: ... TRIM3 has been shown to interact with Actinin alpha 4. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000110171 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: ...
2003). "Direct interaction between alpha-actinin and hepatitis C virus NS5B". FEBS Lett. 554 (3): 289-94. doi:10.1016/S0014- ...
... with alpha-actinin 2". J Cell Biochem. 78 (4): 558-65. doi:10.1002/1097-4644(20000915)78:4. 3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 10861853. "Entrez ...
Namely, α-Actinin results in heightened pH sensitivity and desensitization recovery. They can also increase current flow ...
Wyszynski M, Lin J, Rao A, Nigh E, Beggs AH, Craig AM, Sheng M (January 1997). "Competitive binding of alpha-actinin and ... Actinin, alpha 2, DLG2, DLG3, DLG4, EXOC4, LIN7B, and RICS. NMDA receptor Glutamate receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ...
Immunostains for myotilin and α-actinin all but clinch the diagnosis. However, nemaline rods may still be visible post-mortem ...
Pardo, JV, Craig, SW (1979). "alpha-Actinin localization in the junctional complex of intestinal epithelial cells". J Cell Biol ...
2005). "Involvement of palladin and alpha-actinin in targeting of the Abl/Arg kinase adaptor ArgBP2 to the actin cytoskeleton ... 2004). "Molecular analysis of the interaction between palladin and alpha-actinin". FEBS Lett. 566 (1-3): 30-4. doi:10.1016/j. ...
Vallenius T, Luukko K, Mäkelä TP (2000). "CLP-36 PDZ-LIM protein associates with nonmuscle alpha-actinin-1 and alpha-actinin-4 ... PDLIM1 has been shown to interact with: Actinin alpha 4, Actinin, alpha 1, Estrogen receptor alpha, and RNF12. GRCh38: Ensembl ... "CLP-36 PDZ-LIM protein associates with nonmuscle alpha-actinin-1 and alpha-actinin-4". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (15): 11100-5. doi: ... with alpha-actinin 2". J Cell Biochem. 78 (4): 558-65. doi:10.1002/1097-4644(20000915)78:4. 3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 10861853. "Entrez ...
The antiparallel arrangement of actin filaments within stress fibers is reinforced by α-actinin, an actin filament crosslinking ... Lazarides, Elias; Burridge, Keith (November 1975). "α-Actinin: Immunofluorescent localization of a muscle structural protein in ... such as α-actinin, to form a highly regulated actomyosin structure within non-muscle cells. Stress fibers have been shown to ... fibers in motile and non-motile cells are similar in that they both contain actin filaments which are cross-linked by α-actinin ...
Harper BD, Beckerle MC, Pomiès P (2001). "Fine mapping of the alpha-actinin binding site within cysteine-rich protein". Biochem ...
Afadin- and alpha-actinin-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSX2IP gene. SSX2IP has been shown to ... Asada M, Irie K, Morimoto K, Yamada A, Ikeda W, Takeuchi M, Takai Y (February 2003). "ADIP, a novel Afadin- and alpha-actinin- ... and alpha-actinin-binding protein localized at cell-cell adherens junctions". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (6): ... interact with MLLT4 and Actinin, alpha 1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000117155 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl ...
Actinin is a microfilament protein. α-Actinin is necessary for the attachment of actin filaments to the Z-lines in skeletal ... The non-sarcomeric α-actinins, encoded by ACTN1 and ACTN4, are widely expressed. ACTN2 expression is found in both cardiac and ... Both ends of the rod-shaped α-actinin dimer contain actin-binding domains. Mutations in ACTN4 can cause the kidney disease ... ISBN 978-0-08-092427-4. Actinin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). ...
Alpha-actinin-3, also known as alpha-actinin skeletal muscle isoform 3 or F-actin cross-linking protein, is a protein that in ... ACTN3 has been shown to interact with Actinin, alpha 2. Actinin GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000248746 - Ensembl, May 2017 ... Alpha-actinin is an actin-binding protein with multiple roles in different cell types. This gene expression is limited to ... Actin filaments are stabilized by actin binding proteins known as actinins of which there are two main types, type 2 and type 3 ...
InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites. We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their individual strengths to produce a powerful integrated database and diagnostic tool.
alpha-actinin-1. Names. F-actin cross-linking protein. alpha actinin 1a. alpha-actinin cytoskeletal isoform. non-muscle alpha- ... Alpha-actinin interaction with syndecan-4 has a role in stabilising cell-matrix adhesion. Title: Alpha-actinin interactions ... Actn1 actinin, alpha 1 [Mus musculus] Actn1 actinin, alpha 1 [Mus musculus]. Gene ID:109711 ... actinin, alpha 1provided by MGI. Primary source. MGI:MGI:2137706 See related. Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000015143 Gene type. protein ...
The actinin family of actin cross-linking proteins - a genetic perspective Actinins are one of the major actin cross-linking ... The role of alpha-actinin-4 in human kidney disease Mutations in the Alpha-actinin-4 gene (ACTN4) cause a rare form of familial ... The actinin family proteins: biological function and clinical implications. Guest edited by Dr Hung-Ying Kao ... The biological role of actinin-4 (ACTN4) in malignant phenotypes of cancer Invasion and metastasis are malignant phenotypes in ...
125I-alpha-actinin was capable of interacting with vinculin and metavinculin. The specific binding of 125-I-alpha-actinin to ... We suggest that the ability of vinculin and alpha-actinin to form a complex may be realized in microfilament-membrane linkages. ... Using the gel overlay technique, we detected strong binding of 125I-vinculin and 125I-metavinculin to alpha-actinin, 175 kDa ... Interaction of iodinated vinculin, metavinculin and alpha-actinin with cytoskeletal proteins.. Belkin AM, Koteliansky VE. ...
Anti-Sarcomeric Alpha Actinin antibody (ab72592) has been cited in 20 publications. References for Human, Mouse, Rat in IF, IHC ...
Compare alpha-actinin-2 ELISA Kits from leading suppliers on Biocompare. View specifications, prices, citations, reviews, and ... alpha-actinin-2 ELISA Kits. The ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a well-established antibody-based tool for ... Your search returned 110 alpha-actinin-2 ELISA ELISA Kit across 14 suppliers. ...
PS00019. ACTININ_1. 1 hit. PS00020. ACTININ_2. 1 hit. PS50021. CH. 2 hits. PS50222. EF_HAND_2. 2 hits. ... PS00019. ACTININ_1. 1 hit. PS00020. ACTININ_2. 1 hit. PS50021. CH. 2 hits. PS50222. EF_HAND_2. 2 hits. ... IPR001589. Actinin_actin-bd_CS. IPR036872. Calponin-like_dom_sf. IPR001715. CH-domain. IPR011992. EF-hand-dom_pair. IPR014837. ... IPR001589. Actinin_actin-bd_CS. IPR036872. Calponin-like_dom_sf. IPR001715. CH-domain. IPR011992. EF-hand-dom_pair. IPR014837. ...
References for Abcams Recombinant Human Sarcomeric Alpha Actinin protein (ab92234). Please let us know if you have used this ...
Compare Anti-Alpha-Actinin-4 Antibody Products from leading suppliers on Biocompare. View specifications, prices, citations, ...
Browse our Alpha Actinin 2 Protein catalog backed by our Guarantee+. ... Alternate Names for Alpha Actinin 2 Proteins. Alpha Actinin 2 protein, ACTN2 protein, actinin, alpha 2 protein, Alpha-actinin ... Alpha Actinin 2 Proteins. We offer Alpha Actinin 2 Peptides and Alpha Actinin 2 Proteins for use in common research ... Our Alpha Actinin 2 Peptides and Alpha Actinin 2 Proteins can be used in a variety of model species: Human. Use the list below ...
PS00019 ACTININ_1, 1 hit. PS00020 ACTININ_2, 1 hit. PS50021 CH, 2 hits. PS00018 EF_HAND_1, 1 hit. PS50222 EF_HAND_2, 2 ... IPR001589 Actinin_actin-bd_CS. IPR029637 ACTN4. IPR001715 CH-domain. IPR036872 CH_dom_sf. IPR011992 EF-hand-dom_pair. IPR014837 ... Actinin alpha 4Imported. ,p>Information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures.,/p> ,p>,a ... tr,F7HU82,F7HU82_MACMU Actinin alpha 4 OS=Macaca mulatta OX=9544 GN=ACTN4 PE=2 SV=1 ...
... alpha-actinin explanation free. What is alpha-actinin? Meaning of alpha-actinin medical term. What does alpha-actinin mean? ... Looking for online definition of alpha-actinin in the Medical Dictionary? ... alpha-actinin. α-ac·tin·in. (ak-tinin), An F-actin binding protein in vertebrate cells that cross-links actin filaments into ... Actin-binding protein alpha-actinin 4 (ACTN4) is a transcriptional co-activator of RelA/p65 sub-unit of NF-kB.. The Short ...
1997). "Interaction of PKN with alpha-actinin". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (8): 4740-6. PMID 9030526.. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al ... 2001). "FATZ, a filamin-, actinin-, and telethonin-binding protein of the Z-disc of skeletal muscle". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (52): ... 2000). "Interaction of hCLIM1, an enigma family protein, with alpha-actinin 2". J. Cell. Biochem. 78 (4): 558-65. PMID 10861853 ... Actinin, alpha 2, also known as ACTN2, is a human gene.[1] ... Alpha actinin is an actin-binding protein with multiple roles ...
Among several others, we found 52 cDNA clones encoding α-actinin-4 and 6 clones encoding α-actinin-1. α-Actinin-4-mediated FSGS ... Full-length α-actinin-4 was amplified by PCR from pGFP-α-actinin-4 and inserted into pFLAG-CMV-5a vector. All constructs were ... Anti-α-actinin (sarcomeric; Sigma-Aldrich) and anti-α-actinin-4 (11) were used at 1:4,000 and 1:5,000, respectively. ... Synpo-long and Synpo-short interact with α-actinin-2 and α-actinin-4. In an effort to delineate isoform-specific differences in ...
What is actinin alpha4 isoform? Meaning of actinin alpha4 isoform medical term. What does actinin alpha4 isoform mean? ... Looking for online definition of actinin alpha4 isoform in the Medical Dictionary? actinin alpha4 isoform explanation free. ... redirected from actinin alpha4 isoform) ACTN4. A gene on chromosome 14q24.1 that encodes an actin-binding bundling protein ... The non-muscle, alpha-actinin isoform of ACTN4 is concentrated in the cytoplasm, and may be involved in metastasis; ACTN4 ...
Invitrogen Anti-alpha Actinin 4 Polyclonal, Catalog # PA5-22259. Tested in Western Blot (WB), Immunofluorescence (IF), ... Protein Aliases: actinin-Alpha-4; alpha actinin 4; Alpha-actinin-4; F-actin cross-linking protein; focal segmental ... Cite alpha Actinin 4 Polyclonal Antibody. The following antibody was used in this experiment: alpha Actinin 4 Polyclonal ... alpha Actinin 4 Polyclonal Antibody. View all (14) alpha Actinin 4 antibodies ...
For an estimate of lifetimes, it is important to note that α-actinin in muscle is also bound to actin, keeping each α-actinin ... Mechanical Properties of the Interaction Between the α-Actinin EF3-4 and the α-Actinin Neck Region (Fig. S8).. To study the ... 22) assessed affinities of all repeats to α-actinin and found measurable affinities to α-actinin 2 for T1, T3, and T7. ... that every other Z-repeat can bind α-actinin in the Z-disk. Hence, if seven repeats are present, up to four α-actinins will ...
alpha Actinin ELISA Kits für viele Reaktivitäten. Huhn, Rind (Kuh), Hund und weitere. alpha Actinin ELISA Kits vergleichen und ... alpha-actinin-2 , alpha-actinin-3 , alpha-actinin , alpha-actinin-4 , non-muscle alpha-actinin 4 ... alpha Actinin (ACTN) ELISA Kits. Bezeichnung:. alpha-Actinin Skeletal Muscle ELISA Kits (ACTN). Auf www.antikoerper-online.de ... the interaction between GNE (zeige GNE ELISA Kits) and alpha-actinin 1 (zeige ACTN1 ELISA Kits) and alpha-actinin 2 (zeige ...
Structural Dynamics of α-Actinin-Vinculin Interactions. Philippe R. J. Bois, Robert A. Borgon, Clemens Vonrhein, Tina Izard ... Structural Dynamics of α-Actinin-Vinculin Interactions Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Molecular ...
Alpha-actinin-4, F-actin cross-linking protein, Non-muscle alpha-actinin 4, ACTN4 ...
α-Actinin TvACTN3 of Trichomonas vaginalis Is an RNA-Binding Protein That Could Participate in Its Posttranscriptional Iron ... Corrigendum to "α-Actinin TvACTN3 of Trichomonas vaginalis Is an RNA-Binding Protein That Could Participate in Its ...
Specificity of α-actinin-2 antibodies (4B2) and α-actinin-3 antibodies (5B2).A, COS-7 cells transfected with α-actinin-2 or α- ... α-Actinin-2 and α-actinin-3 expression constructs were prepared by subcloning the full-length cDNAs for α-actinin-2 or α- ... actinin-3 expression constructs were stained with4B2, which specifically recognizes α-actinin-2 and not α-actinin-3, or with ... that are specific for α-actinin-3 (Fig. 1A). Similarly, by immunoblotting, 4B2 recognized α-actinin-2 but not α-actinin-3 ...
... actinin, alpha 1) for IHC-P, WB. Anti-alpha Actinin 1 pAb (GTX103240) is tested in Human, Mouse, Rat samples. 100% Ab-Assurance ... actinin 1 smooth muscle antibody, alpha-actinin cytoskeletal isoform antibody, non-muscle alpha-actinin-1 antibody, "actinin, ... actinin, alpha 1. Background. Alpha actinins belong to the spectrin gene superfamily which represents a diverse group of ... alpha Actinin 1 antibody detects alpha Actinin 1 protein by western blot analysis. Various whole cell extracts (30 µg) were ...
ProteinIsoformACTN2ACTN3CytoskeletonInteractionMonoclonalPolyclonal AntibodyGeneAntibodiesInteractsIsoformsLocalizationBindsVinculinACTNSpectrinAlpha-actinin familyParaffin-embeddedMolecularTitinFocalReactivityHomodimersHumanDrosophilaCross-linkerSarcomericLocalisationInteractionsDeficiencySubunitsAngiotensin-converKidneyRabbitElectron microscopyEpithelial
- Actinin is a microfilament protein. (wikipedia.org)
- Alpha-actinin-3, also known as alpha-actinin skeletal muscle isoform 3 or F-actin cross-linking protein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTN3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Alpha-actinin is an actin-binding protein with multiple roles in different cell types. (wikipedia.org)
- These findings evidence alpha-actinin involvement in sarcomeric development, suggesting for this protein an important role in stabilizing the muscle contractile apparatus. (nih.gov)
- Each Alpha Actinin 2 Peptide and Alpha Actinin 2 Protein is fully covered by our Guarantee+, to give you complete peace of mind and the support when you need it. (novusbio.com)
- Actin-binding protein alpha-actinin 4 (ACTN4) is a transcriptional co-activator of RelA/p65 sub-unit of NF-kB. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Zusätzlich bieten wir Ihnen alpha Actinin Antikörper (16) und alpha Actinin Proteine (3) und viele weitere Produktgruppen zu diesem Protein an. (antikoerper-online.de)
- Thus α-actinin-2 is appropriately positioned at the ultrastructural level to function as a postsynaptic-anchoring protein for NMDA receptors. (jneurosci.org)
- Given that α-actinins are actin-binding proteins, we hypothesized that α-actinin-2 might function as a bridging protein between NMDA receptors and actin at postsynaptic sites. (jneurosci.org)
- Recombinant protein encompassing a sequence within the center region of human alpha Actinin 1. (genetex.com)
- alpha Actinin 1 antibody detects alpha Actinin 1 protein by western blot analysis. (genetex.com)
- Each α-actinin protein contains one Actin-binding domain, two calponin-homology domains, two EF-hand domains and four spectrin repeats, through which they function as bundling proteins that can cross-link F-Actin, thus anchoring Actin to a variety of intracellular structures. (acris-antibodies.com)
- This antibody detects endogenous levels of Actinin-α1/2/3/4 protein. (acris-antibodies.com)
- Here we report our finding of an interaction between the cytoplasmic domain of beta 1 integrin and the actin-binding protein alpha-actinin. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- One protein at approximately 100 kD was identified by immunoblot analysis as alpha- actinin. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Feramisco JR, Burridge K. A rapid purification of alpha-actinin, filamin, and a 130,000-dalton protein from smooth muscle. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Jr Protein sequence of DMD gene is related to actin-binding domain of alpha-actinin. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Dictyostelium alpha-actinin is a Ca(2+)-regulated F-actin cross-linking protein. (rupress.org)
- A yeast two-hybrid screening revealed that DmG9a interacts with Tungus, a LIM-domain protein associated with α-Actinin. (uio.no)
- Intriguingly, approximately 16 % of people worldwide are homozygous for a nonsense mutation in ACTN3 that abolishes actinin-3 protein expression. (springer.com)
- Phospholipid binding to the ABD causes a conformational change, resulting in the "opening" of the structure that allows EF3/4 to bind the sarcomeric organizer protein titin [ 5 , 6 ] - a potential mechanism to regulate titin and actinin integration into the muscle Z-disk. (springer.com)
- Deficiency of the fast-twitch muscle protein alpha-actinin-3 due to homozygosity for a nonsense polymorphism (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene is common in humans. (garvan.org.au)
- α-Actinin, the second protein studied, mainly acts as an actin crosslinking protein. (helsinki.fi)
- By comparing α-actinin protein distribution in wild type and Actn Δ233 mutant animals, it could be concluded that non-muscle α-actinin is the only isoform expressed in young embryos, in the embryonic central nervous system and in various actin-rich structures of the ovarian germline cells. (helsinki.fi)
- The population of α-actinin protein present in non-muscle cells of the Actn Δ233 mutant is referred to as FC-α-actinin (Follicle Cell). (helsinki.fi)
- α-Actinin release from the myofibrillar protein fraction to the sarcoplasm can be considered as an accurate proteolysis index in seafood muscle. (csic.es)
- The actin filament severing protein actophorin promotes the formation of rigid bundles of actin filaments crosslinked with alpha-actinin. (rupress.org)
- Finally, we have determined that the interaction between LPP and α-actinin, an actin cross-linking protein, is necessary for TGFβ-induced migration and invasion of ErbB2-expressing breast cancer cells. (biologists.org)
- Deleting this region resulted in a significant decrease in the recruitment of both filamentous actin and the actin binding protein α-actinin. (asm.org)
- Considerably less is known about the contribution of the intracellular domains, although the amino-terminal domain has been shown to bind directly to the actin binding and cross-linking protein α-actinin ( 28 ). (asm.org)
- Western immunoblot analysis confirmed that the 100-kD protein is α-actinin. (rupress.org)
- The results of the in vitro protein binding studies are supported by double-label indirect immunofluorescence experiments that demonstrate a colocalization of CRP1 and α-actinin along the actin stress fibers of CEF and smooth muscle cells. (rupress.org)
- α-Actinin 4 will be a good marker protein to examine the relation between O-GlcNAcylation and diabetic nephropathy. (elsevier.com)
- Actinin is a F-actin cross linking protein and is thought to anchor actin to a variety of intracellular structures. (biosensis.com)
- We demonstrate by protein interaction analysis that two types of titin interactions are involved in the assembly of α‐actinin into the Z‐disk. (embopress.org)
- A ruler‐like protein, containing variable numbers of specific binding sites for other Z‐disk components, could control the number of α‐actinin molecules and their spacing. (embopress.org)
- To elucidate the protein composition of the nemaline bodies present in the muscle fibres of patients with congenital nemaline myopathy (CNM), we studied muscle biopsies with monoclonal antibodies against α-actinin and desmin in combination with a modified Gomori trichrome method. (cf.ac.uk)
- Synthetic phospho-peptide, corresponding to a region within amino acids 140-190 of Human alpha Actinin 4 conjugated to a carrier protein. (abcam.cn)
- This work identifies the actinin rod domain as the predominant domain that influences actinin localisation however localisation is likely to be effected by the entire actinin protein. (ucc.ie)
- In the present study, we reported the identification of α-actinin-2, an actin-crosslinking protein, as a potential angiogenin-interacting partner by yeast two-hybrid screening. (elsevier.com)
- By using Western blotting, immunofluorescence and immuno-gold labeling, a novel α-actinin-like protein was found in pollen and pollen tubes of Lilium davidii, a model system for cytoskeleton and Golgi apparatus study of plant. (naver.com)
- As measured by Western blotting, the molecular mass of the α-actinin-like protein was about 80 kDa. (naver.com)
- Under confocal laser scanning microscopy after immunofluorescence labeling, the distribution of the α-actinin-like protein appeared punctated in the cytoplasm of the pollen and pollen tubes. (naver.com)
- In addition, some fraction of the α-actinin-like protein was found to co-distribute with F-actin bundles in the pollen tubes. (naver.com)
- Additional studies with immuno-gold labeling and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the α-actinin-like protein bound mainly to the membranes of Golgi-associated vesicles. (naver.com)
- These results suggest that the novel α-actinin-like protein is a BFA-sensitive protein on the membranes of Golgi-associated vesicles, and may participate in Golgi-associated vesicles budding and/or sorting, together with actin microfilaments. (naver.com)
- Alpha-actinin (alpha-actinin-2) is a protein which links the NR1 and NR2B subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. (uab.edu)
- Because of the importance of NMDA receptors in modulating the function of the striatum, we have examined the localization of alpha-actinin-2 protein and mRNA in striatal neurons, and its biochemical interaction with NMDA receptor subunits present in the rat striatum. (uab.edu)
- Immunoprecipitation of membrane protein extracts showed that alpha-actinin-2 is present in heteromeric complexes of NMDA subunits, but is not associated with AMPA receptors in the striatum. (uab.edu)
- These data demonstrate that alpha-actinin-2 is a very abundant striatal protein, but exhibits cellular specificity in its expression, with very high levels in substance-P-containing projection neurons, and very low levels in somatostatin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase interneurons. (uab.edu)
- Despite the high expression of this protein in the striatum, only a minority of NMDA receptors are linked to alpha-actinin-2. (uab.edu)
- The alpha-actinin-3 protein (ACTN3) gene is important for muscle composition. (issaonline.com)
- α-Actinin 4, encoded by ACTN4, is an F-actin crosslinking protein which belongs to the spectrin gene superfamily. (cdc.gov)
- B) Schematic of actinin-3 protein (901 amino acids). (biomedcentral.com)
- Also shown is the schematic of actinin-1 protein (892 amino acids) representing the two non-muscle actinins (actinin-1 and actinin-4) that do not interact with parafibromin. (biomedcentral.com)
- Finally, RN-tre interacts with both F-actin and actinin-4, an F-actin bundling protein. (nih.gov)
- Maeda, T, Ishiwata, S & Fujime, S 1974, ' Light-beating study of the effect of β-actinin on the interaction between F-actin and heavy meromyosin ', BBA - Protein Structure , vol. 336, no. 2, pp. 445-452. (elsevier.com)
- Approximately one billion people worldwide are homozygous for a stop codon polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene (R577X) which results in complete deficiency of the fast fibre muscle protein α-actinin-3. (oup.com)
- Our data indicate that annexin A2 protein level is upregulated, whereas annexin Al and a actinin 4 expression are downregulated in tumours with lymph node metastasis compared to those without lymphatic spread. (edu.au)
- This gene encodes a muscle-specific, alpha actinin isoform that is expressed in both skeletal and cardiac muscles. (wikidoc.org)
- This gene encodes a nonmuscle, alpha actinin isoform which is concentrated in the cytoplasm, and thought to be involved in metastatic processes. (thermofisher.com)
- This gene encodes a nonmuscle, cytoskeletal, alpha actinin isoform and maps to the same site as the structurally similar erythroid beta spectrin gene. (genetex.com)
- In this work, novel α-actinin deletion alleles, including Actn Δ233 , were generated, which specifically disrupted the transcript encoding the non-muscle α-actinin isoform. (helsinki.fi)
- This antibody reacts specifically with alpha actinin isoform #1. (biosensis.com)
- The predicted length of human actinin (isoform #1) is 892 residues and a MW of 103 kDa. (biosensis.com)
- Actinin-4 is the predominant isoform reported to be associated with the cancer phenotype. (ucc.ie)
- This work characterises a number of commercially available actinin antibodies and in doing so, identifies actinin-1, -2 and -4 isoform-specific antibodies that enabled studies of actinin expression and localisation. (ucc.ie)
- This work finds that the Ca++-insensitive variant of actinin-4 is expressed only in the nervous system and thus cannot be regarded as a smooth muscle isoform, as is the case for the Ca++-insensitive variant of actinin-1. (ucc.ie)
- Actin-binding properties of actinin-1 and -4 are similar and are unlikely to explain isoform-specific functions. (ucc.ie)
- The alpha-actinin-2 mRNA is also present in enkephalinergic projection neurons and interneurons expressing parvalbumin, choline acetyl transferase and the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase, but was not detected in somatostatin-expressing interneurons. (uab.edu)
- Actinin, alpha 2 , also known as ACTN2 , is a human gene . (wikidoc.org)
- MBS015435 is a ready-to-use microwell, strip plate Sandwich ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) Kit for analyzing the presence of the Actinin Alpha 2 (ACTN2) ELISA Kit target analytes in biological samples. (mybiosource.com)
- R577X) has been identified in the ACTN3 gene which results in a deficiency of alpha-actinin 3 in a significant proportion of the population. (wikipedia.org)
- ACTN3 has been shown to interact with Actinin, alpha 2. (wikipedia.org)
- The effect of alpha-actinin 3 (ACTN3) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) on endurance or sprint athletic performance have been documented. (thefreedictionary.com)
- In this regard, one of the genes that may influence these phenotypes is the alpha-actinin 3 (ACTN3) gene (Clarkson et al. (thefreedictionary.com)
- To further explore these potential age-related effects and the underlying mechanisms, we examined the effect of alpha-actinin-3 deficiency in aging male and female Actn3 knockout (KO) mice (2, 6, 12, and 18 months). (garvan.org.au)
- ACTN3 genotype is associated with human athletic performance and α-actinin-3 deficient mice [ Actn3 knockout (KO) mice] have a shift in the properties of fast muscle fibres towards slower fibre properties, with increased activity of multiple enzymes in the aerobic metabolic pathway and slower contractile properties. (oup.com)
- We propose that the alteration in GPh activity in the absence of α-actinin-3 is a fundamental mechanistic link in the association between ACTN3 genotype and human performance. (oup.com)
- suggesting that α-actinin-2 may function to attach NMDA receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. (jneurosci.org)
- There are four tissue-specific α-actinins, namely α-actinin-1, α-actinin-2, α-actinin-3 and α-actinin-4, which are localized to muscle and non-muscle cells, including skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells, as well as within the cytoskeleton. (acris-antibodies.com)
- Follicle cells genetically manipulated to lack all α-actinin isoforms failed to remodel their cytoskeleton and translocate Ena to the posterior of the cell, while the actin fibres as such were not affected. (helsinki.fi)
- To determine whether the α-actinin binding domain of CRP1 would localize to the actin cytoskeleton in living cells, expression constructs encoding epitope-tagged full-length CRP1, CRP1-LIM1(aa 1-107), or CRP1-LIM2 (aa 108-192) were microinjected into cells. (rupress.org)
- Collectively these data demonstrate that the NH 2 -terminal part of CRP1 that contains the α-actinin-binding site is sufficient to localize CRP1 to the actin cytoskeleton. (rupress.org)
- May connect the nectin-afadin and E-cadherin-catenin system through alpha-actinin and may be involved in organization of the actin cytoskeleton at AJs through afadin and alpha-actinin (By similarity). (nih.gov)
- Immunofluorescence in undifferentiated PromoCell cardiomyocytes (Line D) shows only diffuse cytoplasmic expression of sarcomeric actinin (green) with little or no co-localization with the actin cytoskeleton (red). (mssm.edu)
- Immunofluorescence in PromoCell cardiomycytes (Line D) differentiated for 4 weeks shows increased focal expression of sarcomeric actinin (green) that strongly co-localizes with adhesions sites and the actin cytoskeleton (red). (mssm.edu)
- A single interaction of α-actinin and titin turns out to be surprisingly weak if force is applied. (pnas.org)
- Apart from a direct interaction between actin filaments and titin at the Z-disk edge ( 13 ), the most prominent candidate for the anchoring of titin within the Z-disk is its interaction with α-actinin ( Fig. 1 B ) ( 6 , 12 , 14 ). (pnas.org)
- Interaction between α-actinin EF3-4 and titin Z-repeat 7 in PullA-T7 geometry. (pnas.org)
- This differential regional expression implies that glutamatergic synapses in various parts of the brain differ with respect to their α-actinin-2 content and thus, potentially, the extent of possible interaction between α-actinin-2 and the NMDA receptor. (jneurosci.org)
- We have shown that the CRP1-α-actinin interaction is direct, specific, and saturable in both solution and solid-phase binding assays. (rupress.org)
- The K d for the CRP1-α-actinin interaction is 1.8 ± 0.3 μM. (rupress.org)
- Further evidence demonstrated that activation of PI 3-kinase by PDGF induced a decrease in the association of α-actinin with the integrin β subunit, and that PtdIns (3,4,5)-P 3 could disrupt this interaction in vitro. (elsevier.com)
- The interaction between titin and alpha-actinin involves repeating approximately 45 amino acid sequences (Z-repeats) near the N-terminus of titin and the C-lobe of the C-terminal calmodulin-like domain of alpha-actinin. (mpg.de)
- Since members of α-actinin family play pivotal roles in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, the interaction between α-actinin-2 and angiogenin may underline one possible mechanism of angiogenin in angiogenesis. (elsevier.com)
- An interaction between zyxin and alpha-actinin. (naver.com)
- alpha-actinin-2 in rat striatum: localization and interaction with NMDA glutamate receptor subunits. (uab.edu)
- Below are shown regions of parafibromin fused to the Gal4DBD that were tested for interaction with Gal4AD-actinin-3 by yeast two-hybrid assays as described in the footnote of Table 2. (biomedcentral.com)
- The effects of β-actinin on the interaction between F-actin and heavy meromyosin were studied by quasi-elastic scattering of laser light. (elsevier.com)
- The main objective of the present study was to develop a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), based on the use of a monoclonal antibody against -actinin to evaluate the degree of proteolysis in two different chilled fish species - European hake (Merluccius merluccius) and turbot (Psetta maxima) - kept under two different storage systems: flake ice and slurry ice. (csic.es)
- The membrane was incubated with mouse anti- Alpha-Actinin antigen affinity purified monoclonal antibody (Catalog # MA1104) at 0.5 μg/mL overnight at 4°C, then washed with TBS-0.1%Tween 3 times with 5 minutes each and probed with a Biotin Conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody at a dilution of 1:10000 for 1.5 hour at RT. (bosterbio.com)
- Second, α-actinin-2 was coimmunoprecipitated with angiogenin by anti-angiogenin monoclonal antibody. (elsevier.com)
- The following antibody was used in this experiment: alpha Actinin 4 Polyclonal Antibody from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # PA5-22259, RRID AB_11157252. (thermofisher.com)
- Defects in the gene encoding α-actinin-4 are the cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 1 (FSGS1), a common renal lesion characterized by decreasing kidney function and, ultimately, renal failure. (acris-antibodies.com)
- Invertebrates have a single actinin-encoding ACTN gene, while mammals have four. (springer.com)
- Muscle and non-muscle cells utilise different α-actinin isoforms, which in Drosophila are produced by alternative splicing of a single gene. (helsinki.fi)
- Your search returned 214 Alpha-Actinin-4 Antibodies across 33 suppliers. (biocompare.com)
- This study investigated the overall clinical impact of anti-α-actinin antibodies in patients with pre-selected autoimmune diseases and in a random group of anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)-positive individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
- The relation of anti-α-actinin antibodies with lupus nephritis and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies represented a particular focus for the study. (biomedcentral.com)
- Using a cross-sectional design, the presence of antibodies to α-actinin was studied in selected groups, classified according to the relevant American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) ( n = 99), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ( n = 68), Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) ( n = 85), and fibromyalgia (FM) ( n = 29), and in a random group of ANA-positive individuals ( n = 142). (biomedcentral.com)
- Sera from SLE, RA, and Sjøgren's syndrome (SS) patients had significantly higher levels of anti-α-actinin antibodies than the other patient groups. (biomedcentral.com)
- Using the geometric mean (± 2 standard deviations) in FM patients as the upper cutoff, 20% of SLE patients, 12% of RA patients, 4% of SS patients, and none of the WG patients were positive for anti-α-actinin antibodies. (biomedcentral.com)
- In the random ANA group, 14 individuals had anti-α-actinin antibodies. (biomedcentral.com)
- Antibodies binding to α-actinin were detected in 20% of SLE patients but were not specific for SLE. (biomedcentral.com)
- Thus, the frequent combination of anti-filamentous and anti-α-actinin antibodies seems to be the hallmark of activity in AIH-1. (elsevier.com)
- Immunofluorescence assays of two different forms of T. vaginalis (trophozoites and amoeboid forms), using anti-Tvα-actinin 2 antibodies, showed localization of Tvα-actinin 2 close to the plasma membranes of the amoeboid form. (yonsei.ac.kr)
- Binding of fluorescence-labeled Trichomonas to vaginal epithelial cells and prostate cells was decreased in the antibody blocking experiment using anti-Tvα-actinin 2 antibodies. (yonsei.ac.kr)
- Pretreatment of T. vaginalis with anti-rTvα-actinin 2 antibodies also resulted in reduction in its cytotoxicity. (yonsei.ac.kr)
- Title: Arf6 guanine-nucleotide exchange factor, cytohesin-2, interacts with actinin-1 to regulate neurite extension. (nih.gov)
- In reciprocal mapping studies, we showed that α-actinin interacts with CRP1-LIM1, a deletion fragment that contains the NH 2 -terminal 107 amino acids (aa) of CRP1. (rupress.org)
- Titin interacts via a single binding site with the two central spectrin‐like repeats of the outermost pair of α‐actinin molecules. (embopress.org)
- In the Z-disk, it interacts with alpha-actinin homodimers that are a principal component of the Z-filaments linking actin filaments. (mpg.de)
- At least 4 isoforms of alpha actinin have been found. (biosensis.com)
- Evolution of the actinin family resulted in the formation of Ca++-insensitive muscle isoforms (actinin-2 and- 3) and Ca++-sensitive non-muscle isoforms (actinin-1 and -4) with regard to their actin-binding function. (ucc.ie)
- ASD-associated mutations induced changes in the localization of α-actinin-4, which localized less to dendritic spines, and for SWAP-70 and SrGAP3, which localized more to dendritic spines. (frontiersin.org)
- The calmodulin-like domain of α-actinin binds to the Z-repeats of titin. (pnas.org)
- As α-actinin binds directly to the EHEC O157:H7 amino terminus, these data suggest that its recruitment is dependent on pedestal formation. (asm.org)
- We also found that PtdIns (3,4,5)-P 3 binds to α-actinin in PDGF-treated cells. (elsevier.com)
- Using the gel overlay technique, we detected strong binding of 125I-vinculin and 125I-metavinculin to alpha-actinin, 175 kDa polypeptide, talin, vinculin and metavinculin themselves, and moderate binding to actin. (nih.gov)
- 125I-alpha-actinin was capable of interacting with vinculin and metavinculin. (nih.gov)
- The specific binding of 125-I-alpha-actinin to vinculin and metavinculin immobilized on a polysterene surface was also demonstrated. (nih.gov)
- We suggest that the ability of vinculin and alpha-actinin to form a complex may be realized in microfilament-membrane linkages. (nih.gov)
- This complex consists of alpha-actinin and talin which bind to the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail of the integrin and paxillin and vinculin which bind to talin and alphctinin. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Loss of this close apposition between the cell membrane and the extracellular matrix coincided with a redistribution of α-actinin and vinculin from the focal adhesion complex to the Triton X-100 - soluble fraction. (elsevier.com)
- Auf www.antikoerper-online.de finden Sie aktuell 16 alpha-Actinin Skeletal Muscle (ACTN) ELISA Kits von 3 unterschiedlichen Herstellern. (antikoerper-online.de)
- In the Actn Δ233 mutant, α-actinin was detected not only in muscle tissue, but also in embryonic epidermal cells and in certain follicle cell populations in the ovaries. (helsinki.fi)
- A splice variant of actinin-4 (Actn-4sv) was recently found to be an excellent biomarker of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung. (elsevier.com)
- Structural analysis of homologous repeated domains in alpha-actinin and spectrin. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The sequence of chick alpha-actinin reveals homologies to spectrin and calmodulin. (naver.com)
- α-Actinin monomers contain three distinct domains: an N-terminal actin binding domain (ABD), four spectrin-like repeats (SRs), and a C-terminal EF hands (calmodulin like domain). (biomedcentral.com)
- Belongs to the alpha-actinin family. (mybiosource.com)
- Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded SW480 xenograft , using Alpha-actinin 1(GTX103240) antibody at 1:100 dilution. (genetex.com)
- Formalin fixed paraffin embedded human skeletal muscle stained with α-Actinin (sarcomeric) antibody. (genetex.com)
- Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human heart tissue slide using 11313-2-AP( alpha Actinin antibody at dilution of 1:200 (under 40x lens). (ptglab.com)
- Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human heart tissue slide using 11313-2-AP( alpha Actinin antibody at dilution of 1:200 (under 10x lens). (ptglab.com)
- Alpha-Actinin was detected in paraffin-embedded section of mouse lung tissues. (bosterbio.com)
- A concentration of 3.5-7.0 g/ml is recommended to detect alpha actinin in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissues. (biosensis.com)
- Molecular genetics of Drosophila alpha-actinin: mutant alleles disrupt Z disc integrity and muscle insertions. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- More broadly though, this structure presents a picture of the intimate interactions between the subunits in the actinin dimer, providing a framework to better understand the molecular details of actin cross-linking and its regulation in all actinins and perhaps in spectrins too. (springer.com)
- The combination of our biochemical and ultrastructural data now allows a molecular model of the sarcomeric Z‐disk, where overlapping titin filaments and their interactions with the α‐actinin rod and C‐terminal domain can account for the essential ultrastructural features. (embopress.org)
- Bundling of actin filaments by alpha-actinin depends on its molecular length. (naver.com)
- The antibody of β-actinin did not cross-react to cytoplasmic β-actinin (molecular weight, 80, 000 daltons) found in kidney. (elsevier.com)
- In this paper, we show with direct mechanical single-molecule measurements that an array of titin/α-actinin bonds composes a dynamic network that can provide stable anchoring, maintaining the integrity of the muscle Z-disk even under load. (pnas.org)
- One of the main candidates for anchoring titin in the Z-disk is the actin cross-linker α-actinin. (pnas.org)
- Our results suggest a model where multiple α-actinin/Z-repeat interactions cooperate to ensure long-term stable titin anchoring while allowing the individual components to exchange dynamically. (pnas.org)
- B ) Arrangement of actin, titin, telethonin, and α-actinin within the Z-disk. (pnas.org)
- The sarcomeric Z‐disk, the anchoring plane of thin (actin) filaments, links titin (also called connectin) and actin filaments from opposing sarcomere halves in a lattice connected by α‐actinin. (embopress.org)
- In the central Z‐disk, titin can interact with multiple α‐actinin molecules via their C‐terminal domains. (embopress.org)
- These interactions allow the assembly of a ternary complex of titin, actin and α‐actinin in vitro , and are expected to constrain the path of titin in the Z‐disk. (embopress.org)
- In thick skeletal muscle Z‐disks, titin filaments cross over the Z‐disk centre by ∼30 nm, suggesting that their α‐actinin‐binding sites overlap in an antiparallel fashion. (embopress.org)
- The conformation of Z-repeat 7 (ZR7) of titin when complexed with the 73-amino acid C-terminal portion of alpha-actinin (EF34) was studied by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy using (15)N-labeling of ZR7 and found to be helical over a stretch of 18 residues. (mpg.de)
- To test this reactivity, an anti-α-actinin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed, and positivity confirmed by Western blot. (elsevier.com)
- Surprisingly, this work reveals that actinin-1/-4 heterodimers, rather than homodimers, are the most abundant form of actinin in many cancer cell lines. (ucc.ie)
- 2009) Human angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D and alpha-actinin 3 R577X genotypes and muscle functional and contractile properties. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Synthetic peptide, corresponding to amino acids 30-60 of Human Actinin-α1. (acris-antibodies.com)
- Synthetic peptide (the amino acid sequence is considered to be commercially sensitive) within Human Sarcomeric Alpha Actinin aa 1-100 (N terminal). (abcam.co.jp)
- This work also identifies a previously unreported exon 19a+19b expressing variant of actinin-4 in human skeletal muscle. (ucc.ie)
- Flow cytometry, ligand-binding immunoblotting assay, and observation by fluorescence microscopy were used to detect the binding of recombinant Tvα-actinin 2 to human epithelial cell lines. (yonsei.ac.kr)
- In this thesis, the roles of twinfilin and α-actinin in development were examined using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. (helsinki.fi)
- In Drosophila , the only function for α-actinin yet known is in the organisation of the muscle sarcomere. (helsinki.fi)
- Perturbations of Drosophila alpha-actinin cause muscle paralysis, weakness, and atrophy but do not confer obvious nonmuscle phenotypes. (rupress.org)
- We have investigated accumulation of alpha-actinin, the principal cross-linker of actin filaments, in four Drosophila fliA mutants. (rupress.org)
- Of particular interest is a cross-linker called α-actinin-4. (harvard.edu)
- Figure 1 below shows actin networks with and without α-actinin-4 cross-linker. (harvard.edu)
- Figure 1: Actin stained with phalloidin: (A) no cross-linker, (B) wild-type α-actinin-4, and (C) mutant α-actinin-4. (harvard.edu)
- Figure 3: Frequency dependence of elastic modulus (solid) and viscous modulus (open) for different concentrations of (A) wild-type and (B) mutant α-actinin-4 for different molar concentrations of cross-linker. (harvard.edu)
- By examining the relaxation frequency of the wild-type and mutant α-actinin-4 networks at various temperatures, the authors demonstrate that the relaxation frequencies for both types of cross-linker obey the Arrhenius equation (see Figure 4). (harvard.edu)
- By determining the mechanism, which causes mutant α-actinin-4 to behave distinctly from wild-type cross-linker, it is possible to begin treating the serious kidney diseases, which may result. (harvard.edu)
- Green: sarcomeric alpha actinin stained by sarcomeric alpha Actinin antibody [EA-(GTX29465) diluted at 1:1000. (genetex.com)
- Examination of the α-actinin localisation pattern revealed that the basal actin fibres of the main body follicle cells underwent an organised remodelling during the final stages of oogenesis. (helsinki.fi)
- Electron microscopy of immunolabelled resin embedded sections was used for cytochemical localisation of a-actinin and desmin. (cf.ac.uk)
- Alpha-actinin interactions with syndecan-4 are integral to fibroblast-matrix adhesion and regulate cytoskeletal architecture. (nih.gov)
- alpha-Actinin-3 deficiency (XX) is associated with reduced muscle strength/power and enhanced endurance performance in elite athletes and in the general population. (garvan.org.au)
- α-Actinin-3 deficiency occurs in an estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide, and results in reduced muscle strength and a shift towards a more efficient oxidative metabolism. (semanticscholar.org)
- How does α-actinin-3 deficiency alter muscle function? (semanticscholar.org)
- α-Actinin-3 deficiency. (oup.com)
- We propose that the changes in glycogen metabolism underlie the downstream metabolic consequences of α-actinin-3 deficiency. (oup.com)
- A subunit-specific anti-NR1 antibody co-precipitated major fractions of NR2A and NR2B subunits, but only a minor fraction of striatal alpha-actinin-2. (uab.edu)
- Conversely, alpha-actinin-2 antibody immunoprecipitated only modest fractions of striatal NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits. (uab.edu)
- Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D and α-actinin-3 R577X genotypes with metabolic syndrome risk factors in Korean children. (cdc.gov)
- Immunofluorescence and in situ PLA studies revealed that the levels of O-GlcNAcylation of actin, α-actinin 4 and myosin were significantly increased in the glomerulus and the proximal tubule of the diabetic kidney. (elsevier.com)
- Actinin-4, but not actinin-1, is essential for normal glomerular function in the kidney and and is able to translocate to the nucleus to regulate transcription. (ucc.ie)
- Purified rabbit skeletal alpha-actinin. (genetex.com)
- Immunofluorescent analysis of ( 4% PFA) fixed mouse heart tissue using 11313-2-AP (alpha Actinin antibody) at dilution of 1:50 and CoraLite488-Conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L). The section was co-stained with 66219-1-Ig (N-cadherin) in red. (ptglab.com)
- By immunogold electron microscopy, α-actinin-2 is concentrated over the postsynaptic density (PSD) of numerous asymmetric synapses where it colocalizes with NR1 immunoreactivity. (jneurosci.org)
- Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of α-actinin in the nemaline bodies and Z bands, whereas desmin was only found in intermediate filaments around the Z bands. (cf.ac.uk)
- Specifically, the truncated N-terminal portion of Tvα-actinin 2, Tvα-actinin 2 #1, was shown to bind directly to vaginal epithelial cells. (yonsei.ac.kr)