Actin cytoskeleton. Medical search

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

Fibers composed of MICROFILAMENT PROTEINS, which are predominately ACTIN. They are the smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments.

A family of low MOLECULAR WEIGHT actin-binding proteins found throughout eukaryotes. They remodel the actin CYTOSKELETON by severing ACTIN FILAMENTS and increasing the rate of monomer dissociation.

Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.

A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.

Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.

A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

Actin capping proteins are cytoskeletal proteins that bind to the ends of ACTIN FILAMENTS to regulate actin polymerization.

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.

A dynamic actin-rich extension of the surface of an animal cell used for locomotion or prehension of food.

Compounds consisting of chains of AMINO ACIDS alternating with CARBOXYLIC ACIDS via ester and amide linkages. They are commonly cyclized.

A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. It is associated with a diverse array of cellular functions including cytoskeletal changes, filopodia formation and transport through the GOLGI APPARATUS. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Proteins which participate in contractile processes. They include MUSCLE PROTEINS as well as those found in other cells and tissues. In the latter, these proteins participate in localized contractile events in the cytoplasm, in motile activity, and in cell aggregation phenomena.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Bundles of actin filaments (ACTIN CYTOSKELETON) and myosin-II that span across the cell attaching to the cell membrane at FOCAL ADHESIONS and to the network of INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS that surrounds the nucleus.

A rac GTP-binding protein involved in regulating actin filaments at the plasma membrane. It controls the development of filopodia and lamellipodia in cells and thereby influences cellular motility and adhesion. It is also involved in activation of NADPH OXIDASE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A family of low molecular weight proteins that bind ACTIN and control actin polymerization. They are found in eukaryotes and are ubiquitously expressed.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.

A 90-kDa protein produced by macrophages that severs ACTIN filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by CALCIUM ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some CELLS.

A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The amino acid sequence of human vinculin has been determined. The protein consists of 1066 amino acid residues and its gene has been assigned to chromosome 10.

A sub-family of RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that is involved in regulating the organization of cytoskeletal filaments. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

WASP protein is mutated in WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME and is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells. It is the founding member of the WASP protein family and interacts with CDC42 PROTEIN to help regulate ACTIN polymerization.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A complex of seven proteins including ARP2 PROTEIN and ARP3 PROTEIN that plays an essential role in maintenance and assembly of the CYTOSKELETON. Arp2-3 complex binds WASP PROTEIN and existing ACTIN FILAMENTS, and it nucleates the formation of new branch point filaments.

A family of crosslinking filament proteins encoded by distinct FLN genes. Filamins are involved in cell adhesion, spreading, and migration, acting as scaffolds for over 90 binding partners including channels, receptors, intracellular signaling molecules and transcription factors. Due to the range of molecular interactions, mutations in FLN genes result in anomalies with moderate to lethal consequences.

An anchoring junction of the cell to a non-cellular substrate. It is composed of a specialized area of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON terminate and attach to the transmembrane linkers, INTEGRINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.

A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.

The quality of surface form or outline of CELLS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Compounds that inhibit cell production of DNA or RNA.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

11- to 14-membered macrocyclic lactones with a fused isoindolone. Members with INDOLES attached at the C10 position are called chaetoglobosins. They are produced by various fungi. Some members interact with ACTIN and inhibit CYTOKINESIS.

Serine protein kinases involved in the regulation of ACTIN polymerization and MICROTUBULE disassembly. Their activity is regulated by phosphorylation of a threonine residue within the activation loop by intracellular signaling kinases such as P21-ACTIVATED KINASES and by RHO KINASE.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Specialized structures of the cell that extend the cell membrane and project out from the cell surface.

A PROFILIN binding domain protein that is part of the Arp2-3 complex. It is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and binds ATP.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

Chemical reaction in which monomeric components are combined to form POLYMERS (e.g., POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE).

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A component of the Arp2-3 complex that is related in sequence and structure to ACTIN and that binds ATP. It is expressed at higher levels than ARP2 PROTEIN and does not contain a PROFILIN binding domain.

A microfilament protein that interacts with F-ACTIN and regulates cortical actin assembly and organization. It is also an SH3 DOMAIN containing phosphoprotein, and it mediates tyrosine PHOSPHORYLATION based SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(C-SRC).

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

A member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family that is found at high levels in NERVE CELLS. It interacts with GRB2 ADAPTOR PROTEIN and with CDC42 PROTEIN.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

A family of microfilament proteins whose name derives from the fact that mutations in members of this protein family have been associated with WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME. They are involved in ACTIN polymerization and contain a polyproline-rich region that binds to PROFILIN, and a verprolin homology domain that binds G-ACTIN.

The subfamily of myosin proteins that are commonly found in muscle fibers. Myosin II is also involved a diverse array of cellular functions including cell division, transport within the GOLGI APPARATUS, and maintaining MICROVILLI structure.

The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.

Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

Anchoring points where the CYTOSKELETON of neighboring cells are connected to each other. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON attach to the membrane through the transmembrane linkers, CADHERINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to cadherins in the neighboring cell membranes. In sheets of cells, they form into adhesion belts (zonula adherens) that go all the way around a cell.

Paxillin is a signal transducing adaptor protein that localizes to FOCAL ADHESIONS via its four LIM domains. It undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to integrin-mediated CELL ADHESION, and interacts with a variety of proteins including VINCULIN; FOCAL ADHESION KINASE; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(C-SRC); and PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN C-CRK.

Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

Proteins that activate the GTPase of specific GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

A protein complex of actin and MYOSINS occurring in muscle. It is the essential contractile substance of muscle.

A catenin that binds F-ACTIN and links the CYTOSKELETON with BETA CATENIN and GAMMA CATENIN.

A member of the actin depolymerizing factors. Its depolymerizing activity is independent of HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION.

A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.

A GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating a signal transduction pathway that controls assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

Enzymes that hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A 235-kDa cytoplasmic protein that is also found in platelets. It has been localized to regions of cell-substrate adhesion. It binds to INTEGRINS; VINCULIN; and ACTINS and appears to participate in generating a transmembrane connection between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by TROPONIN.

Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Its natural habitat is decaying forest leaves, where it feeds on bacteria. D. discoideum is the best-known species and is widely used in biomedical research.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A phosphoinositide present in all eukaryotic cells, particularly in the plasma membrane. It is the major substrate for receptor-stimulated phosphoinositidase C, with the consequent formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol, and probably also for receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid 3-kinase. (Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

Microscopy in which television cameras are used to brighten magnified images that are otherwise too dark to be seen with the naked eye. It is used frequently in TELEPATHOLOGY.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

Polymers synthesized by living organisms. They play a role in the formation of macromolecular structures and are synthesized via the covalent linkage of biological molecules, especially AMINO ACIDS; NUCLEOTIDES; and CARBOHYDRATES.

A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.

A family of serine-threonine kinases that bind to and are activated by MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS such as RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS and CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN. They are intracellular signaling kinases that play a role the regulation of cytoskeletal organization.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

A member of the Rho family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS from SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. It is involved in morphological events related to the cell cycle. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

Cofilin 1 is a member of the cofilin family of proteins that is expressed in non-muscle CELLS. It has ACTIN depolymerization activity that is dependent on HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE).

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Regions of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE similarity in the SRC-FAMILY TYROSINE KINASES that fold into specific functional tertiary structures. The SH1 domain is a CATALYTIC DOMAIN. SH2 and SH3 domains are protein interaction domains. SH2 usually binds PHOSPHOTYROSINE-containing proteins and SH3 interacts with CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS.

A subclass of myosins found generally associated with actin-rich membrane structures such as filopodia. Members of the myosin type I family are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. The heavy chains of myosin type I lack coiled-coil forming sequences in their tails and therefore do not dimerize.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.

Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus.

A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane.

Toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. They include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous FISHES.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is localized to FOCAL ADHESIONS and is a central component of integrin-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. Focal adhesion kinase 1 interacts with PAXILLIN and undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to adhesion of cell surface integrins to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. Phosphorylated p125FAK protein binds to a variety of SH2 DOMAIN and SH3 DOMAIN containing proteins and helps regulate CELL ADHESION and CELL MIGRATION.

A zinc-binding phosphoprotein that concentrates at focal adhesions and along the actin cytoskeleton. Zyxin has an N-terminal proline-rich domain and three LIM domains in its C-terminal half.

A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)

Detergent-insoluble CELL MEMBRANE components. They are enriched in SPHINGOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Octoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide.

The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.

A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.

Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

The process by which the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

A subclass of myosin involved in organelle transport and membrane targeting. It is abundantly found in nervous tissue and neurosecretory cells. The heavy chains of myosin V contain unusually long neck domains that are believed to aid in translocating molecules over large distances.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Proteins which bind calmodulin. They are found in many tissues and have a variety of functions including F-actin cross-linking properties, inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and calcium and magnesium ATPases.

A method used to study the lateral movement of MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. A small area of a cell membrane is bleached by laser light and the amount of time necessary for unbleached fluorescent marker-tagged proteins to diffuse back into the bleached site is a measurement of the cell membrane's fluidity. The diffusion coefficient of a protein or lipid in the membrane can be calculated from the data. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995).

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Highly differentiated epithelial cells of the visceral layer of BOWMAN CAPSULE of the KIDNEY. They are composed of a cell body with major CELL SURFACE EXTENSIONS and secondary fingerlike extensions called pedicels. They enwrap the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS capillaries with their cell surface extensions forming a filtration structure. The pedicels of neighboring podocytes interdigitate with each other leaving between them filtration slits that are bridged by an extracellular structure impermeable to large macromolecules called the slit diaphragm, and provide the last barrier to protein loss in the KIDNEY.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.

Cell-cell junctions that seal adjacent epithelial cells together, preventing the passage of most dissolved molecules from one side of the epithelial sheet to the other. (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, p22)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A family of high molecular weight GTP phosphohydrolases that play a direct role in vesicle transport. They associate with microtubule bundles (MICROTUBULES) and are believed to produce mechanical force via a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.50.

Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.

Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.

Bulbous enlargement of the growing tip of nerve axons and dendrites. They are crucial to neuronal development because of their pathfinding ability and their role in synaptogenesis.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

The movement of CYTOPLASM within a CELL. It serves as an internal transport system for moving essential substances throughout the cell, and in single-celled organisms, such as the AMOEBA, it is responsible for the movement (CELL MOVEMENT) of the entire cell.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.

The smaller subunits of MYOSINS that bind near the head groups of MYOSIN HEAVY CHAINS. The myosin light chains have a molecular weight of about 20 KDa and there are usually one essential and one regulatory pair of light chains associated with each heavy chain. Many myosin light chains that bind calcium are considered "calmodulin-like" proteins.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.

Spiny processes on DENDRITES, each of which receives excitatory input from one nerve ending (NERVE ENDINGS). They are commonly found on PURKINJE CELLS and PYRAMIDAL CELLS.

A genus of Eurasian herbaceous plants, the poppies (family PAPAVERACEAE of the dicotyledon class Magnoliopsida), that yield OPIUM from the latex of the unripe seed pods.

Phosphatidylinositols in which one or more alcohol group of the inositol has been substituted with a phosphate group.

An intermediate filament protein found in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture, and in certain fully differentiated cells. Its insolubility suggests that it serves a structural function in the cytoplasm. MW 52,000.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

PROTEINS that specifically activate the GTP-phosphohydrolase activity of RAS PROTEINS.

A class of organic compounds containing four or more ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic.

Recording serial images of a process at regular intervals spaced out over a longer period of time than the time in which the recordings will be played back.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)

A family of cytoskeletal proteins that play essential roles in CELL ADHESION at ADHERENS JUNCTIONS by linking CADHERINS to the ACTIN FILAMENTS of the CYTOSKELETON.

MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that were initially recognized as allosteric activators of the MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE of the CHOLERA TOXIN catalytic subunit. They are involved in vesicle trafficking and activation of PHOSPHOLIPASE D. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47

The engulfing of liquids by cells by a process of invagination and closure of the cell membrane to form fluid-filled vacuoles.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins.

Signaling proteins which function as master molecular switches by activating Rho GTPases through conversion of guanine nucleotides. Rho GTPases in turn control many aspects of cell behavior through the regulation of multiple downstream signal transduction pathways.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.

A nonmuscle isoform of myosin type II found predominantly in platelets, lymphocytes, neutrophils and brush border enterocytes.

Compounds based on 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide. The '-anil-' part of the name refers to aniline.

A large class of structurally-related proteins that contain one or more LIM zinc finger domains. Many of the proteins in this class are involved in intracellular signaling processes and mediate their effects via LIM domain protein-protein interactions. The name LIM is derived from the first three proteins in which the motif was found: LIN-11, Isl1 and Mec-3.

The larger subunits of MYOSINS. The heavy chains have a molecular weight of about 230 kDa and each heavy chain is usually associated with a dissimilar pair of MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS. The heavy chains possess actin-binding and ATPase activity.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A family of 3,6-di(substituted-amino)-9-benzoate derivatives of xanthene that are used as dyes and as indicators for various metals; also used as fluorescent tracers in histochemistry.

Agents that interact with TUBULIN to inhibit or promote polymerization of MICROTUBULES.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

Properties of filament-bound myosin light chain kinase. (1/3815)

Myosin light chain kinase binds to actin-containing filaments from cells with a greater affinity than to F-actin. However, it is not known if this binding in cells is regulated by Ca2+/calmodulin as it is with F-actin. Therefore, the binding properties of the kinase to stress fibers were examined in smooth muscle-derived A7r5 cells. Full-length myosin light chain kinase or a truncation mutant lacking residues 2-142 was expressed as chimeras containing green fluorescent protein at the C terminus. In intact cells, the full-length kinase bound to stress fibers, whereas the truncated kinase showed diffuse fluorescence in the cytoplasm. After permeabilization with saponin, the fluorescence from the truncated kinase disappeared, whereas the fluorescence of the full-length kinase was retained on stress fibers. Measurements of fluorescence intensities and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching of the full-length myosin light chain kinase in saponin-permeable cells showed that Ca2+/calmodulin did not dissociate the kinase from these filaments. However, the filament-bound kinase was sufficient for Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain and contraction of stress fibers. Thus, dissociation of myosin light chain kinase from actin-containing thin filaments is not necessary for phosphorylation of myosin light chain in thick filaments. We note that the distance between the N terminus and the catalytic core of the kinase is sufficient to span the distance between thin and thick filaments. (+info)

RhoA activity is required for fibronectin assembly and counteracts beta1B integrin inhibitory effect in FRT epithelial cells. (2/3815)

FRT thyroid epithelial cells synthesize fibronectin and organize a network of fibronectin fibrils at the basal surface of the cells. Fibronectin fibril formation is enhanced by the overexpression of the ubiquitous beta1A integrin and is inhibited by the expression of the dominant-negative beta1B subunit. We tested the hypotheses that RhoA activity might mediate the integrin-dependent fibronectin fibrillogenesis and might counteract beta1B integrin inhibitory effect. FRT-beta1A cells were transfected with a vector carrying a dominant negative form of RhoA (RhoAN19) or treated with the C3 transferase exoenzyme. Both treatments inhibited fibronectin assembly and caused loss of actin microfilaments and adhesion plaques. On the other hand, FRT-beta1B cells were transfected with the constitutively activated form of RhoA (RhoAV14) or treated with the E. coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1, which directly activates RhoA. Either treatment restored microfilament and adhesion plaque assembly and promoted fibronectin fibril organization. A great increase in fibronectin fibril assembly was also obtained by treatment of FRT-beta1B cells with TGF-beta. Our data indicate that RhoA is required to promote fibronectin matrix assembly in FRT cells and that the activation of the signal transduction pathway downstream of RhoA can overcome the inhibitory effect of beta1B integrin. (+info)

Filament assembly from profilin-actin. (3/3815)

Profilin plays a major role in the assembly of actin filament at the barbed ends. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for barbed end assembly from profilin-actin have been measured turbidimetrically. Filament growth from profilin-actin requires MgATP to be bound to actin. No assembly is observed from profilin-CaATP-actin. The rate constant for association of profilin-actin to barbed ends is 30% lower than that of actin, and the critical concentration for F-actin assembly from profilin-actin units is 0.3 microM under physiological ionic conditions. Barbed ends grow from profilin-actin with an ADP-Pi cap. Profilin does not cap the barbed ends and is not detectably incorporated into filaments. The EDC-cross-linked profilin-actin complex (PAcov) both copolymerizes with F-actin and undergoes spontaneous self-assembly, following a nucleation-growth process characterized by a critical concentration of 0.2 microM under physiological conditions. The PAcov polymer is a helical filament that displays the same diffraction pattern as F-actin, with layer lines at 6 and 36 nm. The PAcov filaments bound phalloidin with the same kinetics as F-actin, bound myosin subfragment-1, and supported actin-activated ATPase of myosin subfragment-1, but they did not translocate in vitro along myosin-coated glass surfaces. These results are discussed in light of the current models of actin structure. (+info)

Origin of contractile dysfunction in heart failure: calcium cycling versus myofilaments. (4/3815)

BACKGROUND: Chronic congestive heart failure is a common, often lethal disorder of cardiac contractility. The fundamental pathophysiology of the contractile failure remains unclear, the focus being on abnormal Ca2+ cycling despite emerging evidence for depressed myofilament function. METHODS AND RESULTS: We measured intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and contractile force in intact ventricular muscle from SHHF rats with spontaneous heart failure and from age-matched controls. At physiological concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o), [Ca2+]i transients were equal in amplitude in the 2 groups, but [Ca2+]i peaked later in SHHF muscles. Twitch force peaked slowly and was equivalent or modestly decreased in amplitude relative to controls. Steady-state analysis revealed a much greater (53%) depression of maximal Ca2+-activated force in SHHF muscles, which, had other factors been equal, would have produced an equivalent suppression of twitch force. Phase-plane analysis reveals that the slowing of Ca2+ cycling prolongs the time available for Ca2+ to activate the myofilaments in failing muscle, partially compensating for the marked dysfunction of the contractile machinery. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that myofilament activation is severely blunted in heart failure, but concomitant changes in [Ca2+]i kinetics minimize the contractile depression. These results challenge prevailing concepts regarding the pathophysiology of heart failure: the myofilaments emerge as central players, whereas changes in Ca2+ cycling are reinterpreted as compensatory rather than causative. (+info)

Fast inactivation of a brain K+ channel composed of Kv1.1 and Kvbeta1.1 subunits modulated by G protein beta gamma subunits. (5/3815)

Modulation of A-type voltage-gated K+ channels can produce plastic changes in neuronal signaling. It was shown that the delayed-rectifier Kv1.1 channel can be converted to A-type upon association with Kvbeta1.1 subunits; the conversion is only partial and is modulated by phosphorylation and microfilaments. Here we show that, in Xenopus oocytes, expression of Gbeta1gamma2 subunits concomitantly with the channel (composed of Kv1.1 and Kvbeta1.1 subunits), but not after the channel's expression in the plasma membrane, increases the extent of conversion to A-type. Conversely, scavenging endogenous Gbetagamma by co-expression of the C-terminal fragment of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase reduces the extent of conversion to A-type. The effect of Gbetagamma co-expression is occluded by treatment with dihydrocytochalasin B, a microfilament-disrupting agent shown previously by us to enhance the extent of conversion to A-type, and by overexpression of Kvbeta1.1. Gbeta1gamma2 subunits interact directly with GST fusion fragments of Kv1.1 and Kvbeta1.1. Co-expression of Gbeta1gamma2 causes co-immunoprecipitation with Kv1.1 of more Kvbeta1.1 subunits. Thus, we suggest that Gbeta1gamma2 directly affects the interaction between Kv1.1 and Kvbeta1.1 during channel assembly which, in turn, disrupts the ability of the channel to interact with microfilaments, resulting in an increased extent of A-type conversion. (+info)

Syndecan-4 signals cooperatively with integrins in a Rho-dependent manner in the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. (6/3815)

The assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers by cells plated on fibronectin depends on adhesion-mediated signals involving both integrins and cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. These two cell-surface receptors interact with different domains of fibronectin. To attempt to identify the heparan sulfate proteoglycans involved, we used fibronectin-null (FN-/-) mouse fibroblasts to eliminate the contribution of endogenous fibronectin during the analysis. FN-/- fibroblasts plated on the cell-binding domain of fibronectin or on antibodies directed against mouse beta1 integrin chains attach but fail to spread and do not form focal adhesions or actin stress fibers. When such cells are treated with antibodies directed against the ectodomain of mouse syndecan-4, they spread fully and assemble focal adhesions and actin stress fibers indistinguishable from those seen in cells plated on intact fibronectin. These results identify syndecan-4 as a heparan sulfate proteoglycan involved in the assembly process. The antibody-stimulated assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers in cells plated on the cell-binding domain of fibronectin can be blocked with C3 exotransferase, an inhibitor of the small GTP-binding protein Rho. Treatment of cells with lysophosphatidic acid, which activates Rho, results in full spreading and assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers in fibroblasts plated on the cell-binding domain of fibronectin. We conclude that syndecan-4 and integrins can act cooperatively in generating signals for cell spreading and for the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. We conclude further that these joint signals are regulated in a Rho-dependent manner. (+info)

Radiation induced endothelial cell retraction in vitro: correlation with acute pulmonary edema. (7/3815)

We determined the effects of low dose radiation (<200 cGy) on the cell-cell integrity of confluent monolayers of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMEC). We observed dose- and time-dependent reversible radiation induced injuries to PMEC monolayers characterized by retraction (loss of cell-cell contact) mediated by cytoskeletal F-actin reorganization. Radiation induced reorganization of F-actin microfilament stress fibers was observed > or =30 minutes post irradiation and correlated positively with loss of cell-cell integrity. Cells of irradiated monolayers recovered to form contact inhibited monolayers > or =24 hours post irradiation; concomitantly, the depolymerized microfilaments organized to their pre-irradiated state as microfilament stress fibers arrayed parallel to the boundaries of adjacent contact-inhibited cells. Previous studies by other investigators have measured slight but significant increases in mouse lung wet weight >1 day post thoracic or whole body radiation (> or =500 cGy). Little or no data is available concerning time intervals <1 day post irradiation, possibly because of the presumption that edema is mediated, at least in part, by endothelial cell death or irreversible loss of barrier permeability functions which may only arise 1 day post irradiation. However, our in vitro data suggest that loss of endothelial barrier function may occur rapidly and at low dose levels (< or =200 cGy). Therefore, we determined radiation effects on lung wet weight and observed significant increases in wet weight (standardized per dry weight or per mouse weight) in < or =5 hours post thoracic exposure to 50 200 cGy x-radiation. We suggest that a single fraction of radiation even at low dose levels used in radiotherapy, may induce pulmonary edema by a reversible loss of endothelial cell-cell integrity and permeability barrier function. (+info)

Locomotory behaviour of epitheliocytes and fibroblasts on metallic grids. (8/3815)

Behaviour of epitheliocytes and fibroblasts on special discontinuous substrata (metallic grids with square openings of 45x45 microm2) was examined in order to compare the ability of these cells to spread in two mutually perpendicular directions and to stretch over the void spaces. Two cell types with typical fibroblastic morphology, the AGO 1523 line of human foreskin fibroblasts and secondary cultures of mouse embryo fibroblasts, and three cell types with typical epithelial morphology, primary mouse hepatocytes, the IAR-2 line of rat liver cells and the MDCK line of canine kidney epithelial cells (clone 20) were used. We also examined the epitheliocytes (MDCK cells, clone 20) transformed to fibroblast-like morphology by treatment with hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). Time-lapse video microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to examine cell reorganizations at various stages of spreading. It was found that early stages of spreading of fibroblasts and epitheliocytes were similar: the cell spread along two bars, perpendicular to each other (bar and crossbar), with the formation of a small triangular lamellar cytoplasm stretched over the opening. Later central parts of the bodies of the fibroblasts retracted from the bars so that the cells remained attached only by their polar lamellae. Successive expansions and partial retractions of these lamellae led to elongation of the cell body crossing several openings of the grid. Epitheliocytes, in contrast to fibroblasts, at the late stages of spreading did not retract their bodies and did not contract polar lamellae. As a result, their central lamellae stretched progressively over the openings. As a result of the treatment of MDCK epitheliocytes with HGF/SF the behaviour of the cells on the grids became similar to that of fibroblasts. It is suggested that these distinct spreading patterns of epitheliocytes and fibroblasts are due to the type-specific differences in the actin-myosin cortex. Experiments with microtubule-specific drugs, colcemid and taxol, indicate that the organization of this cortex is under microtubular control. (+info)

This is accomplished through the use of an actin and myosin complex. The complexes require an actin cytoskeleton to perform ... Cytoskeleton. 58 (2): 83-95. doi:10.1002/cm.10178. PMID 15083530. Mitchison TJ, Cramer LP (February 1996). "Actin-based cell ... doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1979.tb04197.x. Heintzelman MB (June 2004). "Actin and myosin in Gregarina polymorpha". Cell Motil. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregarinasina

Jockusch, Brigitte M. (2017-01-03). The Actin Cytoskeleton. Springer. ISBN 9783319463711. Hall, Alan; Nobes, Catherine D. (1999 ... She investigated the regulation of actin polymerisation and how cell movement determines polarity and adhesion. She was awarded ... where she identified the role of the GTPase CDC42 and effectors in forming actin-rich filopodial extensions. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Nobes

By capping the barbed ends of actin filaments, the encoded protein contributes to the control of actin-based motility in non- ... Cytoskeleton. 70 (11): 775-95. doi:10.1002/cm.21149. PMID 24155256. S2CID 205643538. Southwick FS (1995). "Gain-of-function ... Macrophage-capping protein (CAPG) also known as actin regulatory protein CAP-G is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ... The encoded protein reversibly blocks the barbed ends of F-actin filaments in a Ca2+ and phosphoinositide-regulated manner, but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage-capping_protein

Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky L, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J (1999). "Section 18.1: The Actin Cytoskeleton". Molecular ... Structural comparison of actin filaments and fimbrin CH domain-decorated actin filaments has revealed changes in the actin ... Owing to the close proximity of its tandem actin-binding domains, fimbrin directs the formation of tightly bundled actin ... affinity for other actin-binding proteins and may be part of the regulation of the cytoskeleton itself. In humans, three highly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimbrin

May RC, Machesky LM (March 2001). "Phagocytosis and the actin cytoskeleton". Journal of Cell Science. 114 (Pt 6): 1061-77. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

Edwards RA, Bryan J (1995). "Fascins, a family of actin bundling proteins". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. John Wiley & ... Fascin is an actin bundling protein. It is a 54-58 kilodalton monomeric actin filament bundling protein originally isolated ... "The actin-bundling protein fascin stabilizes actin in invadopodia and potentiates protrusive invasion". Curr. Biol. 20 (4): 339 ... Fascin localizes to actin-rich protrusions at the cell surface called filopodia. Recent study shows that fascin also localizes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascin

Hall, Alan (1998). "Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton". Science. 279 (5350): 509-514. Bibcode:1998Sci...279..509H. doi: ... The lamellipodium is born of actin nucleation in the plasma membrane of the cell and is the primary area of actin incorporation ... "Cortactin localization to sites of actin assembly in lamellipodia requires interactions with F-actin and the Arp2/3 complex". ... This, together with actin-polymerisation there, helps extend the lamella forward and thus advance the cell's front. It thus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellipodium

... phagocytosis requires the actin cytoskeleton in order to engulf other items. The actin filaments control the formation of the ... One method of maintaining the spatial zones of activation is through anchoring to the actin cytoskeleton, keeping the membrane- ... Hall A. (1998). "Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton". Science. 279 (5350): 509-14. doi:10.1126/science.279.5350.509. PMID ... Cdc42 was assumed to encourage filopodia elongation and block actin depolymerization. RhoA was considered to encourage actin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho_family_of_GTPases

The latter involves the actin cytoskeleton. In research, 1-N-Naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_auxin_transport

Many microbes modify and influence the synthesis or degradation of the host-cell cytoskeleton, in particular the actin network ... Dramsi S, Cossart P (1998). "Intracellular pathogens and the actin cytoskeleton". Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 14 (1): 137-166. doi: ... Intracellular microbes, such as the bacteria Salmonella and Shigella, elicit actin polymerization in host cells that otherwise ... Bacteria such as Yersinia inhibit actin polymerization in phagocytes, thereby preventing their uptake. Cellular microbiology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_microbiology

Smith MA, Hoffman LM, Beckerle MC (October 2014). "LIM proteins in actin cytoskeleton mechanoresponse". Trends in Cell Biology ... The purpose of these proteins is the establishment and regulation of the cytoskeleton. The regulation of the cytoskeleton by ... The Ena/VASP will bind profilin that is known to act as a actin-polymerizing protein. The zyxin-VASP complex will initiate ... CRP 1 has more roles involved with actin filaments and z lines of myofibers. This group contains only class D, which are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIM_domain

Cytoskeleton. 29 (2): 110-6. doi:10.1002/cm.970290203. PMID 7820861. Fujii T, Watanabe M, Ogoma Y, Kondo Y, Arai T (1993). " ... Pedrotti B, Colombo R, Islam K (1994). "Microtubule associated protein MAP1A is an actin-binding and crosslinking protein". ... "Microtubule-associated proteins, MAP 1A and MAP 1B, interact with F-actin in vitro". J. Biochem. 114 (6): 827-9. PMID 7908020. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP1A

... links cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton. Plakoglobin binds to conserved regions of desmoglein and desmocollin at ... "The epidermal growth factor receptor modulates the interaction of E-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton". The Journal of ... "A mutation in alpha-catenin disrupts adhesion in clone A cells without perturbing its actin and beta-catenin binding activity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakoglobin

... actin and ankyrin. In neuronal axons the actin/spectric cytoskeleton forms an array of periodic rings and in the sperm ... the cortex is an actin-rich network consisting of F-actin filaments, myosin motors, and actin-binding proteins. The actomyosin ... Due to the branching process and the density of the actin cortex, the cortical cytoskeleton can form a highly complex meshwork ... Gervasi MG, Xu X, Carbajal-Gonzalez B, Buffone MG, Visconti PE, Krapf D (June 2018). "The actin cytoskeleton of the mouse sperm ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cortex

Ankycorbin has been associated with the cortical actin cytoskeleton structures in terminal web, cell-cell adhesion sites as ... a novel actin cytoskeleton-associated protein". Genes Cells. 5 (12): 1001-8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00381.x. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI14

"Probing the Plant Actin Cytoskeleton during Cytokinesis and Interphase by Profilin Microinjection". The Plant Cell. 9 (10): ... The actin microfilaments had the correct polarity to be part of the actomyosin motor that provides the motive force for ... Hepler identified actin microfilaments in bundles at the ectoplasm-endoplasm interface of Nitella internodal cells by showing ... Kersey, Y. M., P. K. Hepler, B. A. Palevitz, and N. K. Wessells (1976). "Polarity of actin filaments in Characean algae". Proc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_K._Hepler

Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC5 gene. This gene encodes one of ... Cytoskeleton. 54 (1): 81-90. doi:10.1002/cm.10087. PMID 12451597. Zhao X, Yang Z, Qian M, Zhu X (2001). "Interactions among ... "Entrez Gene: ARPC5 actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5, 16kDa". Millard TH, Behrendt B, Launay S, Fütterer K, Machesky ... The Arp2/3 protein complex has been implicated in the control of actin polymerization in cells and has been conserved through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPC5

For example, the cadherin-α-catenin complex binds the actin cytoskeleton, though whether it binds via binding proteins or ... Taylor, Matthew P.; Koyuncu, Orkide O.; Enquist, Lynn W. (27 April 2011). "Subversion of the actin cytoskeleton during viral ... In homodimeric form, α-catenins do not bind β- catenins, but preferentially bind F-actin and other proteins promoting F-actin ... Using an in vivo dentate gyrus LTP model, it was shown that LTP induction is associated with an increase in F-actin in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadherin–catenin_complex_in_learning_and_memory

Catenins, in turn, bind to the actin cytoskeleton. Binding of these proteins to the actin cytoskeleton prevents actin from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRM

These adhesion complexes attach to the actin cytoskeleton. The integrins thus serve to link two networks across the plasma ... Integrins couple the ECM outside a cell to the cytoskeleton (in particular, the microfilaments) inside the cell. Which ligand ... As previously stated, these complexes connect the extracellular matrix to actin bundles. Cryo-electron tomography reveals that ... Clustering and activation of the integrins/actin complexes strengthen the focal adhesion interaction and initiate the framework ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin

L-Afadin is an actin binding protein that binds to the F-actin of the actin cytoskeleton. In this way, nectins form ridged ... This mechanism also results in the modulation of the actin cytoskeleton. As a result of this stabilization, both EphB2 forward ... Bamji SX (July 2005). "Cadherins: actin with the cytoskeleton to form synapses". Neuron. 47 (2): 175-8. doi:10.1016/j.neuron. ... As in the EphA4/ephrinA3-mediated neuron-glia interaction, this process regulates dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_stabilization

F-actin is found within pinopodes. The cytoskeleton is mainly made up of actin microfilaments. The structure varies between ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinopod

It is capable of linking integrins to the actin cytoskeleton either directly or indirectly by interacting with vinculin and α- ... Talin, in turn, links integrins to the actin cytoskeleton. The consensus sequence for vinculin binding sites is ... Its mechanical vulnerability and cellular position bridging integrin receptors and the actin cytoskeleton make it a fundamental ... The actin binding site2 is shown to be the major site for sensing the extracellular matrix rigidity. Recently Kumar et al ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talin_(protein)

Talin, in turn, links integrins to the actin cytoskeleton. The consensus sequence for Vinculin binding sites is ... and actin cytoskeleton. The complex at the focal adhesions consists of several proteins such as vinculin, α-actinin, paxillin, ... "The epidermal growth factor receptor modulates the interaction of E-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton". The Journal of ... "Leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium induces E-selectin linkage to the actin cytoskeleton". The Journal of Cell Biology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinculin

"Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by PIP2 in cytokinesis". Biology of the Cell. 98 (6): 377-388. doi:10.1042/BC20050081. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI(4,5)P2_Cycle

This gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p14).[citation needed] Filamin B forms part of the actin cytoskeleton. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelosteogenesis_type_I

... regulates actin cytoskeleton organization". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (46): 43924-32. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203569200. PMID 12221077. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHPN2

Liu R, Jin JP (2016). "Calponin Isoforms CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3: Regulators for Actin Cytoskeleton Functions in Smooth Muscle and ... Calponin 3 has been shown to participate in actin cytoskeleton-based activities such as that in embryonic development and ... where it may function in regulating the actin cytoskeleton with a proposed role in the plasticity of neural tissues. Calponin 3 ... "Calponin 3 regulates actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in trophoblastic cell fusion". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 21 (22): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calponin_3,_acidic

The actin cytoskeleton is an important factor in pollen tube growth, because there are different patterns of actin cytoskeleton ... The actin cytoskeleton has proven to be critical in assisting pollen tube growth. In terms of spatial distribution, actin ... Both the spatial distribution and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton are regulated by actin-binding proteins (ABPs). In order ... ABPs regulate the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. As stated previously, actin filaments are continuously ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_tube

Brawley CM, Rock RS (June 2009). "Unconventional myosin traffic in cells reveals a selective actin cytoskeleton". Proceedings ... along filopodial actin filaments and can bind to filopodial actin filaments to be carried slowly rearward by retrograde actin ... Myo10 is an actin-based motor protein that can localize to the tips of the finger-like cellular protrusions known as filopodia ... The N-terminal head or myosin motor domain can bind to an actin filament, hydrolyze ATP, and produce force. The neck or light ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYO10

establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity. · endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. · protein ... Association of emerin with nuclear and cytoplasmic actin is regulated in differentiating myoblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMNA

β-catenin acts by anchoring the actin cytoskeleton to the junctions, and may possibly aid in contact inhibition signaling ... Through the interaction of β-catenin and α-catenin, actin and E-cadherin are linked, providing the cell with a means of stable ... A-catenin can bind to β-catenin and can also bind actin. B-catenin binds the cytoplasmic domain of some cadherins. Additional ... The primary mechanical role of catenins is connecting cadherins to actin filaments, specifically in these adhesion junctions of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin

actin cytoskeleton organization. • muscle structure development. المصادر:Amigo / QuickGO. نمط التعبير عن الحمض النووي الريبوزي ... Vallenius T، Mäkelä TP (2003). "Clik1: a novel kinase targeted to actin stress fibers by the CLP-36 PDZ-LIM protein.". J. Cell ... Miehe U، Kadyrov M، Neumaier-Wagner P، Bartz C، Rath W، Huppertz B (2007). "Expression of the actin stress fiber-associated ... binds to alpha-actinin-1 and associates with actin filaments and stress fibers in activated platelets and endothelial cells.". ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDLIM1

Adducins are a family of cytoskeleton proteins encoded by three genes (alpha, beta, gamma). Adducin is a heterodimeric protein ... Calcium/calmodulin-regulated capping of the barbed ends of actin filaments". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (14): 7986-91. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... Li X, Bennett V (1996). "Identification of the spectrin subunit and domains required for formation of spectrin/adducin/actin ... Gardner K, Bennett V (1987). "Modulation of spectrin-actin assembly by erythrocyte adducin". Nature. 328 (6128): 359-62. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADD1

Protein: cell membrane proteins (other than Cell surface receptor, enzymes, and cytoskeleton) ... "Interaction of presenilins with the filamin family of actin-binding proteins". J. Neurosci. 18 (3): 914-22. PMC 2042137. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEN1

"An actin homolog of the archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum that retains the ancient characteristics of eukaryotic actin". J. ... Proteins related to the cytoskeleton components of other organisms exist in archaea,[89] and filaments form within their cells, ... Hixon, W.G.; Searcy, D.G. (1993). "Cytoskeleton in the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum? Viscosity increase in soluble ... These unusual shapes are probably maintained both by their cell walls and a prokaryotic cytoskeleton. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

The TATA box is also found in 40% of the core promoters of genes that code for the actin cytoskeleton and contractile apparatus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box

18.0 18.1 LM Blackman and RL Overall （1998） Immunolocalisation of the cytoskeleton to plasmodesmata of Chara corallina. Plant ... RG White, K Badelt, RL Overall and M Vesk （1994） Actin associated with plasmodesmata. Protoplasma 180: 169-184 ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/胞间连丝

He first realised that the addition of bovine fetal calf serum (FCS) to Swiss 3T3 cells increased the polymerisation of actin ... migration and polarity of the cell cytoskeleton was awarded the Louis Jeantet Prize for Medicine.[14] Later that year he won ... In addition, the inactivation of Rho protein by ADP-ribosylation in Rac1 microinjection reduced the formation of actin stress ... The comparison with the normal cells showed that Rac1 stimulates actin filament production at the membrane, pinocytosis, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hall

Humbert S, Dhavan R, Tsai L (2000). "p39 activates cdk5 in neurons, and is associated with the actin cytoskeleton". J. Cell Sci ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK5R2

"An actin homolog of the archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum that retains the ancient characteristics of eukaryotic actin". J. ... Hixon WG, Searcy DG (1993). "Cytoskeleton in the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum? Viscosity increase in soluble ... "Chaperonin filaments: the archaeal cytoskeleton?". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (10): 5383-8. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.5383T ...

https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

cytoskeleton. • brush border. • actin cytoskeleton. • extracellular exosome. • stress fiber. • plasma membrane. • Z disc. • ... actin cytoskeleton organization. • epithelial cell morphogenesis. • multicellular organism development. • cytoskeletal ... Filamin B, beta (FLNB), also known as Filamin B, beta (actin binding protein 278), is a cytoplasmic protein which in humans is ... actin binding. • RNA binding. • cadherin binding. Cellular component. • integral component of membrane. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLNB

cortical actin cytoskeleton organization. • embryonic digestive tract development. • leukocyte migration. • lipopolysaccharide- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

actin cytoskeleton. • extracellular exosome. • cytoskeleton. • cytosol. • actin filament. • phagocytic vesicle. Biological ... actin filament-based movement. • endosomal transport. • actin filament polymerization. • regulation of T cell antigen ... signaling to the actin cytoskeleton". The Journal of Cell Biology. 149 (1): 181-94. doi:10.1083/jcb.149.1.181. PMC 2175102. ... and are involved in transduction of signals from receptors on the cell surface to the actin cytoskeleton. The presence of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskott-Aldrich_syndrome_protein

cytoskeleton. • focal adhesion. • cell membrane. Biological process. • cell adhesion. • positive regulation of cell migration. ... structural constituent of cytoskeleton. • protein tyrosine kinase binding. Cellular component. • cytoplasm. • cell junction. • ... which results in cytoskeleton reorganization and changes in motility and invasion.[14] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASS4

... attaches to the actin cytoskeleton through anchor proteins that are still poorly characterized. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-selectin

"WASp-dependent actin cytoskeleton stability at the dendritic cell immunological synapse is required for extensive, functional T ... "Retroviral WASP gene transfer into human hematopoietic stem cells reconstitutes the actin cytoskeleton in myeloid progeny cells ... is important because it is known to be activated via T-cell receptor signaling pathways to induce cortical actin cytoskeleton ... which generates branched actin filaments. Several proteins can serve as NPFs, and it has been observed that in WAS platelets ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskott-Aldrich_syndrome

Ausmees N, Kuhn JR, Jacobs-Wagner C. (2003). The bacterial cytoskeleton: an intermediate filament-like function in cell shape. ... 2018-05-23). «The Actin/Spectrin Membrane-Associated Periodic Skeleton in Neurons» Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience 10 doi: ... 2011-08-22). «The evolution of the cytoskeleton» Journal of Cell Biology 194 (4): 513-525. doi:10.1083/jcb.201102065. ISSN 0021 ... 2012-03). «Septins: the fourth component of the cytoskeleton» Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 13 (3): 183-194. doi: ...

https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitoeskeleto

... s also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton ... actin and tubulin are globular and soluble as monomers, but polymerize to form long, stiff fibers that make up the cytoskeleton ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis

... such as β-actin mRNA.[9] Upon export from the nucleus, actin mRNA associates with ZBP1 and the 40S subunit. The complex is ... bound by a motor protein and is transported to the target location (neurite extension) along the cytoskeleton. Eventually ZBP1 ... Spatial regulation of bold beta-actin translation by Src-dependent phosphorylation of ZBP1 Nature04115. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA

cortical actin cytoskeleton organization. • protein localization. • lens development in camera-type eye. • cellular protein ... actin filament organization. • mitotic cell cycle checkpoint. • receptor clustering. • positive regulation of establishment of ... positive regulation of actin filament polymerization. • positive regulation of potassium ion transport. • negative regulation ... Reuver SM, Garner CC (Apr 1998). "E-cadherin mediated cell adhesion recruits SAP97 into the cortical cytoskeleton". Journal of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLG1

Cell membrane protein disorders (other than Cell surface receptor, enzymes, and cytoskeleton) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysferlinopathy

Generation of pressure is dependent on formin-mediated F-actin nucleation[71] and Rho kinase (ROCK)-mediated myosin II ... "Developmental roles for Srf, cortical cytoskeleton and cell shape in epidermal spindle orientation". Nature Cell Biology. 13 ... Rounding forces are driven by reorganization of F-actin and myosin (actomyosin) into a contractile homogeneous cell cortex that ... There are prokaryotic homologs of all the key molecules of eukaryotic mitosis (e.g., actins, tubulins). Being a universal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis

actin cytoskeleton. • cell nucleus. Biological process. • cellular glucose homeostasis. • regulation of transcription from RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXA3

neurofilament cytoskeleton organization. • hippocampus development. • response to toxic substance. • microtubule cytoskeleton ... postsynaptic intermediate-filament cytoskeleton. • presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton. Biological process. • ... structural constituent of cytoskeleton. • protein C-terminus binding. • protein binding. • identical protein binding. • protein ... structural constituent of postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton. Cellular component. • cytoplasm. • cytosol. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_

Since intracellular transport heavily relies on microtubules for movement, the components of the cytoskeleton play a vital role ... Motor proteins connect the transport vesicles to microtubules and actin filaments to facilitate intracellular movement.[1] ... Intracellular transport that requires quick movement will use an actin-myosin mechanism while more specialized functions ... special motor proteins attach to cargo-filled vesicles and carry them along the cytoskeleton. For example, they have to ensure ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular_transport

... actin. Each F actin strand is composed of a string of subunits called globular (G) actin. Each G actin has an active site that ... The filaments of actin and myosin then form linkages. After binding, myosin pulls actin filaments toward each other, or inward ... Myofilaments are the filaments of myofibrils, constructed from proteins,[1] principally myosin or actin. Types of muscle are ... During muscle contraction, the heads of the myosin filaments attach to oppositely oriented thin filaments, actin, and pull them ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofilament

Actin cytoskeleton[55]. *Algae. *Animal coloration patterns. *Blood vessels and pulmonary vessels[50] ... Diego Krapf has shown that through branching processes the actin filaments in human cells assemble into fractals patterns.[60] ... "Plasma Membrane is Compartmentalized by a Self-Similar Cortical Actin Meshwork". Physical Review X. 7 (1): 011031. arXiv ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal

3-kinase to the cytoskeleton of thrombin-activated platelets involves specific interactions of p85 alpha with actin filaments ... actin binding. • protein tyrosine kinase activity. • protein phosphatase binding. 細胞の構成要素. • 細胞質. • 細胞質基質. • 膜. • 焦点接着. • ... regulation of cytoskeleton organization. • endothelial cell migration. • central nervous system neuron axonogenesis. • 自然免疫. • ... "Cytoskeleton and apoptosis". Biochemical Pharmacology 76 (1): 11-8. (July 2008). doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.03.016. PMID 18462707

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAK

actin cytoskeleton reorganization. • positive regulation of glucose import. • cellular component disassembly involved in ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPN10

Intracellular pathogens and the actin cytoskeleton.. Dramsi S1, Cossart P.. Author information. 1. Unité des Interactions ... Thus pathogens are convenient systems in which to study actin cytoskeleton rearrangements in response to stimuli at the plasma ... Another step during which pathogens harness the actin cytoskeleton takes place in the cytosol, within which some bacteria ( ... Many pathogens actively exploit the actin cytoskeleton during infection. This exploitation may take place during entry into ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9891781?dopt=Abstract

The actin cytoskeleton is also involved in the immobilization of mitochondria at the cortex in cultured tobacco cells and in ... Interactions of mitochondria with the actin cytoskeleton.. Boldogh IR1, Pon LA. ... Recent findings also indicate that mutations in actin or actin-binding proteins can influence mitochondrial pathways leading to ... the actin cytoskeleton is required for short-distance mitochondrial movements and for immobilization of the organelle at the ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16624426?dopt=Abstract

Actin cytoskeleton: Thinking globally, actin locally. Author(s). Lanier, Lorene M.; Gertler, Frank ... "Actin cytoskeleton: Thinking globally, actin locally." Current Biology 10, no. 18 (September 2000): R655-R657. Copyright © ... DownloadGertler_Actin cytoskeleton.pdf (61.77Kb). PUBLISHER_POLICY Publisher Policy. Article is made available in accordance ... Local release of PIP2 controls actin dynamics in specific subcellular regions and plays a critical role in regulating actin- ...

https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/83507

The Arf GTPase-activating protein ASAP1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Paul A. Randazzo, Josefa Andrade, Koichi Miura, Megan ... The Arf GTPase-activating protein ASAP1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Paul A. Randazzo, Josefa Andrade, Koichi Miura, Megan ... The Arf GTPase-activating protein ASAP1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message ... The Arf GTPase-activating protein ASAP1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Paul A. Randazzo, Josefa Andrade, Koichi Miura, Megan ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/97/8/4011.abstract

The actin cytoskeleton mediates a variety of essential biological functions in all eukaryotic cells. In addition to providing a ... Members of the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphatases have emerged as key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, and ... Understanding the biochemical mechanisms that control the organization of actin is thus a major goal of contemporary cell ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/279/5350/509?ijkey=3969b6ff1754223bab01ca55869c4cf9b5ebccc7&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... Author(s). Kim, Taeyoon, Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology ... Our model has the high potential as a BD model that can be applied for investigating a variety of actin-related phenomena after ... plays an important role in the physiology of eukaryote cells whose major structural component in cortex is actin cytoskeleton. ... Here, we introduce a Brownian dynamics (BD) simulation model in three dimensions in which actin monomers polymerize into a ...

https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/39875

The Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD) provides comprehensive integrated biological information for the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

https://www.yeastgenome.org/phenotype/abnormal_actin_cytoskeleton_morphology

The main functions of the actin cytoskeleton are to mediate cell motility and cell shape changes during the cell cycle and in ... The actin cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network composed of actin polymers and a large variety of associated proteins. ... The actin cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network composed of actin polymers and a large variety of associated proteins. The ... The reshaping and functions of the actin cytoskeleton are regulated by signaling pathways. Here we broadly review the actin ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9891786/?dopt=Abstract

Mechanosensitivity of Actin Turnover Regulates Actin Filament Overlap in SF Sarcomeres.. In resting SFs we found that the actin ... SFs Shed Half of Their Actin During Recoil but the Actin Density Increases.. During recoil, 51 ± 21% (n = 16) of the SF actin ... Actin Disassembly Occurs Only After Actin Density Increases.. To test whether actin density and disassembly are causally ... S1), forcing actin filaments in the sarcomere to overlap a distance xolap = 2lact - xsarc and creating a stress per actin ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/111/49/17528?ijkey=71da5981464a6f15872b6348539340e0055b1663&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... whether changes in the endothelial actin cytoskeleton affect eNOS expression and activity. Changes in the actin cytoskeleton ... Disruption of the endothelial actin cytoskeleton upregulates eNOS. To determine the actin cytoskeletal regulation of eNOS, wild ... Neuroprotection mediated by inhibition of the actin cytoskeleton. To determine whether changes in the endothelial actin ... This upregulation of eNOS was specific to changes in the actin cytoskeleton, since inhibition of the microtubule cytoskeleton ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/9639

... actin microfilaments (AFs) and microtubules (MTs). Being important for the integrity of cytoplasm and endomembrane dynamics, ... Plant cytoskeleton consists of two major protein networks, ... Plant cytoskeleton consists of two major protein networks, ... Plant cytoskeleton consists of two major protein networks, actin microfilaments (AFs) and microtubules (MTs). Being important ... actin microfilaments (AFs) and microtubules (MTs). Being important for the integrity of cytoplasm and endomembrane dynamics, ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/2771/actin-and-microtubule-cytoskeleton-interactions

... Prog Neurobiol. 2014 Jun;117:1-19. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.02.001. Epub 2014 ... The actin cytoskeleton has been shown to be involved in these key neuronal processes by subserving events such as presynaptic ... The actin cytoskeleton and its regulatory proteins participate in the formation of various types of memories that are subserved ... Actin cytoskeleton dynamics and structure underlying such cellular events can be regulated by extracellular signals through its ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24530292/

The yeast actin cytoskeleton: from cellular function to biochemical mechanism ... The actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in this growth. Until now, there have been no tools to visualize actin or the ... The actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in this growth. Until now, there have been no tools to visualize actin or the ... The yeast actin cytoskeleton: from cellular function to biochemical mechanism (0) by James B Moseley, Bruce L Goode ...

http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/showciting?cid=20821374

Purchase Actin Cytoskeleton in Cancer Progression and Metastasis - Part C, Volume 358 - 1st Edition. Print Book. ISBN ... 1. Actin isoforms in cancer. Christophe Ampe, Gent Uni. 2. Actin cytoskeleton regulators at invadopodia. Clement Thomas and ... New chapters cover Actin isoforms in cancer, Actin cytoskeleton regulators at invadopodia, Cytoskeletal Mechanics Drives ... Actin Cytoskeleton in Cancer Progression and Metastasis - Part C, Volume 358 1st Edition. 0.0 star rating Write a review ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/actin-cytoskeleton-in-cancer-progression-and-metastasis-part-c/galluzzi/978-0-12-824138-7?start_rank=1&sortby=sortByDateDesc&imprintname=Academic%20Press

Thus, actin polymerization regulated by the TCR begins at the TCR. Molecules recruited to the TCR regulate actin polymerization ... Here we have studied the dynamic activity of proteins involved in regulating actin polymerization in live T cells after ... Nck and WASp migrated peripherally and accumulated at an actin-rich circumferential ring. ... engagement leads to actin polymerization at the site of T cell contact with antigen-presenting cells. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/ni1143?error=cookies_not_supported&code=7f75ec24-c3df-4e4a-9281-e2ec1b92e6ea

Actin mounts up in resistant tumor cells. ... more about:. »CANCER »actin »actin cytoskeleton »attack »breast cancer »cancer ... Further reports about: , CANCER , actin , actin cytoskeleton , attack , breast cancer , cancer cells , cytoskeleton , cytotoxic ... The actin cytoskeleton is essential for maintaining the shape of cells and enabling motility, and plays critical roles in tumor ... Actin cytoskeleton remodeling protects tumor cells against immune attack. 24.10.2018. Cancer cells have evolved multiple escape ...

https://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/actin-cytoskeleton-remodeling-protects-tumor-cells-against-immune-attack.html

Directory. Start here to access encyclopedic information about the worm genome and its genes, proteins, and other encoded features… Find out more. ...

https://wormbase.org/species/all/phenotype/WBPhenotype:0001346?from=http://wormbase.org/db/misc/phenotype?name=WBPhenotype:0001346

The actin cytoskeleton mediates a variety of essential biological functions in all eukaryotic cells. In addition to providing a ... A driving force for this morphogenetic movement is a change in the actin cytoskeleton at the leading edge of the migrating ... Activation of Cdc42 and Rac in macrophages has similar effects on the actin cytoskeleton as it does in fibroblasts and neurons ... It would seem, then, that this is an excellent candidate for mediating Rho-induced changes to the actin cytoskeleton (30). ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/279/5350/509?ijkey=0b847ded0e42940ae33b0fc408320d3fd141dd5a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... but with no drastic impairment in actin cytoskeleton. In contrast, we did detect obvious impairment in actin spot polarization ... The slc2 mutant has defects in actin cytoskeleton (Karpovaet al. 1993). cax5-1, as well as mnn10 (Ballouet al. 1991), showed ... 1997 Yeast actin cytoskeleton mutants accumulate a new class of Golgi-derived secretory vesicle. Mol. Biol. Cell 8: 1481-1499. ... We examined the morphology of the actin cytoskeleton in wild-type, myo2, and cax cells. To avoid the secondary effect caused by ...

https://www.genetics.org/content/150/1/43

Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton During Mammalian Sperm Capacitation and Acrosome Reaction. ... Ephraim Brener, Sara Rubinstein, Gili Cohen, Keren Shternall, Joel Rivlin, Haim Breitbart "Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton ... "Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton During Mammalian Sperm Capacitation and Acrosome Reaction," Biology of Reproduction 68(3 ... were able to enhance actin polymerization, whereas inhibition of tyrosine kinases prevented F-actin formation. These data ...

https://bioone.org/journals/biology-of-reproduction/volume-68/issue-3/biolreprod.102.009233/Remodeling-of-the-Actin-Cytoskeleton-During-Mammalian-Sperm-Capacitation-and/10.1095/biolreprod.102.009233.short

The Gene Ontology (GO) project is a collaborative effort to address the need for consistent descriptions of gene products across databases. You can use this browser to view terms, definitions, and term relationships in a hierarchical display. Links to summary annotated gene data at MGI are provided in Term Detail reports.

http://www.informatics.jax.org/vocab/gene_ontology/GO:0032956

Gene Ontology Term: establishment or maintenance of actin cytoskeleton polarity. GO ID. GO:0030950 Aspect. Biological Process. ... Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized actin-based cytoskeletal ...

https://www.yeastgenome.org/go/GO:0030950

The organization of actin filaments into a wide range of subcellular structures is a defining feature of cell shape and ... Gourlay CW, Carpp LN, Timpson P, Winder SJ, Ayscough KR (2004) A role for the actin cytoskeleton in cell death and aging in ... Amberg D, Leadsham JE, Kotiadis V, Gourlay CW (2012) Cellular ageing and the actin cytoskeleton. Subcell Biochem 57:331-352 ... Evolvability of the actin cytoskeleton in oligodendrocytes during central nervous system development and aging. ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00018-018-2915-8

Adenovirus endocytosis requires actin cytoskeleton reorganization mediated by Rho family Gtpases, ... Adenovirus endocytosis requires actin cytoskeleton reorganization mediated by Rho family Gtpases, (1998) by E i, D Stupack, G M ... of PI3-kinase appears to be essential for adenovirus internalization and promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, a ... ed by binding of the viral penton base protein to integrins (50). This interaction induces integrin activation, cytoskeleton ...

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/showciting?cid=5793812

These results indicate that DOCK8 and WASp are in the same signaling pathway that links TCRs to the actin cytoskeleton in TCR- ... A DOCK8-WIP-WASp complex links T cell receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. ... A DOCK8-WIP-WASp complex links T cell receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. ... F-actin assembly, immune synapse formation, actin foci formation, mechanotransduction, T cell transendothelial migration, and ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/85774/pdf

The WAVE Regulatory Complex Links Diverse Receptors to the Actin Cytoskeleton.. Chen, B., Brinkmann, K., Chen, Z., Pak, C.W., ... The WAVE Regulatory Complex Links Diverse Receptors to the Actin Cytoskeleton. *DOI: 10.2210/pdb4N78/pdb ... Our findings directly link diverse membrane proteins to the WRC and actin cytoskeleton and have broad physiological and ... The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) controls actin cytoskeletal dynamics throughout the cell by stimulating the actin-nucleating ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4N78

... the spatio-temporal expression patterns of actin cytoskeleton-related genes and the specific roles of actin cytoskeleton ... the spatio-temporal expression patterns of actin cytoskeleton-related genes and the specific roles of actin cytoskeleton ... changes of actin cytoskeleton-related genes following peripheral nerve injury and stated the importance of actin cytoskeleton ... changes of actin cytoskeleton-related genes following peripheral nerve injury and stated the importance of actin cytoskeleton ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.00023/full

Importantly, podocyte injury is a consequence of the dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In diverse animal models of... ... Podocytes and the actin cytoskeleton as a feasible therapeutic target. Sanja Sever ; Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts ... Sever, S., Gu, C. (2016). Podocytes and the actin cytoskeleton as a feasible therapeutic target. Periodicum biologorum, 118(4) ... In this review, we focus on the premise of targeting the actin cytoskeleton as a feasible therapeutics for treating chronic ...

https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=261716

View Stock Photo of Cell Cytoskeleton Double Labelled With Rhodamine Phalloidin For Actin Lm X400. Find premium, high- ... Cell cytoskeleton double labelled with rhodamine phalloidin for actin (red) and antitubulin antibody for microtubules (green). ...

https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/cell-cytoskeleton-double-labelled-with-high-res-stock-photography/vis28624

Herein, we report that HGF induces actin cytoskeleton remodeling in vitro in isolated myoid cells and myoid cell contraction in ... as well as the activation of TGF-β have been reported to be related to the actin cytoskeleton contractility of smooth muscle ... Keywords: myoid cells; HGF/c-Met; uPA; actin cytoskeleton; TGF-β myoid cells; HGF/c-Met; uPA; actin cytoskeleton; TGF-β ... Herein, we report that HGF induces actin cytoskeleton remodeling in vitro in isolated myoid cells and myoid cell contraction in ...

http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/3/1/89

However, some cortical actin filaments remained intact. (mendeley.com)
The data demonstrate that profilin has the ability to act as a regulator of actin-dependent events and that centrally located actin filaments are more sensitive to microinjected profilin than are cortical actin filaments. (mendeley.com)
These results add new evidence supporting the hypothesis that actin filaments play a crucial role in the formation of the cell plate and provide mechanical support for the cytoplasmic strands in interphase cells. (mendeley.com)
Additionally, the modified model is employed to investigate the viscoelastic property of actin-like network by tracking the trajectories of filaments. (mit.edu)
A mathematical model explained this as originating in the increased overlap of actin filaments produced by myosin II-driven contraction. (pnas.org)
Inside the cell body, actin cables are composed of short parallel actin filaments, mostly of identical orientations [38]. (psu.edu)
At the division site, a cytokinetic ring is composed of short parallel actin filaments, with identical orientations or mixed polarities depending on the stage of cell division [40]. (psu.edu)
Accumulation of actin filaments (in green) at the immunological synapse of a resistant cancer cell in contact with an NK cell (in red). (innovations-report.com)
However, the organization of actin filaments in target cells remains poorly explored. (innovations-report.com)
They revealed that all the cell lines they investigated contain two subpopulations: one showing a very prominent accumulation of actin filaments at the level of the immunological synapse, and one with no such accumulation. (innovations-report.com)
In Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, it was shown that Rho can be activated by the addition of extracellular ligands [for example, lysophosphatidic acid] and that Rho activation leads to the assembly of contractile actin-myosin filaments (stress fibers) and of associated focal adhesion complexes (Fig. 1 , C and D) ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
Rac, the next member of the Rho family to be analyzed, could be activated by a distinct set of agonists (for example, platelet-derived growth factor or insulin), leading to the assembly of a meshwork of actin filaments at the cell periphery to produce lamellipodia and membrane ruffles (Fig. 1 E) ( 2 ). (sciencemag.org)
Quiescent, serum-starved Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts (-) contain very few organized actin filaments ( A ) or vinculin-containing integrin adhesion complexes ( B ). The effects of Rho, Rac, or Cdc42 activation in these cells can be observed in several different ways such as with the addition of extracellular growth factors, microinjection of activated GTPases, or microinjection of guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) exchange factors. (sciencemag.org)
The organization of actin filaments into a wide range of subcellular structures is a defining feature of cell shape and dynamics, important for tissue development and homeostasis. (springer.com)
it binds to actin filaments (F-actin) and promotes their disassembly. (jneurosci.org)
TNKS1BP1 colocalized with actin filaments and negatively regulated cell invasion. (aacrjournals.org)
The adaptor complexes capture the retrograde flow of actin filaments (F-actin), and this interaction array of ECM, integrin, adaptors, and F-actin generates tractive force for cell motility ( 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
1) Locally, the cytoplasm comprises a multi-nodal network formed by small asters of actin filaments nucleated by DAAM1 formin and stabilized by the actin crosslinking protein filamin A. The asters are connected with each other by myosin II, so that the entire system forms a contractile network responsible for the maintenance of the cell shape. (newton.ac.uk)
2) Observations of the assembly of myosin-II filament arrays by structured illumination microscopy (SIM) revealed myosin-II "stacks" formed by alignment in register of the myosin-II bipolar filaments associated with actin fibers. (newton.ac.uk)
For example, the binding of a short crosslinker protein to two actin filaments may promote the binding of other short crosslinkers, and inhibit the binding of longer crosslinkers due to the actin's bending rigidity. (aps.org)
Dynamic changes in the orientational order of actin filaments were characterized by an order parameter, which enables one to generalize the mechanically induced actin cytoskeletons as a break of symmetry. (rsc.org)
Actin plays an important role in cellular processes, whose functioning involves dynamic formation and reorganization of fine structures of actin filaments. (mdpi.com)
Myosin II motors assemble into bipolar filaments that slide polar actin filaments (F-actin) past each other as they walk to their plus end. (ens-lyon.fr)
Myosin accumulates at the center of the actin rings, at the plus ends of the actin filaments, leading to polarity sorting of the actin filaments. (ens-lyon.fr)
Control pericytes were flat with thin, uniform, parallel actin filaments (stress fibres) departing from single foci and extending throughout the length of the cell, with the presence of lamellipodia. (arvojournals.org)
Is the Subject Area "Actin filaments" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
Results NA induced a decrease in Hic-5 in FAs (p≤0.01) and redistribution of actin filaments to the cell periphery. (bmj.com)
Tropomyosin (Tpm) isoforms are the master regulators of the functions of individual actin filaments in fungi and metazoans. (biologists.org)
Tpms are coiled-coil parallel dimers that form a head-to-tail polymer along the length of actin filaments. (biologists.org)
First, spatially and functionally distinct actin filaments contain different Tpm isoforms, and recent data suggest that members of the formin family of actin filament nucleators can specify which Tpm isoform is added to the growing actin filament. (biologists.org)
Third, Tpms achieve these functional outputs by regulating the interaction of actin filaments with myosin motors and actin-binding proteins in an isoform-specific manner. (biologists.org)
The actin filaments of the cytoskeleton form a highly dynamic polymer scaffold which is actively involved in many essential mechanisms such as cell migration, transport, mitosis, and mechanosensitivity. (biomedsearch.com)
or =0.3 microM) of cytochalasin D. The observed changes in cell shape resulted in a lower cell volume, showing that there is compensation by volume for small decreases in cytoskeletal strength resulting from reduced numbers or lengths of actin filaments. (biomedsearch.com)
Tobacco suspension-cultured cells (Bright Yellow 2) overexpressing AtCAP1 exhibited defects in actin filaments and were unable to undergo mitosis. (plantcell.org)
Here I show that the AIS contains a population of relatively stable, latrunculin-resistant actin filaments that are decorated by the tropomyosin isoform Tpm3.1. (helsinki.fi)
In vitro polymerization of giActin produced filaments, indicating that this divergent actin is a true filament-forming actin. (washington.edu)
Actin reorganization is controlled by nucleation-promoting factors like neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) and cortactin, and associated proteins that regulate their activity such as WIP (WASP-interacting protein), a ubiquitously distributed protein that stabilizes actin filaments. (csic.es)
Actin Filaments (Microfilaments) 4. (coursehero.com)
Constitutive expression of GFP-mTn in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants visualized actin filaments in all examined tissues with no apparent effects on plant morphology or development at any stage during the life cycle. (ovid.com)
Confocal imaging of GFP-mTn labeled actin filaments was employed to reveal novel information on the in vivo organization of the actin cytoskeleton in transiently transformed, normally elongating tobacco pollen tubes. (ovid.com)
Previous studies suggest that magnocellular neurosecretory neurons contain a subcortical layer of actin filaments and pharmacological stabilization of this actin network potentiates osmotically-induced activation of magnocellular neurons. (eneuro.org)
We found that, in addition to the subcortical layer of actin filaments, magnocellular VP neurons are endowed with a unique network of cytoplasmic actin filaments throughout their somata. (eneuro.org)
An actin protein is the monomeric subunit of two types of filaments in cells: microfilaments, one of the three major components of the cytoskeleton, and thin filaments, part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells. (wikipedia.org)
It is believed that the diverse range of structures formed by actin enabling it to fulfill such a large range of functions is regulated through the binding of tropomyosin along the filaments. (wikipedia.org)
Actin homologs from prokaryotes and archaea polymerize into different helical or linear filaments consisting of one or multiple strands. (wikipedia.org)

Local release of PIP2 controls actin dynamics in specific subcellular regions and plays a critical role in regulating actin-based cell motility and morphogenesis. (mit.edu)
Here, we introduce a Brownian dynamics (BD) simulation model in three dimensions in which actin monomers polymerize into a filament and become cross-linked by two types of cross-linking molecules that constitute either perpendicular or parallel cross-links. (mit.edu)
Actin cytoskeleton dynamics and structure underlying such cellular events can be regulated by extracellular signals through its regulatory proteins. (nih.gov)
In this review, we discuss how structure and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton is a defining feature of myelinating oligodendrocytes' biology and function. (springer.com)
Azevedo MM, Domingues HS, Cordelieres FP, Sampaio P, Seixas AI, Relvas JB (2018) Jmy regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation via modulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. (springer.com)
The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) controls actin cytoskeletal dynamics throughout the cell by stimulating the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex at distinct membrane sites. (rcsb.org)
Together, the results demonstrate NAA80's role as actin's NAT and reveal a crucial role for actin Nt-acetylation in the control of cytoskeleton structure and dynamics. (uniprot.org)
It is hoped that, with the snapshot of evidence regarding changes in actin dynamics with advanced age, insights on anti-aging medicine can be attained for future research. (medworm.com)
Furthermore, it remains unclear at which stages of development microtubule and actin dynamics are important to maintain polarity. (biologists.org)
These cytoskeletal changes are regulated by actin-binding proteins such as cofilin, an essential regulator of actin dynamics ( Bamburg, 1999 ). (jneurosci.org)
In TNKS1BP1-depleted cells, actin filament dynamics, focal adhesion, and lamellipodia ruffling were increased with activation of the ROCK/LIMK/cofilin pathway. (aacrjournals.org)
The Rho-associated protein kinases/LIM kinases/cofilin pathway (ROCK/LIMK/cofilin pathway) and CapZ-mediated regulation of actin filament dynamics play key roles in the actin/cytoskeleton network rearrangement ( 4, 5 ). (aacrjournals.org)
In this review, we are discussing key factors that regulate the structure and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, the major cytoskeletal building block that supports the postsynaptic compartment. (hindawi.com)
For live cell imaging of the microtubule cytoskeleton we have generated a Phytophthora palmivora transformant expressing GFP-α-tubulin which allows us to visualize the dynamics of microtubules in oomycetes for the first time. (wur.nl)
Using actin as an example, we explored the feasibility of using a continuous wave (CW)-STED microscope to study the fine structure and dynamics in fixed and live cells. (mdpi.com)
In this study, we identify Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) as a linker connecting BCR signaling to actin dynamics and the Ag transport pathway. (jimmunol.org)
Thus, Btk regulates actin dynamics and Ag transport by activating Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein via Vav and phosphatidylinositides. (jimmunol.org)
The identified interactome reveals actin isoforms as well as actin-associated proteins involved in actin filament assembly, organization, rearrangement, and maintenance, suggesting that the biological function of Lrrk2 is linked to cytoskeletal dynamics. (mcponline.org)
Aims To investigate whether alterations in intracellular force generation (actin CK remodelling) or extracellular forces (substrate stiffness) regulate FA dynamics in VSMC. (bmj.com)
Optical tweezers, integrated in a confocal microscope, can be used to manipulate cytoplasmic organization while studying actin dynamics. (biochemsoctrans.org)
This review highlights how Arf GTPases collaborate with Rac1 to regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics at the membrane via recruiting and activating the Wave Regulatory Complex (WRC), a Rho effector that underpins lamellipodia formation and macropinocytosis. (whiterose.ac.uk)
The precise function of these actin rings in unclear, as well as details of their structure and dynamics. (helsinki.fi)
Essential processes such as neuronal morphogenesis, cell motility and tissue invasion rely on the spatial and temporal regulation of actin dynamics and therefore, their deregulation is at the root of severe pathologies. (csic.es)
Our goal is to define the role of WIP- and WASP-family proteins in actin dynamics within a variety of cellular processes in fibroblasts, dendritic cells (DC), neurons and astrocytes. (csic.es)
Our aim is to determine the mechanisms that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics in essential actin-mediated cell functions such as migration, invasion, and neuronal differentiation. (csic.es)
Structure and dynamics of actin cytoskeleton play a role ih regulation of cell adhesion, spreading and migration. (kuleuven.be)
Observations of cytoskeleton organization and dynamics in living foraminifera foster understanding of morphogenetic and biomineralization principles. (biogeosciences-discuss.net)
Response to an interactive comment by Samuel Bowser (Referee) on "Dynamics and organization of actin-labelled granules as a rapid transport mode of actin cytoskeleton components in Foraminifera" by Jan Goleń et al. (biogeosciences-discuss.net)
Schip1 associates with the cortical actin cytoskeleton network and modulates its dynamics in response to PDGF signaling via interaction with the Nherf2/ezrin complex. (diva-portal.org)
Ski protein is distributed between the nucleus and cytoplasm of normal hepatocytes, and the molecular mechanisms controlling Ski protein stability involve the participation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. (unam.mx)

Figure 1: WASp is recruited to the activated TCR site and then migrates to sites of actin rearrangement. (nature.com)
It is well known that rearrangement of the cytoskeleton inside NK cells is necessary for the formation of the immunological synapse and granule release to the target cells. (innovations-report.com)
The team next analyzed the effects of the actin rearrangement in cancer cells at the molecular level. (innovations-report.com)
The mechanisms that regulate this rearrangement in vivo are poorly understood - largely because of the difficulty to visualize filamentous actin (F-actin) structures with sufficient resolution. (uni-muenchen.de)
An open question is how Vav1 becomes activated and what receptor can signal upstream of actin cytoskeleton rearrangement upon NK cell contact with target cells. (rupress.org)
In T cells, the initial signals that lead to enhanced adhesion through LFA-1, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, and receptor clustering at the cellular interface upon contact with an APC are delivered by TCR engagement ( 9 ). (rupress.org)
This was associated with Rac1 activation and actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, which was abrogated in Vav1 knock-down podocytes. (clinsci.org)
In conclusion, we have demonstrated the role of Vav1-Rac1 pathway characterised by phosphorylation of Vav1, activation of Rac1 and the subsequent actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in IL-13 induced podocyte injury, possibly explaining the podocyte foot process effacement seen in our IL-13 overexpression rat model. (clinsci.org)
Here we show that increased PAI1 drives rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, mitochondrial fragmentation, and glycolytic metabolism in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. (aacrjournals.org)

An Arf GTPase-activating protein of the centaurin β family, ASAP1 (also known as centaurin β4), binds Arf and two other known regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, the tyrosine kinase Src and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. (pnas.org)
Plant cytoskeleton consists of two major protein networks, actin microfilaments (AFs) and microtubules (MTs). (frontiersin.org)
Until now, there have been no tools to visualize actin or the actin-binding protein fimbrin in live cells of a filamentous fungus. (psu.edu)
On cells with an actin response, a significant increase in immune-inhibitory ligands such as HLA-A, -B, -C and the immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 was found at the contact site with NK cells. (innovations-report.com)
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is associated with mutations in the WAS protein (WASp), which plays a critical role in the initiation of T cell receptor-driven (TCR-driven) actin polymerization. (jci.org)
Here, we demonstrated that the WASp-interacting protein (WIP) bridges DOCK8 to WASp and actin in T cells. (jci.org)
Actin is an abundant protein that can be found in essentially all eukaryotic cells. (frontiersin.org)
Our data show that Cdc42 ensures the integrity of the oocyte actin network and that disruption of this network with Latrunculin A phenocopies loss of Cdc42 or Par protein function in early stages of oogenesis. (biologists.org)
It is not known how the key players in cell polarity are linked to the dynamic microtubule and actin cytoskeletons required for axis establishment and how the initially cortical Par protein localization is established and maintained. (biologists.org)
Here, we show that Reelin signaling leads to serine3 phosphorylation of n-cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing protein that promotes the disassembly of F-actin. (jneurosci.org)
Here, we report that the tankyrase-binding protein TNKS1BP1 regulates actin cytoskeleton and cancer cell invasion, which is closely associated with cancer progression. (aacrjournals.org)
TNKS1BP1 bound the actin-capping protein CapZA2. (aacrjournals.org)
These specialized dendritic protrusions are supported by an actin-rich cytoskeletal protein matrix that not only provides structural support but also is essential for the delivery and anchoring of neurotransmitter receptors and other molecules involved in synaptic transmission. (hindawi.com)
However, it was unclear from these studies whether the effects of actin on ion channel activity were related to actin directly binding to the channel or a channel-associated actin-binding protein or whether the observed effects were mediated through the activation or inactivation of cytoskeleton-associated second messengers. (physiology.org)
Scaffolding proteins and actin-binding proteins typically interact with ion channels through conserved, modular protein domains. (physiology.org)
Frequently used confocal fluorescence and STED microscopy dyes were employed to image fixed PC-12 cells (dyed with phalloidin- fluorescein isothiocyante) and live rat chondrosarcoma cells (RCS) transfected with actin-green fluorescent protein (GFP). (mdpi.com)
mDab1 activates N-WASP directly, and induces actin polymerization through the Arp2/3 (actin-related protein 2/3) complex. (portlandpress.com)
Using xid mice and a Btk inhibitor, we show that BCR engagement increases actin polymerization and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein activation in a Btk-dependent manner. (jimmunol.org)
In the first instance, cytoskeletal changes (dendritic spines become long and thin) occur whenever LTD (Long Term Depression) occurs, and this is known to occur too much in Fragile X. In the second case, transport of mRNA requires that FMRP hook onto the cytoskeleton and propel itself along, like a railroad train, to transport the mRNA to the dendrite, where it will be used as the template for protein synthesis. (fraxa.org)
Mutations in MSS4 and CMD1 , encoding the small Ca 2+ -binding protein calmodulin, confer similar phenotypes, including loss of viability and defects in endocytosis and in organization of the actin cytoskeleton. (portlandpress.com)
The amount of eEF1A protein anchored to the cytoskeleton was also reduced in hypothyroidism, and it is worth mentioning that eEF1A is essential to attach transcripts to the cytoskeleton, which might modulate their stability and rate of translation. (bireme.br)
Almeida-Souza L et al (2018) A flat BAR protein promotes actin polymerization at the base of clathrin-coated pits. (springer.com)
Aspenstrom P (1997) A Cdc42 target protein with homology to the non-kinase domain of FER has a potential role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton. (springer.com)
Here we show that two MKS proteins, MKS1 and meckelin, that are required for centrosome migration and ciliogenesis interact with actin-binding isoforms of nesprin-2 (nuclear envelope spectrin repeat protein 2, also known as Syne-2 and NUANCE). (soton.ac.uk)
Additionally, Giardia contains a single G protein, giRac, which affects the Giardia actin cytoskeleton independently of known target ABPs. (washington.edu)
We study actin-binding proteins such as (N)WASP (neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein), WIP (WASP-interacting protein) and WIRE (WIP-related) to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie inflammation-mediated conditions, tumour invasion and neurological diseases. (csic.es)
The EH-domain-containing protein Pan1 is required for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (asm.org)
Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the Pan1 protein colocalized with the cortical actin patches, suggesting that it may be a filamentous actin-binding protein. (asm.org)
The Pan1 protein contains an EF-hand calcium-binding domain, a putative Src homology 3 (SH3)-binding domain, a region similar to the actin cytoskeleton assembly control protein Sla1, and two repeats of a newly identified protein motif known as the EH domain. (asm.org)
Changes of FAM40A expression altered the morphology of the MPs and their cytoskeletal organization, which was characterized by disordered distribution of F-actin, loss of the foot process architecture and the functional protein of the slit diaphragm nephrin (p (termedia.pl)
In addition, expression of the cytoskeletal protein F-actin was increased and concentrated in FAM40A mutated cells, whereas the expression of nephrin decreased in those cells (p (termedia.pl)
TRIP6 is a LIM domain-containing protein interacting with many actin-associated proteins and in addition modulating activity of certain transcription factors. (kuleuven.be)
10-12 Because the small heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) has been shown to be a phosphorylation dependent regulator of actin polymerisation, 13 14 and CCK has been shown to stimulate pancreatic HSP27 phosphorylation both in vivo and in vitro, 15 16 the possibility exists that HSP27 participates in the regulation of the cytoskeleton during caerulein induced acute pancreatitis. (bmj.com)
We have found that transient and stable expression of the talin actin-binding domain fused to the C-terminus of the green fluorescent protein (GFP-mTn) can visualize the actin cytoskeleton in different types of living plant cells without affecting cell morphology or function. (ovid.com)
Transiently expressed GFP-mTn co-localized with rhodamine-phalloidin in permeabilized tobacco BY-2 suspension cells, showing that the fusion protein can specifically label the plant actin cytoskeleton. (ovid.com)
Ski protein stability is decreased by TGF-β/Smads, GPCR/Rho signals, and actin polymerization, whereas GPCR/cAMP signals and actin depolymerization promote Ski protein stability. (unam.mx)
Building on Banga's original extraction method, he developed a novel technique for extracting muscle protein that allowed him to isolate substantial amounts of relatively pure actin, published in 1942. (wikipedia.org)
Since Straub's protein was necessary to activate the coagulation of myosin, it was dubbed actin. (wikipedia.org)
Beta-actin (human gene and protein abbreviation ACTB/ACTB) is one of six different actin isoforms which have been identified in humans. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, RNA-binding protein Sam68 was found to interact with the mRNA encoding β-actin, which regulates the synaptic formation of the dendritic spines with its cytoskeletal components. (wikipedia.org)
Beta actin is often used in Western blotting as a loading control, to normalize total protein amounts and check for eventual protein degradation in the samples. (wikipedia.org)

Movement is coupled to a polarized actin polymerization process, with the formation of characteristic actin tails. (nih.gov)
T cell receptor (TCR) engagement leads to actin polymerization at the site of T cell contact with antigen-presenting cells. (nature.com)
Here we have studied the dynamic activity of proteins involved in regulating actin polymerization in live T cells after activation. (nature.com)
Thus, actin polymerization regulated by the TCR begins at the TCR. (nature.com)
Molecules recruited to the TCR regulate actin polymerization and this process drives plasma membrane movement and cellular spreading. (nature.com)
Gallego, M.D., Santamaria, M., Pena, J. & Molina, I.J. Defective actin reorganization and polymerization of Wiskott-Aldrich T cells in response to CD3-mediated stimulation. (nature.com)
To be sure that the actin response is truly associated to the resistance phenotype, the researchers conducted experiments in which genes were silenced to impair actin polymerization. (innovations-report.com)
We demonstrate here that in vitro capacitation of bull, ram, mouse, and human sperm was accompanied by a time-dependent increase in actin polymerization. (bioone.org)
Incubation of sperm in media lacking BSA or methyl-β-cyclodextrin, Ca 2 , or NaHCO 3 , components that are all required for capacitation, prevented actin polymerization as well as capacitation, as assessed by the ability of the cells to undergo the acrosome reaction. (bioone.org)
NaHCO 3 , cAMP, epidermal growth factor, H 2 O 2 , and sodium vanadate) were able to enhance actin polymerization, whereas inhibition of tyrosine kinases prevented F-actin formation. (bioone.org)
These data suggest that actin polymerization may represent an important regulatory pathway in with sperm capacitation, whereas F-actin breakdown occurs before the acrosome reaction. (bioone.org)
Moreover, by applying actin polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin D to sciatic nerve crushed rats, we studied the in vivo effect of cytochalasin D and demonstrated that inhibiting actin polymerization would delay the migration of Schwann cells and hinder the repair and regeneration of injured peripheral nerves. (frontiersin.org)
Inhibition of actin polymerization promotes adipogenic differentiation but inhibits osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. (hindawi.com)
This filopodium formation is dependent on N-WASP, because expression of an N-WASP mutant that cannot induce Arp2/3-complex-mediated actin polymerization suppressed filopodium formation. (portlandpress.com)
Development of chirality in keratinocytes was controlled by DIAPH1 (mDia1) and VASP, proteins involved in regulation of actin polymerization. (biologists.org)
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors block BCR-induced actin polymerization ( 14 ), suggesting that actin remodeling is downstream of BCR proximal signaling. (jimmunol.org)
WASP is a hematopoietic cell-specific actin regulator that links upstream signals to actin polymerization and branching by stabilizing Arp2/3 complexes ( 18 ). (jimmunol.org)
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 regulates actin polymerization and contributes to cytotoxicity by natural killer (NK) cells. (rupress.org)
Using transfected insect cells that express ligands of human NK cell receptors, we show that engagement of the β2 integrin LFA-1 on NK cells by intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 led to a tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav1 that was not sensitive to cholesterol depletion and to inhibition of actin polymerization. (rupress.org)
However, coengagement of 2B4 with LFA-1 resulted in an enhancement of Vav1 phosphorylation that was sensitive to cholesterol depletion and to inhibition of actin polymerization. (rupress.org)
Here we show that contact of NK cells with insect cells expressing ICAM-1 alone resulted in a tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav1 that was not dependent on actin polymerization and on lipid rafts. (rupress.org)
In contrast, Vav1 phosphorylation induced by coengagement of 2B4 with LFA-1 was dependent on actin polymerization and on lipid rafts. (rupress.org)
A large number of proteins sit at the interface between actin networks and membranes, playing diverse roles such as initiation of actin polymerization, modulation of membrane curvature, and signaling. (springer.com)
Abou-Kheir W, Isaac B, Yamaguchi H, Cox D (2008) Membrane targeting of WAVE2 is not sufficient for WAVE2-dependent actin polymerization: a role for IRSp53 in mediating the interaction between Rac and WAVE2. (springer.com)
Unlike full-length talin, the C-terminal f-actin binding domain is unable to nucleate actin polymerization. (ovid.com)

We identified a pathway where the two types of signaling work in harmony to remodel actomyosin stress fibers in the cell's cytoskeleton. (pnas.org)
It was concluded that Rho acts as a molecular switch to control a signal transduction pathway that links membrane receptors to the cytoskeleton. (sciencemag.org)
These results indicate that DOCK8 and WASp are in the same signaling pathway that links TCRs to the actin cytoskeleton in TCR-driven actin assembly. (jci.org)
An actin-dependent, but clathrin-independent, internalization pathway for the BCR has recently been observed ( 17 ), underscoring the importance of actin in BCR internalization. (jimmunol.org)
Furthermore, we demonstrate that Gα 12/13 modulate epibolic movements of the enveloping layer by regulating actin cytoskeleton organization through a RhoGEF/Rho-dependent pathway. (rupress.org)
Zeng W, Li Y, Li B, Liu C, Hong S, Tang J, Hong L. Mechanical Stretching induces the apoptosis of parametrial ligament Fibroblasts via the Actin Cytoskeleton/Nr4a1 signalling pathway. (medsci.org)
Gene expression of Vav1 was shown to be highly up-regulated in the glomeruli of IL-13 -overexpressed rats and pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes suggested a possible novel role of Vav1 in podocyte cytoskeleton remodelling. (clinsci.org)
Both SSH1 and ARPC3 are involved in the actin cytoskeleton pathway and interacted with adherent junctions in the epidermal cells. (em-consulte.com)
These methods will be used to identify components in the signal transduction pathway leading to actin cytoskeleton organization. (ugent.be)

Interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton are essential for normal mitochondrial morphology, motility and distribution. (nih.gov)
Mutating this binding surface in flies resulted in defects in actin cytoskeletal organization and egg morphology during oogenesis, leading to female sterility. (rcsb.org)
It is the precise regulation of actin filament assembly/disassembly that mediates the organization of actin cytoskeleton, affects cellular morphology, adhesion, remodeling, and movement, and contributes to tissue development and wound healing ( Pollard and Borisy, 2003 ). (frontiersin.org)
The difference between morphology and migratory characteristics of epithelial cells and fibroblasts are accompanied by differences in their actin cytoskeleton organization. (biologists.org)
FAM40A played an important role in maintaining the normal morphology and function of MPs by stabilizing the cytoskeleton of MPs. (termedia.pl)
Moreover, mutant FAM40A (p521M>T) was able to alter the morphology and cytoskeleton of the MPs, and to decrease the expression of nephrin, which may be the main factor contributing to FSGS. (termedia.pl)

Structures consisting of G-actin or other filament-forming monomers show a variety of morphologies with widely different properties in regard to pore size, degree of isotropy, and extent of cross-linking. (mit.edu)
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized actin-based cytoskeletal structures. (yeastgenome.org)
Lifeact-EGFP labels actin associated with cell-cell junctions, apical and basal membranes and highlights actin-based structures such as filopodia and stress fiber-like cytoplasmic bundles. (uni-muenchen.de)
Given the central role of the actin cytoskeleton in maintaining and modifying glutamatergic synaptic connections, proteins that modify or stabilize the cytoskeletal structures are potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of AD. (hindawi.com)
Previously we identified actin plaques as highly immobile, long-lived structures that are unique for oomycetes. (wur.nl)
We show with fluorescence microscopy that the motors generate ring-like actin structures whose size and shape depends both on motor and crosslink density. (ens-lyon.fr)
The structures use the following PDB entries: 1J6Z (actin), 5LY3 (crenactin), 4A62 (ParM), 5LJK (MamK) and 4CZL (MreB). (elifesciences.org)
Last, the assembly of complex structures, such as stress fibers and podosomes involves the collaboration of multiple types of actin filament specified by their Tpm composition. (biologists.org)
Of medical significance, the divergent giActin cytoskeleton is essential and commonly used actin-disrupting drugs do not depolymerize giActin structures. (washington.edu)
Advanced imaging techniques and biochemical approaches allowed us to elucidate the role of WIP in the formation of actin-rich invasive structures, podosomes and invadopodia. (csic.es)
Surprisingly, the most distinctive feature in the organisation of actin in Foraminifera is the prevalence of actin-labelled granules (ALGs) within pseudopodial structures. (biogeosciences-discuss.net)
The first hypothesis is based on the presence of similar actin structures in fungi, fungi-like protists and some plant cells. (biogeosciences-discuss.net)
Actin patches transported in that manner are most likely involved in maintaining shape, rapid reorganization, and elasticity of pseudopodial structures, as well as in adhesion to the substrate. (biogeosciences-discuss.net)
Upon actin disassembly by latrunculin A treatment, Schip1 remains associated with the residual F-actin-containing structures, suggesting a functional connection with actin cytoskeleton possibly via its interaction partners. (diva-portal.org)
Using super-resolution analysis of different areas of the rat brain, we show that vasopressin neurons feature a unique actin cytoskeleton comprising a subcortical actin layer and an array of cytoplasmic comet-like structures, which are not present in any other neuronal cell type. (eneuro.org)
Moreover, the density of these unique actin structures is increased in a rodent model of salt-sensitive hypertension, and our findings suggest that this modification may contribute to excessive activation of vasopressin neurons in a model salt-sensitive hypertension. (eneuro.org)
Elevated cellular PAI1 enhanced cytoskeletal features associated with migration, actin-rich migratory structures, and reduced actin stress fibers. (aacrjournals.org)

Similar actin remodeling kinetics occurred in expanding or contracting intact stress fibers but over much longer timescales. (pnas.org)
Finally, we measured resting stress fibers, for which the model predicts constant actin overlap that balances disassembly and assembly. (pnas.org)
In the cells spread over the planar substrate, the numerous myosin stacks apparently form the links between neighboring actin filament bundles (stress-fibers or arcs), maintaining the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. (newton.ac.uk)
In fibroblasts plated onto islands of optimal size, an initially circular actin pattern evolves into a radial pattern of actin bundles that undergo asymmetric chiral swirling before finally producing parallel linear stress fibers. (biologists.org)
Mechanistically, overexpression of Schip1 in vitro causes accumulation of cortical F-actin with dissolution of transversal stress fibers and promotes cell migration in response to PDGF-BB stimulation. (diva-portal.org)

New chapters cover Actin isoforms in cancer, Actin cytoskeleton regulators at invadopodia, Cytoskeletal Mechanics Drives Heterogeneity in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer, and more. (elsevier.com)
Loss of meckelin (by siRNA and in a patient cell-line) caused a dramatic remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton, aberrant localization of nesprin-2 isoforms to actin stress-fibres and activation of RhoA signalling. (soton.ac.uk)

We present evidence that expansion or contraction of fibers alters the actin filament overlap, a mechanical signal that is mechanotransduced into actin assembly or disassembly, which in turn alters the overlap. (pnas.org)
The disassembly rate was accelerated more than twofold above the resting value, but only when contraction increased the actin density to a threshold value following a time delay. (pnas.org)
The model showed that this feedback mechanism, together with rapid stress transmission along the actin bundle, spatiotemporally synchronizes actin disassembly and fiber contraction. (pnas.org)
In migrating cells, the actin cytoskeleton (F-actin) at the leading edge is subjected to an organized process of assembly/disassembly to move the edge forward ( Pollard and Borisy, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
These modifications require regulated disassembly and reassembly of the actin cytoskeleton. (hindawi.com)
This was associated with dysregulation of calpain-dependent podosome disassembly, leading to abnormal actin belt formation, cell spreading, and migration. (asbmr.org)
RESULTS ROM dose dependently and significantly increased F- and G-actin oxidation (carbonylation), decreased the stable F-actin fraction (index of stability), and increased the monomeric G-actin fraction (index of disassembly). (bmj.com)
Cytochalasin-D, an inhibitor of actin assembly, not only caused actin disassembly and barrier dysfunction but also abolished the protective action of growth factors. (bmj.com)
CONCLUSIONS Oxidation, disassembly, and instability of the actin cytoskeleton appears to play a key role in the mechanism of oxidant induced loss of intestinal barrier integrity. (bmj.com)

Cytoskeletal actin assemblies transmit mechanical stresses that molecular sensors transduce into biochemical signals to trigger cytoskeletal remodeling and other downstream events. (pnas.org)
Dustin, M.L. & Cooper, J.A. The immunological synapse and the actin cytoskeleton: molecular hardware for T cell signaling. (nature.com)
After a 4-year postdoc in the lab of Prof. Jerry Hyams studying myosin actin associated motor proteins he was awarded a BBSRC David Phillips Fellowship and moved to the University of Kent to continue research on these conserved molecular motors. (babraham.ac.uk)
Through the recent application of molecular and proteomic approaches, we now know that the interactions between epithelial ion channels and actin can either be direct or indirect, the latter being mediated through scaffolding or actin-binding proteins that serve as links between the channels and the actin-based cytoskeleton. (physiology.org)
Through the application of molecular and proteomic approaches, we now know that actin can interact directly or indirectly with epithelial ion channels. (physiology.org)
We systematically adjust the myosin activity and processivity and the level of crosslinking, to find out how molecular parameters change the emergent properties (structure and mechanics) of the model cytoskeleton. (ens-lyon.fr)
Hence, our results demonstrate that molecular interactions as well as the physiological function of Lrrk2 are closely related to the organization of the actin-based cytoskeleton, a crucial feature of neuronal development and neuron function. (mcponline.org)
To fully understand how the actin cytoskeleton functions as the structural basis for cytoplasmic organization, both molecular and physical aspects of the actin organization have to be considered. (biochemsoctrans.org)
The Arf and Rho subfamilies of small GTPases are nucleotide-dependent molecular switches that act as master regulators of vesicular trafficking and the actin cytoskeleton organization. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Molecular bases of actin cytoskeleton reorgan. (csic.es)
Our goal is to understand the molecular basis of the mechanism that regulates actin polymerisation, a process that underlies numerous essential cell functions whose deregulation leads to serious human diseases. (csic.es)
Our data suggest a selective role of the actin network in inducing a restriction to influenza virus replication, mostly depending on its molecular organization, the host cell type and virus replication phase. (deepdyve.com)

Intracellular pathogens and the actin cytoskeleton. (nih.gov)
The interaction of ion channels with the actin-based cytoskeleton in epithelial cells not only maintains the polarized expression of ion channels within specific membrane domains, it also functions in the intracellular trafficking and regulation of channel activity. (physiology.org)
This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the interactions between epithelial ion channels and the actin-based cytoskeleton, and the roles these interactions play in regulating the cell surface expression, activity, and intracellular trafficking of epithelial ion channels. (physiology.org)
In addition, interactions between epithelial ion channels and actin or actin-binding/scaffolding proteins play a role in the regulation of channel activity and in their intracellular trafficking. (physiology.org)
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic but well organized intracellular network that is essential for proper functioning of eukaryotic cells. (wur.nl)
These studies lead to the hypothesis that a dynamic actin cytoskeleton is a determining factor for the correct intracellular routing of BCR-bound Ags and that there is a regulatory relationship between the actin cytoskeleton and BCR signaling and Ag-transport pathways. (jimmunol.org)
In interphase plant cells, the actin cytoskeleton is essential for intracellular transport and organization. (biochemsoctrans.org)
These data suggest that maintenance of intracellular pH in osteoclasts through anion exchange regulates the actin superstructures required for bone resorption. (asbmr.org)
Actin therefore contributes to processes such as the intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles as well as muscular contraction and cellular migration. (wikipedia.org)
The make-up of the cytoskeleton is also related to the pathogenicity of intracellular bacteria and viruses, particularly in the processes related to evading the actions of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)

There exist two forms of actin, G-actin, the globular monomeric form, and F-actin, the filamentous polymeric form. (frontiersin.org)
Actin's cellular activities depend on the dynamic transition between its monomeric and filamentous forms, a process exquisitely regulated in cells by a large number of actin-binding and signaling proteins. (uniprot.org)
NAA80-knockout cells display severely altered cytoskeletal organization, including an increase in the ratio of filamentous to globular actin, increased filopodia and lamellipodia formation, and accelerated cell motility. (uniprot.org)
An interaction between the actin-based cytoskeleton and epithelial ion channels was further supported by the fact that the addition of monomeric or filamentous actin to excised patches had an effect on channel activity comparable to that of cytochalasins. (physiology.org)
An interaction between actin and epithelial ions channels was further supported by the fact that the addition of either monomeric or filamentous actin to excised patches had an effect on channel activity comparable to that of cytochalasins ( 15 , 16 , 87 - 89 , 117 ). (physiology.org)
The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane. (yeastrc.org)
Finally, we identified WIP as a component of neuronal synapses whose absence increases dendritic spine size and filamentous actin levels in a RhoA/ROCK/profilinIIa-dependent manner. (csic.es)
Sphingomyelinase inhibition or sphingomyelin addition reverses the RhoA-dependent increase in filamentous actin, as well as functional anomalies in WIP-deficient synapses. (csic.es)
8 9 More detailed studies have been carried out in vitro using isolated pancreatic acini where treatment with supramaximal cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits secretion and also causes a dramatic blebbing and a decrease in apical filamentous actin. (bmj.com)
It can be present as either a free monomer called G-actin (globular) or as part of a linear polymer microfilament called F-actin (filamentous), both of which are essential for such important cellular functions as the mobility and contraction of cells during cell division. (wikipedia.org)

Overall, our data revealed the changes of actin cytoskeleton-related genes following peripheral nerve injury and stated the importance of actin cytoskeleton during peripheral nerve regeneration. (frontiersin.org)

In fungi the actin cytoskeleton is involved in numerous cellular processes including: cell polarity, cytokinesis, endocytosis, exocytosis, bud site selection, cell wall remodelling and cell shape d. (psu.edu)
Actin polarity is thought to be crucial for the inheritance of various organelles =-=(22)-=- and may be important for the asymmetric distribution of damaged proteins, as well. (psu.edu)
A Swe1p- dependent cell cycle delay was triggered by direct perturbations of the actin cytoskeleton, even when polarity establishment functions remained intact. (rupress.org)
Furthermore, actin perturbation could trigger the checkpoint even in cells that had already formed a bud, suggesting that the checkpoint directly monitors actin organization, rather than (or in addition to) polarity establishment or bud formation. (rupress.org)
Finally, we show that Cdc42 and Par proteins, as well as Cdc42/Par and Arp3, interact in the context of oocyte polarity, and that loss of Par proteins reciprocally affects Cdc42 localization and the actin network. (biologists.org)
These results reveal a mutual dependence between Par proteins and Cdc42 for their localization, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and, consequently, for the establishment of oocyte polarity. (biologists.org)
These findings further highlight the important roles of the nesprins during cellular and developmental processes, particularly in general organelle positioning, and suggest that a mechanistic link between centrosome positioning, cell polarity and the actin cytoskeleton is required for centrosomal migration and is essential for early ciliogenesis. (soton.ac.uk)
One of the prominent cellular features of caerulein induced pancreatitis is rapid disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with reduction or loss of cell polarity, enlarged acinar lumina, and loss of the actin network surrounding the lumina. (bmj.com)

Our results indicate novel roles for vertebrate Dchs in actin and microtubule cytoskeleton regulation in the unanticipated context of the single-celled embryo. (biologists.org)

Thus pathogens are convenient systems in which to study actin cytoskeleton rearrangements in response to stimuli at the plasma membrane or inside cells. (nih.gov)
Oligodendrocytes are specialized glia that extend multiple actin-based protrusions to form the multilayered myelin membrane that spirally wraps around axons, increasing conduction speed and promoting long-term axonal integrity. (springer.com)
Our findings directly link diverse membrane proteins to the WRC and actin cytoskeleton and have broad physiological and pathological ramifications in metazoans. (rcsb.org)
The clustering and retention of ion channels within a particular plasma membrane domain are, in part, mediated through interactions with actin, actin-binding proteins, or scaffolding proteins. (physiology.org)
Phosphoinositides regulate a wide range of cellular processes, including proliferation, survival, cytoskeleton remodelling and membrane trafficking, yet the mechanisms controlling the kinases, phosphatases and lipases that modulate phosphoinositide levels are poorly understood. (portlandpress.com)
Recent advances in super-resolution microscopy revealed the presence of an intricate membrane-associated periodic lattice in the AIS that contains sub-membranous actin rings periodically spaced ~190 nm and connected to a spectrin-ankyrin lattice. (helsinki.fi)
Our findings characterise WIP as a link between membrane lipid composition and actin cytoskeleton at dendritic spines. (csic.es)
Rapid actin-cytoskeleton-dependent recruitment of plasma membrane-derived dysferlin at wounds is critical for muscle membrane repair. (harvard.edu)

Nervous system function requires morphological and functional plasticity of neurons and glial cells, which is largely determined by the dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to intrinsic and extracellular signals. (springer.com)
Ang-1 treatment caused dramatic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton that resulted in a reduction in number of stress fibres and lamellipodia, with an uneven thickening of the remaining stress fibres and an increase in both dominant leading-edge pseudopodia observed at the ends of the cells and in invadopodia. (arvojournals.org)
The binding of the BCR to Ags not only induces the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton but also triggers its association with the BCR and signaling molecules, including Lyn, Syk, and GTP-binding proteins ( 11 , 12 , 13 ). (jimmunol.org)
The reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is thought to be mediated by actin binding proteins within minutes to several hours depending on the stimulus and plant tissue involved. (plantcell.org)
Previous studies have suggested that the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in accordance with cell cycle progression is controlled, directly or indirectly, by the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28. (asm.org)

Recent findings also indicate that mutations in actin or actin-binding proteins can influence mitochondrial pathways leading to cell death. (nih.gov)
The reshaping and functions of the actin cytoskeleton are regulated by signaling pathways. (nih.gov)
Here we broadly review the actin cytoskeleton and the signaling pathways that regulate it. (nih.gov)
Within this laboratory, the "Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression" research group, led by Dr. Clément Thomas, focuses in particular on the actin cytoskeleton and related signaling pathways in the context of breast cancer. (innovations-report.com)
To address this question, we made rat sciatic nerve crush surgery, collected injured sciatic nerve stumps, analyzed RNA deep sequencing outcomes, and specifically studied two significantly involved canonical pathways that were related with actin, actin cytoskeleton signaling and regulation of actin-based motility by Rho. (frontiersin.org)
The mechanistic links between the interrelated pathways of BCR signaling, Ag transport, and the actin cytoskeleton have not been well studied. (jimmunol.org)

Mutations in the different genes that regulate actin production in humans can cause muscular diseases, variations in the size and function of the heart as well as deafness. (wikipedia.org)

In certain fungi, such as the budding yeast and Aspergillus, or in plant cells mitochondrial motility is largely actin-based. (nih.gov)
The main functions of the actin cytoskeleton are to mediate cell motility and cell shape changes during the cell cycle and in response to extracellular stimuli, to organize the cytoplasm, and to generate mechanical forces within the cell. (nih.gov)
The actin cytoskeleton is essential for maintaining the shape of cells and enabling motility, and plays critical roles in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. (innovations-report.com)
NAA80 is actin's N-terminal acetyltransferase and regulates cytoskeleton assembly and cell motility. (uniprot.org)
Actin, one of the most abundant proteins in nature, participates in countless cellular functions ranging from organelle trafficking and pathogen motility to cell migration and regulation of gene transcription. (uniprot.org)
The cytoskeleton, cellular motility and the reductionist agenda. (wikipathways.org)
While cofilin facilitates actin depolymerization, phosphorylation of cofilin on serine 3 (p-cofilin) attenuates its actin depolymerization activity and causes increased numbers of focal adhesion complexes, actin stress fiber formation, and enhanced cell motility ( 7, 8 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Most members of this family have been implicated in cellular functions that require dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, such as endocytosis, organelle trafficking, cell motility, and T-tubule biogenesis in muscle cells. (springer.com)
Actin-labelled granules are small (around 1 µm in diameter) actin-rich organelles demonstrating a wide range of motility behaviours from almost stationary oscillating around certain points to exhibiting rapid motion. (biogeosciences-discuss.net)
Actin participates in many important cellular processes, including muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis, vesicle and organelle movement, cell signaling, and the establishment and maintenance of cell junctions and cell shape. (wikipedia.org)
The beta and gamma actins coexist in most cell types as components of the cytoskeleton, and as mediators of internal cell motility. (wikipedia.org)
Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure and integrity. (wikipedia.org)

Probing the Plant Actin Cytoskeleton duri. (mendeley.com)
Probing the Plant Actin Cytoskeleton during Cytokinesis and Interphase by Profilin Microinjection. (mendeley.com)

A similar assay with cytochalasin D points to stabilization of cortical actin cytoskeleton in Schip1 overexpressing cells by attenuation of actin depolymerisation. (diva-portal.org)

A radially symmetrical system of actin bundles consisting of α-actinin-enriched radial fibres (RFs) and myosin-IIA-enriched transverse fibres (TFs) evolved spontaneously into the chiral system as a result of the unidirectional tilting of all RFs, which was accompanied by a tangential shift in the retrograde movement of TFs. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In fibroblasts confined to the circular adhesive islands, a radially symmetrical system of actin bundles, consisting of alpha-actinin-enriched radial fibers (RFs) and myosin-IIA-enriched transverse fibers (TFs), evolved spontaneously into the chiral system as a result of the unidirectional tilting of all RFs accompanied by a tangential shift in the retrograde movement of TFs. (newton.ac.uk)
In my seminar I will focus on the active self-organization of contractile actin-myosin 2 networks. (ens-lyon.fr)
Following up on the discovery of Ilona Banga & Szent-Györgyi in 1941 that the coagulation only occurs in some mysosin extractions and was reversed upon the addition of ATP, Straub identified and purified actin from those myosin preparations that did coagulate. (wikipedia.org)
Realizing that Banga's coagulating myosin preparations contained actin as well, Szent-Györgyi called the mixture of both proteins actomyosin. (wikipedia.org)

Although the effects of Rho GTPases on the organization of the actin cytoskeleton are perhaps still best characterized in fibroblasts, there is now compelling evidence of a similar role for these proteins in all eukaryotic cells. (sciencemag.org)
Actin cytoskeleton self-organization in two cell types, fibroblasts and epitheliocytes, was studied in cells confined to isotropic adhesive islands. (biologists.org)
Therefore, it is possible that differences in actin cytoskeleton self-organization between epithelial cells and fibroblasts are determined by the differences in available extracellular adhesions (cell-cell and cell-matrix versus cell-matrix only). (biologists.org)
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of actin cytoskeleton to resist mechanical stretching (MS)-induced apoptosis in parametrial ligament fibroblasts (PLFs) and the underlying mechanisms. (medsci.org)
Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts stained by SiR700-Actin (Cat. (cytoskeleton.com)

The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain-containing Vav1, through activation of the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42, is an essential mediator of the TCR-induced cytoskeleton reorganization and polarization of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts ( 10 - 12 ). (rupress.org)

F5-peptide perturbed the ability of actin microfilaments and/or MTs from converting between their bundled and unbundled/defragmented configuration, thereby perturbing adhesion between spermatids and Sertoli cells. (popcouncil.org)
Since apical ES and basal ES/BTB are interconnected through the underlying cytoskeletal networks, this thus provides an efficient and novel mechanism to coordinate different cellular events across the epithelium during spermatogenesis through changes in the organization of actin microfilaments and MTs. (popcouncil.org)
Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments. (wikipedia.org)

Inhibition of F-actin formation by cytochalasin D blocked sperm capacitation and reduced the in vitro fertilization rate of metaphase II-arrested mouse eggs. (bioone.org)
Compaction of cell shape occurs before decrease of elasticity in CHO-K1 cells treated with actin cytoskeleton disrupting drug cytochalasin D. (biomedsearch.com)
Treatment with the actin-depolymerizing agent cytochalasin D significantly increased the infection efficiency in LLC-MK2 cells, while a detrimental effect was observed in the MDCK cell line. (deepdyve.com)

The actin cytoskeleton has been shown to be involved in these key neuronal processes by subserving events such as presynaptic vesicle movement, postsynaptic glutamate receptors trafficking and dendritic spines morphogenesis. (nih.gov)

The actin cytoskeleton mediates a variety of essential biological functions in all eukaryotic cells. (sciencemag.org)

Accordingly, disruption of actin cytoskeleton in wild-type embryos phenocopied MZ dchs1b mutant defects in cytoplasmic segregation and CGE, whereas interfering with microtubules in wild-type embryos impaired dorsal organizer and mesodermal gene expression without perceptible earlier phenotypes. (biologists.org)
Concomitant with these changes were disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and loss of the monolayer barrier function. (bmj.com)
In contrast, growth factor pretreatment decreased actin oxidation and enhanced the stable F-actin, while in concert prevented actin disruption and restored normal barrier function of monolayers exposed to ROM. (bmj.com)

Members of the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphatases have emerged as key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, and furthermore, through their interaction with multiple target proteins, they ensure coordinated control of other cellular activities such as gene transcription and adhesion. (sciencemag.org)

However, the spatio-temporal expression patterns of actin cytoskeleton-related genes and the specific roles of actin cytoskeleton following peripheral nerve injury have not been fully revealed. (frontiersin.org)
With funding from FRAXA Research Foundation from 2004-2006, Dr. Angela Giangrande at the Universite Louis Pasteur investigated the interactions between dendrites, messenger mRNA, and the cytoskeleton in fruit flies, which are a simple yet powerful system in which multiple genes can be manipulated with relative ease. (fraxa.org)
A large number of illnesses and diseases are caused by mutations in alleles of the genes that regulate the production of actin or of its associated proteins. (wikipedia.org)

Phosphorylation at serine3 renders n-cofilin unable to depolymerize F-actin, thereby stabilizing the cytoskeleton. (jneurosci.org)
TNKS1BP1 depletion dissociated CapZA2 from the cytoskeleton, leading to cofilin phosphorylation and enhanced cell invasion. (aacrjournals.org)
Tankyrase overexpression increased cofilin phosphorylation, dissociated CapZA2 from cytoskeleton, and enhanced cell invasion in a PARP activity-dependent manner. (aacrjournals.org)

Recent findings show that the actin cytoskeleton and its regulatory proteins are needed for memory formation and extinction in different organisms throughout the phyla from invertebrates such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila to mammalians. (nih.gov)
The actin cytoskeleton and its regulatory proteins participate in the formation of various types of memories that are subserved by different neurons and brain regions. (nih.gov)
Although actin and tubulin are conserved proteins, many structural and regulatory proteins interacting with the cytoskeleton are unique for specific phylogenetic groups. (wur.nl)
Overexpression of F5-peptide caused disorganization of actin- and microtubule (MT)-based cytoskeletons, mediated by altering the spatiotemporal expression of actin binding/regulatory proteins in the seminiferous epithelium. (popcouncil.org)

These observations suggest that members of the Rho GTPase family are key regulatory molecules that link surface receptors to the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. (sciencemag.org)
The proper control of the segregation of neurotransmitter receptors at these synapses is directly correlated with the intact regulation of the postsynaptic cytoskeleton. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, binding of LFA-1 to ICAM-1 on target cells may initiate an early signaling cascade in NK cells through activation of Vav1, leading to cytoskeleton reorganization and amplification of signals from other activation receptors. (rupress.org)

Here, the development of a chiral pattern of actomyosin was revealed by studying actin cytoskeleton self-organization in cells with isotropic circular shape. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Researchers within his lab use a variety of cross discipline approaches to elucidate how differences in the kinetic and physical properties of the actomyosin cytoskeleton, relate to its cellular properties to uncover cellular functions. (babraham.ac.uk)
We discuss here some aspects of local and global self-organization of the actomyosin cytoskeleton in the fibroblast-type cells. (newton.ac.uk)

The plant cytoskeleton has crucial functions in a number of cellular processes that are essential for cell morphogenesis, organogenesis, and development. (plantcell.org)
By combining this with mutant studies and drug applications, insight can be obtained about how the physical properties of the actin cytoskeleton, and thus the cytoplasmic organization, are influenced by different cellular processes. (biochemsoctrans.org)
We sought to investigate the properties and functions of the actin cytoskeleton in Giardia to determine whether Giardia actin (giActin) has reduced or conserved roles in core cellular processes. (washington.edu)
These results imply that there exist ancestral and perhaps conserved roles for actin in core cellular processes that are independent of canonical ABPs. (washington.edu)

Several specific proteins, for example, the small regulatory GTP-binding proteins, in particular Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA in the Rho family, can switch the balance between G-actin and F-actin and thus affect the remodeling and organization of actin cytoskeleton. (frontiersin.org)
Key phrases: lymphocytes paxillin actin Rac1 RhoA LFA-1 PKC-δ Intro Lymphocyte migration takes on a key part in a multitude of physiological procedures. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Wsp1 is an effector of Rac1 in actin organization. (asm.org)

Our data support a novel apical recycling model which indicates a critical role for actin patch-mediated endocytosis to maintain polarized growth at the apex. (psu.edu)

Cellular chirality arising from the self-organization of the actin cytoskeleton. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Thus, actin cytoskeleton self-organization provides built-in machinery that potentially allows cells to develop left-right asymmetry. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Confocal laser scanning microscopy of rhodamine-phalloidin staining in vivo revealed that high levels of microinjected profilin induced a degradation of the actin cytoskeleton in the phragmoplast, the perinuclear zone, and the cytoplasmic strands. (mendeley.com)
Cell cytoskeleton double labelled with rhodamine phalloidin for actin (red) and antitubulin antibody for microtubules (green). (gettyimages.com)
The Alexa Fluor dye was conjugated to phalloidin, targeting the cytoskeletal F-actin network, and Texas Red was conjugated to WGA in order to localize a red fluorescent tag to the Golgi complex. (microscopyu.com)
To observe angiopoietin-induced changes in the cytoskeleton, retinal pericytes were grown on slides precoated with Matrigel and the actin cytoskeleton labeled with phalloidin conjugated with TRITC. (arvojournals.org)
A) F-actin was visualized using rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin staining of the indicated strains. (asm.org)
Moreover, an actin stabilising agent, phalloidin, mimicked the protective actions of the growth factors. (bmj.com)

Herein, we report that HGF induces actin cytoskeleton remodeling in vitro in isolated myoid cells and myoid cell contraction in cultured seminiferous tubules. (mdpi.com)

Tie-2 expression in retinal pericytes is functional and angiopoietin-1 may exert migratory effects on the pericytes via alterations in the F-actin cytoskeletal organization of the pericytes. (arvojournals.org)

The absence of Nt-acetylation leads to significant differences in the rates of actin filament depolymerization and elongation, including elongation driven by formins, whereas filament nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex is mostly unaffected. (uniprot.org)

Actin filament assembly typically occurs in association with cellular membranes. (springer.com)

We place heavy emphasis on the yeast actin cytoskeleton. (nih.gov)

We investigated the roles of actin (ActA) and fimbrin (FimA) in hyphal growth in Aspergillus nidulans. (psu.edu)

Tie-2 antisense treatment abolished both the effects of Ang-1 and Ang-2 on changes in actin cytoskeleton in the retinal pericytes. (arvojournals.org)

Anatomy41

Organisms13

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs131

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science5

Properties of filament-bound myosin light chain kinase. (1/3815)

RhoA activity is required for fibronectin assembly and counteracts beta1B integrin inhibitory effect in FRT epithelial cells. (2/3815)

Filament assembly from profilin-actin. (3/3815)

Origin of contractile dysfunction in heart failure: calcium cycling versus myofilaments. (4/3815)

Fast inactivation of a brain K+ channel composed of Kv1.1 and Kvbeta1.1 subunits modulated by G protein beta gamma subunits. (5/3815)

Syndecan-4 signals cooperatively with integrins in a Rho-dependent manner in the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. (6/3815)

Radiation induced endothelial cell retraction in vitro: correlation with acute pulmonary edema. (7/3815)

Locomotory behaviour of epitheliocytes and fibroblasts on metallic grids. (8/3815)

Cytoskeleton

Actins

Actin Cytoskeleton

Actin Depolymerizing Factors

Thiazolidines

Cytochalasin D

Microfilament Proteins

Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic

Cytoskeletal Proteins

Actin Capping Proteins

rho GTP-Binding Proteins

Phalloidine

Pseudopodia

Depsipeptides

cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein

Contractile Proteins

Microscopy, Fluorescence

rhoA GTP-Binding Protein

Cell Movement

Stress Fibers

rac1 GTP-Binding Protein

Protein Binding

Profilins

Signal Transduction

Microtubules

Gelsolin

Actinin

Cell Adhesion

Cell Polarity

Cells, Cultured

Vinculin

rac GTP-Binding Proteins

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein

Cell Membrane

Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex

Filamins

Focal Adhesions

rho-Associated Kinases

Myosins

Cell Shape

Molecular Sequence Data

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

Amino Acid Sequence

Phosphorylation

Cell Line

Cytochalasins

Lim Kinases

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Cell Surface Extensions

Actin-Related Protein 2

Protein Transport

Microscopy, Confocal

Polymerization

Membrane Proteins

Models, Biological

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Actin-Related Protein 3

Cortactin

Carrier Proteins

Mutation

Endocytosis

Thiazoles

Phosphoproteins

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal

Green Fluorescent Proteins

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family

Myosin Type II

Cell Size

Cadherins

Adherens Junctions

Paxillin

Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors

GTPase-Activating Proteins

Actomyosin

alpha Catenin

Destrin

Cytochalasin B

rhoB GTP-Binding Protein

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing

GTP Phosphohydrolases