Actins: Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.Actin Cytoskeleton: Fibers composed of MICROFILAMENT PROTEINS, which are predominately ACTIN. They are the smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments.Actin Depolymerizing Factors: A family of low MOLECULAR WEIGHT actin-binding proteins found throughout eukaryotes. They remodel the actin CYTOSKELETON by severing ACTIN FILAMENTS and increasing the rate of monomer dissociation.Actin Capping Proteins: Actin capping proteins are cytoskeletal proteins that bind to the ends of ACTIN FILAMENTS to regulate actin polymerization.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.Gelsolin: A 90-kDa protein produced by macrophages that severs ACTIN filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by CALCIUM ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some CELLS.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.Profilins: A family of low molecular weight proteins that bind ACTIN and control actin polymerization. They are found in eukaryotes and are ubiquitously expressed.Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Myosins: A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic: A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex: A complex of seven proteins including ARP2 PROTEIN and ARP3 PROTEIN that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the CYTOSKELETON. Arp2-3 complex binds WASP PROTEIN and existing ACTIN FILAMENTS, and it nucleates the formation of new branch point filaments.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Fimbriae, Bacterial: Thin, hairlike appendages, 1 to 20 microns in length and often occurring in large numbers, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria. Unlike flagella, they do not possess motility, but being protein (pilin) in nature, they possess antigenic and hemagglutinating properties. They are of medical importance because some fimbriae mediate the attachment of bacteria to cells via adhesins (ADHESINS, BACTERIAL). Bacterial fimbriae refer to common pili, to be distinguished from the preferred use of "pili", which is confined to sex pili (PILI, SEX).Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Pseudopodia: A dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food.Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by TROPONIN.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Actin-Related Protein 2: A PROFILIN binding domain protein that is part of the Arp2-3 complex. It is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and binds ATP.Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.Actin-Related Protein 3: A component of the Arp2-3 complex that is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and that binds ATP. It is expressed at higher levels than ARP2 PROTEIN and does not contain a PROFILIN binding domain.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.PhosphoproteinsPolymerization: Chemical reaction in which monomeric components are combined to form POLYMERS (e.g., POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE).Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Two-Hybrid System Techniques: Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.Actomyosin: A protein complex of actin and MYOSINS occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle.Actinin: A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Cell Cycle Proteins: Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins: Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.Fungal Proteins: Proteins found in any species of fungus.Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein: A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is associated with a diverse array of cellular functions including cytoskeletal changes, filopodia formation and transport through the GOLGI APPARATUS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Depsipeptides: Compounds consisting of chains of AMINO ACIDS alternating with CARBOXYLIC ACIDS via ester and amide linkages. They are commonly cyclized.Muscles: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Capital Expenditures: Those funds disbursed for facilities and equipment, particularly those related to the delivery of health care.Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal: A member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family that is found at high levels in NERVE CELLS. It interacts with GRB2 ADAPTOR PROTEIN and with CDC42 PROTEIN.Biopolymers: Polymers synthesized by living organisms. They play a role in the formation of macromolecular structures and are synthesized via the covalent linkage of biological molecules, especially AMINO ACIDS; NUCLEOTIDES; and CARBOHYDRATES.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein: WASP protein is mutated in WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME and is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells. It is the founding member of the WASP protein family and interacts with CDC42 PROTEIN to help regulate ACTIN polymerization.Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein: A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to PARATHYROID HORMONE. It does not circulate in appreciable amounts in normal subjects, but rather exerts its biological actions locally. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein by tumor cells results in humoral calcemia of malignancy.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Nerve Tissue ProteinsCytoplasm: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.rho GTP-Binding Proteins: A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Arabidopsis Proteins: Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.Cytochalasins: 11- to 14-membered macrocyclic lactones with a fused isoindolone. Members with INDOLES attached at the C10 position are called chaetoglobosins. They are produced by various fungi. Some members interact with ACTIN and inhibit CYTOKINESIS.Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.Macromolecular Substances: Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.Sequence Analysis, Protein: A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.Myosin Type II: The subfamily of myosin proteins that are commonly found in muscle fibers. Myosin II is also involved a diverse array of cellular functions including cell division, transport within the GOLGI APPARATUS, and maintaining MICROVILLI structure.Dictyostelium: A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.Microscopy, Confocal: A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).COS Cells: CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing: A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymesSequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.Databases, Protein: Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.Filamins: A family of crosslinking filament proteins encoded by distinct FLN genes. Filamins are involved in cell adhesion, spreading, and migration, acting as scaffolds for over 90 binding partners including channels, receptors, intracellular signaling molecules and transcription factors. Due to the range of molecular interactions, mutations in FLN genes result in anomalies with moderate to lethal consequences.Muscle Proteins: The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors: Compounds that inhibit cell production of DNA or RNA.Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Protein Structure, Secondary: The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.Protozoan Proteins: Proteins found in any species of protozoan.Structural Homology, Protein: The degree of 3-dimensional shape similarity between proteins. It can be an indication of distant AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and used for rational DRUG DESIGN.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Vinculin: A cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The amino acid sequence of human vinculin has been determined. The protein consists of 1066 amino acid residues and its gene has been assigned to chromosome 10.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family: A family of microfilament proteins whose name derives from the fact that mutations in members of this protein family have been associated with WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME. They are involved in ACTIN polymerization and contain a polyproline-rich region that binds to PROFILIN, and a verprolin homology domain that binds G-ACTIN.Viscosity: The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)3T3 Cells: Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.Neoplasm Proteins: Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.Enzyme Activation: Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Cell Surface Extensions: Specialized structures of the cell that extend the cell membrane and project out from the cell surface.rhoA GTP-Binding Protein: A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Precipitin Tests: Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.Adenosine Triphosphatases: A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.RNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Copulation: Sexual union of a male and a female in non-human species.Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins: Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.rac1 GTP-Binding Protein: A rac GTP-binding protein involved in regulating actin filaments at the plasma membrane. It controls the development of filopodia and lamellipodia in cells and thereby influences cellular motility and adhesion. It is also involved in activation of NADPH OXIDASE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.rac GTP-Binding Proteins: A sub-family of RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that is involved in regulating the organization of cytoskeletal filaments. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.Trans-Activators: Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2: Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional: Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.Proteomics: The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.Myosin Type I: A subclass of myosins found generally associated with actin-rich membrane structures such as filopodia. Members of the myosin type I family are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. The heavy chains of myosin type I lack coiled-coil forming sequences in their tails and therefore do not dimerize.Microtubule-Associated Proteins: High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Gene Expression Regulation, Plant: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.GTPase-Activating Proteins: Proteins that activate the GTPase of specific GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.Cross-Linking Reagents: Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.Protein Multimerization: The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.Cytokinesis: The process by which the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.RNA Interference: A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins: Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.Schizosaccharomyces: A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.Myosin Type V: A subclass of myosin involved in organelle transport and membrane targeting. It is abundantly found in nervous tissue and neurosecretory cells. The heavy chains of myosin V contain unusually long neck domains that are believed to aid in translocating molecules over large distances.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.GTP-Binding Proteins: Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.Colipases: Colipase I and II, consisting of 94-95 and 84-85 amino acid residues, respectively, have been isolated from porcine pancreas. Their role is to prevent the inhibitory effect of bile salts on the lipase-catalyzed intraduodenal hydrolysis of dietary long-chain triglycerides.Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.Software: Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.Luminescent Proteins: Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.Retinoblastoma-Like Protein p130: A negative regulator of the CELL CYCLE that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. RBL2 contains a conserved pocket region that binds E2F4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR and E2F5 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. RBL2 also interacts with viral ONCOPROTEINS such as POLYOMAVIRUS TUMOR ANTIGENS; ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS; and PAPILLOMAVIRUS E7 PROTEINS.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.Dietetics: The application of nutritional principles to regulation of the diet and feeding persons or groups of persons.Tropomodulin: An actin capping protein that binds to the pointed-end of ACTIN. It functions in the presence of TROPOMYOSIN to inhibit microfilament elongation.Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors: Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.NIH 3T3 Cells: A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Actin polymerization: Where the WASP stings. (1/259)
How do extracellular signals induce actin polymerization, as required for many cellular responses? Key signal transducers, such as the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac, have now been shown to link via proteins of the WASP family to the Arp2/3 complex, which nucleates actin polymerization. (+info)Scar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex. (2/259)
The Arp2/3 complex, a stable assembly of two actin-related proteins (Arp2 and Arp3) with five other subunits, caps the pointed end of actin filaments and nucleates actin polymerization with low efficiency. WASp and Scar are two similar proteins that bind the p21 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex, but their effect on the nucleation activity of the complex was not known. We report that full-length, recombinant human Scar protein, as well as N-terminally truncated Scar proteins, enhance nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex. By themselves, these proteins either have no effect or inhibit actin polymerization. The actin monomer-binding W domain and the p21-binding A domain from the C terminus of Scar are both required to activate Arp2/3 complex. A proline-rich domain in the middle of Scar enhances the activity of the W and A domains. Preincubating Scar and Arp2/3 complex with actin filaments overcomes the initial lag in polymerization, suggesting that efficient nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex requires assembly on the side of a preexisting filament-a dendritic nucleation mechanism. The Arp2/3 complex with full-length Scar, Scar containing P, W, and A domains, or Scar containing W and A domains overcomes inhibition of nucleation by the actin monomer-binding protein profilin, giving active nucleation over a low background of spontaneous nucleation. These results show that Scar and, likely, related proteins, such as the Cdc42 targets WASp and N-WASp, are endogenous activators of actin polymerization by the Arp2/3 complex. (+info)Relationship between Arp2/3 complex and the barbed ends of actin filaments at the leading edge of carcinoma cells after epidermal growth factor stimulation. (3/259)
Using both light and high resolution electron microscopy, we analyzed the spatial and temporal relationships between the Arp2/3 complex and the nucleation activity that is required for lamellipod extension in mammary carcinoma cells after epidermal growth factor stimulation. A rapid two- to fourfold increase in filament barbed end number occurs transiently after stimulation and remains confined almost exclusively to the extreme outer edge of the extending lamellipod (within 100-200 nm of the plasma membrane). This is accompanied by an increase in filament density at the leading edge and a general decrease in filament length, with a specific loss of long filaments. Concomitantly, the Arp2/3 complex is recruited with a 1.5-fold increase throughout the entire cortical filament network extending 1-1.5 microm in depth from the membrane at the leading edge. The recruitment of the Arp2/3 complex at the membrane of the extending lamellipod indicates that Arp2/3 may be involved in initial generation of growing filaments. However, only a small subset of the complex present in the cortical network colocalizes near free barbed ends. This suggests that the 100-200-nm submembraneous compartment at the leading edge of the extending lamellipod constitutes a special biochemical microenvironment that favors the generation and maintenance of free barbed ends, possibly through the locally active Arp2/3 complex, severing or decreasing the on-rate of capping protein. Our results are inconsistent with the hypothesis suggesting uncapping is the dominant mechanism responsible for the generation of nucleation activity. However, they support the hypothesis of an Arp2/3-mediated capture of actin oligomers that formed close to the membrane by other mechanisms such as severing. They also support pointed-end capping by the Arp2/3 complex, accounting for its wide distribution at the leading edge. (+info)The interaction between N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex links Cdc42-dependent signals to actin assembly. (4/259)
Although small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family have been implicated in signaling to the actin cytoskeleton, the exact nature of the linkage has remained obscure. We describe a novel mechanism that links one Rho family member, Cdc42, to actin polymerization. N-WASP, a ubiquitously expressed Cdc42-interacting protein, is required for Cdc42-stimulated actin polymerization in Xenopus egg extracts. The C terminus of N-WASP binds to the Arp2/3 complex and dramatically stimulates its ability to nucleate actin polymerization. Although full-length N-WASP is less effective, its activity can be greatly enhanced by Cdc42 and phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate. Therefore, N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex comprise a core mechanism that directly connects signal transduction pathways to the stimulation of actin polymerization. (+info)Rho-family GTPases require the Arp2/3 complex to stimulate actin polymerization in Acanthamoeba extracts. (5/259)
BACKGROUND: Actin filaments polymerize in vivo primarily from their fast-growing barbed ends. In cells and extracts, GTPgammaS and Rho-family GTPases, including Cdc42, stimulate barbed-end actin polymerization; however, the mechanism responsible for the initiation of polymerization is unknown. There are three formal possibilities for how free barbed ends may be generated in response to cellular signals: uncapping of existing filaments; severing of existing filaments; or de novo nucleation. The Arp2/3 complex localizes to regions of dynamic actin polymerization, including the leading edges of motile cells and motile actin patches in yeast, and in vitro it nucleates the formation of actin filaments with free barbed ends. Here, we investigated actin polymerization in soluble extracts of Acanthamoeba. RESULTS: Addition of actin filaments with free barbed ends to Acanthamoeba extracts is sufficient to induce polymerization of endogenous actin. Addition of activated Cdc42 or activation of Rho-family GTPases in these extracts by the non-hydrolyzable GTP analog GTPgammaS stimulated barbed-end polymerization, whereas immunodepletion of Arp2 or sequestration of Arp2 using solution-binding antibodies blocked Rho-family GTPase-induced actin polymerization. CONCLUSIONS: For this system, we conclude that the accessibility of free barbed ends regulates actin polymerization, that Rho-family GTPases stimulate polymerization catalytically by de novo nucleation of free barbed ends and that the primary nucleation factor in this pathway is the Arp2/3 complex. (+info)Activation of the yeast Arp2/3 complex by Bee1p, a WASP-family protein. (6/259)
The Arp2/3 complex is a highly conserved cytoskeletal component that has been implicated in the nucleation of actin filament assembly. Purified Arp2/3 complex has a low intrinsic actin nucleation activity, leading to the hypothesis that an unidentified cellular activator is required for the function of this complex. We showed previously that mutations in the Arp2/3 complex and in Bee1p/Las17p, a member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein(WASP) family, lead to a loss of cortical actin structures (patches) in yeast. Bee1p has also been identified as an essential nucleation factor in the reconstitution of actin patches in vitro. Recently, it was reported that WASP-like proteins might interact directly with the Arp2/3 complex through a conserved carboxy-terminal domain. Here, we have shown that Bee1p and the Arp2/3 complex co-immunoprecipitate when expressed at endogenous levels, and that this interaction requires both the Arc15p and Arc19p subunits of the Arp2/3 complex. Furthermore, the carboxy-terminal domain of Bee1p greatly stimulated the nucleation activity of purified Arp2/3 complex in vitro, suggesting a direct role for WASP-family proteins in the activation of the Arp2/3 complex. Interestingly, deletion of the carboxy-terminal domain of Bee1p neither abolished the localization of the Arp2/3 complex, as had been suggested, nor resulted in a severe defect in cortical actin assembly. These results indicate that the function of Bee1p is not mediated entirely through its interaction with the Arp2/3 complex, and that factors redundant with Bee1p might exist to activate the nucleation activity of the Arp2/3 complex. (+info)Arp2/3 complex and actin depolymerizing factor/cofilin in dendritic organization and treadmilling of actin filament array in lamellipodia. (7/259)
The leading edge (approximately 1 microgram) of lamellipodia in Xenopus laevis keratocytes and fibroblasts was shown to have an extensively branched organization of actin filaments, which we term the dendritic brush. Pointed ends of individual filaments were located at Y-junctions, where the Arp2/3 complex was also localized, suggesting a role of the Arp2/3 complex in branch formation. Differential depolymerization experiments suggested that the Arp2/3 complex also provided protection of pointed ends from depolymerization. Actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin was excluded from the distal 0.4 micrometer++ of the lamellipodial network of keratocytes and in fibroblasts it was located within the depolymerization-resistant zone. These results suggest that ADF/cofilin, per se, is not sufficient for actin brush depolymerization and a regulatory step is required. Our evidence supports a dendritic nucleation model (Mullins, R.D., J.A. Heuser, and T.D. Pollard. 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:6181-6186) for lamellipodial protrusion, which involves treadmilling of a branched actin array instead of treadmilling of individual filaments. In this model, Arp2/3 complex and ADF/cofilin have antagonistic activities. Arp2/3 complex is responsible for integration of nascent actin filaments into the actin network at the cell front and stabilizing pointed ends from depolymerization, while ADF/cofilin promotes filament disassembly at the rear of the brush, presumably by pointed end depolymerization after dissociation of the Arp2/3 complex. (+info)Genetic dissection of the budding yeast Arp2/3 complex: a comparison of the in vivo and structural roles of individual subunits. (8/259)
In previous work, we identified the yeast Arp2/3 complex, which localizes to cortical actin patches and is required for their motility and integrity in vivo. This complex contains proteins homologous to each subunit of the Acanthamoeba and human Arp2/3 complex except for a 40-kDa subunit (p40), which was missing from the purified yeast complex. Here, we demonstrate by using immunoprecipitation and gel-filtration analysis that Arc40p, the homolog of p40 identified from the yeast genome database, associates with the yeast Arp2/3 complex. We have carried out gene disruptions of each subunit of the yeast Arp2/3 complex to study each subunit's role in the function of the complex. Surprisingly, we find that only ARC40 is fully essential for cell viability. Strains lacking each of the other subunits exhibit varying degrees of defects in cell growth and viability and in assembly and polarization of cortical actin patches. We have also examined each subunit's role in maintaining the structural integrity of the Arp2/3 complex. Arp2p, Arp3p, and Arc40p fall into the monomer pool in Deltaarc19 and Deltaarc35 cells, suggesting that Arc19p and Arc35p are the central scaffolding components of the complex. Arp2p and Arp3p do not have major roles in maintaining complex integrity, and Arc15p is required for association of Arp2p and Arc40p, but not other subunits, with the complex. These results provide evidence that each subunit contributes differently to the assembly and function of the Arp2/3 complex. (+info)
Actin-Related Protein 3 (Arp3) | The Actin-Related Protein 2/3 Complex
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Two actin-related proteins are shared functional components of the chromatin-remodeling complexes RSC and SWI/SNF. - PubMed -...
Recombinant Human Arp2 protein (ab112388) References
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Clinical Aspects and Genetic Analysis of Taiwanese Patients with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Mutation: The First...The protein encoded by this gene is a member of a family of actin-related proteins (ARPs) which share significant amino acid ... Schafer DA, Schroer TA (2000). "Actin-related proteins". Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15: 341-63. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio. ... Actin-like protein 7A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTL7A gene. ... and expression of two novel actin genes, actin-like-7A (ACTL7A) and actin-like-7B (ACTL7B), from the familial dysautonomia ...
Actin-related protein 3B also known as ARP3-beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTR3B gene. Pseudogenes of this ... This gene encodes a member of the actin-related proteins (ARP), which form multiprotein complexes and share 35-55% amino acid ... ACTR3B ARP3 actin-related protein 3 homolog B (yeast)". Human ACTR3B genome location and ACTR3B gene details page in the UCSC ... the gene encoding a new human actin-related protein, is alternatively spliced and predominantly expressed in brain neuronal ...
Bingham JB, Schroer TA (1999). "Self-regulated polymerization of the actin-related protein Arp1". Curr. Biol. 9 (4): 223-6. doi ... "The p150Glued component of the dynactin complex binds to both microtubules and the actin-related protein centractin (Arp-1)". ... "Analysis of dynactin subcomplexes reveals a novel actin-related protein associated with the arp1 minifilament pointed end". J. ... Blangy A, Arnaud L, Nigg EA (1997). "Phosphorylation by p34cdc2 protein kinase regulates binding of the kinesin-related motor ...
Actin-binding LIM protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABLIM3 gene. The LIM domain is a double zinc finger ... Diseases associated with ABLIM3 include hepatoblastoma, and among its related super-pathways are axon guidance and DCC mediated ... Krupp M, Weinmann A, Galle PR, Teufel A (Jan 2006). "Actin binding LIM protein 3 (abLIM3)". International Journal of Molecular ... structure that promotes protein-protein interactions. LIM domain proteins, such as ABLIM3, play roles in embryonic development ...
Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC1A gene. This gene encodes one ... "Entrez Gene: ARPC1A actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 1A, 41kDa". Human ARPC1A genome location and ARPC1A gene details ... 1998). "Mammalian actin-related protein 2/3 complex localizes to regions of lamellipodial protrusion and is composed of ... This subunit is a member of the SOP2 family of proteins and is most similar to the protein encoded by gene ARPC1B. The ...
Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC4 gene. This gene encodes one of ... "Entrez Gene: ARPC4 actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 4, 20kDa". "Dysmorphology data for Arpc4". Wellcome Trust Sanger ... "Mammalian actin-related protein 2/3 complex localizes to regions of lamellipodial protrusion and is composed of evolutionarily ... "A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome". Cell. 122 (6): 957-68. doi:10.1016/j.cell ...
"Dia-interacting protein modulates formin-mediated actin assembly at the cell cortex". Curr. Biol. 17 (7): 579-91. doi:10.1016/j ... Wallar BJ, Deward AD, Resau JH, Alberts AS (2007). "RhoB and the mammalian Diaphanous-related formin mDia2 in endosome ... Protein diaphanous homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DIAPH2 gene. This gene may play a role in the ... Satoh S, Tominaga T (2001). "mDia-interacting protein acts downstream of Rho-mDia and modifies Src activation and stress fiber ...
2004). "The Sprouty-related protein, Spred, inhibits cell motility, metastasis, and Rho-mediated actin reorganization". ... Sprouty-related, EVH1 domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPRED2 gene. SPRED2 is a member ... GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Legius syndrome SPRED1 Sprouty-related, EVH1 domain-containing protein 1. ... 2005). "Distinct requirements for the Sprouty domain for functional activity of Spred proteins". Biochem. J. 388 (Pt 2): 445-54 ...
Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC2 gene. This gene encodes one of ... "Entrez Gene: ARPC2 actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 2, 34kDa". Weed SA, Karginov AV, Schafer DA, Weaver AM, Kinley AW ... "Mammalian actin-related protein 2/3 complex localizes to regions of lamellipodial protrusion and is composed of evolutionarily ... "Cortactin localization to sites of actin assembly in lamellipodia requires interactions with F-actin and the Arp2/3 complex". J ...
Actin-related protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTR2 gene. The specific function of this gene has not ... "Entrez Gene: ACTR2 ARP2 actin-related protein 2 homolog (yeast)". Bearer EL, Prakash JM, Li Z (2002). "Actin dynamics in ... "The complex containing actin-related proteins Arp2 and Arp3 is required for the motility and integrity of yeast actin patches ... 1998). "Mammalian actin-related protein 2/3 complex localizes to regions of lamellipodial protrusion and is composed of ...
"The complex containing actin-related proteins Arp2 and Arp3 is required for the motility and integrity of yeast actin patches ... Actin-related protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTR3 gene. The specific function of this gene has not ... "Entrez Gene: ACTR3 ARP3 actin-related protein 3 homolog (yeast)". Weed SA, Karginov AV, Schafer DA, Weaver AM, Kinley AW, ... Machesky LM, Insall RH (1999). "Scar1 and the related Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, WASP, regulate the actin cytoskeleton ...
The actin formation required to close the wounds in young chicks is controlled by Rho GTPase proteins, since, after injection ... Didsbury J, Weber RF, Bokoch GM, Evans T, Snyderman R (1989). "Rac, a novel ras-related family of proteins that are botulinum ... A second target to explain the role of the Rho proteins in cancer is their regulatory proteins. Rho proteins are very tightly ... G-actin) or filamentous (F-actin) forms. The role of Rho family of GTPases and its effects in the stability of actin and spine ...
"The Nucleo-cytoplasmic actin-binding protein CapG lacks a nuclear export sequence present in structurally related proteins". ... Myopodin contains a novel actin binding site (between amino acids 410 and 563) in the center of the protein. During myotube ... Myopodin protein, also called Synaptopodin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYNPO2 gene. Myopodin is expressed ... "Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) -- Protein Information". heartproteome.org. "SYNPO2 - Synaptopodin-2 - ...
Zhang Y, Chen K, Tu Y, Wu C (2004). "Distinct roles of two structurally closely related focal adhesion proteins, alpha-parvins ... Members of the parvin family, including PARVA, PARVB and PARVG, are actin-binding proteins associated with focal contacts.[ ... 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. doi:10.1038 ... 2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi: ...
It was identified as an F-actin binding protein. Six years later, the anillin gene was cloned from cDNA originating from a ... Saha, S., & Pollard, T. D. (2012). Characterization of structural and functional domains of the anillin-related protein Mid1p ... Anillin specifically binds F-actin, rather than G-actin. Binding of F-actin by anillin only occurs during cell division. ... doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.08.002 Piekny, A. J., & Glotzer, M. (2008). Anillin is a scaffold protein that links RhoA, actin, ...
Machesky LM, Insall RH (1998). "Scar1 and the related Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, WASP, regulate the actin cytoskeleton ... The WH2 domain binds to actin monomers and can facilitate the assembly of actin monomers into actin filaments. Human genes ... It is found in WASP proteins which control actin polymerisation, therefore, WH2 is important in cellular processes such as cell ... WH2 proteins occur in eukaryotes from yeast to mammals, in insect viruses, and in some bacteria. The WH2 domain is found as a ...
Members of the parvin family, including PARVG, PARVA and PARVB, are actin-binding proteins associated with focal contacts.[ ... a 42 kDa focal adhesion protein, related to the alpha-actinin superfamily". J Cell Sci. 114 (Pt 3): 525-38. PMID 11171322. " ... Gamma-parvin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PARVG gene. ... "Genomic organization and expression profile of the parvin family of focal adhesion proteins in mice and humans". Gene. 279 (1 ...
Coronin, actin binding protein, 1B also known as CORO1B is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CORO1B gene. Members of ... Studies related to this protein are as follows: Coronin 1B antagonizes cortactin and remodels Arp2/3-containing actin branches ... Okumura M, Kung C, Wong S, Rodgers M, Thomas ML (September 1998). "Definition of family of coronin-related proteins conserved ... "Entrez Gene: CORO1B coronin, actin binding protein, 1B". Cai L, Makhov AM, Schafer DA, Bear JE (September 2008). "Coronin 1B ...
Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC3 gene. This gene encodes one of ... "Entrez Gene: ARPC3 actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 3, 21kDa". Welch MD, Iwamatsu A, Mitchison TJ (1997). "Actin ... "Mammalian actin-related protein 2/3 complex localizes to regions of lamellipodial protrusion and is composed of evolutionarily ... Marchand JB, Kaiser DA, Pollard TD, Higgs HN (2001). "Interaction of WASP/Scar proteins with actin and vertebrate Arp2/3 ...
"Alternative splicing products of the gene for a human nuclear actin-related protein, hArpNbeta/Baf53, that encode a protein ... Actin-like protein 6A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTL6A gene. This gene encodes a family member of actin- ... related proteins (ARPs), which share significant amino acid sequence identity to conventional actins. Both actins and ARPs have ... Kuroda Y, Oma Y, Nishimori K, Ohta T, Harata M (November 2002). "Brain-specific expression of the nuclear actin-related protein ...
Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC5 gene. This gene encodes one of ... "Entrez Gene: ARPC5 actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5, 16kDa". Millard TH, Behrendt B, Launay S, Fütterer K, Machesky ... "Mammalian actin-related protein 2/3 complex localizes to regions of lamellipodial protrusion and is composed of evolutionarily ... "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/ ...
Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC1B gene. This gene encodes one ... "Entrez Gene: ARPC1B actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 1B, 41kDa". "Isoform diversity in the Arp2/3 complex determines ... "Mammalian actin-related protein 2/3 complex localizes to regions of lamellipodial protrusion and is composed of evolutionarily ... This subunit is a member of the SOP2 family of proteins and is most similar to the protein encoded by gene ARPC1A. The ...
... paling tidak terdapat 8 jenis protein yang mengandung aktin, disebut actin-related proteins (ARPs). Walaupun banyak ARP ... "Nuclear actin and actin-binding proteins in the regulation of transcription and gene expression". The FEBS journal. 276 (10): ... Aktin adalah protein globular multifungsi dengan massa sekitar 42-kDa yang membentuk mikrofilamen. Aktin berperan dalam proses ... Pada sebagian besar sel eukariotik, aktin merupakan protein paling melimpah. Sebagai bagian penting dari sitoskeleton, aktin ...
SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SWI/SNF family of proteins. Members of this family have helicase and ATPase ... "Entrez Gene: SMARCAL1 SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a-like 1". Yusufzai ... a prokaryotic HepA-related SNF2 helicase protein from human and mouse". Genomics. 65 (3): 274-82. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6174. ...
Two of its subunits, the Actin-Related Proteins ARP2 and ARP3 closely resemble the structure of monomeric actin and serve as ... "Actin-binding proteins from Drosophila embryos: a complex network of interacting proteins detected by F-actin affinity ... and WASH proteins). The V domain of a WASP protein interacts with actin monomers while the CA region associates with the Arp2/3 ... Capping proteins limit actin polymerization to the region activated by the Arp2/3 complex, and the elongated filament ends are ...
endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. · protein localization to nucleus. · sterol regulatory element binding protein ... LMNA-Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy. 19 September 2013. PMID 20301717. NBK1674.. In GeneReviews *OMIM Cardiomyopathy, Dilated, ... Association of emerin with nuclear and cytoplasmic actin is regulated in differentiating myoblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. ... It stays associated with the membrane through protein-protein interactions of itself and other membrane associated proteins, ...
Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome, often Missed: A Case Report and review - Welcome To IndiaHeartBeat.Com India's Leading Online Doctor...WIP: a multifunctional protein. involved in actin cytoskeleton regulation. Eur J Cell. Biol 2006;85(3-4):295-304.. 17. Lum LG, ... is not related to a defect in proplatelet formation.. Blood 1999;94:509-18.. 9. Burns S, Cory GO, Vainchenker W, Thrasher AJ.. ... The protein encoded by the WAS gene (WASP) is a hematopoietic specifi c regulator of actin nucleation in response to signals ... The protein encoded by the WAS gene (WASP) is a hematopoietic specifi c regulator of actin nucleation in response to signals ...
Human WASF2(Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family, Member 2) ELISA Kit - Lotus Bio-TechnologyHuman ARPC2(Actin Related Protein 2/3 Complex Subunit 2) ELISA Kit ... Human ARPC2(Actin Related Protein 2/3 Complex Subunit 2) ELISA Kit ... The gene product is a protein that forms a multiprotein complex that links receptor kinases and actin. Binding to actin occurs ... The gene product is a protein that forms a multiprotein complex that links receptor kinases and actin. Binding to actin occurs ...
We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their ... InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites ... Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1 (IPR017383) *Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B (IPR030141) ... Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B (IPR030141). Short name: ARC1B ...
RCSB PDB - Gene View
- ARPC5 - actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These ... The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex ... Previous Names: "actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5 (16 kD)", "actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5, 16kDa" ... White boxes represent UTRs (untranslated regions). Orange: protein coding regions. The black lines connecting boxes represent ...
Scar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex | PNASScar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex. Laura M. Machesky, R. Dyche ... Scar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex ... actin monomers with 300 nM actin filaments preincubated with 29 nM Scar-PWA; (♦) actin monomers with 300 nM actin filaments ... Scar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex ...
... a stable assembly of two actin-related proteins (Arp2 and Arp3) with five other subunits, caps the pointed end of actin ... This stable and abundant complex of two actin-related proteins (Arp2 and Arp3) with five other polypeptides nucleates actin ... Scar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex. Laura M. Machesky, R. Dyche ... We conclude that Scar and, likely, related proteins like WASp are endogenous activators of de novo actin filament assembly. ...
General protein information Go to the top of the page Help Preferred Names. actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5-like ... mRNA and Protein(s) * XM_006498389.3 → XP_006498452.1 actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5-like protein isoform X2 ... mRNA and Protein(s) * NM_028809.1 → NP_083085.1 actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5-like protein ... actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5-likeprovided by MGI. Primary source. MGI:MGI:1921442 See related. Ensembl: ...
Actin related protein 2/3 complex inhibitor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPIN gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release ... Actin related protein 2/3 complex inhibitor". Retrieved 2017-06-21. Deng WS, Zhang J, Ju H, Zheng HM, Wang J, Wang S, Zhang DL ...
... mediates the formation of branched actin networks. Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in the control of cell morphogenesis ... Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an ... Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5UniRule annotation. Automatic assertion according to rulesi ... tr,B1ALC0,B1ALC0_HUMAN Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5 OS=Homo sapiens OX=9606 GN=ARPC5 PE=1 SV=1 ...
... repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks ( ... a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF). The Arp2/3 ... complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility. In addition ... the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of ...
actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5-like ELISA Kits | Biocompare.comCompare actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5-like ELISA Kits from leading suppliers on Biocompare. View specifications, ... actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5-like ELISA Kits. Clear ... actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5-like ELISA Kits. The ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a well- ... Bovine Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5-like protein (ARPC5L) ELISA Kit ...
ARPC1B (actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B) - Rat Genome Database... protein-containing complex binding (ortholog); INVOLVED IN response to estradiol (ortholog); response to estrogen (ortholog); ... ENCODES a protein that exhibits actin filament binding (ortholog); ... actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B. Orthologs:. Homo sapiens (human) : ARPC1B (actin related protein 2/3 complex ... actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B. Description:. ENCODES a protein that exhibits actin filament binding (ortholog); ...
Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These ... The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex ... SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 3 - Q6STE5 (SMRD3_HUMAN) ... The precise distribution of the related SMARCD1, SMARCD2 and SMARCD3 proteins among these and other SWI/SNF nucleosome- ...
Rabbit Polyclonal Anti-actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B Antibody. Validated: WB, IHC, IHC-P. Tested Reactivity: ... Discover related pathways, diseases and genes to actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B Antibody (NBP1-90114). Need help ... Discover more about diseases related to actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B Antibody (NBP1-90114). ... Learn more about PTMs related to actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B Antibody (NBP1-90114). ...
similar to actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5 Symbol and Name status set to provisional. 70820. PROVISIONAL. ... Gene: LOC686150 (similar to actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5) Rattus norvegicus. {{ watchLinkText }} ... Protein-Protein Interactions) PhenoMiner (Quatitative Phenotypes) Gene Annotator OLGA (Gene List Generator) RatMine GViewer ( ... Aging & Age-Related Disease Cancer Cardiovascular Disease Developmental Disease Diabetes Hematologic Disease Immune & ...
OMIM: ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN 2/3 COMPLEX, SUBUNIT 1A; ARPC1A*Gene Ontology: Arpc1a *Mouse Phenome DB: Arpc1a *UCSC: Chr.5: ... actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 1A. Synonyms: 0610010H08Rik, 1110030K07Rik, Sid32. Gene nomenclature, locus ...
The Schizosaccharomyces pombe actin-related protein, Arp3, is a component of the cortical actin cytoskeleton and interacts with ... Mutations in Actin-Related Proteins 2 and 3 Affect Cell Shape Development in Arabidopsis. Jaideep Mathur, Neeta Mathur, Birgit ... ACTIN-RELATED PROTEINS 2 and 3 form the major subunits of the ARP2/3 complex, which is known as an important regulator of actin ... Moreau, V., Galan, J.-M., DeVilliers, G., Haguenauer-Tsapis, R., and Winsor, B. (1997). The yeast actin-related protein Arp2p ...
Actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5 | definition of actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5 by Medical dictionaryWhat is actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5? Meaning of actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5 medical term. ... What does actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5 mean? ... Looking for online definition of actin related protein 2/3 ... complex, subunit 5 in the Medical Dictionary? actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5 explanation free. ... redirected from actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5) ARPC5. A gene on chromosome 1q25.3 that encodes p16, one of the ...
ARPC5, Recombinant, Human, aa1-151, His-tag (Actin-related Protein 2/3 Complex Subunit 5 Protein, A | Proteins | Proteins and...... mediates the formation of branched actin networks. [The UniProt Consortium] ... Functions as component of the Arp2/3 complex which is involved in regulation of actin polymerization and together with an ... ARPC5, Recombinant, Human, aa1-151, His-tag (Actin-related Protein 2/3 Complex Subunit 5 Protein, A ... Customer review for "ARPC5, Recombinant, Human, aa1-151, His-tag (Actin-related Protein 2/3 Complex Subunit 5 Protein, A" ...
What is actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4? Meaning of actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4 medical term. What ... Looking for online definition of actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4 in the Medical Dictionary? actin-related protein 2 ... redirected from actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4) ARPC4. A gene on chromosome 3p25.3 that encodes p20, one of the ... Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4 , definition of actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4 by Medical dictionary ...
The human Arp2/3 complx is composed of evolutionarily conserved subunits and is localized to cellular regions of dynamic actin ... The Actin-Related Protein 2/3 Complex. Molecular Exploration Project - The Principles of Cellular Control (CELL2007) ... 3) Maddugoda, M.P., Stefani, C., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, D., Saarikangas, J., Torrino, S., Janel, S., Munro, P., Doye, A., Prodon, ... 1) Welch, M.D., Depace, A.H. , Vermas, s., Iwanatsu, A. and Mitchison, T.J. The human Arp2/3 complx is composed of ...
Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1BHCA RNA Cell Line for Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B. ... Compartment GO Terms for Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B. ... This subunit is a member of the SOP2 family of proteins and is most similar to the protein encoded by gene ARPC1A. The ... This protein also has a role in centrosomal homeostasis by being an activator and substrate of the Aurora A kinase. [provided ...
... an actin monomer, a mother filament and a nucleation promoting-factor needed to activate the complex which is intrinsically ... Introduction The Arp2/3 complex is responsible for nucleation of actin filaments to form branches at a distinct 70 degrees ... Several factors are known to interact with the Arp2/3 complex, most… ... The Actin-Related Protein 2/3 Complex. Molecular Exploration Project - The Principles of Cellular Control (CELL2007) ...
... 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. ...
... the actin-nucleating formins, Diaphanous-1 (DIA1) and Formin-like-1 (FMNL1), did not affect TCR-stimulated F-actin-rich ... and formin-dependent F-actin nucleation during T cell activation. We demonstrated that without Arp2/3-mediated actin nucleation ... stimulated T cells could not form an F-actin-rich lamellipod, but instead produced polarized filopodia-like structures. ... Altogether, our results have identified Arp2/3 complex-independent cytoskeletal reorganization events in T lymphocytes and ...
Wiskott-AldricGeneLocalizationFilamentous actinControl of actinMRNAWASpMotilityRate of actin polymerizationInteractionsKinasesRecombinantDynamic actin rearrangementsIncreased actin networkMechanismsRegulateMonomersENCODESPathwaysCytoplasmBindsCortical actinInteractionUniProtKBMicrotubulesMotile cellsAdaptorComplexesAffinitySequence
- Should the Mouse Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family, Member 2 (WASF2) ELISA Kit is proven to show malperformance, you will receive a refund or a free replacement. (lotusbiotechnologies.com)
- Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family, Member 2 (WASF2) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates or other biological fluids. (lotusbiotechnologies.com)
- Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family, Member 2 (WASF2) in Tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. (lotusbiotechnologies.com)
- p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. (uniprot.org)
- section indicates the name(s) of the gene(s) that code for the protein sequence(s) described in the entry. (uniprot.org)
- Actin related protein 2/3 complex inhibitor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPIN gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include actin filament binding and kinesin binding . (genecards.org)
- Protein sequence for the given gene in S288C and other strains, when available. (yeastgenome.org)
- The 3′-end of the human β-actin gene enhances activity of the β-actin expression vector system: construction of improved vectors," Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 1997, vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 63-72. (freepatentsonline.com)
- Transcription factors form a vital link in the chain of regeneration, converting injury-induced stress signals into downstream protein expression via gene regulation. (frontiersin.org)
- This is an efficient and useful way to name large numbers of related genes, and already works well for a number of established gene groupings. (genenames.org)
- Beta-actin (human gene and protein symbol ACTB/ACTB) is one of six different actin isoforms which have been identified in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- An eight-amino acid residue (326-333) in actin has been shown to mediate the interaction between actin and eNOS Recurrent mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. (wikipedia.org)
- All 4 patients had a germline mutation of the related gene PIGT and a somatically acquired myeloid common deleted region (CDR) on chromosome 20q that deleted the second PIGT allele. (jci.org)
- The gene product, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASp) is a 502 amino acid protein expressed within the cytoplasm of non-erythroid hematopoietic cells. (medscape.com)
- In general, WAS gene mutations that cause absent protein expression result in classic WAS. (medscape.com)
- AFG3 ATPase family gene 3-like 2 (S. c. (broadinstitute.org)
- This gene product belongs to the 14-3-3 family of proteins which mediate signal transduction by binding to phosphoserine-containing proteins. (creativebiomart.net)
- boomerang dysplasia clinically differs from aoi and aoiii because of the boomerang shaped bowing of the femur and occasionally observed encephalocele and omphalocele.etiologybd results from missense mutations or small in-frame deletions in the flnb gene reported in exons 2-5, normally expected to translate full length but biochemically abnormal filamin b protein.diagnostic methodsdiagnosis can be confirmed from skeletal radiographs, chondro-osseous histopathology and genetic testing. (malacards.org)
- WASp is the founding member of a gene family which also includes the broadly expressed N-WASP (neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein), SCAR . (wikipedia.org)
- 587. McLachtan A. D., Repeating sequence and gene duplications in proteins. (ximicat.com)
- 600. McLachlan A. D., Gene duplication in carp muscle calcium binding protein. (ximicat.com)
- However, the study was of PSDs from a subset of whole brain, and no attempt was made to confirm the localization of these proteins by independent means. (mcponline.org)
- We have expressed 16 of the novel proteins as recombinant fluorescent proteins in neurons and confirmed their localization in dendritic spines. (mcponline.org)
- I also describe the different mechanisms that control localization of Anillin-related proteins and analyze the latest findings regarding the role of these proteins in the assembly of the contractile ring. (biologists.org)
- The cortical cytoplasm also controls localization of membrane proteins including auxin transporters, contributing thus to cell differentiation and affecting tissue- and organ-scale developmental processes (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
- This localization ensures the actin polymers will be able to push through the plasma membrane and form filopodium required for cell motility. (wikipedia.org)
- At the subcellular level, cell shape changes are linked to severe filamentous actin aggregation and compromised vacuole fusion. (plantcell.org)
- Using supraoptic nuclei in brain slices from lactating rats, we examined the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and filamentous actin (F-actin) in burst generation by oxytocin (OT) neurons. (jneurosci.org)
- p21-ARC is part of a complex implicated in the control of actin polymerization in cells. (abcam.com)
- Cellular control of actin nucleation. (semanticscholar.org)
- The present invention describes the use of hybrid short 3′ untranslated (3′UTR) regions which are composed of two regions, one region from an 3′ untranslated region of a stable eukaryotic mRNA, and another region from the downstream end of an 3′ untranslated region of another eukaryotic mRNA that contains a polyadenylation (polyA) signal. (freepatentsonline.com)
- Length increase of the human α-globin 3′-untranslated region disrupts stability of the pre-mRNA but not that of the mature mRNA," Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2000, vol. 275, pp. 30248-30255. (freepatentsonline.com)
- An episomal expression vector system for monitoring sequence-specific effects on mRNA stability in human cell lines," Plasmid, 1995, vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 198-207. (freepatentsonline.com)
- In flowering plants, many respiration-related proteins are encoded by the mitochondrial genome and the splicing of mitochondrion-encoded messenger RNA (mRNA) involves a complex collaboration with nuclear-encoded proteins. (genetics.org)
- Proteins were categorized as being either regulated in parallel or inverse direction on the protein and mRNA level, as their regulation data being not well defined on the mRNA level, or as being not present on the array. (mcponline.org)
- Reduced WASp protein expression results in X-linked thrombocytopenia. (medscape.com)
- WAS results from an X-linked genetic defect in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp). (medscape.com)
- The Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein ( WASp ) is a 502- amino acid protein expressed in cells of the hematopoietic system. (wikipedia.org)
- WASp interacting protein (WIP) interacts with WASp N-terminal domain (WH1) preventing it from degradation and stabilising its auto-inhibitory conformation. (wikipedia.org)
- Other functions of WASP depend on its activity as a scaffold protein for assembly of effective signalling complexes downstream of antigen receptor or integrin engagement. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast to pseudopod formation, the actin-driven motility of Listeria is apparently independent of endogenous signaling pathways that depend on kinases or GTP-binding proteins ( 17 ). (pnas.org)
- Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure and integrity. (wikipedia.org)
- Simultaneous visualization of peroxisomes and cytoskeletal elements reveals actin and not microtubule-based peroxisome motility in plants. (uoguelph.ca)
- When 50K-A was added to pyrene-labelled rabbit skeletal-muscle actin and the salt concentration increased, the initial rate of actin polymerization was inhibited by a very low molar ratio of 50K-A to actin. (biochemj.org)
- SNX16 promotes synaptic growth signaling by activated bone morphogenic protein receptors, and live imaging in neurons reveals that SNX16-positive early endosomes undergo transient interactions with Nwk-containing recycling endosomes. (rupress.org)
- Therefore, an understanding of the protein composition of the PSD is a prerequisite for modeling the molecular interactions regulating synaptic strength. (mcponline.org)
- Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins have been implicated in these RNA-protein interactions. (genetics.org)
- The pathway maps illustrate protein interactions and regulation to provide a comprehensive picture of signaling and disease processes. (bio-rad.com)
- Formins share the conserved FH2 domain whose dimer can nucleate and cap actin filaments, usually accompanied by a profilin-G-actin-binding FH1 domain and by additional domains mediating regulatory or structural interactions that vary both within and between lineages. (frontiersin.org)
- ACTR1B has direct interactions with proteins and molecules. (creativebiomart.net)
- Coimmunoprecipitation showed that suckling increased molecular interactions between pERK1/2 and actin. (jneurosci.org)
- Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions vol 3 No 5: 327-333 (1990). (springer.com)
- In no case is the pathway from receptor to newly formed actin filaments established, and the situation is complicated by the branching of signals into multiple pathways downstream of both seven-helix G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. (pnas.org)
- Mammals express at least four distinctly regulated groups of MAPKs, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3), p38 proteins (p38alpha/beta/gamma/delta) and ERK5, that are activated by specific MAPKKs: MEK1/2 for ERK1/2, MKK3/6 for the p38, MKK4/7 (JNKK1/2) for the JNKs, and MEK5 for ERK5. (wikipathways.org)
- Also, antiapoptotic molecules regulated by these kinases and thereby regulating proapoptotic proteins have been studied to elucidate protective mechanisms by survival factors. (aacrjournals.org)
- 4. Structure-function analysis of MEN and RAM proteins and kinases. (upenn.edu)
- These domains are followed by a proline-rich region containing several serine/threonine/tyrosine residues that are targets for different kinases and an SH3 (Src homology 3) domain at the C terminus through which cortactin can bind to a plethora of different proteins ( Cosen-Binker and Kapus, 2006 ). (rupress.org)
- We therefore activated homophilic ligation using a specific functional recombinant protein. (nih.gov)
- The present invention provides a recombinant DNA that is composed of a promoter, a protein coding region, and the hybrid 3′UTR in a continuous and directional orientation. (freepatentsonline.com)
- 3. The recombinant nucleic acid of claim 2, wherein the 3′ end of the first region is adjacent to the 5′ end of the second region or the 3′ end of the second region is adjacent to the 5′ end of the first region or the first region is located within the second region. (freepatentsonline.com)
- 7. The expression vector according to claim 5, wherein the recombinant nucleic acid according to claim 1 further comprises a protein coding sequence that encodes a reporter protein or a therapeutic protein. (freepatentsonline.com)
- Recombinant protein encompassing a sequence within the center region of human p41-ARCb. (genetex.com)
- Human ARPC5L partial ORF ( NP_112240, 1 a.a. - 100 a.a.) recombinant protein with GST-tag at N-terminal. (abnova.com)
- Neutrophil extravasation and the regulation of vascular permeability require dynamic actin rearrangements in the endothelium. (rupress.org)
- Both fh1 and arpc5 mutations increased actin network density and increased cell shape complexity in pavement cells and trichomes of first true leaves, in contrast to cotyledons. (frontiersin.org)
- The underlying molecular mechanisms of age-related hearing loss (ARHL) in humans and many strains of mice have not been fully characterized. (jci.org)
- Therefore, defining the mechanisms by which the rate and direction of the flow of endosomal protein traffic are controlled is critical to determining how neuronal signal transduction pathways are tuned up and down after activation. (rupress.org)
- Kapoor P, Shen X. Mechanisms of nuclear actin in chromatin-remodeling complexes . (mdanderson.org)
- Interestingly, these three proteins regulate the stress response via different mechanisms. (thermofisher.com)
- Formins regulate the actin-related protein 2/3 complex-independent polarization of the centrosome to the immunological synapse. (semanticscholar.org)
- A and B ) Conditions: 2.8 μM Acanthamoeba actin monomers, 50 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EGTA, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.2 mM ATP, 3 mm NaN 3 , and 10 mM imidazole (pH 7.0) at 22°C. The polymerization of actin was monitored by pyrene fluorescence. (pnas.org)
- The concentrations given are those after a 6.7-fold dilution of the preincubated components into pyrenyl-actin monomers. (pnas.org)
- Final conditions: 4 μM amoeba actin monomers, 50 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EGTA, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.1 mM CaCl 2 , 0.2 mM ATP, and 3 mM NaN 3 . (pnas.org)
- The spontaneous self-assembly of actin proceeds stepwise: monomers associate to form a dimer that binds another monomer to form a trimer and so on, until a stable filament is formed ( 14 ). (pnas.org)
- Through positional cloning and allelic confirmation, we found Dek2 encodes a novel P-type PPR protein that targets mitochondria. (genetics.org)
- LMOD3 encodes leiomodin-3 (LMOD3), a 65-kDa protein expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Human MAFF encodes a 164 amino acids protein. (thermofisher.com)
- Among its related pathways are Vesicle-mediated transport and Shigellosis . (genecards.org)
- Finally, I discuss the possible evolutionary pathways of Anillin-related proteins, and potential future research directions for these proteins. (biologists.org)
- Phyllanthus inhibits A549 metastasis by suppressing ERK1/2 and hypoxia pathways that led to suppression of various critical proteins for A549 invasion and migration. (biomedcentral.com)
- Signaling pathways responsible for the inhibitory effects of insulin were investigated by using protein kinase inhibitors. (aacrjournals.org)
- Both phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase pathways mediate the ability of insulin to decrease the TNF-α-induced cleavage of procaspase-8. (aacrjournals.org)
- The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae expresses two Mob proteins, Mob1 and Mob2, that function in distinct pathways. (upenn.edu)
- A monomeric GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins into the nucleus and RNA into the cytoplasm. (curehunter.com)
- The antigen-antibody complex binds the ends of actin filaments in vitro in an ATP-sensitive manner, and the antibody stains the outermost edge of the actin filament ruffle in the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts. (jneurosci.org)
- These findings indicate that Pdlim5 binds AMPK directly and promotes the recruitment of AMPK onto F-actin, a process mediated by α-actinin. (nih.gov)
- In the context of stable adhesion, cadherin/catenin complexes are often envisaged to passively scaffold onto cortical actin filaments. (nih.gov)
- The interaction between cadherins and actin is therefore likely to depend on the functional state of adhesion. (nih.gov)
- This was particularly noticeable with proteins involved in cell growth and maintenance (for example, fibrinogen γ chain (FGG) and ubiquinol cytochrome c) and cell-cell interaction and integrity (for example, fascin and actin). (biomedcentral.com)
- 599. McLachlan A. D., Stewart M. The 14-fold periodicity in a-tropomyosin and the interaction with actin. (ximicat.com)
- Keywords summarise the content of a UniProtKB entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. (uniprot.org)
- Biological Functions of Microtubules and Related Structures is a compendium of papers presented at the 13th Oji International Seminar on The Biological Functions of Microtubules and Related Structures, held at Komaba Eminence in Tokyo in November, 1981. (elsevier.com)
- Either spontaneously or in response to chemotactic signals and growth factors, motile cells assemble actin filaments at the leading edge and crosslink them into a rigid, orthogonal network ( 1 , 2 ). (pnas.org)
- HS1 functions as an essential actin-regulatory adaptor protein at the immune synapse. (semanticscholar.org)
- adaptor-related protein complex 2, sig. (broadinstitute.org)
- adaptor-related protein complex 3, del. (broadinstitute.org)
- Component of the multiprotein chromatin-remodeling complexes SWI/SNF: SWI/SNF-A (BAF), SWI/SNF-B (PBAF) and related complexes. (rcsb.org)
- The precise distribution of the related SMARCD1 , SMARCD2 and SMARCD3 proteins among these and other SWI/SNF nucleosome-remodeling complexes is not fully known. (rcsb.org)
- 140 mouse brain proteins identified by Ca2+-calmodulin affinity chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. (nih.gov)
- A systemically induced protein, SVTI, with inhibitor activity against trypsin, was isolated from Salix leaves by affinity chromatography on a column of trypsin-Sepharose 4B and N-terminal sequenced. (springer.com)
- Note that the 'protein existence' evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence(s) displayed. (uniprot.org)
- Protein abundance data, domains, shared domains with other proteins, protein sequence retrieval for various strains, sequence-based physico-chemical properties, protein modification sites, and external identifiers for the protein. (yeastgenome.org)
- More detailed evidence for these modification sites is presented in the Post-translational Modifications table, located just below the protein sequence. (yeastgenome.org)
- 8. An isolated host cell comprising the expression vector of claim 5 wherein the expression vector of claim 5 comprises a protein coding sequence, and the host cell transiently or encoded in the expression vector of claim 5. (freepatentsonline.com)
- 9. An isolated host cell which is obtained by in vivo injection of the expression vector of claim 5 into a cell, wherein the expression vector of claim 5 comprises a protein coding sequence, and the host cell comprises the expression vector of claim 5 and transiently or encoded in the expression vector of claim 5. (freepatentsonline.com)
- Complementary DNA sequence of a human cytoplasmic actin. (wikipedia.org)
- These sequences represent the protein coding region of the arpc5b cDNA ORF which is encoded by the open reading frame (ORF) sequence. (genscript.com)
- GenScript guarantees 100% sequence accuracy of all synthetic DNA constructs we deliver, but we do not guarantee protein expression in your experimental system. (genscript.com)
- The region sequenced included the entire coding sequence for a protein with 199 amino acids plus the promoter and terminator. (springer.com)
- The swin1.1 coding region without the signal sequence was highly expressed in Escherichia coli and the protein showed inhibitory activity against trypsin but at most slight activity against the other proteases tested. (springer.com)