Actin related protein 2. Medical search

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

Fibers composed of MICROFILAMENT PROTEINS, which are predominately ACTIN. They are the smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments.

A family of low MOLECULAR WEIGHT actin-binding proteins found throughout eukaryotes. They remodel the actin CYTOSKELETON by severing ACTIN FILAMENTS and increasing the rate of monomer dissociation.

Actin capping proteins are cytoskeletal proteins that bind to the ends of ACTIN FILAMENTS to regulate actin polymerization.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.

A 90-kDa protein produced by macrophages that severs ACTIN filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by CALCIUM ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some CELLS.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

A family of low molecular weight proteins that bind ACTIN and control actin polymerization. They are found in eukaryotes and are ubiquitously expressed.

A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)

A complex of seven proteins including ARP2 PROTEIN and ARP3 PROTEIN that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the CYTOSKELETON. Arp2-3 complex binds WASP PROTEIN and existing ACTIN FILAMENTS, and it nucleates the formation of new branch point filaments.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include MUSCLE PROTEINS as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food.

A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by TROPONIN.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A PROFILIN binding domain protein that is part of the Arp2-3 complex. It is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and binds ATP.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A component of the Arp2-3 complex that is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and that binds ATP. It is expressed at higher levels than ARP2 PROTEIN and does not contain a PROFILIN binding domain.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Chemical reaction in which monomeric components are combined to form POLYMERS (e.g., POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE).

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

A protein complex of actin and MYOSINS occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle.

A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is associated with a diverse array of cellular functions including cytoskeletal changes, filopodia formation and transport through the GOLGI APPARATUS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Compounds consisting of chains of AMINO ACIDS alternating with CARBOXYLIC ACIDS via ester and amide linkages. They are commonly cyclized.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins, or activator proteins. They typically contain EF HAND MOTIFS.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

A member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family that is found at high levels in NERVE CELLS. It interacts with GRB2 ADAPTOR PROTEIN and with CDC42 PROTEIN.

Polymers synthesized by living organisms. They play a role in the formation of macromolecular structures and are synthesized via the covalent linkage of biological molecules, especially AMINO ACIDS; NUCLEOTIDES; and CARBOHYDRATES.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

WASP protein is mutated in WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME and is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells. It is the founding member of the WASP protein family and interacts with CDC42 PROTEIN to help regulate ACTIN polymerization.

A ubiquitously expressed, secreted protein with bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption activities that are similar to PARATHYROID HORMONE. It does not circulate in appreciable amounts in normal subjects, but rather exerts its biological actions locally. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein by tumor cells results in humoral calcemia of malignancy.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

11- to 14-membered macrocyclic lactones with a fused isoindolone. Members with INDOLES attached at the C10 position are called chaetoglobosins. They are produced by various fungi. Some members interact with ACTIN and inhibit CYTOKINESIS.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

The subfamily of myosin proteins that are commonly found in muscle fibers. Myosin II is also involved a diverse array of cellular functions including cell division, transport within the GOLGI APPARATUS, and maintaining MICROVILLI structure.

A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.

A family of crosslinking filament proteins encoded by distinct FLN genes. Filamins are involved in cell adhesion, spreading, and migration, acting as scaffolds for over 90 binding partners including channels, receptors, intracellular signaling molecules and transcription factors. Due to the range of molecular interactions, mutations in FLN genes result in anomalies with moderate to lethal consequences.

The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Compounds that inhibit cell production of DNA or RNA.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Proteins found in any species of protozoan.

The degree of 3-dimensional shape similarity between proteins. It can be an indication of distant AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and used for rational DRUG DESIGN.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The amino acid sequence of human vinculin has been determined. The protein consists of 1066 amino acid residues and its gene has been assigned to chromosome 10.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A family of microfilament proteins whose name derives from the fact that mutations in members of this protein family have been associated with WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME. They are involved in ACTIN polymerization and contain a polyproline-rich region that binds to PROFILIN, and a verprolin homology domain that binds G-ACTIN.

The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Specialized structures of the cell that extend the cell membrane and project out from the cell surface.

A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Proteins which bind calmodulin. They are found in many tissues and have a variety of functions including F-actin cross-linking properties, inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and calcium and magnesium ATPases.

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A rac GTP-binding protein involved in regulating actin filaments at the plasma membrane. It controls the development of filopodia and lamellipodia in cells and thereby influences cellular motility and adhesion. It is also involved in activation of NADPH OXIDASE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A sub-family of RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that is involved in regulating the organization of cytoskeletal filaments. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.

Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.

A subclass of myosins found generally associated with actin-rich membrane structures such as filopodia. Members of the myosin type I family are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. The heavy chains of myosin type I lack coiled-coil forming sequences in their tails and therefore do not dimerize.

High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Proteins that activate the GTPase of specific GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.

The process by which the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.

A subclass of myosin involved in organelle transport and membrane targeting. It is abundantly found in nervous tissue and neurosecretory cells. The heavy chains of myosin V contain unusually long neck domains that are believed to aid in translocating molecules over large distances.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

Colipase I and II, consisting of 94-95 and 84-85 amino acid residues, respectively, have been isolated from porcine pancreas. Their role is to prevent the inhibitory effect of bile salts on the lipase-catalyzed intraduodenal hydrolysis of dietary long-chain triglycerides.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

A negative regulator of the CELL CYCLE that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. RBL2 contains a conserved pocket region that binds E2F4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR and E2F5 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. RBL2 also interacts with viral ONCOPROTEINS such as POLYOMAVIRUS TUMOR ANTIGENS; ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS; and PAPILLOMAVIRUS E7 PROTEINS.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

An actin capping protein that binds to the pointed-end of ACTIN. It functions in the presence of TROPOMYOSIN to inhibit microfilament elongation.

Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate. It is composed of a specialized area of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON terminate and attach to the transmembrane linkers, INTEGRINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

Actin polymerization: Where the WASP stings. (1/274)

How do extracellular signals induce actin polymerization, as required for many cellular responses? Key signal transducers, such as the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac, have now been shown to link via proteins of the WASP family to the Arp2/3 complex, which nucleates actin polymerization. (+info)

Scar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex. (2/274)

The Arp2/3 complex, a stable assembly of two actin-related proteins (Arp2 and Arp3) with five other subunits, caps the pointed end of actin filaments and nucleates actin polymerization with low efficiency. WASp and Scar are two similar proteins that bind the p21 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex, but their effect on the nucleation activity of the complex was not known. We report that full-length, recombinant human Scar protein, as well as N-terminally truncated Scar proteins, enhance nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex. By themselves, these proteins either have no effect or inhibit actin polymerization. The actin monomer-binding W domain and the p21-binding A domain from the C terminus of Scar are both required to activate Arp2/3 complex. A proline-rich domain in the middle of Scar enhances the activity of the W and A domains. Preincubating Scar and Arp2/3 complex with actin filaments overcomes the initial lag in polymerization, suggesting that efficient nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex requires assembly on the side of a preexisting filament-a dendritic nucleation mechanism. The Arp2/3 complex with full-length Scar, Scar containing P, W, and A domains, or Scar containing W and A domains overcomes inhibition of nucleation by the actin monomer-binding protein profilin, giving active nucleation over a low background of spontaneous nucleation. These results show that Scar and, likely, related proteins, such as the Cdc42 targets WASp and N-WASp, are endogenous activators of actin polymerization by the Arp2/3 complex. (+info)

Relationship between Arp2/3 complex and the barbed ends of actin filaments at the leading edge of carcinoma cells after epidermal growth factor stimulation. (3/274)

Using both light and high resolution electron microscopy, we analyzed the spatial and temporal relationships between the Arp2/3 complex and the nucleation activity that is required for lamellipod extension in mammary carcinoma cells after epidermal growth factor stimulation. A rapid two- to fourfold increase in filament barbed end number occurs transiently after stimulation and remains confined almost exclusively to the extreme outer edge of the extending lamellipod (within 100-200 nm of the plasma membrane). This is accompanied by an increase in filament density at the leading edge and a general decrease in filament length, with a specific loss of long filaments. Concomitantly, the Arp2/3 complex is recruited with a 1.5-fold increase throughout the entire cortical filament network extending 1-1.5 microm in depth from the membrane at the leading edge. The recruitment of the Arp2/3 complex at the membrane of the extending lamellipod indicates that Arp2/3 may be involved in initial generation of growing filaments. However, only a small subset of the complex present in the cortical network colocalizes near free barbed ends. This suggests that the 100-200-nm submembraneous compartment at the leading edge of the extending lamellipod constitutes a special biochemical microenvironment that favors the generation and maintenance of free barbed ends, possibly through the locally active Arp2/3 complex, severing or decreasing the on-rate of capping protein. Our results are inconsistent with the hypothesis suggesting uncapping is the dominant mechanism responsible for the generation of nucleation activity. However, they support the hypothesis of an Arp2/3-mediated capture of actin oligomers that formed close to the membrane by other mechanisms such as severing. They also support pointed-end capping by the Arp2/3 complex, accounting for its wide distribution at the leading edge. (+info)

The interaction between N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex links Cdc42-dependent signals to actin assembly. (4/274)

Although small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family have been implicated in signaling to the actin cytoskeleton, the exact nature of the linkage has remained obscure. We describe a novel mechanism that links one Rho family member, Cdc42, to actin polymerization. N-WASP, a ubiquitously expressed Cdc42-interacting protein, is required for Cdc42-stimulated actin polymerization in Xenopus egg extracts. The C terminus of N-WASP binds to the Arp2/3 complex and dramatically stimulates its ability to nucleate actin polymerization. Although full-length N-WASP is less effective, its activity can be greatly enhanced by Cdc42 and phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate. Therefore, N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex comprise a core mechanism that directly connects signal transduction pathways to the stimulation of actin polymerization. (+info)

Rho-family GTPases require the Arp2/3 complex to stimulate actin polymerization in Acanthamoeba extracts. (5/274)

BACKGROUND: Actin filaments polymerize in vivo primarily from their fast-growing barbed ends. In cells and extracts, GTPgammaS and Rho-family GTPases, including Cdc42, stimulate barbed-end actin polymerization; however, the mechanism responsible for the initiation of polymerization is unknown. There are three formal possibilities for how free barbed ends may be generated in response to cellular signals: uncapping of existing filaments; severing of existing filaments; or de novo nucleation. The Arp2/3 complex localizes to regions of dynamic actin polymerization, including the leading edges of motile cells and motile actin patches in yeast, and in vitro it nucleates the formation of actin filaments with free barbed ends. Here, we investigated actin polymerization in soluble extracts of Acanthamoeba. RESULTS: Addition of actin filaments with free barbed ends to Acanthamoeba extracts is sufficient to induce polymerization of endogenous actin. Addition of activated Cdc42 or activation of Rho-family GTPases in these extracts by the non-hydrolyzable GTP analog GTPgammaS stimulated barbed-end polymerization, whereas immunodepletion of Arp2 or sequestration of Arp2 using solution-binding antibodies blocked Rho-family GTPase-induced actin polymerization. CONCLUSIONS: For this system, we conclude that the accessibility of free barbed ends regulates actin polymerization, that Rho-family GTPases stimulate polymerization catalytically by de novo nucleation of free barbed ends and that the primary nucleation factor in this pathway is the Arp2/3 complex. (+info)

Activation of the yeast Arp2/3 complex by Bee1p, a WASP-family protein. (6/274)

The Arp2/3 complex is a highly conserved cytoskeletal component that has been implicated in the nucleation of actin filament assembly. Purified Arp2/3 complex has a low intrinsic actin nucleation activity, leading to the hypothesis that an unidentified cellular activator is required for the function of this complex. We showed previously that mutations in the Arp2/3 complex and in Bee1p/Las17p, a member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein(WASP) family, lead to a loss of cortical actin structures (patches) in yeast. Bee1p has also been identified as an essential nucleation factor in the reconstitution of actin patches in vitro. Recently, it was reported that WASP-like proteins might interact directly with the Arp2/3 complex through a conserved carboxy-terminal domain. Here, we have shown that Bee1p and the Arp2/3 complex co-immunoprecipitate when expressed at endogenous levels, and that this interaction requires both the Arc15p and Arc19p subunits of the Arp2/3 complex. Furthermore, the carboxy-terminal domain of Bee1p greatly stimulated the nucleation activity of purified Arp2/3 complex in vitro, suggesting a direct role for WASP-family proteins in the activation of the Arp2/3 complex. Interestingly, deletion of the carboxy-terminal domain of Bee1p neither abolished the localization of the Arp2/3 complex, as had been suggested, nor resulted in a severe defect in cortical actin assembly. These results indicate that the function of Bee1p is not mediated entirely through its interaction with the Arp2/3 complex, and that factors redundant with Bee1p might exist to activate the nucleation activity of the Arp2/3 complex. (+info)

The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein directs actin-based motility by stimulating actin nucleation with the Arp2/3 complex. (7/274)

Actin polymerization at the cell cortex is thought to provide the driving force for aspects of cell-shape change and locomotion. To coordinate cellular movements, the initiation of actin polymerization is tightly regulated, both spatially and temporally. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), encoded by the gene that is mutated in the immunodeficiency disorder Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome [1], has been implicated in the control of actin polymerization in cells [2] [3] [4] [5]. The Arp2/3 complex, an actin-nucleating factor that consists of seven polypeptide subunits [6] [7] [8], was recently shown to physically interact with WASP [9]. We sought to determine whether WASP is a cellular activator of the Arp2/3 complex and found that WASP stimulates the actin nucleation activity of the Arp2/3 complex in vitro. Moreover, WASP-coated microspheres polymerized actin, formed actin tails and exhibited actin-based motility in cell extracts, similar to those behaviors displayed by the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. In extracts depleted of the Arp2/3 complex, WASP-coated microspheres and L. monocytogenes were non-motile and exhibited only residual actin polymerization. These results demonstrate that WASP is sufficient to direct actin-based motility in cell extracts and that this function is mediated by the Arp2/3 complex. WASP interacts with diverse signaling proteins and may therefore function to couple signal transduction pathways to Arp2/3-complex activation and actin polymerization. (+info)

Arp2/3 complex and actin depolymerizing factor/cofilin in dendritic organization and treadmilling of actin filament array in lamellipodia. (8/274)

The leading edge (approximately 1 microgram) of lamellipodia in Xenopus laevis keratocytes and fibroblasts was shown to have an extensively branched organization of actin filaments, which we term the dendritic brush. Pointed ends of individual filaments were located at Y-junctions, where the Arp2/3 complex was also localized, suggesting a role of the Arp2/3 complex in branch formation. Differential depolymerization experiments suggested that the Arp2/3 complex also provided protection of pointed ends from depolymerization. Actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin was excluded from the distal 0.4 micrometer++ of the lamellipodial network of keratocytes and in fibroblasts it was located within the depolymerization-resistant zone. These results suggest that ADF/cofilin, per se, is not sufficient for actin brush depolymerization and a regulatory step is required. Our evidence supports a dendritic nucleation model (Mullins, R.D., J.A. Heuser, and T.D. Pollard. 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:6181-6186) for lamellipodial protrusion, which involves treadmilling of a branched actin array instead of treadmilling of individual filaments. In this model, Arp2/3 complex and ADF/cofilin have antagonistic activities. Arp2/3 complex is responsible for integration of nascent actin filaments into the actin network at the cell front and stabilizing pointed ends from depolymerization, while ADF/cofilin promotes filament disassembly at the rear of the brush, presumably by pointed end depolymerization after dissociation of the Arp2/3 complex. (+info)

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of a family of actin-related proteins (ARPs) which share significant amino acid ... "Entrez Gene: ACTL6B actin-like 6B". Oma Y, Nishimori K, Harata M (February 2003). "The brain-specific actin-related protein ... Harata M, Mochizuki R, Mizuno S (1999). "Two isoforms of a human actin-related protein show nuclear localization and mutually ... Kuroda Y, Oma Y, Nishimori K, Ohta T, Harata M (2003). "Brain-specific expression of the nuclear actin-related protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTL6B

"Alternative splicing products of the gene for a human nuclear actin-related protein, hArpNbeta/Baf53, that encode a protein ... Actin-like protein 6A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTL6A gene. This gene encodes a family member of actin- ... related proteins (ARPs), which share significant amino acid sequence identity to conventional actins. Both actins and ARPs have ... Kuroda Y, Oma Y, Nishimori K, Ohta T, Harata M (November 2002). "Brain-specific expression of the nuclear actin-related protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTL6A

In addition to actin, eukaryotes have a large family of actin-related proteins, or "Arps", that share a common ancestor with ... Actin and closely related proteins are present in all organisms, suggesting the common ancestor of all life on Earth had actin ... Olave IA, Reck-Peterson SL, Crabtree GR (2002-01-01). "Nuclear actin and actin-related proteins in chromatin remodeling". ... Actin is one of the most conserved proteins throughout the evolution of eukaryotes. The sequences of actin proteins from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin

... ubiquitous actin monomer binding protein. Studies have linked expression of CCDC113 in cancerous tissues to mutations present ... Missense mutations at location 86 from Arginine to Tryptophan (R86Y) and at R180C are related to adenocarcinomas of the colon. ... a G protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting ArfGAP, the cytoplasmic protein HAP1; Huntingtin-associated protein 1, IMMT, an ... Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 113 also known as HSPC065, GC16Pof6842 and GC16P044152, is a protein that in humans is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCDC113

Bingham JB, Schroer TA (February 1999). "Self-regulated polymerization of the actin-related protein Arp1". Current Biology. 9 ( ... "The p150Glued component of the dynactin complex binds to both microtubules and the actin-related protein centractin (Arp-1)". ... "The p150Glued component of the dynactin complex binds to both microtubules and the actin-related protein centractin (Arp-1)". ... "Analysis of dynactin subcomplexes reveals a novel actin-related protein associated with the arp1 minifilament pointed end". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCTN1

Huntingtin-interacting protein 1-related protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIP1R gene. GRCh38: Ensembl ... Brett TJ, Legendre-Guillemin V, McPherson PS, Fremont DH (Feb 2006). "Structural definition of the F-actin-binding THATCH ... "Entrez Gene: HIP1R huntingtin interacting protein 1 related". Parker JA, Metzler M, Georgiou J, et al. (2007). "Huntingtin- ... 2005). "Analysis of a variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in the huntingtin interacting protein-1 related gene for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIP1R

Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC1A gene. This gene encodes one ... "Entrez Gene: ARPC1A actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 1A, 41kDa". Human ARPC1A genome location and ARPC1A gene details ... 1998). "Mammalian actin-related protein 2/3 complex localizes to regions of lamellipodial protrusion and is composed of ... This subunit is a member of the SOP2 family of proteins and is most similar to the protein encoded by gene ARPC1B. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPC1A

Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC2 gene. This gene encodes one of ... "Entrez Gene: ARPC2 actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 2, 34kDa". Weed SA, Karginov AV, Schafer DA, Weaver AM, Kinley AW ... "Mammalian actin-related protein 2/3 complex localizes to regions of lamellipodial protrusion and is composed of evolutionarily ... The Arp2/3 protein complex has been implicated in the control of actin polymerization in cells and has been conserved through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPC2

"The complex containing actin-related proteins Arp2 and Arp3 is required for the motility and integrity of yeast actin patches ... Actin-related protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTR2 gene. The specific function of ACTR2 has not yet ... 1998). "Mammalian actin-related protein 2/3 complex localizes to regions of lamellipodial protrusion and is composed of ... "Entrez Gene: ACTR2 ARP2 actin-related protein 2 homolog (yeast)". Bearer EL, Prakash JM, Li Z (2002). "Actin dynamics in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTR2

This subunit, like ACTR1A, is an actin-related protein. These two proteins are of equal length and share 90% amino acid ... Eckley DM, Schroer TA (2004). "Interactions between the evolutionarily conserved, actin-related protein, Arp11, actin, and Arp1 ... "Entrez Gene: ACTR1B ARP1 actin-related protein 1 homolog B, centractin beta (yeast)". Hillier LW, Graves TA, Fulton RS, et al ... characterization and distribution of a new member of the centractin family of actin-related proteins". Mol Biol Cell. 5 (12): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTR1B

The encoded protein contains an actin-binding site and an ATP-binding site. It is most closely related to twinfilin (PTK9), a ... Rohwer A, Kittstein W, Marks F, Gschwendt M (Aug 1999). "Cloning, expression and characterization of an A6-related protein". ... "Entrez Gene: TWF2 twinfilin, actin-binding protein, homolog 2 (Drosophila)". Yamada S, Uchimura E, Ueda T, et al. (2007). " ... The protein encoded by this gene was identified by its interaction with the catalytic domain of protein kinase C-zeta. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWF2

Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC3 gene. This gene encodes one of ... "Entrez Gene: ARPC3 actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 3, 21kDa". Welch MD, Iwamatsu A, Mitchison TJ (1997). "Actin ... "Mammalian actin-related protein 2/3 complex localizes to regions of lamellipodial protrusion and is composed of evolutionarily ... The Arp2/3 protein complex has been implicated in the control of actin polymerization in cells and has been conserved through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPC3

It is an actin-related protein, and is approximately 60% identical at the amino acid level to conventional actin. ARP1 forms a ... Eckley DM, Schroer TA (2003). "Interactions between the evolutionarily conserved, actin-related protein, Arp11, actin, and Arp1 ... an actin-related protein is a component of a filament that resembles F-actin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 126 (2): 403-412. ... Lees-Miller JP, Helfman DM, Schroer TA (Oct 1992). "A vertebrate actin-related protein is a component of a multisubunit complex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTR1A

Neural Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (N-WASP). This IcsA/N-WASP complex then activates the Actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 ... Shigella flexneri is a rod shaped, nonflagellar bacterium that relies on actin-based motility. It produces the protein actin in ... The IcsA protein is first localized to one pole of the bacterium where it will then bind with the host's protein, ... the Cdc42 Effector N-Wasp by the Shigella flexneri Icsa Protein Promotes Actin Nucleation by Arp2/3 Complex and Bacterial Actin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella_flexneri

NPFs in the mammalian cell recruit and bind to the already existing actin-related-protein 2 and 3 complex (Arp2/3 complex) and ... The Actin assembly-inducing protein (ActA) is a protein encoded and used by Listeria monocytogenes to propel itself through a ... an actin monomer binding protein, which itself promotes polymerization at barbed ends of actin filaments. Furthermore, VASP ... In the cytosol they start to polymerize actin on their surface by the help of the ActA protein. It has been shown that ActA is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin_assembly-inducing_protein

Didsbury J, Weber RF, Bokoch GM, Evans T, Snyderman R (1989). "rac, a novel ras-related family of proteins that are botulinum ... Tamura M, Kai T, Tsunawaki S, Lambeth JD, Kameda K (2000). "Direct interaction of actin with p47(phox) of neutrophil NADPH ... Kwong CH, Malech HL, Rotrosen D, Leto TL (1993). "Regulation of the human neutrophil NADPH oxidase by rho-related G-proteins". ... Kinsella BT, Erdman RA, Maltese WA (1991). "Carboxyl-terminal isoprenylation of ras-related GTP-binding proteins encoded by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAC2

Agarwal-Mawal A, Paudel HK (June 2001). "Neuronal Cdc2-like protein kinase (Cdk5/p25) is associated with protein phosphatase 1 ... October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. ... Protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R2 gene. PPP1R2 has been shown to interact ... "Entrez Gene: PPP1R2 protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 2". Wang H, Brautigan DL (December 2002). "A novel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP1R2

Zhao L, Gregoire F, Sul HS (Jun 2000). "Transient induction of ENC-1, a Kelch-related actin-binding protein, is required for ... encodes an actin-binding protein.[supplied by OMIM] ENC1 has been shown to interact with Retinoblastoma protein. Model ... Ectoderm-neural cortex protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ENC1 gene. DNA damage and/or hyperproliferative ... "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. Bibcode:2005Natur. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENC1

... binding protein Calcium-binding protein 1 S100 calcium-binding protein A1 TATA-binding protein Actin-binding protein Most actin ... This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led ... DNA-binding protein Single-strand binding protein Telomere-binding protein RNA-binding protein Poly(A)-binding protein Nuclear ... Penicillin binding proteins Retinol binding protein Retinol binding protein 4 EP300 Binding immunoglobulin protein Odorant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_protein

ActA Actibind Actin Actinfilin Actinogelin Actin-regulating kinases Actin-Related Proteins Actobindin Actolinkin Actopaxin ... Actin-binding proteins (also known as ABPs) are proteins that bind to actin. This may mean ability to bind actin monomers, or ... Many actin-binding proteins, including α-actinin, β-spectrin, dystrophin, utrophin and fimbrin, do this through the actin- ... related to the ERM proteins) Myosins MAP-1C Metavinculin Moesin (the M of ERM proteins) Myosin light chain kinase MAL Mip-90 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin-binding_protein

"Analysis of Dynactin Subcomplexes Reveals a Novel Actin-Related Protein Associated with the Arp1 Minifilament Pointed End". The ... The encoded protein is a component of the pointed-end subcomplex and is thought to bind membranous cargo. A pseudogene of this ... Dynactin 5 (p25) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCTN5 gene. This gene encodes a subunit of dynactin, a component ... 147 (2): 307-320. doi:10.1083/jcb.147.2.307. PMC 2174220. PMID 10525537. Parisi, G.; Fornasari, M.; Echave, J. (2004). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCTN5

... an actin-related protein is a component of a filament that resembles F-actin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 126 (2): 403-12. ... It is built around a short filament of actin related protein-1 (Arp1). Dynactin was identified as an activity that allowed ... "Dynamics of cytoplasmic dynein in living cells and the effect of a mutation in the dynactin complex actin-related protein Arp1 ... "Analysis of dynactin subcomplexes reveals a novel actin-related protein associated with the arp1 minifilament pointed end". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynactin

The first eukaryotic protein identified was actin and actin-related proteins (Arp) 2 and 3 in Crenarchaeota. The implication is ... Ubiquitin-related protein called Urm1 is also present in Crenarchaeota. DNA replication system (GINS proteins) in Crenarchaeota ... In addition to actin, tubulin, ubiquitin and ESCRT proteins found in TACK archaea, Asgards contain functional genes for several ... One of the distinctions of the domain Eukarya in the three-domain system is that eukaryotes have unique proteins such as actin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-domain_system

"Analysis of dynactin subcomplexes reveals a novel actin-related protein associated with the arp1 minifilament pointed end". The ... "Analysis of dynactin subcomplexes reveals a novel actin-related protein associated with the arp1 minifilament pointed end". The ... In molecular biology, DCTN6 is that subunit of the dynactin protein complex that is encoded by the p27 gene. Dynactin is the ... which is important for recruitment of spindle assembly checkpoint proteins such as Mad1 and proper kinetochore-microtubule ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCTN6

"Analysis of dynactin subcomplexes reveals a novel actin-related protein associated with the arp1 minifilament pointed end". The ... Yue L, Lu S, Garces J, Jin T, Li J (August 2000). "Protein kinase C-regulated dynamitin-macrophage-enriched myristoylated ... Yue L, Lu S, Garces J, Jin T, Li J (August 2000). "Protein kinase C-regulated dynamitin-macrophage-enriched myristoylated ... Berrueta L, Tirnauer JS, Schuyler SC, Pellman D, Bierer BE (April 1999). "The APC-associated protein EB1 associates with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCTN2

Machesky LM, Insall RH (1998). "Scar1 and the related Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, WASP, regulate the actin cytoskeleton ... The WH2 domain binds to actin monomers and can facilitate the assembly of actin monomers into actin filaments. Human genes ... Protein families, Membrane proteins, All stub articles, Membrane protein stubs). ... It is found in WASP proteins which control actin polymerisation, therefore, WH2 is important in cellular processes such as cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WH2_motif

... and the encoded protein, in turn, phosphorylates cofilin, inhibiting its actin-depolymerizing activity. It is thought that this ... Sumi T, Matsumoto K, Shibuya A, Nakamura T (Jun 2001). "Activation of LIM kinases by myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Cdc42- ... Although zinc fingers usually function by binding to DNA or RNA, the LIM motif probably mediates protein-protein interactions. ... "Cofilin phosphorylation and actin reorganization activities of testicular protein kinase 2 and its predominant expression in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIMK2

Joly EC, Sévigny G, Todorov IT, Bibor-Hardy V (Mar 1994). "cDNA encoding a novel TCP1-related protein". Biochimica et ... The complex folds various proteins, including actin and tubulin. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different ... T-complex protein 1 subunit gamma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCT3 gene. This gene encodes a molecular ... Yuryev A, Wennogle LP (Feb 2003). "Novel raf kinase protein-protein interactions found by an exhaustive yeast two-hybrid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCT3

Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC4 gene. This gene encodes one of ... "Entrez Gene: ARPC4 actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 4, 20kDa". "Dysmorphology data for Arpc4". Wellcome Trust Sanger ... "Mammalian actin-related protein 2/3 complex localizes to regions of lamellipodial protrusion and is composed of evolutionarily ... The Arp2/3 protein complex has been implicated in the control of actin polymerization in cells and has been conserved through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPC4

Kuroda Y, Oma Y, Nishimori K, Ohta T, Harata M (Nov 2002). "Brain-specific expression of the nuclear actin-related protein ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SWI/SNF family of proteins and is highly similar to the brahma protein of ... "Entrez Gene: SMARCA2 SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 2". Wang W ... "Functional domains of the SYT and SYT-SSX synovial sarcoma translocation proteins and co-localization with the SNF protein BRM ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMARCA2

This gene encodes a protein that is related to epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (EPS8), a substrate for the ... 2004). "The eps8 Family of Proteins Links Growth Factor Stimulation to Actin Reorganization Generating Functional Redundancy in ... Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8-like protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EPS8L1 gene. ... 2004). "Large-scale cDNA transfection screening for genes related to cancer development and progression". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPS8L1

... a proapoptotic BH3-only protein regulated by interaction with the myosin V actin motor complex, activated by anoikis". Science ... Lei K, Davis RJ (2003). "JNK phosphorylation of Bim-related members of the Bcl2 family induces Bax-dependent apoptosis". Proc. ... The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the BCL2 protein family. BCL2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as ... This protein contains a single BCL2 homology domain 3 (BH3), and has been shown to bind BCL2 proteins and function as an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMF_(gene)

"The cytoplasmic domain of the cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin associates with three independent proteins structurally related ... α-Catenin can bind to β-catenin and can also bind filamentous actin (F-actin). β-Catenin binds directly to the cytoplasmic tail ... Through the interaction of β-catenin and α-catenin, actin and E-cadherin are linked, providing the cell with a means of stable ... They exhibit a high degree of protein dynamics, alone or in complex. Several types of catenins work with N-cadherins to play an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin

Muscle fibers have myofibrils, which are able to contract due to actin and myosin. A muscle together with its tendon and bony ... As tendons develop they lay down collagen, which is the main structural protein of connective tissue. As tendons pass near bony ... the tongue and related muscles, the cheeks and the lips. Horses also have three pairs of salivary glands, the parotoid (largest ... Pepsin allows for the further breakdown of proteins into amino acid chains. Other enzymes include resin and lipase. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_anatomy

"Rickettsial Outer-Membrane Protein B (rOmpB) Mediates Bacterial Invasion through Ku70 in an Actin, c-Cbl, Clathrin and Caveolin ... Wikispecies has information related to Ixodidae. Wikispecies has information related to Rickettsia. "Rocky Mountain spotted ... This species of Rickettsia uses an abundant cell surface protein called OmpB to attach to a host cell membrane protein called ... RickA, expressed on the rickettsial surface, activates Arp2/3 and causes actin polymerization. The rickettsiae use the actin to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever

"Rad and Rad-related GTPases interact with calmodulin and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (18): ... Schell MJ, Erneux C, Irvine RF (2001). "Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase A associates with F-actin and dendritic spines ... The enzyme belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family and to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily ... "KN-93 inhibition of G protein signaling is independent of the ability of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMK2B

Chai, T.-T.; Ang, S.-Y.; Goh, K.; Lee, Y.-H.; Ngoo, J.-M.; Teh, L.-K.; Wong, F.-C. Trypsin-hydrolyzed corn silk proteins: ... The tube extends itself at the apex only, in an actin polymerization dependent process, and the direction in which the apex ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corn silk. Look up corn silk or cornsilk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The antioxidant and hematoprotective effect of corn silk protein hydrolysate have been experimentally demonstrated. Potential ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_silk

The protein encoded by this gene is a peripheral membrane protein found associated with dystrophin and dystrophin-related ... Iwata Y, Pan Y, Yoshida T, Hanada H, Shigekawa M (1998). "Alpha1-syntrophin has distinct binding sites for actin and calmodulin ... proteins. This gene is a member of the syntrophin gene family, which contains at least two other structurally related genes. ... Fernández-Larrea J, Merlos-Suárez A, Ureña JM, Baselga J, Arribas J (1999). "A role for a PDZ protein in the early secretory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntrophin,_alpha_1

The protein encoded by this gene is a ubiquitous actin monomer-binding protein belonging to the profilin family. It is thought ... Yayoshi-Yamamoto S, Taniuchi I, Watanabe T (September 2000). "FRL, a novel formin-related protein, binds to Rac and regulates ... Miki H, Suetsugu S, Takenawa T (December 1998). "WAVE, a novel WASP-family protein involved in actin reorganization induced by ... Miki H, Suetsugu S, Takenawa T (1999). "WAVE, a novel WASP-family protein involved in actin reorganization induced by Rac". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profilin_1

... and other proteins important for regulating microtubule dynamics. Recently an actin-like protein has been found in the gram- ... Enzymes related to TTL add the initial branching glutamate (TTL4,5 and 7), while other enzymes that belong to the same family ... MAP-1 proteins consists of a set of three different proteins: A, B and C. The C protein plays an important role in the ... Plus end tracking proteins are MAP proteins which bind to the tips of growing microtubules and play an important role in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule

He found that muscles contain actin, which when combined with the protein myosin and the energy source ATP, contract muscle ... ISBN 978-963-306-347-7 Wikiquote has quotations related to Albert Szent-Györgyi. Albert Szent-Györgyi on Nobelprize.org Works ... Nagy, I Z (1995). "Semiconduction of proteins as an attribute of the living state: the ideas of Albert Szent-Györgyi revisited ... 128 (2): 97-8. PMID 3547244. Cohen, S S (1987). "Thoughts on the later career of Albert Szent-Gyorgyi". Acta Biochim. Biophys. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Szent-Györgyi

... regulatory protein serves as the motor protein that regulates, in synergy with its companion protein actin, the contraction ... "Effect of dietary protein on bed-rest-related changes in whole-body-protein synthesis". The American Journal of Clinical ... Together, MHC and actin provide the bulk of the myofibril fraction that accounts for most of the protein in the muscle cell. ... As a result of the reduction in net capacity for protein synthesis and the augmentation of protein degradation, a net loss of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_effects_in_space

... protein - protein biosynthesis - Protein Data Bank - protein design - protein expression - protein folding - protein isoform - ... Articles related to biochemistry include: Contents: Top 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 2-amino-5- ... actin - action potential - activation energy - active site - active transport - adenosine - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - ... protein P16 - protein P34cdc2 - protein precursor - protein structure prediction - protein subunit - protein synthesis - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

... including lower levels of several proteins related to myosin and actin. Force is generated in striated muscle by the ... Protein synthesis and protein degradation decline with age in skeletal and heart muscle, as would be expected, since DNA damage ... A related theory is that mutation, as distinct from DNA damage, is the primary cause of aging. A comparison of somatic mutation ... Cai Q, Fu L, Wang Z, Gan N, Dai X, Wang Y (2014). "α-N-methylation of damaged DNA-binding protein 2 (DDB2) and its function in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging

Adducin is a heterodimeric protein that consists of related subunits, which are produced from distinct genes but share a ... phosphorylation in the MARCKS-related domain inhibits activity in promoting spectrin-actin complexes and occurs in many cells, ... Alpha-adducin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADD1 gene. Adducins are a family of cytoskeleton proteins encoded ... Adducin binds with high affinity to Ca(2+)/calmodulin and is a substrate for protein kinases A and C. Alternative splicing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADD1

More specifically the actin and actin binding proteins seen in Hirano bodies are a significant feature of an Alzheimer's ... There is an upregulation of a macroautophagic pathway related to AD that can be related to an actin aggregate thought to be an ... Hirano bodies are intracellular aggregates of actin and actin-associated proteins first observed in neurons (nerve cells) by ... It was observed that Hirano bodies are a specific site of a C-terminal fragment of β-amyloid precursor proteins. University of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirano_body

Baumgartner S, Martin D, Hagios C, Chiquet-Ehrismann R (August 1994). "Tenm, a Drosophila gene related to tenascin, is a new ... Human genes encoded teneurin domain proteins (TENM1-4) are list in the infoboxes. Tucker RP, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Chevron MP, ... suggesting cell signalling roles and regulation of actin organisation. Teneurin-3 regulates the structural and functional ... The name refers to "ten-a" (from "tenascin-like protein, accessory") and "neurons", the primary site of teneurin expression. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teneurin

Coronin-6 belongs to the coronin family which is an actin binding protein. Human CORO6 gene is located on chromosome 17 on the ... compared Homo sapiens protein CORO6 to its paralogs By comparing its paralogs we found that CORO1A and CORO1B are most related ... de Hostos EL, Eugenio L (September 1999). "The coronin family of actin-associated proteins". Trends Cell Biol. 9 (9): 345-50. ... Good proteins' are pink, partial or not-good proteins are yellow, uORFs are green. 5' cap or3' poly A flags show completeness ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORO6

This actin binding protein was named coronin after its strong immunolocalisation in the actin rich crown like extension of the ... 1998). "Definition of family of coronin-related proteins conserved between humans and mice: close genetic linkage between ... Initially this protein was admitted into club of actin binding proteins with least enthusiasm, as the primary structure did not ... these proteins have all been shown to bind F-actin and localize in the dynamic F-actin rich area of cells. Recent study shows ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronin

... actin, GLUT4, phospholipase D2, light chain 8 of dynein, erythrocyte anion exchanger Band 3 protein, ryanodine receptor, ... Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 3 and 10. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011] ALDOA is a homotetramer and ... actin cytoskeleton organization, and regulation of cell proliferation. ALDOA likely regulates actin cytoskeleton remodeling ... The protein encoded by this gene is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldolase_A

Viral membrane proteins with similarity to cellular adhesion proteins modulate interaction of virus-infected cells and ... Wikispecies has information related to African swine fever virus. Canadian Food Inspection Agency African swine fever ... progeny virions are transported to the plasma membrane along microtubules where they bud out or are propelled away along actin ... structural proteins, and many proteins that are not essential for replication in cells, but instead have roles in virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_swine_fever_virus

"TATA-binding protein recognition and bending of a consensus promoter are protein species dependent". Biochemistry. 47 (27): ... Wu C, Liu Z, Ma L, Pei C, Qin L, Gao N, Li J, Yin Y (August 2017). "MiRNAs regulate oxidative stress related genes via binding ... The TATA box is also found in 40% of the core promoters of genes that code for the actin cytoskeleton and contractile apparatus ... TATA-binding protein (TBP) can be recruited in two ways, by SAGA, a cofactor for RNA polymerase II, or by TFIID. When promoters ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box

... is a cytoskeletal protein actin projection on the leading edge of the cell. It contains a quasi-two-dimensional actin mesh; the ... The lamellipodium (plural lamellipodia) (from Latin lamella, related to lamina, "thin sheet", and the Greek radical pod-, "foot ... Ena/VASP proteins are found at the leading edge of lamellipodia, where they promote actin polymerization necessary for ... Further, Ena/VASP prevents the action of capping protein, which halts actin polymerization. Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellipodium

Protein polybromo-1 (PB1) also known as BRG1-associated factor 180 (BAF180) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PBRM1 ... and actin. Chicken PB1 possesses 5 bromodomains, 2 bromo-adjacent homology (BAH) domains, and 1 truncated high-mobility group ( ... "The human SWI/SNF-B chromatin-remodeling complex is related to yeast Rsc and localizes at kinetochores of mitotic chromosomes ... 2001). "Protein-Protein Interaction Panel Using Mouse Full-Length cDNAs". Genome Res. 11 (10): 1758-65. doi:10.1101/gr.180101. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBRM1

G-actin with G-actin or F-actin, cadherin-catenin complex with actin, vinculin with F-actin, microtubule with kinetochore ... This is possible due to the bacterial protein FimH, which mediates high adhesion in response to high flow. The lectin domain is ... Catch bonds are revealed when the mean bond lifetime (reciprocally related to the rate of bond dissociation) increases with the ... CMR has been observed for interactions between integrin alpha 5 beta 1 and fibronectin and between G-actin and G-actin or F- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_bond

LIM domain and actin-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LIMA1 gene. EPLIN is a cytoskeleton- ... 2004). "Large-scale cDNA transfection screening for genes related to cancer development and progression". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... 2001). "Toward a catalog of human genes and proteins: sequencing and analysis of 500 novel complete protein coding human cDNAs ... associated protein that inhibits actin filament depolymerization and cross-links filaments in bundles (Maul et al., 2003).[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIMA1

... another Ras-related GTP-binding protein, is implicated in the regulation of the actin organisation in presence of extracellular ... In addition, the inactivation of Rho protein by ADP-ribosylation in Rac1 microinjection reduced the formation of actin stress ... "The small GTP-binding protein rho regulates the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers in response to growth ... It was already known that other Ga proteins could induce Rho activation (i.e. Ga13 activates p115 Rho GEF, which in turn ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hall

Ras-related protein Rap-1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAP1A gene. The product of this gene belongs to the ... "The junctional multidomain protein AF-6 is a binding partner of the Rap1A GTPase and associates with the actin cytoskeletal ... family of Ras-related proteins. These proteins share approximately 50% amino acid identity with the classical RAS proteins and ... The most striking difference between RAP proteins and RAS proteins resides in their 61st amino acid: glutamine in RAS is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAP1A

In homodimeric form, α-catenins do not bind β- catenins, but preferentially bind F-actin and other proteins promoting F-actin ... "Synaptic Anchorage of AMPA Receptors by Cadherins through Neural Plakophilin-Related Arm Protein-AMPA Receptor-Binding Protein ... For example, the cadherin-α-catenin complex binds the actin cytoskeleton, though whether it binds via binding proteins or ... anti-p120ctn serum pulls out a complex containing both proteins from cell lysates. The same occurs for a protein similar to ABP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadherin–catenin_complex_in_learning_and_memory

... allowing the CAS protein to function as a scaffold for other proteins including CRK proteins and C3G, a guanine nucleotide ... The SH3 domain is a point of contact with polyproline sequences on focal adhesion kinase (FAK). or the related kinase PTK2B, ... leading to reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and changes in motility and invasion. ... In humans, the 561 amino acid EFS protein acts as a scaffolding protein for cell signaling based on interactions with SRC, FAK ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonal_fyn-associated_substrate

Scar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ... Scar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ... The actin-related subunits of the Arp2/3 complex, Arp2 and Arp3, are proposed to form a `pseudo-actin dimer that nucleates ... Actin monomers are present in the cytoplasm at extremely high levels - actin is the most abundant protein in most eukaryotic ...

https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article-split/122/15/2575/20286/WASP-and-SCAR-WAVE-proteins-the-drivers-of-actin

... leading edge protrusions in firmly adherent cells that contain Arp2/3-generated dendritic actin networks. Although lamellipodia ... Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex Grant support * DK037871/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ... Lamellipodia are sheet-like, leading edge protrusions in firmly adherent cells that contain Arp2/3-generated dendritic actin ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22385962/

... population is associated to the actin filament system. In this pape ... EGFR contains one actin-binding site. These results demonstrate that the EGFR is an actin-binding protein which binds to actin ... The EGF receptor is an actin-binding protein. J C den Hartigh, J C den Hartigh ... J C den Hartigh, P M van Bergen en Henegouwen, A J Verkleij, J Boonstra; The EGF receptor is an actin-binding protein.. J Cell ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/119/2/349/56085/The-EGF-receptor-is-an-actin-binding-protein

They accounted significant changes in actin-related proteins before and after infection.[81] ... employed a similar workflow with MS/MS to profile and sequence proteins in the colon mucosa of active and nonactive UC, ... defined a "metaproteome"-the protein expression on the mucosal-luminal interface of the intestine-that would provide a unique ... With the development of protein and metabolite repositories for proteomics and metabolomics experiments, the 2000s saw a steady ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/807024_2

platelet protein P47 Medicine & Life Sciences 14% * Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex Medicine & Life Sciences 13% ... Endocytic protein intersectin-l regulates actin assembly via Cdc42 and N-WASP. In: Nature cell biology. 2001 ; Vol. 3, No. 10. ... Endocytic protein intersectin-l regulates actin assembly via Cdc42 and N-WASP. Nature cell biology. 2001;3(10):927-932. doi: ... Endocytic protein intersectin-l regulates actin assembly via Cdc42 and N-WASP. / Hussain, Natasha K.; Jenna, Sarah; Glogauer, ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/endocytic-protein-intersectin-l-regulates-actin-assembly-via-cdc4-5

Learn about this gene and related health conditions. ... of a group of similar protein complexes known as SWI/SNF ... SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 2 ... in the protein. These mutations are located within an area of the protein that attaches to ATP and is responsible for providing ... SWI/SNF-RELATED, MATRIX-ASSOCIATED, ACTIN-DEPENDENT REGULATOR OF CHROMATIN, SUBFAMILY A, MEMBER 2 ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/smarca2/

Cloning of cDNA and functional analysis and actin-related anchoing protein gene.. Yuan, H., Wang, D., Li, H. & Pei, XT., 2003, ... Construction and chracterization of TK/FL recombinant protein.. Wang, X., Li, L., Feng, K., Bai, CX. & Pei, XT., 2000, In: ... Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 is a critical protein for healing of dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis in mice. Chogle ... Lysozyme-modified probiotic components protect rats against polymicrobial sepsis: Role of macrophages and cathelicidin-related ...

https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/persons/xiao-wang/publications/

Human Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2 (ARPC2) ELISA kit , CSB-EL002127HU , CusabioHuman Actin-related protein 2/3 ... Human Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2 (ARPC2) ELISA kit , CSB-EL002127HU Cusabio Elisa ... complex subunit 2 (ARPC2) ELISA kit is Available at Gentaur Genprice with... ...

https://joplink.net/vim-antibody-csb-pa004451/?setCurrencyId=2

LRP1B-LDL receptor related protein 1B; XIRP2-xin actin binding repeat containing 2; PCLO-piccolo presynaptic cytomatrix protein ... Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol. 2017;107:283-306 30. Alvelos MI, Rodrigues M, Lobo L, Medeira A, Sousa AB, Simão C. et al. A ... C. Genes with the top 20 highest frequency in any group (HNF1B-altered group and HNF1B-unaltered group). TP53-tumor protein p53 ... A. Mutation diagram of HNF1B in different cancer types across protein domains. B. HNF1B mutation and copy-number alterations in ...

https://medsci.org/v17p2895.htm

This study was therefore aimed to define external cell signaling and transcription factors relating to high COX-2 expression in ... COX-2 expression in tumor and normal colon tissue was quantified including microarray analyses on tumor mRNA accounting for ... Numerous genes with altered expression appeared in tumors of high COX-2 expression compared to tumors of low COX-2. COX-2 ... Transcription and external cell signaling factors are altered as covariates to COX-2 expression in colon cancer tissue, but DNA ...

https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-11-238/tables/3

... and its mechanism may be related to promotion of the immune balance between Th17 and Treg. ... The target synaptophysin/actin ratio was calculated to show the expression of the related proteins. ... a) Protein expression and (b) protein expression analysis, n = 3. Data are expressed as the means ± SD values. , compared with ... Electroacupuncture Regulates Protein Expression in the Kidney. The expression of the RORγt protein in the Model increased ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2020/5375981/

Actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4. 0.8404. 32. LYSMD2. LysM domain containing 2. 0.8333. 32. ... Metabolic proteins. RNA polymerase related proteins. Predicted locationi All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed ... Evidence at protein level. Protein expressioni A summary of the overall protein expression pattern across the analyzed normal ... RNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION SUMMARYi Below is an overview of RNA and protein expression data generated in the Human Protein ...

http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000161980-POLR3K/tissue

... the regulation of actin dynamics by internal and external factors, and the role of F-actin in dendritic protein trafficking. ... the regulation of actin dynamics by internal and external factors, and the role of F-actin in dendritic protein trafficking. ... Apart from that striking feature, patches of F-actin and deep actin filament bundles have been described along the lengths of ... Apart from that striking feature, patches of F-actin and deep actin filament bundles have been described along the lengths of ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2017.00147/full

PDB Compounds: (E:) Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 3. SCOPe Domain Sequences for d2p9ie_:. Sequence; same for both ... Protein automated matches [190347] (1 species). not a true protein. *. Species Cow (Bos taurus) [TaxId:9913] [187174] (12 PDB ... Other proteins in same PDB: d2p9ia1, d2p9ia2, d2p9ic_, d2p9id1, d2p9id2, d2p9if_, d2p9ig_. automated match to d1k8ke_. ... Class a: All alpha proteins [46456] (290 folds). *. Fold a.148: Arp2/3 complex 21 kDa subunit ARPC3 [69059] (1 superfamily). 5 ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=139587

... but not the closely-related protein NSG1 (NSG1-GFP; top panel, ∼48 kDa). Bottom panel shows the β-actin loading control. F, ... Barford K, Yap CC, Dwyer ND, Winckler B (2017) The related neuronal endosomal proteins NEEP21 (Nsg1) and P19 (Nsg2) have ... Norstrom EM, Zhang C, Tanzi R, Sisodia SS (2010) Identification of NEEP21 as a ss-amyloid precursor protein-interacting protein ... Neurons have evolved a number of unique protein-coding genes that regulate trafficking of protein complexes within small ...

https://www.eneuro.org/content/6/1/ENEURO.0292-18.2018

Listing of Chemical-related topic pages on the NIOSH Web site. ... Lamin A and beta-actin are involved in the process of apoptosis ... In addition, activation of antiapoptotic factors including phospho-Akt (protein kinase B) and Bcl-2 was detected. Further ... Immunoprecipitation (IP) western blot analysis demonstrated the formation of the Fas-related death-inducing signaling complex ( ... Furthermore, lamin A and beta-actin were cleaved. Moreover, we found that apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was up-regulated and ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=nickel&f1=%2A&Adv=0&terms=1&PageNo=15&RecNo=145&View=f&

Multidrug Resistance-Related Protein 1 (MRP1) Function and Localization Depend on Cortical Actin Ina Hummel, Karin Klappe, ... Multidrug Resistance-Related Protein 1 (MRP1) Function and Localization Depend on Cortical Actin Ina Hummel, Karin Klappe, ... Multidrug Resistance-Related Protein 1 (MRP1) Function and Localization Depend on Cortical Actin Ina Hummel, Karin Klappe, ... Multidrug Resistance-Related Protein 1 (MRP1) Function and Localization Depend on Cortical Actin Ina Hummel, Karin Klappe, ...

https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/79/2.index-by-author

Actin Cytoskeleton 7% * Actin Depolymerizing Factors 30% * Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex 21% ... Role of Protein Kinase D in Actin Remodeling and Cell Motiliy. *Storz, Peter (PI) ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/projects/role-of-protein-kinase-d-in-actin-remodeling-and-cell-motiliy-2/fingerprints/?sortBy=alphabetically

Apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ER stress response and Bcl-2 ... family protein expression were evaluated using immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl- ... such as MMP depolarization and an imbalance in Bcl-2 family proteins, in SiHa cells in a parasite burden- and infection time- ... and also promotes ER stress-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis via the IRE1/ASK1/JNK/Bcl-2 family protein pathways in SiHa cells ...

https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-021-05098-2

... power the movement of actin filaments, and cross-link actin filaments into bundles. Actin related proteins (Arp) 2/3 complex is ... This reorganization of actin filaments occurs through the interactions between actin and actin binding proteins. Actin-binding ... This reorganization of actin filaments occurs through the interactions between actin and actin binding proteins. Actin-binding ... power the movement of actin filaments, and cross-link actin filaments into bundles. Actin related proteins (Arp) 2/3 complex is ...

https://www.bdbiosciences.com/en-dk/products/reagents/microscopy-imaging-reagents/immunofluorescence-reagents/purified-mouse-anti-p21-arc.612234

2Regulation of Shank3-interacting actin-related proteins by miR-7, miR-34a, and miR-504. [score:2] ... suggesting that Shank3 functions as a core protein among the actin-related miR-7 and miR-504 targets in regulating dendritic ... and loss of ERα protein expression; and ii) suppresses tumoral p53 and p21 protein expression in association with increased ... However, miR-30e-5p, miR-210-5p, miR-224-5p, miR-196b-5p, miR-504-3p, miR-669c-5p and miR-455-3p may be closely related to the ...

https://mirbase.org/cgi-bin/sentences.pl?acc=MI0005515

Aging (p53, p21, IL-6, and IL-8), apoptotic (Bax, CASP-3, and caspase-3 protein), proliferative (Ki67 protein), antiapoptotic ( ... and α-smooth-actin levels were reduced by phenol treatments. In NHDF, COX-2 expression, Nuclear Factor κ-light-chain-enhancer ... Related Special Issue. *Inflammaging, Cellular Senescence and Oxidative Stress in Aging and Age-Related Disorders in ... Quercetin Attenuates Pancreatic and Renal D-Galactose-Induced Aging-Related Oxidative Alterations in Rats by Ali H. El-Far ...

https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms/special_issues/inflammaging_oxidative_stress

Resveratrol induced apoptosis and regulated apoptosis-related protein levels in liver cancer cells. (A) Fluorescent microscopy ... Cell migration is tightly regulated by the activity of Rho proteins through actin cytoskeletal rearrangements (36). In addition ... Activated protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase D (PKD) stimulate the association between DLC1 and 14-3-3 protein, which ... C) Protein levels of PI3K, p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-FoxO3a after treated with EX527. (D) Protein levels of PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, p-AKT ...

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/mmr.2017.7612

Pdlim7, an actin-associated protein of the. The TanDEM-X Science Service System is a web interface for the submission and ... A Research Proposal has several inter-related purposes: Writing an effective. Every proposal should have an abstract. This is a ... During the first term that you are enrolled in research credits, complete a 2-3 page proposal that briefly and succinctly ...

http://woodsholemuseum.org/wordpress/science-proposal/

... while RPEL3 is of comparable and low affinity in the two proteins. Actin binding by all three motifs is required for MAL ... MAL/MKL1/myocardin-related transcription factor A is cytoplasmic, accumulating in the nucleus upon activation of Rho GTPase ... We show that the MAL RPEL domain binds actin more avidly than that of MC and that the RPEL motif itself is an actin-binding ... We show that the MAL RPEL domain binds actin more avidly than that of MC and that the RPEL motif itself is an actin-binding ...

https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/rpel-motifs-link-the-serum-response-factor-cofactor-mal-but-not-m

Our lab focuses on two related scientific ideas; the molecular nature of interactions between microbial pathogens and the host ... how Shigella spread by inducing the assembly of an actin tail at the bacterial pole 3) how Shigella form protrusions that allow ... for intercellular spread 4) how the autotransporter family of secreted proteins are translocated across the bacterial membranes ... Specifically, we are investigating 1) the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria establish polarity 2) ...

https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/pew-biomedical-scholars/directory-of-pew-scholars/1994/marcia-goldberg

P0S63del generates a misfolded protein that accumulates in the ER of Schwann cells and triggers the unfolded protein response ( ... SfN does not assume any responsibility for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to any use ... The ER stress sensor PERK coordinates ER-plasma membrane contact site formation through interaction with filamin-A and F-actin ... Schwann cells expressing the S63del mutation in P0 protein induce the unfolded protein response and upregulate calcineurin ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/41/20/4536?iss=20

... and proteins were then transferred to an FL membrane (Millipore). The specific protein expression levels were normalized to ... Relative mRNA levels are expressed as a ratio relative to β-actin. All values are the mean ± SEM.*P , 0.01 vs ND, #P , 0.01 vs ... This property was related to the activation of PPARγ and its downstream signaling pathway(PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA, PPARγ/PI3K/AKT). ... Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any ...

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-44353/v1

Possibly Involved In Control Of Actin Cytoskeleton Organization ... GTPase-activating Protein (RhoGAP) For Rho3p And Rho4p; ... GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP) for Rho3p and Rho4p; possibly involved in control of actin cytoskeleton organization ... actin cortical patch [IDA]*cellular bud [IDA]*mating projection tip [IDA]*prospore membrane [IDA] ... Search BioGRID for SARS-CoV-2 Protein Interactions , Download SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus-Related Interactions ...

https://thebiogrid.org/32956/protein

these proteins activate the Arp2/3 complex to nucleate new actin filaments. (biologists.com)
A truncated EGFR, previously shown not to be associated to the cytoskeleton, was used as a control and this receptor did not cosediment with actin filaments. (rupress.org)
For a long time, the most prominent roles that were attributed to actin in neurons were the movement of growth cones, polarized cargo sorting at the axon initial segment, and the dynamic plasticity of dendritic spines, since those compartments contain large accumulations of actin filaments (F-actin) that can be readily visualized using electron- and fluorescence microscopy. (frontiersin.org)
This reorganization of actin filaments occurs through the interactions between actin and actin binding proteins. (bdbiosciences.com)
Actin-binding proteins regulate the polymerization and depolymerization of actin, connect actin-based structures to membranes and to other cytoskeletal elements, power the movement of actin filaments, and cross-link actin filaments into bundles. (bdbiosciences.com)
Actin filaments were labeled with DyLight ™ 554 phalloidin #13054 (red). (cellsignal.com)
The actin filament-associated protein and Src-binding partner, AFAP-110, is an adaptor protein that links signaling molecules to actin filaments. (cdc.gov)
AFAP-110 binds actin filaments directly and multimerizes through a leucine zipper motif. (cdc.gov)
Here, we determined recombinant AFAP-110 (rAFAP-110)-bound actin filaments cooperatively, through a lateral association. (cdc.gov)
We demonstrate rAFAP-110 has the capability to cross-link actin filaments, and this ability is dependent on the integrity of the carboxy terminal actin binding domain. (cdc.gov)
Deletion of the leucine zipper motif or PKC phosphorylation affected AFAP-110's conformation, which correlated with changes in multimerization and increased the capability of rAFAP-110 to cross-link actin filaments. (cdc.gov)
Expression of a deletion mutant of AFAP-110 that is unable to bind PKC blocked the effect of PMA on actin filaments. (cdc.gov)
We hypothesize that upon PKC activation, AFAP-110 can be cooperatively recruited to newly forming actin filaments, like those that exist in cell motility structures, and that PKC phosphorylation effects a conformational change that may enable AFAP-110 to promote actin filament cross-linking at the cell membrane. (cdc.gov)
These domains cross-link actin filaments into bundles and networks. (embl.de)
Muscles contract by sliding the thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments along each other. (rhumbarlv.com)
Myofibers contain two kinds of contractile filaments: myosin: 12-15 nm thick - 1.5 micron long, and actin: 6-7 nm thick - 1 micron long. (rhumbarlv.com)
Actin filaments are attached to Z- bands which are composed of actinin and other proteins. (rhumbarlv.com)
Filaments of another protein called actin (purple) are seen here as the fine meshwork in the cell periphery. (nih.gov)

The actin cytoskeleton plays an essential role in numerous aspects of cell biology, such as cell morphology and motility. (biologists.com)
The importance of WASP proteins was immediately recognised when it became clear that they were involved in linking signalling events to the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. (biologists.com)
These studies reveal a role for intersectin-l in a novel mechanism of N-WASP activation and in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. (elsevier.com)
With the development of super-resolution microscopy in the past few years, previously unknown structures of the actin cytoskeleton have been uncovered: a periodic lattice consisting of actin and spectrin seems to pervade not only the whole axon, but also dendrites and even the necks of dendritic spines. (frontiersin.org)
In light of novel discoveries related to the role and organization of neuronal F-actin, in this review we will focus on the mechanisms and molecular players that fine-tune the actin cytoskeleton, thereby controlling dendrite morphology and function. (frontiersin.org)
Cellular morphology, adhesion, and motility occur through the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. (bdbiosciences.com)
Actin and actin-related proteins (ARPs) are ubiquitous components of this cytoskeleton. (pasteur.fr)
In addition to its role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, the Arp2/3 complex also promotes actin polymerization in the nucleus, thereby regulating gene transcription and repair of damaged DNA (PubMed:29925947). (nih.gov)
Non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role in regulating cell migration, adhesion, spreading, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, formation and disassembly of focal adhesions and cell protrusions, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and apoptosis. (idrblab.net)
The cytoskeleton is made from protein structures called microtubules, made visible by fluorescently tagging a protein called doublecortin (orange). (nih.gov)

Neurons have evolved a number of unique protein-coding genes that regulate trafficking of protein complexes within small organelles throughout dendrites and axons. (eneuro.org)
Here, we report the presence and expression of actin-related genes in viral genomes (viractins) of some Imitervirales, a viral order encompassing the giant Mimiviridae. (pasteur.fr)
Here we present data showing the importance of AP-2α in the transcriptional regulation of genes that coordinate GN-11 neuron migration. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, we present data demonstrating an essential role for AP-2α in mouse embryo fibroblast migration via the modulation of a distinct set of genes compared with GN-11 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the genes common to both data sets was bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7), whose expression is also significantly correlated with LMO4 transcript levels in a large dataset of human breast cancers, suggesting that BMP7 is a bona fide target gene of LMO4 in breast cancer. (gsea-msigdb.org)
The dysregulated genes in the ATLL were mostly enriched in immune and cancer-related pathways while the ones in the HAM/TSP were enriched in immune, inflammation, and neurological pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
The object of our study aimed to review and to correlate genes involved in ASD and those related to ultrasonic communication in animal model studies of language-based social behavior at the PubMed database. (bvsalud.org)
El objetivo de nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar y correlacionar genes involucrados en TEA y aque- llos relacionados con la comunicación ultrasónica en estudios con modelos animales de comportamiento social basado en el lenguaje en la base de datos PubMed. (bvsalud.org)
We found parallel adaptation to global change conditions in genes related to stress response, gene expression regulation, actin regulation, developmental processes, and energy production. (digitalmarylandnews.com)
In order to learn the relationship between characteristics and functional roles, actin genes from full-length cDNA library in Senecio scandens Buch. (nefu.edu.cn)
Domatinostat reduced FOXM1 protein levels by downregulating mRNA expression and inducing proteasome-mediated protein degradation thus preventing nuclear translocation correlated with a reduction of FOXM1 target genes. (biomedcentral.com)
One observation that's particularly illustrative may be the altered amount of transcription of over 900 genes (2-fold transformation in appearance), following deletion of (a PPIP5K homologue) in person in the inositol phosphate kinase signaling family members. (immune-source.com)
We then investigated the influence of CFTR in features and expressions of cancer-related genes. (cancer-pictures.org)
MADS-box genes encode proteins that share a highly conservative DNA-binding domain, the MADS domain, which recognizes similar 10-bp A/T-rich DNA sequences, the CArG-box [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In plants, MADS-box genes can be divided into two distinct groups, namely type I and type II lineages: type I MADS-box proteins have no keratin-like (K) domain and only have the MADS (M) domain, whereas type II proteins also possess an intervening (I) domain, a K domain, and a C-terminal region followed by an M domain [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Actin's role in these processes is tightly regulated, in particular through the Arp2/3 complex ( Goley and Welch, 2006 ), a major initiator of actin polymerisation that promotes the formation of branched actin-filament networks. (biologists.com)
It comprises one or two WASP homology 2 (WH2) domains, which bind to monomeric actin, followed by a short central (C) region and an acidic (A) domain, which interacts with the Arp2/3 complex. (biologists.com)
Moreover, in vivo studies reveal that stimulation of Cdc42 by intersectin-l accelerates actin assembly via N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex. (elsevier.com)
Immunoprecipitation (IP) western blot analysis demonstrated the formation of the Fas-related death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) in the apoptotic process. (cdc.gov)
Actin related proteins (Arp) 2/3 complex is an actin polymerization inducing complex that includes Arp2, Arp3, p41-Arc, p34-Arc, p21-Arc, p20 Arc, and p16-Arc. (bdbiosciences.com)
The Arp2 and Arp3 subunits may nucleate actin polymerization, while the p41-Arc subunit is a WD repeat-containing protein that may regulate both the activity and localization of the Arp2/3 complex. (bdbiosciences.com)
A PROFILIN binding domain protein that is part of the Arp2-3 complex. (bvsalud.org)
Component of the Arp2/3 complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates actin polymerization upon stimulation by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) (PubMed:9230079). (nih.gov)
The Arp2/3 complex mediates the formation of branched actin networks in the cytoplasm, providing the force for cell motility (PubMed:9230079). (nih.gov)
The Arp2/3 complex promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA damage by promoting nuclear actin polymerization, leading to drive motility of double-strand breaks (DSBs) (PubMed:29925947). (nih.gov)
This gene encodes one of seven subunits of the human Arp2/3 protein complex. (nih.gov)
The Arp2/3 protein complex has been implicated in the control of actin polymerization in cells and has been conserved through evolution. (nih.gov)
XIII" YMR047C 3 13 3 YMR047C "Nuclear pore complex protein that is member of GLFG repeat-containing family of nucleoporins and is,XIII" YMR049C 3 13 4 YMR049C "Ymr049cp,XIII" YMR051C 3 13 5 YMR051C "TyA Gag protein. (davidson.edu)
Proteins Proteins Linear polypeptides that are synthesized on ribosomes and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. (lecturio.com)
4, 5 Complex cDNA probes can cross-hybridize to related sequences, and low-intensity hybridization indicators are challenging to interpret. (irjs.info)

The SMARCA2 gene provides instructions for making one piece (subunit) of a group of similar protein complexes known as SWI/SNF complexes. (medlineplus.gov)
Almost all SMARCA2 gene mutations that cause Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the protein. (medlineplus.gov)
These changes occur in an area near the SMARCA2 gene called the promoter region, which controls the production of the SMARCA2 protein. (medlineplus.gov)
The reduced gene activity likely decreases or alters protein production, which would lead to changes in SWI/SNF complexes. (medlineplus.gov)
Neuron-specific gene 2 (NSG2) encodes for one of the most abundant proteins in the nervous system during perinatal development. (eneuro.org)
Because of their morphologic and functional complexity, neurons have evolved specialized proteins like those of the neuron-specific gene family [neuron-specific gene (NSG)1-NSG3]. (eneuro.org)
Neuron-specific gene 2 (NSG2, neuronal vesicle trafficking-associated 2) belongs to the "neuron-specific gene" family of small, single-pass transmembrane proteins that localize to vesicular compartments within neuronal dendrites. (eneuro.org)
In addition to inhibition of cancer cell migration, tumor suppressor gene DLC1 Rho GTPase activating protein level was upregulated and its phosphorylation was enhanced by AKT with resveratrol treatment. (spandidos-publications.com)
The gene repertoire of the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (LECA) would have therefore harbored both actin and various ARPs. (pasteur.fr)
Phylogenetic analyses suggest an early recruitment of an actin-related gene by viruses from ancient protoeukaryotic hosts before the emergence of modern eukaryotes, possibly followed by a back transfer that gave rise to eukaryotic actins. (pasteur.fr)
We down-modulated AP-2α expression in GN-11 neurons by RNA interference and observe reduced neuron migration following the activation of a specific genetic programme including the Adhesion Related Kinase ( Axl ) gene. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, we demonstrate that the AP-2α regulated gene Axl is an essential player in GN-11 neuron migration. (biomedcentral.com)
We proved that Axl is essential for GN-11 cell movement and that AP-2α directly regulates Axl transcription by binding to canonical AP-2 binding sites present in the promoter of this gene. (biomedcentral.com)
RAC2 is a small signaling G protein/GTPase which is part of the RAS superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins which regulate cell growth, actin cytoskeletal organization, cell proliferation, survival, cell cycle progression, gene transcription rgulation and the activation of protein kinases. (prospecbio.com)
The protein encoded by this gene is a 3'-exoribonuclease, with similarity to the RNase D family of 3'-exonucleases. (origene.com)
Functional Analysis of Actin Gene from Senecio scandens Buch. (nefu.edu.cn)
Notably, it was concluded that actin protein might play an important role in the regulation of gene transcription in higher plants, without changeable advanced structure even if a few amino acid mutation sites. (nefu.edu.cn)
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of 1-Hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate Synthase Gene cDNA from Eucommia ulmoides [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2012, 32(4): 444-451. (nefu.edu.cn)
Elivaldogene autotemcel is a one-time gene therapy designed to add functional copies of the ABCD1 gene into a patient's own hematopoietic stem cells, resulting in the production of the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP). (medscape.com)
OBM Geriatrics is an Open Access journal published quarterly online by LIDSEN Publishing Inc. The journal takes the premise that innovative approaches - including gene therapy, cell therapy, and epigenetic modulation - will result in clinical interventions that alter the fundamental pathology and the clinical course of age-related human diseases. (lidsen.com)
With the changing emphasis from genetic to epigenetic understandings of pathology (including telomere biology), with the use of gene delivery systems (including viral delivery systems), and with the use of cell-based therapies (including stem cell therapies), a fatalistic view of age-related disease is no longer a reasonable clinical default nor an appropriate clinical research paradigm. (lidsen.com)
The strongest genetic risk factor is the presence of the epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene, which encodes a protein that has a crucial role in cholesterol metabolism. (lidsen.com)
In fact, in people with mutations in the gene that encodes this protein, neurons fail to migrate properly during development. (nih.gov)
1. Collett, M S. et al: Protein kinase activity associated with the avian sarcoma virus src gene product. (signalchem.com)

related proteins Arp2 and Arp3. (helmholtz-hzi.de)

AKT, a downstream kinase of PI3K, regulates many cellular proteins including metabolism, apoptosis and proliferation ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
We propose that differential actin occupancy of multiple RPEL motifs regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport and activity of MAL. (bath.ac.uk)
However, whether and how NF-κB regulates metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), specifically hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx)-initiated HCC, has not been determined. (bvsalud.org)
Expression of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein in dendritic cells regulates synapse formation and activation of naive CD8+ T cells. (medscape.com)
1] The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens[2] and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss. (hardmix.net)

The SMARCA2 protein and other SWI/SNF subunits are thought to act as tumor suppressors, which keep cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way. (medlineplus.gov)

In addition, activation of antiapoptotic factors including phospho-Akt (protein kinase B) and Bcl-2 was detected. (cdc.gov)
As a sirtuin (SIRT) 1 activator, resveratrol elevated SIRT1 protein expression and its enzyme activity and decreased expression levels of phosphorylated (p)‑phosphoinositide‑3‑kinase (PI3K), p‑AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1 (AKT), and its downstream target p‑Forkhead Box O3a in HepG2 cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
We performed a microarray analysis to identify the genetic programme activated by AP-2α and observed the modulation of a master regulator of GnRH + neuron migration, the Adhesion Related Kinase ( Ark ) also called Axl . (biomedcentral.com)
It is indicated for seizures associated with cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) deficiency disorder (CDD) in patients aged 2 years and older. (medscape.com)
2. Jacobs, C. et al: Expression of pp60c-src protein kinase in adult and fetal human tissue: high activities in some sarcomas and mammary carcinomas. (signalchem.com)

F-actin and microtubules (MTs) are the main mediators of neuronal polarity. (frontiersin.org)
Though the researchers are using a breast cancer cell line, their primary interest is in the doublecortin protein, which is normally found in association with microtubules in the developing brain. (nih.gov)

2013) 'Production and Release of Antimicrobial and Immune Defense Proteins by Mammary Epithelial Cells following Streptococcus uberis Infection of Sheep', Infection and Immunity. (bomiprot.org)
2. Epidermis - composed of epithelial cells, is the outermost protective shield of the body. (hardmix.net)

Lamellipodia are sheet-like, leading edge protrusions in firmly adherent cells that contain Arp2/3-generated dendritic actin networks. (nih.gov)
So far, research has been focused on the specific roles of actin in the axon, while it is becoming more and more apparent that in the dendrite, actin is not only confined to dendritic spines, but serves many additional and important functions. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we focus on recent developments regarding the role of actin in dendrite morphology, the regulation of actin dynamics by internal and external factors, and the role of F-actin in dendritic protein trafficking. (frontiersin.org)
B and T cells, type 2 dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells share a common ancestor: the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). (medscape.com)

Myofibrils are composed of long proteins including actin, myosin, and titin, and other proteins that hold them together. (rhumbarlv.com)

Furthermore, lamin A and beta-actin were cleaved. (cdc.gov)
Lamin A and beta-actin are involved in the process of apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
A. Oller 1 , G. Oberdorster 2 teins like beta-actin (ACTB) and keratin (KRT8, KRT2). (cdc.gov)

The nuclear LIM-only protein 4 (LMO4) is upregulated in breast cancer, especially estrogen receptor-negative tumors, and its overexpression in mice leads to hyperplasia and tumor formation. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Thus, disease is associated with expansions of 12 or more uninterrupted alanines in this nuclear protein. (bmj.com)
AMMECR nuclear protein 1 [S. (gsea-msigdb.org)
nuclear factor, erythroid 2. (gsea-msigdb.org)

Polyproline repeats within the proline-rich region provide possible sites for the binding of numerous Src-homology 3 (SH3)-domain-containing proteins (see poster) ( Takenawa and Suetsugu, 2007 ). (biologists.com)
A synthetic peptide was made homologous to amino acid residues 984-996 (HL-33) of the EGFR which shows high homology with the actin-binding domain of Acanthamoeba profilin. (rupress.org)

Apart from that striking feature, patches of F-actin and deep actin filament bundles have been described along the lengths of neurites. (frontiersin.org)

We show that the MAL RPEL domain binds actin more avidly than that of MC and that the RPEL motif itself is an actin-binding element. (bath.ac.uk)

MAL/MKL1/myocardin-related transcription factor A is cytoplasmic, accumulating in the nucleus upon activation of Rho GTPase signaling, which alters interactions between G-actin and the RPEL domain. (bath.ac.uk)
AP-2α is a transcription factor essential for neural crest cell migration and its mutation results in apoptosis within this cell population, as demonstrated by genetic models. (biomedcentral.com)
We prove that Axl is able to coordinate migration per se and by ChIP and promoter analysis we observe that its transcription is directly driven by AP-2α via the binding to one or more functional AP-2α binding sites present in its regulatory region. (biomedcentral.com)
1, 2, 3 The performance of the reverse transcription (RT) response may be suffering from the enzyme, primers, nucleotides, and RNA secondary framework. (irjs.info)

abstract = "Intersectin-s is a modular scaffolding protein regulating the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles1,2. (elsevier.com)
abstract = "Background: Changes in Gc-globulin (Gc) and in alpha-foetoprotein (AFP) have been shown to be related to outcome in patients with acute liver failure (ALF). (elsevier.com)

ribosomal protein L23 [Source:HG. (gsea-msigdb.org)

A number of actin-binding proteins, including spectrin, alpha-actinin and fimbrin, contain a 250 amino acid stretch called the actin binding domain (ABD). (embl.de)
Bacterial extracellular solute-binding proteins [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)

Pure T-cell deficiencies are caused by defects in either a CD3 subunit (such as CD3 δ, CD3 ζ, CD3 ε ) or in CD45 tyrosine phosphatase, key proteins involved in pre-TCR and/or TCR signaling at the positive selection stage. (medscape.com)
protein_coding" "AAC73969","clpA","Escherichia coli","ATPase and specificity subunit of ClpA-ClpP ATP-dependent serine protease, chaperone activity [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)

The WASP family consists of two principal classes of protein - WASPs and SCAR/WAVEs. (biologists.com)
Mammals typically have two WASPS - the haematopoietic-specific WASP and the ubiquitous N-WASP - and three SCAR/WAVE proteins. (biologists.com)
In this poster article, we describe the range of physiological functions that have been established for WASP and SCAR/WAVE proteins. (biologists.com)
The family in mammals comprises as classical members haematopoietic WASP, the more ubiquitous and neuronally enriched N-WASP and three WAVE isoforms (1,2,3). (helmholtz-hzi.de)
WASP family proteins, more than Arp2/3 activators. (medscape.com)
WASH and WAVE actin regulators of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family are controlled by analogous structurally related complexes. (medscape.com)

TUNEL assay revealed that resveratrol induced cell apoptosis by increasing HCC apoptosis rate from 3±0.78% to 16±1.12% with upregulation of B‑cell lymphoma (Bcl)‑2 associated X, apoptosis regulator and cleaved‑poly (ADP‑Ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP), and downregulation of Bcl‑2, caspase‑3, caspase‑7 and PARP. (spandidos-publications.com)

SCAR was the first name to be used, for both the Dictyostelium protein and its mammalian homologues, but in mammalian cells WAVE is now more commonly used. (biologists.com)
Gelation factor (ABP120) is one of the principal actin-cross-linking proteins of Dictyostelium discoideum. (embl.de)

Promotes localized and transient activation of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and thereby modulates the activity of Rho family GTPases. (idrblab.net)

Trichomonas vaginalis induced mitochondrial ROS production, apoptosis, the ER stress response and mitochondrial dysfunction, such as MMP depolarization and an imbalance in Bcl-2 family proteins, in SiHa cells in a parasite burden- and infection time-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
Trichomonas vaginalis induces apoptosis through mitochondrial ROS and ER stress responses, and also promotes ER stress-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis via the IRE1/ASK1/JNK/Bcl-2 family protein pathways in SiHa cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer stem cells (CSC) targeting was studied by mRNA and protein expression of CSC markers, by limiting dilution assay, and by flow cytometric and immunofluorescent evaluation of CSC mitochondrial and cellular oxidative stress. (biomedcentral.com)
Taurursodiol recovers mitochondrial bioenergetics deficits through several mechanisms, including by preventing translocation of the Bax protein into the mitochondrial membrane, thus reducing mitochondrial permeability and increasing the cell's apoptotic threshold. (medscape.com)

Resveratrol (RES, trans-3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenol compound derived from grapes, berries, peanuts and other sources, and it has inhibitory effects on several types of cancer cell lines such as colon, lung and prostate and affects diverse molecular targets ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Molecular and Cellular Biology , 28 (2), 732-742. (bath.ac.uk)
In the present study, actin protein was composed of 360 amino acid residues with the predicted molecular weight of 40.02 kDa and the theoretical isoelectric point of 5.85. (nefu.edu.cn)
Workplace exposures equivalent to no or low observable proteins and other molecular chaperones (valosin-containing pro- adverse effect concentrations in animals: Step by step tein or VCP) are up-regulated to handle the increase of misfolded approach and damaged proteins which are causing oxidative stress. (cdc.gov)
Sodium phenylbutyrate is a histone deacetylase inhibitor shown to upregulate heat-shock proteins and act as a small molecular chaperone, thereby ameliorating toxicity from endoplasmic reticulum stress. (medscape.com)
Geriatric medicine is now entering a unique point in history, where the focus will no longer be on palliative, ameliorative, or social aspects of care for age-related disease, but will be capable of stopping, preventing, and reversing major disease constellations that have heretofore been entirely resistant to interventions based on "small molecular" pharmacological approaches. (lidsen.com)

Using the nucleotide-binding sites of proteins TNR kinases specifically at heart as drug-targets, several chemical libraries have already been curated that consist of substances either knownor forecasted and purified to homogeneity [8]. (immune-source.com)

Fetal actin can be localized in regenerating skeletal muscle after injury (in satellite cells) and in veins of the umbelical cord. (progen.com)
2002) 'Mice lacking skeletal muscle actin show reduced muscle strength and growth deficits and die during the neonatal period. (bomiprot.org)
Myofiber necrosis (myonecrosis) is histologically characterized by 1 Page 2 Skeletal Muscle - Necrosis swollen, deeply eosinophilic, homogeneous myofibers that lack cross striations (hyalinization). (rhumbarlv.com)

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a small subset of cells characterized by self-renewal capability, distinctive metabolism and resistance to anticancer agents [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
GIP is an incretin hormone that induces insulin secretion in response to a meal (primarily by hyperosmolarity of glucose in the duodenum) to facilitate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. (medscape.com)

Determination of the actin-binding domain of the EGFR was done by measuring competition of either a polyclonal antibody or synthetic peptides on EGFR cosedimentation with F-actin. (rupress.org)
A polyclonal antibody raised against HL-33 was found to prevent cosedimentation of EGFR with F-actin. (rupress.org)
Lane 1: 1:1000, lane 2: 1:2000, lane 3: 1:4000 dilution of the mouse anti- p21-Arc antibody. (bdbiosciences.com)
Western blot analysis of human heart whole tissue lysate and with anti-Cardiac Actin antibody. (progen.com)
The primary antibody anti-Cardiac Actin mouse monoclonal, AC1-20.4.2 (Cat. (progen.com)
The approval strategy is described here , and each antibody can be scored as either supportive or uncertain depending on the level of congruency between RNA and protein data. (proteinatlas.org)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (1elisakits.com)

Mitochondria are important in the regulation and transmission of apoptotic signals, which are regulated by maintaining a balance among the levels of the Bcl-2-family proteins [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Myocardin (MC) family proteins are transcriptional coactivators for serum response factor (SRF). (bath.ac.uk)

Actin is a versatile and ubiquitous cytoskeletal protein that plays a major role in both the establishment and the maintenance of neuronal polarity. (frontiersin.org)

protein tyrosine phosphatase rec. (gsea-msigdb.org)
this leads to the phosphorylation of additional tyrosine residues, creating binding sites for scaffold proteins, effectors and substrates. (idrblab.net)
Src was originally identified as a transforming protein of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) that had enzymatic ability to phosphorylate tyrosine in protein substrates (1). (signalchem.com)

Actin binding domains present in duplicate at the N-termini of spectrin-like proteins (including dystrophin, alpha-actinin). (embl.de)

This peptide HL-33 was shown to bind directly to actin in contrast with a synthetic peptide homologous to residues 1001-1013 (HL-34). (rupress.org)
RPEL1 and RPEL2 of MC bind actin weakly compared with those of MAL, while RPEL3 is of comparable and low affinity in the two proteins. (bath.ac.uk)
Each single ABD, comprising two CH domains, is able to bind one actin monomer in the filament. (embl.de)
The N-terminal CH domain has the intrinsic ability to bind actin, albeit with lower affinity than the complete ABD, whereas the C-terminal CH bind actin extremely weakly or not at all. (embl.de)
In addition, the CH domain occurs also in a number of proteins not known to bind actin, a notable example being the vav protooncogene. (embl.de)

XV" YOL105C 1 15 18 YOL105C "Putative integral membrane protein containing novel cysteine motif. (davidson.edu)
RNA binding motif protein 3. (gsea-msigdb.org)

Silvin C, Belisle B, Abo A. A role for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein in T-cell receptor-mediated transcriptional activation independent of actin polymerization. (medscape.com)
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP) in samples from tissue homogenates or other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)

Two oncogenic proteins named as the HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper protein (HBZ) and the transactivator protein (Tax) are frequently expressed by the HTLV-1 genome. (biomedcentral.com)

These results demonstrate that the EGFR is an actin-binding protein which binds to actin via a domain containing amino acids residues 984-996. (rupress.org)
Human recombinant protein fragment corresponding to amino acids 1-266 of human PARN (NP_002573) produced in E.coli. (origene.com)
Proteins containing only a single amino terminal CH domain. (embl.de)
The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during protein folding, and the function of the protein. (lecturio.com)

We knocked down AP-2α expression by RNA interference (RNAi) and analysed migration and motility. (biomedcentral.com)
Motility Screen Identifies Drosophila IGF-II mRNA-Binding Protein-Zipcode-Binding Protein Acting in Oogenesis and Synaptogenesis. (ens.fr)

In addition, multidisciplinary approaches are strongly desirable to pinpoint new strategies able to interfere with oxidative stress and inflammaging in order to delay the onset of age-related pathologies and provide a healthy lifespan of aging population in the long run. (mdpi.com)
Herein, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of diapocynin, an oxidative metabolite of the naturally occurring agent apocynin, in a pre-clinical 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. (springer.com)
On the other hand, the part of uric bilirubin and acidity in the prognosis of oxidative stress-related illnesses continues to be questionable4,5. (healthweblognews.info)
Treatment with 2,2-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment improved the Percentage of fluorescence, however in a different way, displaying that oxidative burst induced reactive air KIAA1516 species (ROS) creation only in triggered cells, while all cells had been delicate to exogenous ROS damage (Fig. 1). (healthweblognews.info)

Lentivirus -mediated overexpression of miR-504 , which mimics its reported expression change in postmortem brain tissues of bipolar disorder, decreased endogenous Shank3 protein in cultured hippocampal neurons. (mirbase.org)
A classical example is the migration of neurons related to sexual behaviours, such as the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH + ) neurons [ 1 ], through the olfactory compartment and into the hypothalamus. (biomedcentral.com)

An RNAi screen in a novel model of oriented divisions identifies the actin capping protein Z β as an essential regulator of spindle orientation. (ens.fr)

Functions in integrin signal transduction, but also in signaling downstream of numerous growth factor receptors, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), EPHA2, netrin receptors and LDL receptors. (idrblab.net)

In cultured cells, expression of DH-domain-containing constructs cause actin rearrangements specific for Cdc42 activation. (elsevier.com)
The seventies came around, and radioimmunoassays were being widely used to measure carcinoembryonic antigen as a potential early detection marker for carcinoma and UC disease activity, and beta-2-microglobulin as an indicator of lymphocyte activation during CD inflammation. (medscape.com)
Western-blot analysis showed an activation of proapoptotic factors including Fas (CD95), Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), caspase-8, death receptor 3 (DR3) and BID in apoptotic cells induced by metallic nickel particles. (cdc.gov)
Activation of Akt and Bcl-2 may play an important role in preventing cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm and may also be important in the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel particles. (cdc.gov)
Analysis of migration in AP-2α null mouse embryo fibroblasts also reveals an essential role for AP-2α in cell movement via the activation of a distinct genetic programme. (biomedcentral.com)
We show that AP-2α plays an essential role in cell movement via the activation of cell-specific genetic programmes. (biomedcentral.com)
NRF2 activation depends on its dissociation from the repressor protein KEAP1 and its subsequent translocation into the nucleus 2 . (nature.com)
Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein is a reliable marker for HSC activation 1 . (internal-medicine-centers.com)
Rac1,2,3 G-LISA ™ Activation Assay (Cat. (cytoskeleton.com)

NSG2 belongs to a family of small neuronal endosomal proteins but its function has remained uncharacterized to date. (eneuro.org)
Con respecto a los modelos animales en TEA, muchos estudios se centran en la expresión génica, la migración y maduración neuronal cortical y los déficits de la red neuronal, pero muy pocos son los estudios que relacionen directamente la comunicación oral animal y la expresión génica en áreas corticales del lenguaje. (bvsalud.org)

In active state, RAC2 binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses, such as secretory processes, phagocytose of apoptotic cells and epithelial cell polarization. (prospecbio.com)
Gc is a serum protein that complexes with intravascular actin released during cellular necrosis. (elsevier.com)
Multiple and different cellular activities have already been related to the PP-InsPs, but an over-arching hypothesis sights them as performing as an user interface between energy fat burning capacity and cell-signaling [3,5,6]. (immune-source.com)

Recombinant small G-proteins and human platelet extract were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane according to the method given in this datasheet. (cytoskeleton.com)

In post-stroke lung tissue, the loss of endogenous SOD3 correlated with increases in 4-HNE modified proteins indicative of elevated oxidant stress. (rochester.edu)
Some terms (e.g.: blood) may appear in names of tissue, protein or disease or be included in an article title. (expasy.org)
1,2 In the most common form, bioprinting uses a computer-assisted motorized device for the layerby-layer deposition of biocompatible materials, viable cells, growth factors, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs, and supporting components into precise geometries to create functionally and structurally biomimetic tissue constructs. (sigmaaldrich.com)
2 More recently, the fabrication of functional tissue models using 3D bioprinting approaches have been used in disease modeling, drug development, and screening of personalized therapeutics. (sigmaaldrich.com)
4 Herein we briefly review bioink selections and provide representative examples relating to the applications of 3D bioprinting in tissue model biofabrication ( Figure 1 ). (sigmaaldrich.com)

Perhaps the most striking F-actin-based structures in dendrites are so-called spines, small membranous protrusions that harbor synapses. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy27

Organisms16

Chemicals and Drugs114

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes63

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science8

Actin polymerization: Where the WASP stings. (1/274)

Scar, a WASp-related protein, activates nucleation of actin filaments by the Arp2/3 complex. (2/274)

Relationship between Arp2/3 complex and the barbed ends of actin filaments at the leading edge of carcinoma cells after epidermal growth factor stimulation. (3/274)

The interaction between N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex links Cdc42-dependent signals to actin assembly. (4/274)

Rho-family GTPases require the Arp2/3 complex to stimulate actin polymerization in Acanthamoeba extracts. (5/274)

Activation of the yeast Arp2/3 complex by Bee1p, a WASP-family protein. (6/274)

The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein directs actin-based motility by stimulating actin nucleation with the Arp2/3 complex. (7/274)

Arp2/3 complex and actin depolymerizing factor/cofilin in dendritic organization and treadmilling of actin filament array in lamellipodia. (8/274)

Actins

Actin Cytoskeleton

Actin Depolymerizing Factors

Actin Capping Proteins

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Cytoskeleton

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Phalloidine

Protein Binding

Proteins

Thiazolidines

Gelsolin

Sequence Alignment

Base Sequence

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Cytoskeletal Proteins

Profilins

Cytochalasin D

Carrier Proteins

Myosins

Membrane Proteins

Cell Line

Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic

Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Rabbits

Binding Sites

Mutation

Contractile Proteins

Cloning, Molecular

Cells, Cultured

Signal Transduction

Pseudopodia

Tropomyosin

Models, Molecular

RNA, Messenger

DNA-Binding Proteins

Phosphorylation

Actin-Related Protein 2

Nuclear Proteins

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Actin-Related Protein 3

Models, Biological

Protein Conformation

Recombinant Proteins

DNA, Complementary

Phosphoproteins

Polymerization

Microscopy, Electron

Two-Hybrid System Techniques

Actomyosin

Actinin

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Kinetics

Cell Cycle Proteins

Polymers

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

Fungal Proteins

Cell Movement

Blotting, Western

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein

Transcription Factors

HeLa Cells

Cell Membrane

Depsipeptides

Muscles

Transfection

Protein Transport

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Protein Isoforms

Molecular Weight

Calcium-Binding Proteins

Microtubules

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal

Biopolymers

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Gene Expression Regulation

Chickens