Acth secreting pituitary adenoma. Medical search

A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

A pituitary tumor that secretes GROWTH HORMONE. In humans, excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE leads to ACROMEGALY.

A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.

A pituitary adenoma which secretes ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN, leading to CUSHING DISEASE.

A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.

The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.

The sudden loss of blood supply to the PITUITARY GLAND, leading to tissue NECROSIS and loss of function (PANHYPOPITUITARISM). The most common cause is hemorrhage or INFARCTION of a PITUITARY ADENOMA. It can also result from acute hemorrhage into SELLA TURCICA due to HEAD TRAUMA; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; or other acute effects of central nervous system hemorrhage. Clinical signs include severe HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; bilateral visual disturbances; UNCONSCIOUSNESS; and COMA.

Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.

An irregular unpaired bone situated at the SKULL BASE and wedged between the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones (FRONTAL BONE; TEMPORAL BONE; OCCIPITAL BONE). Sphenoid bone consists of a median body and three pairs of processes resembling a bat with spread wings. The body is hollowed out in its inferior to form two large cavities (SPHENOID SINUS).

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)

Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.

A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the PITUITARY GLAND.

A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.

A benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. Such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. A specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.

One of the paired air spaces located in the body of the SPHENOID BONE behind the ETHMOID BONE in the middle of the skull. Sphenoid sinus communicates with the posterosuperior part of NASAL CAVITY on the same side.

A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.

Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.

A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.

An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.

A potent, long-acting synthetic SOMATOSTATIN octapeptide analog that inhibits secretion of GROWTH HORMONE and is used to treat hormone-secreting tumors; DIABETES MELLITUS; HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC; HYPERINSULINISM; hypergastrinemia; and small bowel fistula.

A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)

A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A small tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells stain with basic dyes. It may give rise to excessive secretion of ACTH, resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY.

Cell surface proteins that bind somatostatin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone, a pancreatic hormone, and a central and peripheral neurotransmitter. Activated somatostatin receptors on pituitary cells inhibit the release of growth hormone; those on endocrine and gastrointestinal cells regulate the absorption and utilization of nutrients; and those on neurons mediate somatostatin's role as a neurotransmitter.

A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.

Anterior pituitary cells which produce GROWTH HORMONE.

A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. The pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or removed. There are two types: (1) primary empty sella is due a defect in the sella diaphragm leading to arachnoid herniation into the sellar space; (2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of PITUITARY NEOPLASMS.

Examinations that evaluate functions of the pituitary gland.

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

A benign neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is characterized by a well-defined nodular lesion, usually less than 2.5 cm. Most adrenocortical adenomas are nonfunctional. The functional ones are yellow and contain LIPIDS. Depending on the cell type or cortical zone involved, they may produce ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE.

A multi-function neuropeptide that acts throughout the body by elevating intracellular cyclic AMP level via its interaction with PACAP RECEPTORS. Although first isolated from hypothalamic extracts and named for its action on the pituitary, it is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. PACAP is important in the control of endocrine and homeostatic processes, such as secretion of pituitary and gut hormones and food intake.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.

A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A tripeptide that stimulates the release of THYROTROPIN and PROLACTIN. It is synthesized by the neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, TRH (was called TRF) stimulates the release of TSH and PRL from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

Neural tissue of the pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis. It consists of the distal AXONS of neurons that produce VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN in the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS and the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS. These axons travel down through the MEDIAN EMINENCE, the hypothalamic infundibulum of the PITUITARY STALK, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

A benign epithelial tumor of the LIVER.

A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).

A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.

Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.

Anterior pituitary cells that produce ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

An AT-hook-containing (AT-HOOK MOTIFS) nuclear protein that is expressed predominantly in proliferating and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.

Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.

Securin is involved in the control of the metaphase-anaphase transition during MITOSIS. It promotes the onset of anaphase by blocking SEPARASE function and preventing proteolysis of cohesin and separation of sister CHROMATIDS. Overexpression of securin is associated with NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION and tumor formation.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A group of autosomal dominant diseases characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors involving two or more ENDOCRINE GLANDS that secrete PEPTIDE HORMONES or AMINES. These neoplasias are often benign but can be malignant. They are classified by the endocrine glands involved and the degree of aggressiveness. The two major forms are MEN1 and MEN2 with gene mutations on CHROMOSOME 11 and CHROMOSOME 10, respectively.

The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity.

Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)

Anterior pituitary cells that produce THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE.

A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).

A benign neoplasm that usually arises from the sympathetic trunk in the mediastinum. Histologic features include spindle cell proliferation (resembling a neurofibroma) and the presence of large ganglion cells. The tumor may present clinically with HORNER SYNDROME or diarrhea due to ectopic production of vasoactive intestinal peptide. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p966)

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).

The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.

A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.

Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.

Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.

A radiological stereotactic technique developed for cutting or destroying tissue by high doses of radiation in place of surgical incisions. It was originally developed for neurosurgery on structures in the brain and its use gradually spread to radiation surgery on extracranial structures as well. The usual rigid needles or probes of stereotactic surgery are replaced with beams of ionizing radiation directed toward a target so as to achieve local tissue destruction.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.

A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.

Radiographic visualization of the cerebral ventricles by injection of air or other gas.

The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.

A POU domain factor that regulates expression of GROWTH HORMONE; PROLACTIN; and THYROTROPIN-BETA in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.

A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.

Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Since many pituitary hormones are also released by neurons as neurotransmitters, these receptors are also found in the nervous system.

Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)

Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.

PROCEDURES that use NEUROENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Neuroendoscopy, generally an integration of the neuroendoscope with a computer-assisted NEURONAVIGATION system, provides guidance in NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES.

A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.

A group of acidic proteins that are major components of SECRETORY GRANULES in the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. They play important roles in the aggregation, packaging, sorting, and processing of secretory protein prior to secretion. They are cleaved to release biologically active peptides. There are various types of granins, usually classified by their sources.

Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.

Cell surface receptors that bind the hypothalamic hormones regulating pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis and release, including the pituitary-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. The pituitary hormone-regulating hormones are also released by cells other than hypothalamic neurons, and their receptors also occur on non-pituitary cells, especially brain neurons, where their role is less well understood. Receptors for dopamine, which is a prolactin release-inhibiting hormone as well as a common neurotransmitter, are not included here.

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.

The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It is derived from MESODERM and comprised of three zones (outer ZONA GLOMERULOSA, middle ZONA FASCICULATA, and inner ZONA RETICULARIS) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenal cortex function is regulated by pituitary ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN.

Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon.

Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Surgery performed on any endocrine gland.

A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.

A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.

Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.

Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.

An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)

Primary headache disorders that show symptoms caused by the activation of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. These autonomic features include redness and tearing of the EYE, nasal congestion or discharge, facial SWEATING and other symptoms. Most subgroups show unilateral cranial PAIN.

An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).

A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.

Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull.

Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.

A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.

Antineoplastic agents that are used to treat hormone-sensitive tumors. Hormone-sensitive tumors may be hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive, or both. A hormone-dependent tumor regresses on removal of the hormonal stimulus, by surgery or pharmacological block. Hormone-responsive tumors may regress when pharmacologic amounts of hormones are administered regardless of whether previous signs of hormone sensitivity were observed. The major hormone-responsive cancers include carcinomas of the breast, prostate, and endometrium; lymphomas; and certain leukemias. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994, p2079)

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.

Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that share significant homology with GLUCAGON RECEPTORS. They bind PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes that influence the behavior of CELLS.

The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.

Anterior pituitary cells that can produce both FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE.

A 90-amino acid peptide derived from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is the C-terminal fragment of POMC with lipid-mobilizing activities, such as LIPOLYSIS and steroidogenesis. Depending on the species and the tissue sites, beta-LPH may be further processed to yield active peptides including GAMMA-LIPOTROPIN; BETA-MSH; and ENDORPHINS.

Radiation therapy used to treat the PITUITARY GLAND.

A family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein alpha subunits that activate ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

Proteins containing AT-HOOK MOTIFS that are rich in arginine and glycine residues. They bind to the minor grove of AT-rich regions of DNA.

Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

The total amount (cell number, weight, size or volume) of tumor cells or tissue in the body.

A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.

Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.

Receptors with a 6-kDa protein on the surfaces of cells that secrete LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, usually in the adenohypophysis. LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE binds to these receptors, is endocytosed with the receptor and, in the cell, triggers the release of LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE by the cell. These receptors are also found in rat gonads. INHIBINS prevent the binding of GnRH to its receptors.

The compartment containing the anterior extremities and half the inferior surface of the temporal lobes (TEMPORAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. Lying posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, ANTERIOR), it is formed by part of the TEMPORAL BONE and SPHENOID BONE. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) by crests formed by the superior borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.

The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.

Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.

A type of chromogranin which was first isolated from CHROMAFFIN CELLS of the ADRENAL MEDULLA but is also found in other tissues and in many species including human, bovine, rat, mouse, and others. It is an acidic protein with 431 to 445 amino acid residues. It contains fragments that inhibit vasoconstriction or release of hormones and neurotransmitter, while other fragments exert antimicrobial actions.

Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the maxilla and face or facial bones.

Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.

A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.

Excision of one or both adrenal glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.

Tumors or cancer of the ADRENAL GLANDS.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that coordinates the activation of CYCLIN and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES during the CELL CYCLE. It interacts with active CYCLIN D complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 in proliferating cells, while in arrested cells it binds and inhibits CYCLIN E complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2.

A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)

Cell surface receptors that bind CORTICOTROPIN; (ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. Pharmacology suggests there may be multiple ACTH receptors. An ACTH receptor has been cloned and belongs to a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. In addition to the adrenal cortex, ACTH receptors are found in the brain and immune systems.

A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).

A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.

The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. It shows considerable size variation among the species, small in humans, and large in amphibians and lower vertebrates. This lobe produces mainly MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES and other peptides from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC).

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.

One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

Infection of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.

A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in the ADRENAL CORTEX. It shows specificity for ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE.

Sampling of blood levels of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by withdrawal of blood from the inferior petrosal sinus. The inferior petrosal sinus arises from the cavernous sinus and runs to the internal jugular vein. Sampling of blood at this level is a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of Cushing disease, Cushing syndrome, and other adrenocortical diseases.

The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide. Full biological activity of FSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the FSHB gene causes delayed puberty, or infertility.

A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.

Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.

Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.

A group of hydroxycorticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 17-position. Urinary excretion of these compounds is used as an index of adrenal function. They are used systemically in the free alcohol form, but with esterification of the hydroxy groups, topical effectiveness is increased.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes.

The beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide with structure similar to the beta subunit of the placental chorionic gonadatropin (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN) except for the additional 31 amino acids at the C-terminal of CG-beta. Full biological activity of LH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the LHB gene causes HYPOGONADISM and infertility.

Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.

Tests that evaluate the adrenal glands controlled by pituitary hormones.

Any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells (i.e., "generative" cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not.

An INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing five ANKYRIN-LIKE REPEATS. Aberrant expression of this protein has been associated with deregulated EPITHELIAL CELL growth, organ enlargement, and a variety of NEOPLASMS.

Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field(s) of one or both eyes. Subtypes include altitudinal hemianopsia, characterized by a visual defect above or below the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Homonymous hemianopsia refers to a visual defect that affects both eyes equally, and occurs either to the left or right of the midline of the visual field. Binasal hemianopsia consists of loss of vision in the nasal hemifields of both eyes. Bitemporal hemianopsia is the bilateral loss of vision in the temporal fields. Quadrantanopsia refers to loss of vision in one quarter of the visual field in one or both eyes.

A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system.

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)

Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A well-circumscribed mass composed of tuberculous granulation tissue that may occur in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem, or perimeningeal spaces. Multiple lesions are quite common. Management of intracranial manifestations vary with lesion site. Intracranial tuberculomas may be associated with SEIZURES, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Spinal cord tuberculomas may be associated with localized or radicular pain, weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. Tuberculomas may arise as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS, but also occur in immunocompetent individuals.

Syndromes resulting from inappropriate production of HORMONES or hormone-like materials by NEOPLASMS in non-endocrine tissues or not by the usual ENDOCRINE GLANDS. Such hormone outputs are called ectopic hormone (HORMONES, ECTOPIC) secretion.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.

Absence of menstruation.

An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.

Examinations that evaluate and monitor hormone production in the adrenal cortex.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Anterior pituitary cells that produce PROLACTIN.

The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.

Hormones released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). They include a number of peptides which are formed in the NEURONS in the HYPOTHALAMUS, bound to NEUROPHYSINS, and stored in the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. Upon stimulation, these peptides are released into the hypophysial portal vessel blood.

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and NEOPLASMS. The neoplastic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.

A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

Tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 13 in the region 13q14 and coding for a family of phosphoproteins with molecular weights ranging from 104 kDa to 115 kDa. One copy of the wild-type Rb gene is necessary for normal retinal development. Loss or inactivation of both alleles at this locus results in retinoblastoma.

Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.

Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. The mutation of these genes is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI) and GARDNER SYNDROME, as well as some sporadic colorectal cancers.

RNA present in neoplastic tissue.

A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery via the endoscopic technique: results in 35 consecutive patients with Cushing's disease. (1/55)

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The endoscopic technique has been recently introduced in the field of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. This technique allows inspection of sellar, supra- and parasellar structures and removal of the tumor under direct visualization, is minimally traumatic and permits easier reoperations. This is the first report on the results of endoscopic surgery for patients with Cushing's disease. Our aim was to retrospectively analyze the results of pituitary surgery in 35 consecutive patients with Cushing's disease operated in our hospital after the introduction of the endoscopic technique (1998-2004). METHODS: Remission was defined as suppression of plasma cortisol (< or =50 nmol/L) after 1 mg dexamethasone overnight determined in the first 3 months after surgery and disappearance of clinical signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism. The patients were followed for an average of 27 months (range 4 to 81 months, median 20 months). RESULTS: Pituitary MRI showed a macroadenoma in 6 patients, a microadenoma in 17 patients and no adenoma in 12 patients. After the initial surgery 27 patients (77%) were in remission. None of the patients had a relapse during follow-up. In the remaining 8 patients hypercortisolemia persisted after surgery. Three of them had a second endoscopic pituitary surgery resulting in remission in two patients. In one patient a second endoscopic pituitary surgery will soon follow. The remaining four patients were treated with radiotherapy postoperatively. Two of them were at the time of data collection in remission. One patient from the remission group had a serious epistaxis and three patients had cerebrospinal fluid leakage, one requiring an external lumbar drain, shortly after surgery. No complications were recorded in the failure group. Postoperatively 34% of all patients required substitution with levothyroxine, 40% required substitution with glucocorticoids, 17% received estrogens or testosterone and 6% still required desmopressin. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery resulted in our series of patients with Cushings disease in an excellent postoperative remission rate. A randomized clinical trial, comparing endoscopic and conventional pituitary surgery in patients with Cushings disease, is needed to determine the pros and cons of both techniques. (+info)

Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data. (2/55)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine pituitary adenomas in a series of postmortem pituitaries by use of modern technologies of immunostaining, to classify the adenomas according to the current WHO classification and to analyse the possible associations to the available clinical data. METHODS: In this study, pituitaries of 3048 autopsy cases obtained from autopsy series of the years 1991-2004 were examined. RESULTS: A total of 334 pituitary adenomas were found in 316 pituitaries. One hundred and thirty-two sparsely granulated prolactin cell adenomas (39.5%), 75 null cell adenomas (22.5%) and 31 oncocytomas were diagnosed. Forty-six ACTH cell adenomas (13.8%, 27 densely granulated, 19 sparsely granulated) and one adenoma composed of Crooke's cells were detected. Twenty-two gonadotroph cell adenomas (6.6%), seven GH cell adenomas (four sparsely granulated, three densely granulated), one mixed GH cell-PRL cell adenoma, two TSH cell adenomas, five plurihormonal adenoma type I, four plurihormonal adenoma type II and two alpha-subunit-only adenomas were seen. Six adenomas remained unclassified because the tissue was not contained in all sections for immunohistochemistry. Seventeen pituitaries included multiple tumours. The overall tumour size ranged from 0.1 to 20 mm in diameter. Among 76 adenomas (22.7%), which had a tumour size of > or = 3 mm, only three tumours were macroadenomas corresponding to a tumour size of more than 10 mm. The evaluation of the available clinical data showed 99 cases of hypertension, 65 cases of diabetes mellitus, six patients with hyperthyroidism and four with hypothyroidism. No symptoms of adenohypophyseal hormone hypersecretion were reported. The statistical correlations to clinical data were discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Adenomas in postmortem pituitaries differ from those in surgical series in proportion of adenoma types and biological behaviour. (+info)

Increased prevalence of high Body Mass Index in patients presenting with pituitary tumours: severe obesity in patients with macroprolactinoma. (3/55)

INTRODUCTION: Prolactinoma has been associated with obesity. As opposed to ACTH- and GH-secreting adenoma, the mechanism by which macroprolactinoma causes obesity has not been fully understood. Having seen patients with both prolactinoma and obesity and more recent literature on brain dopamine, dopamine 2 receptors and obesity, we re-evaluated the potential relationship between prolactinoma and obesity. METHODS: Data of patients with pituitary adenomas were collected retrospectively over a period of 20 years. 399 patients with well-documented pituitary adenomas and information about pre-treatment body mass index (BMI), age, sex, and tumour type were analysed. RESULTS: Elevated BMI (> or = 30 kg/m2) was observed in 8/36 patients (22.2%) with ACTH-producing tumours, in 15/70 (21.4%) with GH-producing tumours, in 25/100 (25%) with macroprolactinoma, in 8/81 (9.9%) with microprolactinoma, and in 18/105 (17.1%) with inactive macroadenomas. Macroprolactinoma patients had a mean BMI value (27.5 +/- 7.7 kg/m2) similar to that of patients with Cushing's disease (27.2 +/- 5.9 kg/m2) and acromegaly (27.4 +/- 4.4 kg/m2) and on average a significantly higher BMI value compared to that of patients with inactive macroadenomas (25.8 +/- 4.4 kg/m2) (95% CI 1.2, 4.4; p-value <0.001). Compared to the general population, the proportion of BMI > or = 30 kg/m2 in patients with macroprolactinoma was significantly higher (95% CI 0.1, 0.29; p-value <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Average BMI in macroprolactinoma patients is significantly higher than BMI in patients with inactive adenomas. Macroprolactinoma is associated with increased frequency of obesity compared to the general population. We propose that in a subgroup of individuals obesity and macroprolactinoma may share a common basis, namely decreased dopamine 2 receptor-mediated actions. (+info)

Ectopic ACTH syndrome: our experience with 25 cases. (4/55)

OBJECTIVE: Ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS) occurs in about 5-10% of all patients with ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism with most of them caused by intrathoracic neoplasms. It may be associated with overt malignancies or with occult and indolent tumors. We assessed the accuracy of dynamic tests, inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) using desmopressin, and imaging in the work-up diagnosis of EAS. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Tumor markers, imaging, and outcome data from 25 patients (13F/12M) aged 18-72 years. High dexamethasone suppression test (HDDST), desmopressin test, GHRP-6 test, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test, IPSS, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and (111)In-pentetreotide scintigraphy were revised. RESULTS: In 5 out of 20 patients HDDST was positive. In 13 patients who underwent desmopressin test, ACTH- and cortisol-positive responses were seen in six and five patients respectively. GHRP-6 test was positive in two out of three cases. Two patients underwent CRH test with negative response. In the seven patients submitted to IPSS using desmopressin in six of them, none had ACTH gradients. CT was positive in 15 out of 21 patients and MRI in 8 out of 17 cases. (111)In-pentetreotide scintigraphy was positive in three out of five patients. Fourteen patients had intrathoracic tumors, five had pheochromocytomas, three had pancreatic tumors, one had a glomic tumor, and had three occult tumors. Six out of 11 patients with metastasis died and 3 others without metastasis died. CONCLUSIONS: IPSS with desmopressin was helpful for differential diagnosis. Patients initially harboring occult carcinoids may also exhibit severe hypercortisolism and those harboring tymic carcinoids had poor prognoses when compared with bronchial carcinoids and pheocromocytomas. (+info)

Significant GH deficiency after long-term cure by surgery in adult patients with Cushing's disease. (5/55)

OBJECTIVE: Impaired GH secretion usually accompanies Cushing's syndrome and a variable proportion of patients reportedly fail to recover normal GH secretion after successful treatment. This wide variability is most probably due to differences in the treatment (i.e. surgery and/or radiotherapy), timing of patient re-evaluation after surgery and dynamic tests employed to challenge GH secretion, and hinders a precise assessment of risk of GH deficiency after cure. The aim of the present study is to evaluate GH secretory status after long-term cure of Cushing's disease achieved by surgery alone. DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 34 patients (27 females and 7 males, age range 21-68 years) formerly affected by Cushing's disease. Patients were studied 2-20 years (median 3.3 years) following remission of hypercortisolism; all patients underwent transsphenoidal surgery with the removal of an ACTH-secreting adenoma; repeat pituitary surgery for relapse was performed in two patients while bilateral adrenalectomy was necessary in two patients. In all subjects, the GH response to GHRH+arginine stimulation was evaluated. At the time of testing, 13 patients were still on steroid replacement therapy. RESULTS: In long-term surgical remission, 22 patients (65.0%) presented subnormal GH secretion; partial GH deficiency (GH peak <16.5 microg/l) was found in 11 patients and severe GH deficiency (GH peak <9 microg/l) in another 11. Male gender and length of hypercortisolism were risk factors for postsurgical GH deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the presence of GH deficiency in a high percentage of patients with Cushing's disease after long-term remission of hypercortisolism obtained by surgery alone. Male gender and length of hypercortisolism are the most significant predictors of postsurgical GH deficiency. This finding is significant as it highlights that even the most favourable therapeutical course, i.e. remission achieved by surgery alone, is accompanied by impaired GH secretion. Assessment of GH secretion is therefore recommended for all patients cured from Cushing's disease, even if not submitted to radiotherapy. Studies on the clinical impact of GH deficiency and the use of GH replacement therapy seem warranted in patients cured from Cushing's disease. (+info)

Long-term remission of cyclic Cushing's disease that was diagnosed and treated surgically in non-active phase. (6/55)

Cyclic Cushing's disease is a rare clinical entity that is defined as a periodic excessive production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol. Only 42 cases with cyclic Cushing's disease have been reported in the literature. The diagnosis is very difficult because of the fluctuating secretion of ACTH and cortisol. We report a 78-year-old woman with a pituitary adenoma presenting with cyclic Cushing's disease. In the present case, several interesting issues are pointed out: 1) MRI study detected the presence of an adenoma and selective venous sampling in the cavernous sinus disclosed the hypersecretion of ACTH from a pituitary adenoma. These neuroimaging and endocrinological studies were helpful for the diagnosis, even in the remission phase. 2) The disease was in the long-term remission phase after transsphenoidal surgery despite the high recurrence rate in this clinical entity, although it recurred four years later. Even in the remission phase of cyclic Cushing's disease, meticulous endocrinological and neuroimaging examinations can reveal the presence of a pituitary adenoma, which should be treated surgically. (+info)

Preclinical Cushing's disease characterized by massive adrenal hyperplasia and hormonal changes after three years of metyrapone therapy. (7/55)

A 66-year-old woman had massive bilateral adrenal macronodular hyperplasia, found incidentally on an abdominal ultrasonogram. Her plasma ACTH and serum cortisol levels were normal, but they were not suppressed by low-dose dexamethasone. The patient did not exhibit any typical signs or symptoms of Cushing's disease. MRI showed no evidence of a tumor in the pituitary gland. A diagnosis of preclinical Cushing's disease was made, and she was treated with 11-hydroxylase inhibitor metyrapone. As the dose of metyrapone was increased, plasma ACTH levels gradually increased. After three years of treatment, she developed moon-face. Her plasma ACTH and serum cortisol concentrations were at their highest levels. A pituitary microadenoma was detected by MRI, whose source of ACTH was demonstrated by the definite step-up of central/peripheral ratio of ACTH obtained by cavernous sinus sampling. Overt Cushing's disease was diagnosed, and a pituitary tumor was removed by transsphenoidal surgery. In conclusion, the clinically and endocrinologically overt Cushing's disease characterized by macronodular adrenal hyperplasia was converted from a preclinical form. This case offers some insight into the clinical and biological features of preclinical Cushing's disease. (+info)

Galectin-3 as a marker distinguishing functioning from silent corticotroph adenomas. (8/55)

OBJECTIVE: Galectin-3 (Gal-3) belongs to the family of carbohydrate-binding proteins with high affinity for galactoside and is involved in many biological processes including cell growth and differentiation, cell adhesion, tumor progression, apoptosis and metastasis. The aim of this study was to disclose differences in the expression of Gal-3 in silent and functioning corticotroph pituitary adenomas. DESIGN: We examined 30 pituitary adenomas (19 functioning corticotroph, 11 silent corticotroph adenomas). Two prolactinomas and 2 functioning somatotroph adenomas served as positive controls. Antigen retrieval was done by three-minute incubation via pressure boiler in citrate buffer solution, pH 6.0. A polymer was used as a secondary link to DAB chromogen. The independent variables t-test was used for comparison of the mean expression of Gal-3 in the two different corticotroph adenoma subgroups. RESULTS: Eighteen of the functioning corticotroph adenomas (94.73%) were positive for Gal-3 with a cytoplasmic and focally membranous distribution; two cases also exhibited nuclear expression, whereas 9 of the silent corticotroph adenomas (81.81%) had zero or<1% expression of Gal-3 (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Gal-3 is highly expressed in functioning corticotroph adenomas of the pituitary gland, while silent adenomas exhibit very focal to null expression of Gal-3. This observation can be used in the pathological diagnosis to separate functioning from silent corticotroph adenomas of the pituitary. (+info)

... a gene newly identified as overexpressed in human and mouse ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, protects pituitary cells from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAM16

TCF4 Pituitary adenoma, ACTH-secreting; 219090; AIP Pituitary adenoma, growth hormone-secreting; 102200; AIP Pituitary adenoma ... prolactin-secreting; 600634; AIP Pituitary hormone deficiency, combined, 1; 613038; POU1F1 Pituitary hormone deficiency, ... PRKN Adenomas, multiple colorectal; 608456; MUTYH Adenomas, salivary gland pleomorphic; 181030; PLAG1 Adenomatous polyposis ... LHX3 Pituitary hormone deficiency, combined, 4; 262700; LHX4 Pituitary hormone deficiency, combined, 5; 182230; HESX1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

AVPR1B is expressed at high levels in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas as well as in bronchial carcinoids responsible for the ... For example, AVPR1B causes secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary cells in a dose-dependent relationship by activating ... takes place as Arginine Vasopressin works with corticotropin releasing hormone to stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete ACTH ... AVPR1B was initially described as a novel vasopressin receptor located in the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates ACTH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_1B

... tumors of the pituitary gland secrete extra ACTH. Most people with the disorder have a single adenoma. This form of the ... The synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal gland is stimulated by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with ACTH; ACTH ... When activated macrophages start to secrete IL-1, which synergistically with CRH increases ACTH,[10] T-cells also secrete ... triggers cells in the neighboring anterior pituitary to secrete another hormone, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol

In patients with pre-existing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas, loss of adrenal feedback ... In the rare case, ACTH-secreting tumors can become malignant. Morbidity from the disease can occur due to pituitary tissue ... Radiation allows for the limitation of the growth of the pituitary gland and the adenomas. If the adenomas start to affect the ... Techniques such as pituitary radiation therapy, ACTH assay, transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, higher resolution MRIs, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson's_syndrome

In pituitary Cushing's, a benign pituitary adenoma secretes ACTH. This is also known as Cushing's disease and is responsible ... An ACTH-secreting corticotrophic pituitary adenoma should be removed after diagnosis. Regardless of the adenoma's location, ... Finally, rare cases of CRH-secreting tumors (without ACTH secretion) have been reported, which stimulates pituitary ACTH ... via an adenoma or hyperplasia), negative feedback ultimately reduces ACTH production in the pituitary. In these cases, ACTH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing's_syndrome

... adenoma MeSH C04.557.470.035.012 - acth-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C04.557.470.035.025 - adenoma, acidophil MeSH C04.557. ... pituitary neoplasms MeSH C04.588.322.609.145 - acth-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C04.588.322.609.145.500 - nelson syndrome ... growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C04.588.322.609.792 - prolactinoma MeSH C04.588.322.762 - testicular neoplasms ... growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C04.557.470.035.510 - mesothelioma MeSH C04.557.470.035.510.515 - mesothelioma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C04)

... acth-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C19.344.609.145.500 - nelson syndrome MeSH C19.344.609.292 - growth hormone-secreting ... pituitary acth hypersecretion MeSH C19.700.482.311 - dwarfism, pituitary MeSH C19.700.734.145 - acth-secreting pituitary ... adenoma MeSH C19.700.734.145.500 - nelson syndrome MeSH C19.700.734.292 - growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH ... pituitary adenoma MeSH C19.344.609.792 - prolactinoma MeSH C19.344.762.500 - sertoli-leydig cell tumor MeSH C19.344.894.800 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C19)

... pituitary neoplasms MeSH C10.228.140.617.738.675.149 - acth-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C10.228.140.617.738.675.149.500 - ... growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C10.228.140.617.738.675.800 - prolactinoma MeSH C10.228.140.631 - intracranial ... pituitary acth hypersecretion MeSH C10.228.140.617.738.300 - hypopituitarism MeSH C10.228.140.617.738.300.300 - dwarfism, ... pituitary neoplasms MeSH C10.228.140.617.500 - laurence-moon syndrome MeSH C10.228.140.617.738 - pituitary diseases MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C10)

There are three hormones that are oversecreted resulting in the pituitary adenoma: prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH ... They usually come from the anterior lobe, are functional and secrete the hormone, GH and prolactin. Evidence indicates that the ... Hyperpituitarism is a condition due to the primary hypersecretion of pituitary hormones; it typically results from a pituitary ... mechanism of hyperpituitarism can originate from genetic disruption causing pituitary tumorigenesis, most pituitary adenomas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpituitarism

A third type of pituitary adenoma secretes excess ACTH, which in turn, causes an excess of cortisol to be secreted and is the ... posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The anterior pituitary regulates ... The anterior pituitary contains five types of endocrine cell, and they are defined by the hormones they secrete: somatotropes ( ... Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are trophic hormones (Greek: trophe, "nourishment") and tropic hormones. Trophic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_pituitary

Hormone secreting pituitary adenomas cause one of several forms of hyperpituitarism. The specifics depend on the type of ... CD results when a pituitary adenoma causes excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) that stimulates the ... Pituitary adenomas are tumors that occur in the pituitary gland. Pituitary adenomas are generally divided into three categories ... Pituitary adenomas are classified as endocrine tumors (not brain tumors). Pituitary adenomas are classified based upon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_adenoma

The first-line treatment of Cushing's disease is surgical resection of ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma; this surgery involves ... A CT or MRI of the pituitary may also show the ACTH secreting tumor if present. However, in 40% of Cushing's disease patients ... Cushing, Harvey (1932). "The basophil adenomas of the pituitary body and their clinical manifestations (pituitary basophilism ... from the anterior pituitary (secondary hypercortisolism). This is most often as a result of a pituitary adenoma (specifically ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing's_disease

Pituitary. *Pituitary adenoma: Prolactinoma. *ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. *GH-secreting pituitary adenoma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineocytoma

Pituitary. *Pituitary adenoma: Prolactinoma. *ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. *GH-secreting pituitary adenoma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma

Pituitary tumors occur in 15 to 42% of MEN 1 patients. From 25 to 90% are prolactinomas. About 25% of pituitary tumors secrete ... Pituitary tumors in MEN 1 patients appear to be larger and behave more aggressively than sporadic pituitary tumors. Adenomas of ... About 3% of tumors secrete ACTH, producing Cushing's disease. Most of the remainder are nonfunctional. Local tumor expansion ... Most islet cell tumors secrete pancreatic polypeptide, the clinical significance of which is unknown. Gastrin is secreted by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia_type_1

This adenoma then secretes excessive amounts of normal products, leading to clinical signs. The pituitary gland consists of ... This test may also be referred to as a ''resting ACTH'', ''endogenous ACTH'', or ''basal ACTH''. The majority of ACTH produced ... ACTH is also produced by corticotropes in the pars distalis of the equine pituitary. In a normal horse, this accounts for the ... ACTH produced by the pars distalis is subject to negative feedback in a normal horse, so high cortisol levels reduce ACTH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_pars_intermedia_dysfunction

Pituitary. *Pituitary adenoma: Prolactinoma. *ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. *GH-secreting pituitary adenoma ... In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are:. *Inhibit the release of growth hormone thus opposing the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatinoma

Pituitary. *Pituitary adenoma: Prolactinoma. *ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. *GH-secreting pituitary adenoma ... The functioning types secrete hormones such as insulin, gastrin, and glucagon into the bloodstream, often in large quantities, ... Recognition of a non-insulin-secreting type of PanNET is generally ascribed to the American surgeons, R. M. Zollinger and E. H ... The non-functioning types do not secrete hormones in a sufficient quantity to give rise to overt clinical symptoms. For this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer

Pituitary. *Pituitary adenoma: Prolactinoma. *ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. *GH-secreting pituitary adenoma ... In 1903 Erdheim described the case of an acromegalic patient with a pituitary adenoma and three enlarged parathyroid glands. ... MEN I (3 Ps) - Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreatic. MEN IIa (2Ps, 1M) - Pheochromocytoma, Parathyroid, Medullary Thyroid Ca. MEN ... In 1953 Underdahl et al. reported a case series of 8 patients with a syndrome of pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreatic islet ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia

Pituitary. *Pituitary adenoma: Prolactinoma. *ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. *GH-secreting pituitary adenoma ... of all pituitary adenomas.[8] Some growth hormone (GH)-producing tumors also co-secrete prolactin. Microprolactinomas are much ... "Demographic differences in incidence for pituitary adenoma". Pituitary. 14 (1): 23-30. doi:10.1007/s11102-010-0253-4. PMC ... A prolactinoma is a benign tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland that produces a hormone called prolactin. It is the most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactinoma

The most common cause of endogenous Cushing's syndrome is a pituitary adenoma which causes an excessive production of ACTH. The ... The adrenal gland secretes a number of different hormones which are metabolised by enzymes either within the gland or in other ... Cortical development of the adrenal gland is regulated mostly by ACTH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that ... ACTH) from the anterior pituitary. Cortisol is not evenly released during the day - its concentrations in the blood are highest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland

The main types of pituitary adenomas are: PRL-secreting or prolactinomas: These are the most common pituitary tumors. They are ... ACTH-secreting: This tumor is a result of the increase in the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and leads to ... Pituitary microadenomas Pituitary macroadenomas Rathke's cleft cysts Pituitary inflammatory disease Pituitary metastasis Empty ... TSH-secreting: Another rare condition only resulting in 1% of pituitary surgeries is a result of the increase in the secretion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_endonasal_surgery

... which can result from overproduction of ACTH in the corticotropes due to pituitary tumors known as corticotroph adenomas; this ... the ACTH/melanocortin precursor, is secreted by human epidermal keratinocytes and melanocytes and stimulates melanogenesis". ... Tanase CP, Ogrezeanu I, Badiu C (2012), "Pituitary Tumor Classification", Molecular Pathology of Pituitary Adenomas, Elsevier, ... It is also possible that this disease can result from production of ACTH in a non-pituitary tumor, known as ectopic production ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticotropic_cell

Some examples of tropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland include TSH, ACTH, GH, LH, and FSH. There are many ... ACTH) due to a pituitary adenoma that ultimately causes endogenous hypercortisolism by stimulating the adrenal glands. Some ... Anterior Pituitary: The main role of the anterior pituitary gland is to produce and secret tropic hormones. ... Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary gland Pineal gland Posterior pituitary gland The posterior pituitary gland is a section of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system

Treatment of prolactinomas (pituitary adenomas that secrete prolactin) with dopamine agonist drugs, as well as withdrawal of ... In pituitary apoplexy, the main initial problem is a lack of secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin), ... Almost all cases of pituitary apoplexy arise from a pituitary adenoma, a benign tumor of the pituitary gland. In 80%, the ... "Acute degenerative changes in adenomas of the pituitary body--with special reference to pituitary apoplexy". J Neurosurg. 7 (5 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_apoplexy

... pituitary gland Panhypopituitarism a decreased secretion of most of the pituitary hormones Pituitary tumours Pituitary adenomas ... The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes hormones. All releasing hormones (-RH) referred to, can also be referred to as ... Corticotropes: Cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin protein, and include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and beta ... The anterior pituitary contains several different types of cells that synthesize and secrete hormones. Usually there is one ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland

ACTH) due to a pituitary adenoma that ultimately causes endogenous hypercortisolism by stimulating the adrenal glands.[6] Some ... secreted by the anterior pituitary. When thyroid levels are high, there is negative feedback that decreases the amount of TSH ... Main article: Pituitary gland. The pituitary gland hangs from the base of the brain by the pituitary stalk, and is enclosed by ... Endocrine disease is characterized by irregulated hormone release (a productive pituitary adenoma), inappropriate response to ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_gland

Pituitary cells. Thyrotrope. Corticotrope. Gonadotrope. Somatotrope. Lactotrope Pituitary hormone. TSH. ACTH. LH and FSH. GH. ... Main article: Treatment of pituitary adenomas. Pituitary tumors require treatment when they are causing specific symptoms, such ... and the anterior pituitary, which consists of hormone-producing epithelium. The posterior pituitary secretes antidiuretic ... Headaches may also accompany pituitary tumors,[1] as well as pituitary apoplexy (infarction or haemorrhage of a pituitary tumor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypopituitarism

Somatotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland then synthesize and secrete GH in a pulsatile manner, in response to these ... with the most common cause being a pituitary adenoma.[42] Other adult causes include a continuation of a childhood problem, ... See also: Hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic axis. Secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the pituitary is regulated by the ... The most common disease of GH excess is a pituitary tumor composed of somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatotropin

ACTH) due to a pituitary adenoma that ultimately causes endogenous hypercortisolism by stimulating the adrenal glands.[10] Some ... The endocrine system is the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to ... Endocrine disease is characterized by irregulated hormone release (a productive pituitary adenoma), inappropriate response to ... The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are neuroendocrine organs.. CellsEdit. This section needs expansion. You can help by ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_hormones

June 1999). "Clinical and morphological features of undifferentiated monomorphous GH/TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma". Eur. J. ... ACTH and cortisol, which cause Cushings disease; TSH, which causes hyperthyroidism; and FSH and LH.[10] Bowel intussusception ... Insulinomas can produce large amounts of insulin leading to hypoglycemia.[8][9] Pituitary adenomas can cause elevated levels of ... Examples include thyroid adenomas and adrenocortical adenomas.[2]. Although most benign tumors are not life-threatening, many ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_tumor

The most common cause of endogenous Cushing's syndrome is a pituitary adenoma which causes an excessive production of ACTH. The ... The adrenal gland secretes a number of different hormones which are metabolised by enzymes either within the gland or in other ... ACTH) by the pituitary gland.[6] This type of adrenal insufficiency usually does not affect the production of ... ACTH) from the anterior pituitary. Cortisol is not evenly released during the day - its concentrations in the blood are highest ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland

These drugs also cross the placenta and are secreted in breast milk. Lugol's iodine may be used to block hormone synthesis ... single thyroid adenoma, and toxic multinodular goiter is important to determine proper treatment.[18] The differentiation among ... Thyroxine receptors in the pituitary gland are activated by the surplus hormone, suppressing additional release of TSH in a ... ACTH deficiency/Secondary adrenal insufficiency. *GnRH insensitivity. *FSH insensitivity. *LH/hCG insensitivity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves

Antunes, J.L., Housepian, E.M., Frantz, A. G., Holub, D.A., Hui, R.M., Carmel, P.W., Quest, D.O.: Prolactin secreting pituitary ... "ACTH-producing carcinoma of the pituitary with haematogenic metastases". European Journal of Endocrinology 137:176-180,1997. ... Coutinho, A.C., Antunes, J.L.: Adenoma gigante da hipófise. Rev. Esp. Oto. Neuro. Oft. Neuroc. 30:217-222, 1972 ... ACTH producing carcinoma of the pituitary with hematogenic metastases. Europ J Endocrin 137: 176 - 180, 1997. ...

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/João_Lobo_Antunes

Its secretion is regulated by the hormone ACTH from the anterior pituitary. ... Situated between the glomerulosa and reticularis, the cells of the zona fasciculata synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids, ... March 2002). "Characterization of serotonin(4) receptors in adrenocortical aldosterone-producing adenomas: in vivo and in vitro ... The secretion of DHEAS is also stimulated by ACTH.[9]. Hormone synthesis[edit]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_layer

This hormone is naturally secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland. The pituitary responds by releasing ... to the point of suppressing the activity of the rest of the gland-is usually a thyrotoxic adenoma, a surgically curable form of ... ACTH deficiency/Secondary adrenal insufficiency. *GnRH insensitivity. *FSH insensitivity. *LH/hCG insensitivity ... Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is another important hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary cells in the brain. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_disease

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a pituitary peptide, also has some stimulating effect on aldosterone, probably by ... The amount of aldosterone secreted is an indirect function of the serum potassium[21][22] as probably determined by sensors in ... Conn's syndrome is primary hyperaldosteronism caused by an aldosterone-producing adenoma. Depending on cause and other factors ... the ACTH stimulation test, which is sometimes used to stimulate the production of aldosterone along with cortisol to determine ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone

ACTH) due to a pituitary adenoma that ultimately causes endogenous hypercortisolism by stimulating the adrenal glands.[11] Some ... Posterior pituitary gland. *Thyroid gland *follicular cells of the thyroid gland produce and secrete T3 and T4 in response to ... Endocrine disease is characterized by misregulated hormone release (a productive pituitary adenoma), inappropriate response to ... The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are neuroendocrine organs. Cells[edit]. There are many types of cells that make up the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Endocrine_System

Adrenocortical adenomas are classified as ACTH-independent disorders, and are commonly associated with conditions linked to ... caused by pituitary adenomas. In contrast, "Cushing's syndrome" refers specifically to "primary hypercortisolism" classified as ... "Pure Androgen-Secreting Adrenal Adenoma Associated with Resistant Hypertension". Case Reports in Endocrinology. 2013: 356086. ... "ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome" caused by adrenal adenomas. Adrenal adenomas are often categorized as endocrine-inactive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocortical_adenoma

5 Studies found for: Acth-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma , Contraceptive Agents. Also searched for Cushing disease and ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=%22Acth-Secreting+Pituitary+Adenoma%22&intr=%22Contraceptive+Agents%22

Pituitary Neoplasms. Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion. ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma. Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial. ... Impact of [11C]-Methionine PET/MRI in the Detection of Pituitary Adenomas Secreting ACTH and Causing Cushings Disease (IMPEC) ... Impact of [11C]-Methionine PET/MRI in the Detection of Pituitary Adenomas Secreting ACTH and Causing Cushings Disease. ... Patient with a pituitary macro-adenoma with visual impairment. *Patient with ACTH-dependent Cushings syndrome secondary to ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03346954?term=pituitary+tumor&rank=44

The Diagnostic Accuracy of Preoperative CT Scanning in the Evaluation of Pituitary ACTH-Secreting Adenomas. S. Marcovitz, R. ... The Diagnostic Accuracy of Preoperative CT Scanning in the Evaluation of Pituitary ACTH-Secreting Adenomas ... The Diagnostic Accuracy of Preoperative CT Scanning in the Evaluation of Pituitary ACTH-Secreting Adenomas ... The Diagnostic Accuracy of Preoperative CT Scanning in the Evaluation of Pituitary ACTH-Secreting Adenomas ...

http://www.ajnr.org/content/8/4/641

... resources and questions answered by our Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Specialists for ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma ... ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma Title Other Names:. Corticotroph pituitary adenoma; Pituitary corticotroph micro-adenoma; ... ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma is a condition characterized by elevated levels of a hormone. called cortisol secreted by a ... Pituitary dependent Cushing syndrome; Corticotroph pituitary adenoma; Pituitary corticotroph micro-adenoma; Pituitary dependent ...

https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/12867/acth-secreting-pituitary-adenoma

Van Gompel explains the importance of timely treatment by surgeons experienced with ACTH-secreting adenomas. ... secreting pituitary tumors.. Dr. Bancos outlines the manifestations of Cushing syndrome resulting from the overproduction of ... discuss acromegaly and the challenges of treating pituitary tumors secreting growth hormone. ... Growth hormone: Caused by pituitary tumors. Irina Bancos, M.D., an endocrinologist at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and ...

https://medprofvideos.mayoclinic.org/videos/cushing-syndrome-acth-secreting-pituitary-adenomas

... - 38 Studies Found. Status. Study Recruiting. Study Name: Treatment of Cushing's Disease ...

http://webhealthnetwork.com/clinicaltrials-search.php?q=ACTH-Secreting+Pituitary+Adenoma

PITUITARY ADENOMA 4, ACTH-SECRETING. Scientific Articles on PubMed. *PubMed References. *Drouin J, Bilodeau S, Vallette S. Of ... Sometimes adenomas that occur in organs or tissues other than the pituitary gland, such as adrenal gland adenomas. , can also ... tumor called an adenoma forms in the pituitary gland, causing excessive release of ACTH and, subsequently, elevated production ... Most often, Cushing disease occurs alone, but rarely, it appears as a symptom of genetic syndromes that have pituitary adenomas ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/cushing-disease/

Confirmed ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. 36 (80.0%). 68 (75.6%). NS. Ki-67 indexa 1.6 ± 1.6. 2.8 ± 3.5. 0.082e ... In a review of pituitary adenomas in the elderly patients,[22] Giuseppe et al concluded that the clinical picture of CD in ... nonfunctional pituitary adenoma; NS, not significant; TSH, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone; UL, upper limit of the normal range; y/ ... Deficiency of one or more pituitary hormones. Apoplexy. acute headache or vision loss with the evidence of intra-tumor ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/902228_4

... is caused by a corticotroph pituitary adenoma that secretes excess adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Common clinical ... Pituitary adenomas are one of the most common types of brain tumours, accounting for 15% of all intracranial neoplasms.[1,2] ... nonfunctional pituitary adenoma; NS, not significant; TSH, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone; UL, upper limit of the normal range; y/ ... and older patients with clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, in an attempt to distinguish age- as opposed to disease- ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/902228

Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion. ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma. Hyperpituitarism. Pituitary Diseases. Hypothalamic Diseases. ... Adenoma. Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial. Neoplasms by Histologic Type. Neoplasms. Pituitary Neoplasms. Endocrine Gland ... Cushing Disease (CD) describes the state of hypercortisolemia secondary to cortisol producing pituitary adenomas. The rarity of ... Although hypercortisolemia usually resolves after successful resection of the pituitary adenoma, the reversal of the ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03831958?recrs=a&

ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. *Pituitary Tumor after Adrenalectomy. General Discussion. Nelson syndrome is a disorder ... Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with ACTH-producing pituitary adenomas after prior adrenalectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol ... The basophil adenomas of the pituitary body and their clinical manifestations (pituitary basophilism). Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp ... Blood levels of the pituitary hormones adrenocorticotrope hormone (ACTH) and beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) are ...

https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/nelson-syndrome/

Find in-depth information on the different types of adenomas, as well as related conditions like Cushings disease and ... Find more in-depth information about hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas.. *Cushings Disease (ACTH-Secreting Pituitary ... Pituitary Tumor Symptoms * Cushings Disease (ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas) ... Functioning pituitary adenomas are pituitary tumors that produce hormones. They are the most common type of pituitary adenoma ...

https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/pituitary-tumors/pituitary-adenomas

R → Q in PITA1; ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. 1 Publication. ,p>Manually curated information for which there is published ... R → Q in PITA1; ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. 1 Publication. ,p>Manually curated information for which there is published ... Missing in PITA1; ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma; unknown pathological significance. 1 Publication. ,p>Manually curated ... Missing in PITA1; ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma; unknown pathological significance. 1 Publication. ,p>Manually curated ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O00170

Pituitary adenomas are the fourth most common intracranial tumor. Learn how neurosurgeons can help diagnose and treat this ... ACTH-secreting tumors (Cushings syndrome/disease) * Ketoconazole (Nizoral) * Mitotane (Lysodren) * Metyrapone (Metopirone) ... Prolactinomas are the most common secreting pituitary adenoma seen clinically. In general, medical therapy is the first course ... The pituitary produces the following hormones: * Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - ACTH triggers the adrenal glands to ...

https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Pituitary-Gland-and-Pituitary-Tumors

pituitary adenoma, acth-secreting. *acth-secreting pituitary adenoma. *7737262. hemiplegic migraine. *migraine hemiplegic ... Non-functioning pituitary adenomas infrequently harbor G-protein gene mutations. (PMID: 19169048) Ruggeri RM … Cannavò S ( ...

http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=GNAI2

pituitary adenoma, acth-secreting. *acth-secreting pituitary adenoma. - elite association - COSMIC cancer census association ... Mutations in this gene were found in patients with isolated deficiency of pituitary POMC-derived ACTH, suggesting an essential ... The pituitary hormone ACTH is decreased or absent, and other cortisol and other steroid hormone levels in the blood are ... Pathogenic, ACTH deficiency, isolated (IAD) [MIM:201400]. 168,291,339(+). GGACT(C/T)CCCCA. reference, missense. ...

http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?id_type=entrezgene&id=9095

Os adenomas hipofisários podem ser tratados clinicamente com agonistas dopaminérgicos (AD) e/ou ligantes dos receptores de ... ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. Dopamine agonists. Growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. Pituitary neoplasms. ... Adenoma hipofisário secretor de ACTH. Adenoma hipofisário secretor de hormônio de crescimento. Agonistas de dopamina. ... Medical treatment of pituitary adenomas is mainly performed with dopamine agonist (DA) and/or somatostatin ligant receptor (SLR ...

https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5135/tde-18012017-143730/en.php

Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma, ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma, Thyrotroph Adenoma, TSH-Secreting Adenoma, ... Pituitary Neoplasm, Functionless Pituitary Adenoma, Non-Functioning Pituitary Adenoma, Secretory Pituitary Adenoma, Pituitary ... Macroadenoma, Pituitary Microadenoma, Pituitary Incidentaloma, Prolactinoma, Prolactin-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma, ... Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma, ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma, Thyrotroph Adenoma, TSH-Secreting Adenoma, ...

https://fpnotebook.com/mobile/Neuro/HemeOnc/PtryAdnm.htm

Pituitary Cushing disease; ACTH-secreting adenoma. Causes. Cushing disease is caused by a tumor or excess growth (hyperplasia) ... An adenoma is a benign tumor (not a cancer).. With Cushing disease, the pituitary gland releases too much ACTH. ACTH stimulates ... The pituitary gland is located just below the base of the brain. A type of pituitary tumor called an adenoma is the most common ... Cushing disease is a condition in which the pituitary gland releases too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The pituitary ...

https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/cushings-disease

2. Primary adrenal adenoma/ hyperplasia/ carcinoma. 3. ACTH- secreting pituitary adenoma ( Cushing disease). 4. Paraneoplastic ... a specific type of Cushing s syndrome caused by ACTH - secreting pituitary adenoma ... ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease), ectopic ACTH production (e.g., small cell lung cancer, bronchial carcinoid ... Yes-a positive result on CRH stimulation testing suggests Cushing disease (ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor), so brain MRI is ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/21-cushing-syndrome-5394785/packs/8127296

Primary adrenal adenoma, hyperplasia, or carcinoma. - ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, paraneoplastic ACTH ... ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma - C. disease. incr Cortisol from variety of conditions - C. syndrome ... Cushing disease (incr ACTH) vs ectopic ACTH secretion (no incr of ACTH) ... Tertiary and Secondary, because there is a decr in ACTH production less MSH by product ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/endo-p-322-326-5092952/packs/7473807

... the corticotropin-releasing hormone that causes the pituitary to secrete ACTH. In patients with pituitary adenomas, blood ... the corticotropin-releasing hormone that causes the pituitary to secrete ACTH. In patients with pituitary adenomas, blood ... to the pituitary gland, the pituitary secretes a hormone called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The ACTH then travels ... to the pituitary gland, the pituitary secretes a hormone called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The ACTH then travels ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/cushing-syndrome

ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma * Brain Cancer (Meningioma) * Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma ...

https://www.vitals.com/doctors/Dr_Lars_Widdel.html

Conclusion: Proton SRS effective for persistent ACTH-secreting adenomas, with low morbidity ... prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Narrow beam proton therapy (1000 MeV). *Outcome: Reponse rate 96% in adenoma stage I- ... 1993 PMID 7801584 -- "[Results of proton therapy in the treatment of pituitary prolactin-secreting adenomas][Article in Russian ... 429 patients (acromegaly 72%, Cushings disease 13%, chromophobe adenoma 8%, prolactin-secreting adenoma 4%, Nelsons syndrome ...

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Radiation_Oncology/CNS/Pituitary_adenoma

Pituitary adenoma, ACTH-secreting Cancer pituitary gland tumor cell 18840638. MI0000461. down. Patient study phenotype-control ... Acth-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia; AIMAH Gastrointestinal adrenal cortex 19849700. MI0000461. down. Patient ...

http://mips.helmholtz-muenchen.de/phenomir/main/list?query=&detailedquery1=hsa-mir-145&detailedquery2=&searchscope1=m.name&searchscope2=&logic=&offset=0&manorder=desc&selectedview=mirs&searchtype=&sort=regulation&order=asc

... abolishes CRH-induced ACTH release; amino acid sequence in first source, (CRF-BP) ... ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma 01/01/2000 - "Decreased expression of corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein mRNA in ... MW 37 kDa; abolishes CRH-induced ACTH release; amino acid sequence in first source, (CRF-BP) ...

http://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryC067133-corticotropin-releasing-factor-binding-protein.do

Pituitary adenoma, ACTH-secreting Cancer pituitary gland tumor cell 18840638. MI0000461. down. Patient study phenotype-control ...

ACTH Suppression Test Medical Test * ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma National Organization for Rare Disorders ... ACTH Deficiency National Organization for Rare Disorders * ...

https://www.adventisthealthcare.com/living-well/library/?prefix=A

Pituitary Cushing disease; ACTH-secreting adenoma. Cushing disease is a condition in which the pituitary gland releases too ... Blood ACTH level. Blood ACTH level. The ACTH test measures the level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood. ACTH ... the pituitary gland releases too much ACTH. ACTH stimulates production and release of cortisol, a stress hormone. Too much ACTH ... A type of pituitary tumor called an adenoma is the most common cause. An adenoma is a benign tumor (not a cancer).. Tumor. A ...

http://www.limamemorial.org/health-library/HIE%20Multimedia/1/000348

Cushings Syndrome Hypercortisolism of any cause Cushings Disease Corticotropin (ACTH) secreting pituitary adenoma.... ... Cushings Syndrome Hypercortisolism of any cause Cushings Disease Corticotropin (ACTH) secreting pituitary adenoma. ... Biochemical Localization: ACTH Dependent*CRH Stimulation Test. *Pituitary adenoma but not adrenal or ectopic sources should ... Probably Pituitary: High pre-test probability (80-90% ACTH dependent Cushings pituitary) combined with at least 1 test ...

https://www.slideserve.com/fareeda/diagnosis-of-cushing-s-syndrome

The diagnostic procedure is complicated by the existence of extra pituitary tumors responsible for ACTH ectopic secretion. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Jamie J. Van Gompel, M.D. , a neurosurgeon at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and Irina Bancos, M.D. , an endocrinologist at Mayo Clinic's campus in Minnesota, discuss the challenges of treating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary tumors. (mayoclinic.org)
Managing these tumors is complex, as they are often aggressive, occasionally are located in areas outside the pituitary gland, and require specialized surgical procedures. (mayoclinic.org)
Mayo Clinic's multidisciplinary approach to pituitary tumors and Cushing syndrome includes sophisticated testing such as inferior petrosal sinus sampling and microsurgery for tumor removal. (mayoclinic.org)
Cushing disease is the name given to a condition in which Cushing syndrome, an endocrine disorder, occurs because of the presence of benign (non-cancerous) tumors on the pituitary gland. (rarediseases.org)
Stereotactic radiosurgery for hypersecreting pituitary tumors: part of a multimodality approach. (rarediseases.org)
Doctors diagnose these tumors according to their size and the type of hormones they secrete, if any. (mskcc.org)
Large tumors can also create hormone deficiencies when the tumor puts pressure on the pituitary gland, blocking the production of certain hormones. (mskcc.org)
Functioning pituitary adenomas are pituitary tumors that produce hormones. (mskcc.org)
Learn about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of thyrotropinomas, rare pituitary tumors that cause the thyroid gland to become overactive. (mskcc.org)
Learn about the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary tumors. (mskcc.org)
Tumors in locations other than the pituitary can also produce ACTH. (encyclopedia.com)
Tumors in the lung account for more than half of all cases of ectopic ACTH syndrome. (encyclopedia.com)
Other types of tumors which may produce ACTH include tumors of the thymus, the pancreas, the thyroid, and the adrenal gland. (encyclopedia.com)
Rapid uptake of the calcium analog manganese (Mn 2+ ) into spontaneous pituitary adenoma during MR imaging of aged rats generated the hypothesis that neuroendocrine tumors may have a corresponding increase in calcium influx required to trigger hormonal release. (ajnr.org)
These results indicate that adenomas have increased activity-dependent calcium influx compared with normal aged pituitary glands, suggesting a potential for exploitation in the clinical work-up of pituitary and other neuroendocrine tumors by developing Mn-MR imaging for humans. (ajnr.org)
We hypothesized that pituitary tumors would have a corresponding increase in the calcium influx required to trigger hormonal release. (ajnr.org)
In addition, we suggest the potential development of Mn 2+ as a contrast agent for in vivo functional MR imaging of pituitary and other types of neuroendocrine tumors. (ajnr.org)
Saeger W, Ludecke DK, Buchfelder M et al (2007) Pathohistological classification of pituitary tumors: 10 years of experience with the German Pituitary Tumor Registry. (springermedizin.de)
Kaltsas GA, Mukherjee JJ, Plowman PN et al (1998) The role of cytotoxic chemotherapy in the management of aggressive and malignant pituitary tumors. (springermedizin.de)
Colao A, Grasso LF, Pivonello R et al (2011) Therapy of aggressive pituitary tumors. (springermedizin.de)
Pituitary tumors have also been described in association with neurofibromatosis type 1, DICER1 syndrome, and SDHx mutations. (aacrjournals.org)
Pituitary adenomas with no other associated tumors have been described as familial isolated pituitary adenomas. (aacrjournals.org)
The term "pituitary adenoma" is attributed to the usually benign tumors arising from the hormone-secreting cells of the anterior pituitary. (aacrjournals.org)
Cano DA, Soto‐Moreno A and Leal‐Cerro A (2014) Genetically engineered mouse models of pituitary tumors. (els.net)
Cushing's syndrome is a debilitating endocrine disorder characterized by excessive cortisol levels in the blood which may be the result of a tumor of the pituitary gland, adrenal glands (located above the kidneys) or from tumors or cancer arising elsewhere in the body (ectopic ACTH producing tumors). (pituitary.org)
Long-term remission or "cure rates" are 80-85% for microadenomas (tumors less than 1cm) and adenomas contained within the sella and are 50-55% for macroadenomas (tumors greater than one 1cm) and adenomas with suprasellar or cavernous sinus invasion. (pituitary.org)
Pituitary tumors treatment can include surgery, radiation therapy, and medical therapy, either alone or in combination. (oncolink.org)
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of pituitary tumors. (oncolink.org)
Pituitary tumors represent from 10% to 25% of all intracranial neoplasms. (oncolink.org)
Carcinomas account for 0.1% to 0.2% of all pituitary tumors. (oncolink.org)
The signs and symptoms commonly associated with pituitary tumors are derived from each specific cell type (i.e., prolactinomas, corticotroph adenomas, somatotroph adenomas, thyrotroph adenomas, and nonfunctioning adenomas). (oncolink.org)
Nonpituitary ectopic sources of ACTH, such as small-cell lung carcinoma (oat cell carcinoma), carcinoid tumor, medullary thyroid carcinoma, or other neuroendocrine tumors can result in high ACTH levels and sequentially hypercortisolism. (medscape.com)
Glucocorticoid-secreting tumors are derived from these cells and, thus, may secrete both glucocorticoids and androgens. (medscape.com)
These glucocorticoid-producing tumors do not usually secrete aldosterone, which is produced in the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex. (medscape.com)
however, factors involved in the hormonal aggressiveness of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary tumors have not been fully clarified. (springer.com)
Although PTTG1 and Ki-67 play an essential role in developing ACTH-secreting tumors, cyclin D1, p27, and Brg1 may be better biomarkers to determine hormonal aggressiveness of the tumor. (springer.com)
Our results suggest that clinical sequencing of pituitary tumors that have relapsed after treatment with traditional chemotherapy can identify mutations that may respond to immunotherapy. (mskcc.org)
The response of patients with pituitary tumors to immunotherapy has not been reported. (mskcc.org)
However, the generalizability of this patient's response to other patients with pituitary tumors requires further study. (mskcc.org)
A clinical trial currently being developed at MSK to use checkpoint inhibition for treating patients with aggressive pituitary tumors will better define the patient population and shed light on which patients would most benefit from this therapy. (mskcc.org)
Most pituitary tumors are benign, but a significant minority behave aggressively, with recurrent and invasive growth. (mskcc.org)
It has shown modest activity on pituitary tumors, with some data suggesting improved response with the addition of capecitabine. (mskcc.org)
They both had CRH-secreting tumors. (annals.org)
The only false test results were found in patients with CRH-secreting tumors. (annals.org)
In young children, adrenal tumors are usually the cause while in adolescents, pituitary tumors are more likely. (hcplive.com)
As controls we studied 28 pituitary tumors of other subtypes (11 clinically nonfunctioning, 8 prolactinomas, and 9 GH-producing adenomas) and found evidence for LOH in only 1 prolactinoma. (eur.nl)
Pituitary adenomas are benign, or non-cancerous, tumors of the pituitary gland which secrete increased amounts of ACTH. (mamashealth.com)
Some benign or malignant (cancerous) tumors that arise outside the pituitary can produce ACTH. (mamashealth.com)
Patients with pituitary tumors who become pregnant may present with symptoms that suggest pituitary enlargement such as headaches, nausea, or visual disturbances. (renalandurologynews.com)
However, the physical signs that are typically present with large pituitary tumors such as bitemporal hemianopsia, diplopia or often signs of III, IV, VI nerve palsies are not present. (renalandurologynews.com)
Other endogenous causes of Cushing's syndrome include ectopic secretion of ACTH or corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) by nonpituitary tumors and primary adrenal tumors. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
The treatment of these tumors and an overview of incidentally discovered sellar masses (pituitary incidentalomas) are discussed separately. (uptodate.com)
[6] Although uncommon, some patients with Cushing's disease have large pituitary tumors (macroadenomas). (wikipedia.org)
Benign tumors that arise from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), which constitute 15% of all intracranial tumors. (npistanbul.com)
ectopic corticotropin-secreting tumors are more common in older men and are commonly associated with weight loss. (proprofs.com)
Tumors of the pituitary gland. (pituitary.org)
2. Asa SL, Ezzat S. The pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. (pituitary.org)
Neuroendocrine tumors - prophylactic treatment prior to hepatic artery embolization for non-resectable multiple and hormone-secreting neuroendocrine tumors. (aetna.com)
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) secreting tumors - treatment of profuse watery diarrhea associated with VIP-secreting tumors. (aetna.com)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1) is a syndrome of inherited predisposition to tumors of the parathyroid, pancreatic islets, and anterior pituitary gland. (neurologyadvisor.com)
Pancreatic islet tumors may secrete one of a number of hormones, and confirmatory measurement is indicated to follow up any suggestive clinical syndrome (gastrin for Zollanger-Ellison syndrome, insulin for fasting hypoglycemia, etc. (neurologyadvisor.com)
Screening can also be done with the help of an MRI in order to visualize the pituitary for tumors. (wikipedia.org)

in the eight others, total hypophysectomy (four cases) or resection of the central core of the pituitary gland (four cases) was performed. (ajnr.org)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma is a condition characterized by elevated levels of a hormone called cortisol secreted by a tumor in the pituitary gland. (nih.gov)
Cushing disease occurs when a noncancerous (benign) tumor called an adenoma forms in the pituitary gland, causing excessive release of ACTH and, subsequently, elevated production of cortisol. (medlineplus.gov)
The pituitary gland produces hormones. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Nelson syndrome is a disorder characterized by abnormal hormone secretion, enlargement of the pituitary gland (hypophysis), and the development of large and invasive growths known as adenomas. (rarediseases.org)
The pituitary gland gets abnormally large in Nelson syndrome, causing headaches and visceral symptoms. (rarediseases.org)
Growth of a pre-existing or a concealed (occult) tumor of the pituitary gland may also cause this disorder. (rarediseases.org)
Treatment for Nelson syndrome consists of radiation to limit abnormal growth of the pituitary gland. (rarediseases.org)
If the pituitary gland increases so much in size that it encroaches on surrounding brain structures, it may be surgically removed. (rarediseases.org)
Pituitary adenomas are the most common tumor type in the pituitary gland. (mskcc.org)
Adenomas can also arise in other areas of the body besides the pituitary gland, including the colon and the adrenal glands. (mskcc.org)
Pituitary macroadenomas tend to produce more symptoms than microadenomas as they are more likely to put pressure on the brain and pituitary gland. (mskcc.org)
Learn about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of prolactinomas, the most common type of tumor found in the pituitary gland. (mskcc.org)
The pituitary is a small gland attached to the base of the brain (behind the nose) in an area called the pituitary fossa or sella turcica . (aans.org)
The pituitary is often called the "master gland" because it controls the secretion of most of the hormones in the body. (aans.org)
A normal pituitary gland weighs less than 1 gram and is about the size and shape of a kidney bean. (aans.org)
The pituitary is divided into distinct sections: the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland . (aans.org)
The posterior pituitary is formed from an out-pouching of the brain and is actually an extension of the hypothalamus , a region of the brain that is connected to the pituitary gland and controls its function. (aans.org)
The anterior pituitary accounts for about 80 percent of the pituitary gland size and is composed of the anterior lobe and the intermediate zone. (aans.org)
The posterior pituitary gland develops very early in life and does not produce any hormones on its own. (aans.org)
The pituitary gland performs its key functions by releasing several signaling hormones that consequently control the activities of other organs. (aans.org)
Cushing disease is a condition in which the pituitary gland releases too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). (pennmedicine.org)
The pituitary gland is an organ of the endocrine system. (pennmedicine.org)
Cushing disease is caused by a tumor or excess growth (hyperplasia) of the pituitary gland. (pennmedicine.org)
The pituitary gland is located just below the base of the brain. (pennmedicine.org)
With Cushing disease, the pituitary gland releases too much ACTH. (pennmedicine.org)
After surgery, the pituitary gland may slowly start to work again and return to normal. (pennmedicine.org)
Radiation treatment of the pituitary gland may also be used if the tumor is not completely removed. (pennmedicine.org)
Regulation of hormone production and release from the adrenal cortex involves the pituitary gland , a small gland located at the base of the brain. (encyclopedia.com)
After the hypothalamus (the part of the brain containing secretions important to metabolic activities) sends "releasing hormones" to the pituitary gland , the pituitary secretes a hormone called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). (encyclopedia.com)
Pituitary gland is confined within the sella turcica, part of the sphenoid bone. (wikibooks.org)
Large invasive chromophobe adenoma with well-preserved pituitary gland : Report of a case. (nii.ac.jp)
Ectopic Cushing syndrome is a form of Cushing syndrome in which a tumor outside the pituitary gland produces a hormone called adrenocorticotropic hor. (limamemorial.org)
Empty sella syndrome is a phenomenon by which an arachnoid outpouching of CSF into the sella leads to compression of the pituitary, likely due to intracranial hypertension (a common issue in Cushing's disease), further leading to difficulty in visualizing the pituitary gland that may contribute to difficulty in finding a tumor on MRI, so-called MRI-negative Cushing's disease. (thejns.org)
Decreased thickness of the pituitary gland was also associated with MRI-negative disease (mean thickness 5.6 vs 6.8 mm, p = 0.0002). (thejns.org)
C lassic Cushing's disease arises from a functioning adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting adenoma in the pituitary gland. (thejns.org)
Affiliated tissues include pituitary , thyroid and placenta , and related phenotype is endocrine/exocrine gland . (malacards.org)
24 Familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) is an inherited condition characterized by development of a noncancerous tumor in the pituitary gland (called a pituitary adenoma). (malacards.org)
The pituitary gland, which is found at the base of the brain, produces hormones that control many important body functions. (malacards.org)
Mn-MR imaging was used to characterize the dynamic calcium influx in normal aged rat pituitary gland as well as spontaneous pituitary adenoma. (ajnr.org)
To confirm the validity of Mn 2+ as a calcium analog, we inhibited Mn 2+ uptake into the olfactory bulb and pituitary gland of normal rats by using the calcium channel blocker verapamil. (ajnr.org)
Volume of interest analysis of the normal aged pituitary gland versus adenoma indicated faster and increased calcium influx in adenoma at 1, 3, 11, and 48 hours. (ajnr.org)
Mn 2+ uptake into the olfactory bulb and pituitary gland of normal rats was inhibited by calcium channel blockers and showed dose-dependent inhibition on dynamic MR imaging. (ajnr.org)
They are mostly benign monoclonal neoplasms that arise from any of the five hormone-secreting cell types of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and cause disease due to hormonal alterations and local space-occupying effects. (aacrjournals.org)
GNAS and GPR101 mutations that arise in early embryonic age can lead to somatic mosaicism involving the pituitary gland and resulting in growth hormone excess. (aacrjournals.org)
The pituitary gland consists of an anterior lobe of epithelial origin and a posterior lobe of neuronal origin. (aacrjournals.org)
The pituitary gland contains five trophic cells. (els.net)
Once the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome is established, the source of the excess cortisol needs to be determined: either from an adrenal gland tumor, an ectopic ACTH-producing tumor or a pituitary ACTH-producing adenoma. (pituitary.org)
It is also used to help determine on which side of the pituitary gland an adenoma is located in patients with normal MRIs of the pituitary but with hormonal studies strongly suggesting Cushing's disease. (pituitary.org)
however, imaging studies, including dynamic magnetic resonance imaging, did not reveal any visible lesions in the pituitary gland. (deepdyve.com)
ACTH-producing tumor of the pituitary gland. (medscape.com)
Adrenal computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a hypointense lesion, 7 x 4 mm in size, on the right side of the pituitary gland (Figure 1a and Figure 2) and a cystic lession, 4 mm in size, consistent with Rathke's cleft cyst in the central part of the pituitary (Figure 1b). (thefreelibrary.com)
MR scan of brain revealed a normal pituitary gland (Fig. 1 a, solid arrow), with no asymmetry in contrast enhancement. (springer.com)
Described here are the results from the profiling of the proteins arginine vasopressin (AVP) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from normal human pituitary gland and pituitary adenoma tissue sections, using a fully automated droplet-based liquid-microjunction surface-sampling-HPLC-ESI-MS-MS system for spatially resolved sampling, HPLC separation, and mass spectrometric detection. (medgadget.com)
The protein distributions correlated with the visible anatomic pattern of the pituitary gland. (medgadget.com)
AVP was most abundant in the posterior pituitary gland region (neurohypophysis), and ATCH was dominant in the anterior pituitary gland region (adenohypophysis). (medgadget.com)
A major organ of the endocrine system , the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior ), is the glandular , anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe ( posterior pituitary , or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis). (wikipedia.org)
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland that sits in a protective bony enclosure called the sella turcica ( Turkish chair/saddle ). (wikipedia.org)
Cushing's syndrome is caused by corticotropin secreting adenoma in the pituitary gland. (proprofs.com)
Regions of low density in the contrast-enhanced pituitary gland: normal and pathologic processes. (pituitary.org)
8. Chong BW, Kucharczyk W, Singer W, George S. Pituitary gland MR: a comparative study of healthy volunteers and patients with microadenomas. (pituitary.org)
A parallel study of the roentgen anatomy of the sella turcica and the histopathology of the pituitary gland in 205 autopsy specimens. (pituitary.org)
Subclinical adenoma of the pituitary gland. (pituitary.org)
Normally, cortisol is released from the adrenal gland in response to ACTH being released from the pituitary gland . (bionity.com)
Cushing's disease specifically refers to a tumour in the pituitary gland that stimulates excessive release of cortisol from the adrenal gland by releasing large amounts of ACTH. (bionity.com)
Based on murine expression of IGSF1 protein in thyrotropes , somatotropes, and lactotropes in the pituitary gland, a role for IGSF1 in pituitary GH production and/or secretion appears likely. (thefreedictionary.com)
The severity of the disease is dependent upon the effect of ACTH release on the skin, pituitary hormone loss from mass compression, as well as invasion into surrounding structures around the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
The common symptoms include: hyper-pigmentation of the skin visual disturbances headaches abnormal high levels of beta-MSH and ACTH abnormal enlargements of the pituitary gland, interruption of menstrual cycles in women Common causes include bilateral adrenalectomy for the treatment of Cushing's disease, and hypopituitarism. (wikipedia.org)

It occurs when a benign pituitary tumor (adenoma) or pituitary hyperplasia causes the adrenal glands to produce large amounts of cortisol. (nih.gov)
Not accounting for increases in cortisol due to prescription drugs, pituitary adenomas cause the vast majority of Cushing syndrome in adults and children. (medlineplus.gov)
Cushing Disease (CD) describes the state of hypercortisolemia secondary to cortisol producing pituitary adenomas. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Although hypercortisolemia usually resolves after successful resection of the pituitary adenoma, the reversal of the abovementioned complications and the long-term effects of the previous prolonged exposure of the body to supraphysiologic levels of cortisol have not been clarified, especially when hypercortisolemia occurs during childhood. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - ACTH triggers the adrenal glands to release hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone . (aans.org)
ACTH stimulates production and release of cortisol, a stress hormone. (pennmedicine.org)
Too much ACTH causes the adrenal glands to make too much cortisol. (pennmedicine.org)
During the recovery process from surgery, you may need cortisol replacement treatments because the pituitary needs time to start making ACTH again. (pennmedicine.org)
The ACTH then travels through the bloodstream to the adrenal cortex, where it encourages the production and release of cortisol (sometimes called the "stress" hormone) and other adrenocortical hormones. (encyclopedia.com)
The pituitary tumor causes increased growth of the adrenal cortex (hyperplasia) and increased cortisol production. (encyclopedia.com)
This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal glands and ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome. (abcam.com)
Ectopic cortisol secretion from a case of ovarian carcinoma has been reported as a cause of ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome. (medscape.com)
ACTH level in ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome is low due to the negative feedback to pituitary corticotroph cells from a high level of serum cortisol. (medscape.com)
A group of symptoms, including a puffy face, fat accumulation around the torso, fat loss from legs and arms, and easy bruising, resulting from elevated levels of cortisol in the bloodstream that are caused either by excess production of the hormone ACTH, as from an adrenal or pituitary tumor, or by administration of high doses of corticosteroid hormones. (thefreedictionary.com)
We then analyzed the relationship between each cellular marker expression and hormone levels, including 24 h urinary free cortisol (UFC), plasma ACTH, and serum cortisol. (springer.com)
J.J. Acebes, J. Martino, C. Masuet, E. Montanya, J. Soler, Early post-operative ACTH and cortisol as predictors of remission in Cushing's disease. (springer.com)
Cushing's disease is a rare endocrine disorder due to an ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor causing excess adrenal cortisol production . (mskcc.org)
She was found to have a pituitary macroadenoma, elevated 24-hour urine-free cortisol values, and high plasma ACTH levels consistent with Cushing disease. (mskcc.org)
pairwise correlations between MT and cortisol and between MT and ACTH (in cases with an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma) were not significant. (springer.com)
ISTURISA (osilodrostat) is a cortisol synthesis inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adult patients with Cushing's disease for whom pituitary surgery is not an option or has not been curative. (businesswire.com)
Cushing's syndrome (CS) is divided into two categories: ACTH-dependent, caused by ACTH-secreting pituitary or ectopic tumours and ACTH-independent, caused by cortisol-secreting adrenal tumours. (thefreelibrary.com)
The establishment of the differential diagnosis of CS requires assessment of plasma cortisol, ACTH and one or more dynamic tests such as dexamethasone suppression test (DST) (4). (thefreelibrary.com)
Blood samples for ACTH, cortisol, prolactin (PRL), thyroid hormones, gonadotrophines, and estradiol tests were obtained at 08.00 a.m. All hormonal tests were measured with radioimmunoassay (RIA) method by using commercial kits. (thefreelibrary.com)
A subsequent dexamethasone suppression test failed to demonstrate adequate suppression on low dose (cortisol 1562 nmol/l, ACTH 76 pmol/l) or high dose dexamethasone (cortisol 1625 nmol/l, ACTH 59 pmol/l). (springer.com)
Medical management of the ectopic ACTH syndrome proved difficult with maximally tolerated doses of metyrapone (750 mg t.d.s.) and it was only after the addition of ketoconazole (800 mg daily t.d.s) that his general health and cortisol profile (474-599 nmol/l) improved sufficiently to allow surgery. (springer.com)
Corticotropinomas are characterized by a relative resistance to the negative feedback action of cortisol on ACTH secretion. (eur.nl)
This might explain the relative resistance of the adenoma cells to the inhibitory feedback action of cortisol on ACTH secretion. (eur.nl)
Most women with Cushing's disease are anovulatory and infertile and their adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol hypersecretion usually needs to be corrected before conception can occur. (renalandurologynews.com)
In the first patient there were no significant changes in early morning urinary cortisol to creatinine ratios or circulating ACTH and cortisol day profiles, but there was a suggestion of a fall in urinary free cortisol (1581 and 2144 nanomols per 24 hours prior to and 1141 and 1099 nanomols per 24 hours by the final week of treatment). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Severe hypertension and hypokalemia commonly seen in patients with ectopic ACTH secretion (excess cortisol overwhelms the capacity of the 11-b-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase type II, which oxidizes cortisol to inactive cortisone, thereby resulting in activation of mineralocorticoid receptors). (psychiatryadvisor.com)
This is most often as a result of a pituitary adenoma (specifically pituitary basophilism) or due to excess production of hypothalamus CRH ( corticotropin releasing hormone ) (tertiary hypercortisolism/hypercorticism) that stimulates the synthesis of cortisol by the adrenal glands. (wikipedia.org)
[5] Patients with Cushing's disease usually present with one or more signs and symptoms secondary to the presence of excess cortisol or ACTH . (wikipedia.org)
Cushing's syndrome (also called hypercortisolism or hyperadrenocorticism ) is an endocrine disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood from a variety of causes, including primary pituitary adenoma (known as Cushing's disease), primary adrenal hyperplasia or neoplasia, ectopic ACTH production (e.g., from a small cell lung cancer ), and iatrogenic ( steroid use). (bionity.com)
In Cushing's syndrome, ACTH levels do not respond to negative feedback from the high levels of cortisol. (bionity.com)
Cortisol can also exhibit mineralcorticoid activity in high concentrations, worsening the hypertension and leading to hypokalemia (common in ectopic ACTH secretion). (bionity.com)
Even though they are small, the cortisol they secrete, along with their other functions, have great significance to normal physiology. (lbah.com)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) load test: after intravenous injection of CRH (0.1 mg), ACTH and cortisol levels were examined. (nih.gov)

Learn about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Cushing's disease, a condition that arises when a pituitary tumor secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone. (mskcc.org)
Diseases associated with TBX19 include Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Deficiency and Acth Deficiency . (genecards.org)
Cushing's disease arises from functioning adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas. (thejns.org)
A pituary adenoma resulting in excessive production of adrenocorticotropic hormone. (abcam.com)
The anterior pituitary contains five trophic hormone‐secreting cells, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)‐secreting corticotrophs, luteinising hormone (LH)‐/follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH)‐secreting gonadotrophs, thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH)‐secreting thyrotrophs, growth hormone (GH)‐secreting somatotrophs and prolactin (PRL)‐secreting lactotrophs. (els.net)
Endogenous glucocorticoid overproduction, or hypercortisolism, can be dependent on or independent of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). (medscape.com)
Cushing's disease (CD) is a state of excess glucocorticoid production resulting from an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. (thejns.org)
Cushing's disease is Cushing's syndrome caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreting pituitary adenoma. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
Cushing's disease is a cause of Cushing's syndrome characterised by increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary (secondary hypercortisolism ). (wikipedia.org)
Adrenal hyperplasia as a cause of Cushing's syndrome can be considered either adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) dependent or independent. (renalandurologynews.com)
In corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) load test, excess and delayed reaction of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) was observed, indicating the dysfunction of the hypothalamus. (nih.gov)
In patients with pre-existing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas, loss of adrenal feedback following bilateral adrenalectomy can trigger the rapid growth of the tumor, leading to visual symptoms (e.g. bitemporal hemianopsia) and hyperpigmentation. (wikipedia.org)

Cushing's disease is characterized by the existence of a benign pituitary tumor developed from corticotropic cells responsible for excessive ACTH secretion. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The hypothalamus secretes two types of hormones (releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones) that control secretion of other hormones from the anterior pituitary. (aans.org)
The term "Cushing's disease" refers to Cushing's syndrome, which is caused by excessive secretion of ACTH by a pituitary tumor, usually an adenoma (noncancerous tumor). (encyclopedia.com)
Pituitary hormone synthesis and secretion is strictly regulated by stimulating hormone, mainly from the hypothalamus, and suppressing hormone, predominantly from peripheral tissues, as a negative feedback system. (els.net)
Cushings disease refers specifically to excessive ACTH secretion by a pituitary tumor (also called pituitary adenoma). (pituitary.org)
The most characteristic presenting features of pituitary adenomas include inappropriate pituitary hormone secretion and visual field deficits. (oncolink.org)
Ectopic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion leading to increased ACTH secretion comprises a very rare group of cases of Cushing syndrome. (medscape.com)
In general, excess androgen secretion is suggestive of an adrenal carcinoma rather than an adrenal adenoma. (medscape.com)
The exact etiology of this condition is not quite clear, however, genetic mutations, paracrine ACTH secretion, and aberrant hormone receptors have been reported to play a role in its pathogenesis. (medscape.com)
Studies have demonstrated the difference in the mechanism of increased ACTH secretion in Nelson syndrome and untreated Cushing disease. (medscape.com)
We present the case of a patient with Cushing's syndrome secondary to ectopic ACTH secretion. (springer.com)
ONB is a rare cause for ectopic ACTH secretion. (springer.com)
This case highlights the diagnostic and management difficulties in patients with ectopic ACTH secretion, and provides a brief review of ONB. (springer.com)
those that secrete an active hormone are known as "hormonally active" or "functional tumours" and, unlike the so-called "non-functioning" pituitary adenomas, lead to diseases of excessive hormone secretion. (biomedcentral.com)

Treatment of Cushing's disease is based on transsphenoidal surgical management, even in the absence of a formal MRI image, if pituitary origin is confirmed by the catheterization. (clinicaltrials.gov)
[ 1 , 2 ] Cushing's disease (CD) is caused by a corticotroph pituitary adenoma that secretes excess adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). (medscape.com)
Cushing's Syndrome Hypercortisolism of any cause Cushing's Disease Corticotropin (ACTH) secreting pituitary adenoma. (slideserve.com)
Does pituitary compression/empty sella syndrome contribute to MRI-negative Cushing's disease? (thejns.org)
Petrosal Sinus Sampling is an angiographic and endocrinological test used to distinguish between ectopic ACTH production or pituitary ACTH production (Cushing's disease). (pituitary.org)
The only way to achieve long term cure of Cushing's disease is by transsphenoidal removal of the adenoma. (pituitary.org)
Teramoto, Akira 1999-10-01 00:00:00 AbstractOBJECTIVEAdrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas causing Cushing's disease are often difficult to identify because of their variable locations and their small size. (deepdyve.com)
O BJEC T IV E A N D IM PO R T A N C E: Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-secreting pi- CASE REPO RT tuitary adenomas causing Cushing's disease are often difficult to identify A 62-year-old woman had a 3-year because of their variable locations and their small size. (deepdyve.com)
van Aken MO, Pereira AM, van den Berg G, Romijn JA, Veldhuis JD, Roelfsema F. Profound amplification of secretory-burst mass and anomalous regularity of ACTH secretory process in patients with Nelson's syndrome compared with Cushing's disease. (medscape.com)
LEBANON, N.J.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Recordati Rare Diseases Inc. today announces positive results from the large Phase III LINC-4 study of ISTURISA® (osilodrostat) for the treatment of patients with Cushing's disease for whom pituitary surgery is not an option or has not been curative. (businesswire.com)
ACTH-dependent CS is most often due to a pituitary ACTH-secreting adenoma and is called "Cushing's disease" (CD) (1-3). (thefreelibrary.com)
Secreting pituitary adenomas that cause acromegaly and Cushing's disease, as well as prolactinomas and thyrotroph adenomas, are uncommon, usually benign, slow-growing tumours. (biomedcentral.com)
The secreting pituitary adenomas include those that cause acromegaly and Cushing's disease as well as prolactinomas and thyrotroph adenomas. (biomedcentral.com)
Our observations indicate for the first time that LOH at the GR gene locus is a relatively frequent phenomenon in pituitary adenomas of patients with Cushing's disease. (eur.nl)
Localization of pituitary adenomas by using intraoperative ultrasound in patients with Cushing's disease and no demonstrable pituitary tumor on magnetic resonance imaging. (pituitary.org)
ACTH-dependent (secondary) adrenal hyperplasia is most commonly due to an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease) and ectopic ACTH from a non-pituitary tumor. (renalandurologynews.com)
Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia associated with an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma is also called Cushing's disease and will also be discussed in this section. (renalandurologynews.com)
Cushing's Disease (also known as hyperadrenocorticism- Cushing's is easier to pronounce, so stick with that word) results when the adrenal glands secrete an excess amount of cortisone. (lbah.com)

Dr. Bancos outlines the manifestations of Cushing syndrome resulting from the overproduction of ACTH, and Cushing's frequent association with polycystic ovary syndrome. (mayoclinic.org)
Most often, Cushing disease occurs alone, but rarely, it appears as a symptom of genetic syndromes that have pituitary adenomas as a feature, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) or familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA). (medlineplus.gov)
Typically, pituitary adenomas are classified as either functioning pituitary adenomas with characteristic clinical symptoms, such as acromegaly or Cushing disease, or clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA), usually arising from cells secreting LH and FSH. (aacrjournals.org)
also known as pituitary Cushing disease. (abcam.com)
ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome is characterized by elevated ACTH levels. (medscape.com)
It is an autosomal dominant disorder and ACTH-independent cause of Cushing syndrome. (medscape.com)
when associated with an ACTH-producing adenoma, called Cushing disease. (thefreedictionary.com)
Cushing syndrome caused by a pituitary tumor is called Cushing disease. (thefreedictionary.com)
Cushing disease - adrenal hyperplasia (Cushing syndrome) caused by an ACTH-secreting basophil adenoma of the pituitary. (thefreedictionary.com)
Almost all cases of Nelson syndrome follow bilateral adrenalectomy in patients who have Cushing disease due to an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. (medscape.com)
Detailed analyses delineate marked ACTH secretory burst mass amplification and anomalous regularity of successive pulse size and timing in Nelson syndrome, compared with Cushing disease or controls. (medscape.com)
[ 7 ] These include introduction of the sensitive ACTH assay, the advent of high-resolution MRI, the availability in some centers of inferior petrosal sinus sampling, the refinement of the transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, and advances in pituitary radiation therapy, which have made bilateral adrenalectomy a less attractive therapy for Cushing disease. (medscape.com)
Introduction: Cushing s disease (CD) is a condition due to an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma and leading to hypercorticism. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Learn about symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of acromegaly, a condition that arises when a pituitary tumor secretes growth hormone. (mskcc.org)
also known as familial isolated somatotropinomas (FIS) or isolated familial somatotropinoma (IFS) or familial somatotrophinoma or acromegaly due to pituitary adenoma. (abcam.com)
See 'Causes of hyperprolactinemia' and 'Causes and clinical manifestations of acromegaly' and 'Causes and pathophysiology of Cushing's syndrome' and 'TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas' . (uptodate.com)

Adenoma" refers to a benign tumor that begins in glandular tissue. (mskcc.org)
An adenoma is a benign tumor (not a cancer). (pennmedicine.org)
Benign adenoma. (oncolink.org)

Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenoma, also known as fipa , is related to pituitary adenoma, prolactin-secreting and aip-related familial isolated pituitary adenomas . (malacards.org)
The main cell types of the anterior lobe are the hormone-secreting cells [growth hormone (GH), prolactin, adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), thyrotropin (TSH), or gonadotrophin (LH and FSH)] and the folliculostellate cells. (aacrjournals.org)
Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma is the most common type of hormonally active pituitary adenoma. (abcam.com)
Most adenomas (65 to 70 percent) secrete an excess amount of hormone including prolactin, growth hormone (GH), corticotropin (ACTH), or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). (uptodate.com)
Prolactin, a pituitary hormone with increased serum levels during pregnancy and puerperium, as well as its high molecular weight isoform, the macroprolactin, has been shown to be ele (mais) vated in SLE, with correlation to disease activity. (worldwidescience.org)
In thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) load test, TSH and prolactin were normally secreted in response to TRH. (nih.gov)
Anterior pituitary lesions may be detected by imaging, as well as by measuring prolactin, ACTH, and GH levels. (neurologyadvisor.com)

Tumor tissues from 28 corticotroph adenomas (female 26, male 2, mean age 39.21 ± 10.39 years) were subject to immunohistochemical study using the following antibodies: pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), cyclin D1, p16, p27, brahma related-gene 1 (Brg1), and Ki-67. (springer.com)
s Ectopic Corticotroph Adenoma in the adenoma is convincing but the existence of a tumor cannot be confirmed using Cavernous Sinus: Case Report imaging studies or during surgery, a hem ihypophysectom y or total hypophy- sectomy is sometimes performed. (deepdyve.com)
Corticotroph adenomas are observed predominantly in young and middle-aged women. (medscape.com)

Rarely, an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma can be inherited , either as an isolated condition or as part of a genetic syndrome (such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and familial isolated pituitary adenoma ), but most cases are sporadic. (nih.gov)
Endocrine glands release (secrete) hormones into the bloodstream. (limamemorial.org)
The September 2014 issue of Endocrine-Related Cancer examines growth patterns in 19 pediatric patients with ACTH-dependent CS (CD) and 18 patients with a form of ACTH-independent CS, micronodular adrenal hyperplasia (MAH). (hcplive.com)
Other endocrine active pituitary adenomas are ACTH-secreting adenomas. (npistanbul.com)

The [11C]-Methionine PET/MRI will be performed after a pituitary MRI and before a transsphenoidal surgery. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Between 1980 and 1985, 35 patients (26 women and nine men) who had coronal CT scans of the sella turcica for suspected ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma underwent transsphenoidal exploration. (ajnr.org)
Microsurgical removal of Nelson syndrome adenomas through the bone at the base of the skull (transsphenoidal) may be recommended. (rarediseases.org)
Following two consecutive subtotal transsphenoidal resections, the residual adenoma grew in size over the next year, and she received fractionated RT. (mskcc.org)
Techniques such as pituitary radiation therapy, ACTH assay, transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, higher resolution MRIs, and sampling of the inferior petrosal sinus have allowed physicians to pursue routes for Cushing's syndrome therapy prior to consideration of bilateral adrenalectomy. (wikipedia.org)

We compared older patients with CD with two control groups: younger patients with CD, and older patients with clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, in an attempt to distinguish age- as opposed to disease-related effects. (medscape.com)
13 , 14 Pituitary adenomas may manifest clinically by hormonal hypersecretion, which is dependent on increased activity-dependent calcium influx. (ajnr.org)
Clinically relevant pituitary adenomas are relatively common, present in 0.1% of the general population. (aacrjournals.org)
Although most of these small lesions are incidental findings, with no obvious clinical impact ( 3 ), clinically relevant pituitary adenomas are present in 0.1% of the general population, and they represent the third most-frequent intracranial tumor type after meningiomas and gliomas ( 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Patients with clinically nonfunctioning adenomas most often present with neurologic symptoms due to mass effects, while others may be completely asymptomatic and be first detected on an imaging study done for reasons other than pituitary symptoms or disease. (uptodate.com)
The clinical features, evaluation, and diagnosis of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas are reviewed here. (uptodate.com)
See 'Treatment of gonadotroph and other clinically nonfunctioning adenomas' and 'Incidentally discovered sellar masses (pituitary incidentalomas)' . (uptodate.com)
The majority of gonadotroph adenomas are clinically 'silent' and difficult to identify because they are poorly differentiated and produce and secrete hormones inefficiently. (uptodate.com)

We performed a case review of the three pituitary patients we have treated with 177 Lutetium DOTATATE in our institution (two atypical adenomas, one carcinoma) and dosimetric analysis of the radiation uptake in one patient. (springermedizin.de)
One patient with slowly progressive pituitary carcinoma has stable disease 40 months after completing the planned 4 cycles of treatment. (springermedizin.de)
Lopes MB, Scheithauer BW, Schiff D (2005) Pituitary carcinoma: diagnosis and treatment. (springermedizin.de)
Endogenous glucocorticoid overproduction or hypercortisolism that is independent of ACTH is usually due to a primary adrenocortical neoplasm (most commonly an adenoma and rarely a carcinoma). (medscape.com)
Overproduction of glucocorticoids may be due to an adrenal adenoma, adrenal carcinoma, or macronodular or micronodular adrenal hyperplasia. (medscape.com)
In this report, we present the case of effective TMZ treatment in a 42-year-old man with ACTH-secreting carcinoma. (hindawi.com)

A 35-year-old woman presented at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center with an aggressive adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. (mskcc.org)
In addition to prolactinomas, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) or growth hormone (GH)-producing pituitary adenomas may also be seen. (neurologyadvisor.com)

Amongst the described complications, suppression of the pituitary hormones, such as the growth and thyroid hormone axes, and persistent increase of the body mass index (BMI) and abnormal fat distribution, have been described in limited number of pediatric patients followed for a few years after cure. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Blood levels of the pituitary hormones adrenocorticotrope hormone (ACTH) and beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH) are abnormally high. (rarediseases.org)
These neurons produce the hormones vasopressin and oxytocin which are transported down the pituitary stalk into the posterior pituitary. (aans.org)
Symptoms are present due to hormonal disturbances, hypersecretion or lack of pituitary hormones, and compression symptoms that are secondary to local invasion and lead to hypopituitarism and visual field defects. (aacrjournals.org)
The spectrum of clinical features observed relates to the local effects of the tumor on surrounding structures, the secondary loss of other pituitary hormones, and the effects of the high serum concentrations of ACTH on the skin. (medscape.com)
Cancer cells secrete excess levels of several adrenal cortical hormones. (mamashealth.com)
The hormones secreted by gonadotroph adenomas in order of decreasing frequency include: FSH, FSH-beta, alpha subunit, LH, and LH-beta [ 5 ]. (uptodate.com)
[1] These cells all together produce hormones of the anterior pituitary, and release them into the blood stream. (wikipedia.org)
Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are trophic hormones (Greek: trophe, "nourishment") and tropic hormones . (wikipedia.org)
The circulating thyroid hormones exert negative feedback effects on the pituitary by decreasing the number of receptors for TRH on the pituitary thyrotrope cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
As we continue inward we come across this section that secretes the sex hormones known as androgens (male sex hormones), estrogen (female sex hormones), and sex steroids. (lbah.com)
It secretes hormones called catecholamines. (lbah.com)
The hormones they secrete work in unison with other internal organs, particularly the liver, and have an enormous effect on physiology. (lbah.com)

Nelson syndrome refers to a spectrum of symptoms and signs arising from an adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-secreting pituitary macroadenoma after a therapeutic bilateral adrenalectomy. (medscape.com)
80 to 90 percent of these are gonadotroph adenomas, making them the most common type of pituitary macroadenoma. (uptodate.com)
By the time patients present, a high percentage has biochemical evidence of hypopituitarism due to compression of normal pituitary cells by the macroadenoma. (uptodate.com)
Incidental pituitary macroadenoma: a population-based study. (pituitary.org)
Pituitary adenoma was a macroadenoma in 5/9 cases. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
All hirsute patients with CD have an elevated ACTH, the majority of them has a pituitary macroadenoma. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Another objective was to evaluate the frequency of polymorphisms in patients with different types of pituitary adenomas and compare them to healthy subjects. (usp.br)
Current clinical work-up for diagnosis and treatment of different types of pituitary adenomas usually includes MR imaging with or without gadolinium contrast enhancement. (ajnr.org)

Anterior pituitary. (pennmedicine.org)
Adenohypophysitis, also known as anterior pituitary hypophysitis , is related to adenoma and pituitary apoplexy , and has symptoms including panhypopituitarism , amenorrhea and blurred vision . (malacards.org)
Pituitary adenomas are the most common pathological state in the anterior pituitary. (els.net)
The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress , growth , reproduction and lactation . (wikipedia.org)
Proper functioning of the anterior pituitary and of the organs it regulates can often be ascertained via blood tests that measure hormone levels. (wikipedia.org)
as a result, it is often considered as part of the anterior pituitary. (wikipedia.org)
In all animals, the fleshy, glandular anterior pituitary is distinct from the neural composition of the posterior pituitary . (wikipedia.org)
The pars distalis, (distal part), comprises the majority of the anterior pituitary and is where the bulk of pituitary hormone production occurs. (wikipedia.org)
The pars intermedia , (intermediate part), sits between the pars distalis and the posterior pituitary, forming the boundary between the anterior and posterior pituitaries. (wikipedia.org)
The anterior pituitary is derived from the ectoderm , more specifically from that of Rathke's pouch , part of the developing hard palate in the embryo. (wikipedia.org)
The pouch eventually loses its connection with the pharynx , giving rise to the anterior pituitary. (wikipedia.org)
The posterior wall of the anterior pituitary forms the pars intermedia. (wikipedia.org)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin), secreted by the thyrotrope cells of the anterior pituitary, plays a pivotal role in the control of the thyroid axis and serves as the most useful physiologic marker of thyroid action. (thefreedictionary.com)
2004) stated that Pit-1 is an essential for development of somatotrope, lactotrope, and thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary and it transactives expression of the genes encoding GH, PRL, and TSH-b. (thefreedictionary.com)
The receptor is primarily located in the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates ACTH release. (thermofisher.com)

Pituitary adenomas are one of the most common types of brain tumours, accounting for 15% of all intracranial neoplasms. (medscape.com)
Pituitary adenomas are monoclonal neoplasms in origin ( 5 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Invasive adenomas, which account for approximately 35% of all pituitary neoplasms, may invade the dura mater, cranial bone, or sphenoid sinus. (oncolink.org)

Pollock BE, Young WF Jr. Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with ACTH-producing pituitary adenomas after prior adrenalectomy. (rarediseases.org)

Most pituitary adenomas are microadenomas and often do not cause symptoms. (mskcc.org)
ACTH deficiency is characterized by adrenal insufficiency symptoms such as weight loss, lack of appetite (anorexia), weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure. (genecards.org)
A diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome was made and in view of the rapid onset of symptoms with marked metabolic features and fluid retention, the possibility of ectopic ACTH was entertained. (springer.com)
Because many signs and symptoms of pituitary adenomas overlap with those of other, more common disorders, general practitioners and non-endocrinology specialists need to be aware of the "red flags" suggestive of these conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Most patients with pituitary adenomas present with signs and symptoms of hormone hypersecretion (eg, hyperprolactinemia, growth hormone [GH] excess, or hypercortisolism). (uptodate.com)
Ectopic corticotropin secreting tumor, also known as ectopic ACTH syndrome, can cause these symptoms, but this will not be diagnosed as Cushing's syndrome. (proprofs.com)
The signs and symptoms are therefore virtually identical, aside from those induced by ACTH in pituitary-dependent disease and ectopic ACTH-producing tumours (such as hyperpigmentation). (bionity.com)
The patient should be questioned about how often and to what degree headaches, visual disturbances, and symptoms associated with pituitary malfunction occur. (wikipedia.org)

Cushing's syndrome due to excess ACTH may also result in hyperpigmentation. (bionity.com)
Therefore, we stopped hydrocortisone and instead started an alternative treatment with prednisolone.We diagnosed this subject as hypothalamic hypopituitarism mainly by the following two findings: (1) excess and delayed reaction of ACTH in CRH load test, (2) delayed reaction of LH and FSH in LHRH load test.We should be aware of the possibility of hypothalamic hypopituitarism as a cause of recurrent severe hypoglycemia. (nih.gov)
In corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) load test, excess and delayed reaction of ACTH was observed. (nih.gov)
We diagnosed this subject as hypothalamic hypopituitarism mainly by the following two findings: (1) excess and delayed reaction of ACTH in CRH load test, (2) delayed reaction of LH and FSH in LHRH load test. (nih.gov)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o papel dos polimorfismos no gene DRD2 em pacientes com prolactinomas (n=118), corticotrofinomas (n=15), adenomas clinicamente não funcionantes (ACNF) (n=35) e somatotrofinomas (n=40), bem como de polimorfismos nos genes SSTR2 e SSTR5 em pacientes com somatotrofinomas (n=88), na resposta ao tratamento clínico com AD e LRS. (usp.br)

Pituitary insufficiency, which is due to compression of the pituitary stalk or destruction of normal pituitary tissue by the tumor, and predominantly manifests as secondary hypogonadism. (healthlinkbc.ca)
The pars tuberalis , (tubular part), forms a part of the sheath extending up from the pars distalis which joins with the pituitary stalk (also known as the infundibular stalk or infundibulum ), arising from the posterior lobe. (wikipedia.org)
The pituitary stalk connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary). (wikipedia.org)
pituitary abnormality such as adenoma and pituitary stalk interruption was not observed. (nih.gov)

These disruptions could induce not only pituitary cell proliferation but also hormone hypersecretion. (els.net)

A high dose dexamethasone test, ACTH levels, metyrapone test, and/or sometimes a CRH test are used for this determination. (pituitary.org)
Positive diagnosis of CD was made in the association of an ACTH-dependant hypercorticism, with a positive response to the high-dose-dexamethasone-suppressing test, and a pituitary adenoma on MRI. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Proportion of microadenomas identified by the [11C]-Methionine PET/MRI as a function of the degree of aggressiveness of the adenoma, evaluated by the number of mitoses, the level of expression of Ki67 and p53. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The possible reasons for this are that most of the adenomas in this series were microadenomas less than 6 mm in diameter, and that ACTH microadenomas probably show almost the same degree of enhancement with contrast medium as the surrounding normal pituitary tissue. (ajnr.org)
Functioning adenomas can be microadenomas or macroadenomas. (mskcc.org)
Most pituitary ACTH-secreting adenomas are small in size (microadenomas). (pituitary.org)
11. Burrow GN, Wortzman G, Rewcastle NB, Holgate RC, Kovacs K. Microadenomas of the pituitary and abnormal sellar tomograms in an unselected autopsy series. (pituitary.org)

The most common forms of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, which are ACTH-independent, are AIMAH and PPNAD. (renalandurologynews.com)
ACTH-independent bilateral adrenal hyperplasia causing hypercortisolism accounts for approximately 10-15% of all adrenal causes of Cushing's syndrome. (renalandurologynews.com)

The inhibitory action of glucocorticoids on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is disrupted in ACTH-secreting pituitary tumours. (nih.gov)

Only 3 cases of pregnancy in women with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting adenomas have been reported. (renalandurologynews.com)
TRH stimulates the pituitary thyrotrope cells to release TSH, causing synthesis and release of new [T.sub.4] and [T.sub.3] by the thyroid to maintain homeostasis. (thefreedictionary.com)
Pituitary adenomas - treatment of pituitary adenomas (including growth hormone-secreting and thyroid stimulating hormone-secreting adenomas). (aetna.com)

Three weeks ago, my daughter, aged 17 years, was found to have Pituitary Adenoma( on CT and MRI), of size .8 x 1 cm, located within the confines of sella Turcica. (medhelp.org)

In one subject, total remission from diabetes occurred following successful resection of growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma localized to pituitary fossa without onset of hypopituitarism. (oatext.com)
In the other subject, total remission of diabetes ensued only after administration of somatostatin (Sandostatin LAR) once a month for 6 months since a complete resection of pituitary adenoma could not be performed due to suprasellar extension and hypopituitarism requiring treatment persisted after surgery. (oatext.com)

2013) Familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA) and the pituitary adenoma predisposition due to mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) gene. (els.net)

Defects in AIP are a cause of familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) [MIM:102200]. (abcam.com)

Removal of the adrenal glands can cause the pituitary tumor to get much bigger (Nelson syndrome). (pennmedicine.org)
This is called ectopic ACTH syndrome ("ectopic" refers to something existing out of its normal place). (encyclopedia.com)
The cause of Cushings Syndrome is a pituitary adenoma in over 70% of adults and in approximately 60-70% of children and adolescents. (pituitary.org)
Obviously, these medications correct the hormonal problem, but not the anatomical one (i.e., the pituitary tumor may continue to grow, causing a condition called Nelson's syndrome). (pituitary.org)
Even in early series, only 20-40% of patients with a pituitary adenoma who had bilateral adrenalectomy developed Nelson syndrome. (medscape.com)
These results confirmed ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. (springer.com)
Pituitary adenomas cause most cases of Cushing's syndrome. (mamashealth.com)
Existing treatments for pituitary-dependent Cushing's Syndrome include pituitary or adrenal surgery, pituitary irradiation and medical therapy. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Recent elegant in vitro and animal studies suggest that the PPAR-gamma receptor agonist rosiglitazone may be of use in pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome (1). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
We treated two patients with pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome with rosiglitazone 8mg daily for 33 and 20 days while they awaited pituitary microsurgery. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Cushing's syndrome can broadly be classified into either ACTH dependent or ACTH independent etiology. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
Some of the incidentally discovered adrenal adenomas have subclinical Cushing's syndrome associated with glucose intolerance and hypertension. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
Edema and hyperpigmentation may be seen with ectopic ACTH syndrome. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
Pituitary adenomas are responsible for 80% of endogenous Cushing's syndrome, [3] when excluding Cushing's syndrome from exogenously administered corticosteroids . (wikipedia.org)
rationale: a corticotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma is the most common cause of cushings syndrome in women ages 20 to 40. (proprofs.com)
It is expressed at high levels in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas as well as in bronchial carcinoids responsible for the ectopic ACTH syndrome. (thermofisher.com)
Hyper-pigmentation and fasting ACTH levels within plasma above 154 pmol/l are predictive of Nelson's syndrome after an adrenalectomy. (wikipedia.org)
Recent advancements in high-resolution MRIs allow for adenomas to be detected during the early stages of Nelson syndrome. (wikipedia.org)

They are the most common type of pituitary adenoma and the most common type of pituitary tumor overall. (mskcc.org)
A type of pituitary tumor called an adenoma is the most common cause. (pennmedicine.org)

16. McComb DJ, Ryan N, Horvath E, Kovacs K. Subclinical adenomas of the human pituitary. (pituitary.org)

Of these, 80 to 90 percent are gonadotroph adenomas [ 1 ]. (uptodate.com)

In addition to cell-type specific presentations, pituitary apoplexy (i.e., pituitary adenoma apoplexy) represents another important clinical presentation of pituitary adenomas. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Hypophyseal apoplexy which is a rare condition in pituitary adenomas bleeds into tumor tissue. (npistanbul.com)

The pituitary and hypothalamus work together to regulate the daily functions of the body as well as play an essential role in growth, development and reproduction. (aans.org)
A pituitary tumor that secretes GROWTH HORMONE. (curehunter.com)
A significant proportion of growth hormone- and adrenocorticotrophin-secreting adenomas have activating somatic mutations in the GNAS and USP8 genes, respectively. (aacrjournals.org)
Factors hypothesized to contribute to pituitary neoplasia initiation and proliferation include altered growth factors and cell-cycle regulators that are the result of epigenetic changes ( 6 ), abnormal hormonal milieu, abnormal intrapituitary microenvironment ( 7 ), and inherited or somatic mutations ( Fig. 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is very effective to stop the growth of the pituitary adenoma, which is the main goal of the treatment of patients with NS. (springer.com)
Our study confirms that GKRS may stop the tumor growth in the majority of patients with NS, even though very aggressive adenomas may ultimately escape this treatment. (springer.com)

Most of immune cells secretes PRL, which stimulates proliferation, differentiation and maturation of T and B lymphocytes, amplifies IL-2 action and inhibits lymphocytes apoptosis. (worldwidescience.org)

Kaltsas GA, Nomikos P, Kontogeorgos G et al (2005) Clinical review: diagnosis and management of pituitary carcinomas. (springermedizin.de)
If laboratory tests suggest a pituitary adenoma as the cause of Cushing's, then a pituitary MRI is performed to confirm the diagnosis. (pituitary.org)
Bilateral simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) is a highly sensitive but invasive method used in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent CS. (thefreelibrary.com)
Therefore, correct, early diagnosis and characterization of a pituitary adenoma is crucial for patients, to trigger timely, appropriate treatment and to optimize outcome. (biomedcentral.com)
This article provides an overview of the epidemiology of hormonal syndromes associated with pituitary adenomas, discusses the difficulties of and considerations for their diagnosis, and reviews the comorbidities that may develop, but can be prevented, by accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
We hope this review will help general practitioners and non-endocrinology specialists to suspect secreting pituitary adenomas and refer patients to an endocrinologist for confirmation of the diagnosis and treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
General practitioners (GPs), to whom patients may present, and non-endocrinology specialists, to whom patients may be initially referred, therefore need to be aware of the "red flags" suggestive of a pituitary adenoma when making a diagnosis. (biomedcentral.com)
An important step in the diagnosis and management of these patients is determining whether the adrenal hyperplasia is ACTH-dependent or independent. (renalandurologynews.com)
Molecular diagnosis of pituitary adenoma predisposition caused by aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein gene mutations. (expasy.org)

Pituitary adenomas can become cancerous (called pituitary carcinomas ), but these cases are extremely rare. (mskcc.org)
There are limited treatment options for progressive atypical pituitary adenomas and carcinomas. (springermedizin.de)
Ortiz LD, Syro LV, Scheithauer BW et al (2012) Temozolomide in aggressive pituitary adenomas and carcinomas. (springermedizin.de)
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an alkylating chemotherapeutic agent that has recently been used in some cases as a new therapeutic tool for pituitary carcinomas and aggressive pituitary adenomas. (hindawi.com)

ACTH levels were not supressed suggesting ACTH-dependent CS. (thefreelibrary.com)

Cushing disease: MedlinePlus Genetics (medlineplus.gov)

Cognition, Steroids, and Imaging in Cushings Disease - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov)

Nelson Syndrome - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) (rarediseases.org)

Endo p. 322-326 Flashcards by Davinchi M | Brainscape (brainscape.com)

Dr. Lars Widdel, MD | Loveland, CO | Neurological Surgeon (vitals.com)

ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program (rarediseases.info.nih.gov)

Cushing disease: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia (medlineplus.gov)

PPT - Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome PowerPoint Presentation - ID:804971 (slideserve.com)

Adenohypophysitis disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials (malacards.org)

Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenoma disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials (malacards.org)

Gamma knife radiosurgery in patients with Nelson's syndrome | SpringerLink (rd.springer.com)

Laurence Katznelson, MD | Stanford Medicine Profiles (med.stanford.edu)

Endogenous Cushing Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology (emedicine.medscape.com)

Case Study: Pituitary Carcinoma Response to Immunotherapy | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (mskcc.org)

IGF-1 | Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 | Growth Hormone (scribd.com)

Does pituitary compression/empty sella syndrome contribute to MRI-negative Cushing's disease? A single-institution experience... (thejns.org)

Circadian Profile of Serum Melatonin in Cushing's Syndrome and Acromegaly | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)

Anatomy24

Organisms2

Diseases84

Chemicals and Drugs74

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Phenomena and Processes12

Disciplines and Occupations4

Information Science4

Health Care6

Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery via the endoscopic technique: results in 35 consecutive patients with Cushing's disease. (1/55)

Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data. (2/55)

Increased prevalence of high Body Mass Index in patients presenting with pituitary tumours: severe obesity in patients with macroprolactinoma. (3/55)

Ectopic ACTH syndrome: our experience with 25 cases. (4/55)

Significant GH deficiency after long-term cure by surgery in adult patients with Cushing's disease. (5/55)

Long-term remission of cyclic Cushing's disease that was diagnosed and treated surgically in non-active phase. (6/55)

Preclinical Cushing's disease characterized by massive adrenal hyperplasia and hormonal changes after three years of metyrapone therapy. (7/55)

Galectin-3 as a marker distinguishing functioning from silent corticotroph adenomas. (8/55)

Adenoma

Pituitary Neoplasms

Pituitary Gland

Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma

Prolactinoma

ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma

Adenoma, Chromophobe

Pituitary Gland, Anterior

Pituitary Apoplexy

Pituitary Hormones

Sphenoid Bone

Acromegaly

Pituitary Diseases

Sella Turcica

Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion

Adenoma, Acidophil

Prolactin

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Human Growth Hormone

Sphenoid Sinus

Growth Hormone

Cushing Syndrome

Hypopituitarism

Adenoma, Pleomorphic

Pituitary Hormones, Anterior

Adenoma, Villous

ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic

Octreotide

Craniopharyngioma

Thyrotropin

Adenoma, Basophil

Nelson Syndrome

Receptors, Somatostatin

Bromocriptine

Somatotrophs

Empty Sella Syndrome

Pituitary Function Tests

Hydrocortisone

Adrenocortical Adenoma

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide

Immunohistochemistry

Cavernous Sinus

Somatostatin

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Hypophysectomy

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

Pituitary Gland, Posterior

Adenoma, Liver Cell

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

Endocrine Gland Neoplasms

Corticotrophs

Luteinizing Hormone

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

HMGA2 Protein

Neurosurgical Procedures

Securin

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit

Hyperprolactinemia

Thyrotrophs

Pro-Opiomelanocortin

Ganglioneuroma

Gonadotropins, Pituitary

Gigantism

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System

Neoplasms, Multiple Primary

Gonadotropins

Radiosurgery

RNA, Messenger

Central Nervous System Cysts

Adrenal Glands

Colorectal Neoplasms

Pneumoencephalography

Pituitary-Adrenal System

Transcription Factor Pit-1

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Colonic Polyps

Hormones