Acth secreting pituitary adenoma. Medical search

A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

A pituitary tumor that secretes GROWTH HORMONE. In humans, excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE leads to ACROMEGALY.

A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.

A pituitary adenoma which secretes ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN, leading to CUSHING DISEASE.

A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.

The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.

The sudden loss of blood supply to the PITUITARY GLAND, leading to tissue NECROSIS and loss of function (PANHYPOPITUITARISM). The most common cause is hemorrhage or INFARCTION of a PITUITARY ADENOMA. It can also result from acute hemorrhage into SELLA TURCICA due to HEAD TRAUMA; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; or other acute effects of central nervous system hemorrhage. Clinical signs include severe HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; bilateral visual disturbances; UNCONSCIOUSNESS; and COMA.

Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.

An irregular unpaired bone situated at the SKULL BASE and wedged between the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones (FRONTAL BONE; TEMPORAL BONE; OCCIPITAL BONE). Sphenoid bone consists of a median body and three pairs of processes resembling a bat with spread wings. The body is hollowed out in its inferior to form two large cavities (SPHENOID SINUS).

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)

Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.

A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the PITUITARY GLAND.

A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.

A benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. Such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. A specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.

One of the paired air spaces located in the body of the SPHENOID BONE behind the ETHMOID BONE in the middle of the skull. Sphenoid sinus communicates with the posterosuperior part of NASAL CAVITY on the same side.

A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.

Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.

A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.

An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.

A potent, long-acting synthetic SOMATOSTATIN octapeptide analog that inhibits secretion of GROWTH HORMONE and is used to treat hormone-secreting tumors; DIABETES MELLITUS; HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC; HYPERINSULINISM; hypergastrinemia; and small bowel fistula.

A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)

A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A small tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells stain with basic dyes. It may give rise to excessive secretion of ACTH, resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY.

Cell surface proteins that bind somatostatin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone, a pancreatic hormone, and a central and peripheral neurotransmitter. Activated somatostatin receptors on pituitary cells inhibit the release of growth hormone; those on endocrine and gastrointestinal cells regulate the absorption and utilization of nutrients; and those on neurons mediate somatostatin's role as a neurotransmitter.

A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.

Anterior pituitary cells which produce GROWTH HORMONE.

A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. The pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or removed. There are two types: (1) primary empty sella is due a defect in the sella diaphragm leading to arachnoid herniation into the sellar space; (2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of PITUITARY NEOPLASMS.

Examinations that evaluate functions of the pituitary gland.

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

A benign neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is characterized by a well-defined nodular lesion, usually less than 2.5 cm. Most adrenocortical adenomas are nonfunctional. The functional ones are yellow and contain LIPIDS. Depending on the cell type or cortical zone involved, they may produce ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE.

A multi-function neuropeptide that acts throughout the body by elevating intracellular cyclic AMP level via its interaction with PACAP RECEPTORS. Although first isolated from hypothalamic extracts and named for its action on the pituitary, it is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. PACAP is important in the control of endocrine and homeostatic processes, such as secretion of pituitary and gut hormones and food intake.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.

A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A tripeptide that stimulates the release of THYROTROPIN and PROLACTIN. It is synthesized by the neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, TRH (was called TRF) stimulates the release of TSH and PRL from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

Neural tissue of the pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis. It consists of the distal AXONS of neurons that produce VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN in the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS and the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS. These axons travel down through the MEDIAN EMINENCE, the hypothalamic infundibulum of the PITUITARY STALK, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

A benign epithelial tumor of the LIVER.

A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).

A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.

Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.

Anterior pituitary cells that produce ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

An AT-hook-containing (AT-HOOK MOTIFS) nuclear protein that is expressed predominantly in proliferating and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.

Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.

Securin is involved in the control of the metaphase-anaphase transition during MITOSIS. It promotes the onset of anaphase by blocking SEPARASE function and preventing proteolysis of cohesin and separation of sister CHROMATIDS. Overexpression of securin is associated with NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION and tumor formation.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A group of autosomal dominant diseases characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors involving two or more ENDOCRINE GLANDS that secrete PEPTIDE HORMONES or AMINES. These neoplasias are often benign but can be malignant. They are classified by the endocrine glands involved and the degree of aggressiveness. The two major forms are MEN1 and MEN2 with gene mutations on CHROMOSOME 11 and CHROMOSOME 10, respectively.

The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity.

Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)

Anterior pituitary cells that produce THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE.

A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).

A benign neoplasm that usually arises from the sympathetic trunk in the mediastinum. Histologic features include spindle cell proliferation (resembling a neurofibroma) and the presence of large ganglion cells. The tumor may present clinically with HORNER SYNDROME or diarrhea due to ectopic production of vasoactive intestinal peptide. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p966)

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).

The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.

A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.

Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.

Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.

A radiological stereotactic technique developed for cutting or destroying tissue by high doses of radiation in place of surgical incisions. It was originally developed for neurosurgery on structures in the brain and its use gradually spread to radiation surgery on extracranial structures as well. The usual rigid needles or probes of stereotactic surgery are replaced with beams of ionizing radiation directed toward a target so as to achieve local tissue destruction.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.

A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.

Radiographic visualization of the cerebral ventricles by injection of air or other gas.

The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.

A POU domain factor that regulates expression of GROWTH HORMONE; PROLACTIN; and THYROTROPIN-BETA in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.

A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.

Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Since many pituitary hormones are also released by neurons as neurotransmitters, these receptors are also found in the nervous system.

Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)

Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.

PROCEDURES that use NEUROENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Neuroendoscopy, generally an integration of the neuroendoscope with a computer-assisted NEURONAVIGATION system, provides guidance in NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES.

A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.

A group of acidic proteins that are major components of SECRETORY GRANULES in the endocrine and neuroendocrine cells. They play important roles in the aggregation, packaging, sorting, and processing of secretory protein prior to secretion. They are cleaved to release biologically active peptides. There are various types of granins, usually classified by their sources.

Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.

Cell surface receptors that bind the hypothalamic hormones regulating pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis and release, including the pituitary-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. The pituitary hormone-regulating hormones are also released by cells other than hypothalamic neurons, and their receptors also occur on non-pituitary cells, especially brain neurons, where their role is less well understood. Receptors for dopamine, which is a prolactin release-inhibiting hormone as well as a common neurotransmitter, are not included here.

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.

The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It is derived from MESODERM and comprised of three zones (outer ZONA GLOMERULOSA, middle ZONA FASCICULATA, and inner ZONA RETICULARIS) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenal cortex function is regulated by pituitary ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN.

Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon.

Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Surgery performed on any endocrine gland.

A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.

A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.

Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.

Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.

An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)

Primary headache disorders that show symptoms caused by the activation of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. These autonomic features include redness and tearing of the EYE, nasal congestion or discharge, facial SWEATING and other symptoms. Most subgroups show unilateral cranial PAIN.

An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).

A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.

Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull.

Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.

A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.

Antineoplastic agents that are used to treat hormone-sensitive tumors. Hormone-sensitive tumors may be hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive, or both. A hormone-dependent tumor regresses on removal of the hormonal stimulus, by surgery or pharmacological block. Hormone-responsive tumors may regress when pharmacologic amounts of hormones are administered regardless of whether previous signs of hormone sensitivity were observed. The major hormone-responsive cancers include carcinomas of the breast, prostate, and endometrium; lymphomas; and certain leukemias. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994, p2079)

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.

Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that share significant homology with GLUCAGON RECEPTORS. They bind PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes that influence the behavior of CELLS.

The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.

Anterior pituitary cells that can produce both FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE.

A 90-amino acid peptide derived from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is the C-terminal fragment of POMC with lipid-mobilizing activities, such as LIPOLYSIS and steroidogenesis. Depending on the species and the tissue sites, beta-LPH may be further processed to yield active peptides including GAMMA-LIPOTROPIN; BETA-MSH; and ENDORPHINS.

Radiation therapy used to treat the PITUITARY GLAND.

A family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein alpha subunits that activate ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

Proteins containing AT-HOOK MOTIFS that are rich in arginine and glycine residues. They bind to the minor grove of AT-rich regions of DNA.

Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

The total amount (cell number, weight, size or volume) of tumor cells or tissue in the body.

A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.

Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.

Receptors with a 6-kDa protein on the surfaces of cells that secrete LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, usually in the adenohypophysis. LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE binds to these receptors, is endocytosed with the receptor and, in the cell, triggers the release of LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE by the cell. These receptors are also found in rat gonads. INHIBINS prevent the binding of GnRH to its receptors.

The compartment containing the anterior extremities and half the inferior surface of the temporal lobes (TEMPORAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. Lying posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, ANTERIOR), it is formed by part of the TEMPORAL BONE and SPHENOID BONE. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) by crests formed by the superior borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.

The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.

Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.

A type of chromogranin which was first isolated from CHROMAFFIN CELLS of the ADRENAL MEDULLA but is also found in other tissues and in many species including human, bovine, rat, mouse, and others. It is an acidic protein with 431 to 445 amino acid residues. It contains fragments that inhibit vasoconstriction or release of hormones and neurotransmitter, while other fragments exert antimicrobial actions.

Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the maxilla and face or facial bones.

Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.

A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.

Excision of one or both adrenal glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.

Tumors or cancer of the ADRENAL GLANDS.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that coordinates the activation of CYCLIN and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES during the CELL CYCLE. It interacts with active CYCLIN D complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 in proliferating cells, while in arrested cells it binds and inhibits CYCLIN E complexed to CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2.

A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)

Cell surface receptors that bind CORTICOTROPIN; (ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. Pharmacology suggests there may be multiple ACTH receptors. An ACTH receptor has been cloned and belongs to a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. In addition to the adrenal cortex, ACTH receptors are found in the brain and immune systems.

A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).

A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.

The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. It shows considerable size variation among the species, small in humans, and large in amphibians and lower vertebrates. This lobe produces mainly MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES and other peptides from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC).

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.

One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

Infection of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.

A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in the ADRENAL CORTEX. It shows specificity for ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE.

Sampling of blood levels of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by withdrawal of blood from the inferior petrosal sinus. The inferior petrosal sinus arises from the cavernous sinus and runs to the internal jugular vein. Sampling of blood at this level is a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of Cushing disease, Cushing syndrome, and other adrenocortical diseases.

The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide. Full biological activity of FSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the FSHB gene causes delayed puberty, or infertility.

A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.

Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.

Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.

A group of hydroxycorticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 17-position. Urinary excretion of these compounds is used as an index of adrenal function. They are used systemically in the free alcohol form, but with esterification of the hydroxy groups, topical effectiveness is increased.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes.

The beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide with structure similar to the beta subunit of the placental chorionic gonadatropin (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN) except for the additional 31 amino acids at the C-terminal of CG-beta. Full biological activity of LH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the LHB gene causes HYPOGONADISM and infertility.

Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.

Tests that evaluate the adrenal glands controlled by pituitary hormones.

Any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells (i.e., "generative" cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not.

An INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing five ANKYRIN-LIKE REPEATS. Aberrant expression of this protein has been associated with deregulated EPITHELIAL CELL growth, organ enlargement, and a variety of NEOPLASMS.

Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field(s) of one or both eyes. Subtypes include altitudinal hemianopsia, characterized by a visual defect above or below the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Homonymous hemianopsia refers to a visual defect that affects both eyes equally, and occurs either to the left or right of the midline of the visual field. Binasal hemianopsia consists of loss of vision in the nasal hemifields of both eyes. Bitemporal hemianopsia is the bilateral loss of vision in the temporal fields. Quadrantanopsia refers to loss of vision in one quarter of the visual field in one or both eyes.

A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system.

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)

Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A well-circumscribed mass composed of tuberculous granulation tissue that may occur in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem, or perimeningeal spaces. Multiple lesions are quite common. Management of intracranial manifestations vary with lesion site. Intracranial tuberculomas may be associated with SEIZURES, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Spinal cord tuberculomas may be associated with localized or radicular pain, weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. Tuberculomas may arise as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS, but also occur in immunocompetent individuals.

Syndromes resulting from inappropriate production of HORMONES or hormone-like materials by NEOPLASMS in non-endocrine tissues or not by the usual ENDOCRINE GLANDS. Such hormone outputs are called ectopic hormone (HORMONES, ECTOPIC) secretion.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.

Absence of menstruation.

An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.

Examinations that evaluate and monitor hormone production in the adrenal cortex.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Anterior pituitary cells that produce PROLACTIN.

The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.

Hormones released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). They include a number of peptides which are formed in the NEURONS in the HYPOTHALAMUS, bound to NEUROPHYSINS, and stored in the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. Upon stimulation, these peptides are released into the hypophysial portal vessel blood.

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and NEOPLASMS. The neoplastic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.

A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

Tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 13 in the region 13q14 and coding for a family of phosphoproteins with molecular weights ranging from 104 kDa to 115 kDa. One copy of the wild-type Rb gene is necessary for normal retinal development. Loss or inactivation of both alleles at this locus results in retinoblastoma.

Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.

Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. The mutation of these genes is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI) and GARDNER SYNDROME, as well as some sporadic colorectal cancers.

RNA present in neoplastic tissue.

A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery via the endoscopic technique: results in 35 consecutive patients with Cushing's disease. (1/55)

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The endoscopic technique has been recently introduced in the field of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. This technique allows inspection of sellar, supra- and parasellar structures and removal of the tumor under direct visualization, is minimally traumatic and permits easier reoperations. This is the first report on the results of endoscopic surgery for patients with Cushing's disease. Our aim was to retrospectively analyze the results of pituitary surgery in 35 consecutive patients with Cushing's disease operated in our hospital after the introduction of the endoscopic technique (1998-2004). METHODS: Remission was defined as suppression of plasma cortisol (< or =50 nmol/L) after 1 mg dexamethasone overnight determined in the first 3 months after surgery and disappearance of clinical signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism. The patients were followed for an average of 27 months (range 4 to 81 months, median 20 months). RESULTS: Pituitary MRI showed a macroadenoma in 6 patients, a microadenoma in 17 patients and no adenoma in 12 patients. After the initial surgery 27 patients (77%) were in remission. None of the patients had a relapse during follow-up. In the remaining 8 patients hypercortisolemia persisted after surgery. Three of them had a second endoscopic pituitary surgery resulting in remission in two patients. In one patient a second endoscopic pituitary surgery will soon follow. The remaining four patients were treated with radiotherapy postoperatively. Two of them were at the time of data collection in remission. One patient from the remission group had a serious epistaxis and three patients had cerebrospinal fluid leakage, one requiring an external lumbar drain, shortly after surgery. No complications were recorded in the failure group. Postoperatively 34% of all patients required substitution with levothyroxine, 40% required substitution with glucocorticoids, 17% received estrogens or testosterone and 6% still required desmopressin. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery resulted in our series of patients with Cushings disease in an excellent postoperative remission rate. A randomized clinical trial, comparing endoscopic and conventional pituitary surgery in patients with Cushings disease, is needed to determine the pros and cons of both techniques. (+info)

Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data. (2/55)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine pituitary adenomas in a series of postmortem pituitaries by use of modern technologies of immunostaining, to classify the adenomas according to the current WHO classification and to analyse the possible associations to the available clinical data. METHODS: In this study, pituitaries of 3048 autopsy cases obtained from autopsy series of the years 1991-2004 were examined. RESULTS: A total of 334 pituitary adenomas were found in 316 pituitaries. One hundred and thirty-two sparsely granulated prolactin cell adenomas (39.5%), 75 null cell adenomas (22.5%) and 31 oncocytomas were diagnosed. Forty-six ACTH cell adenomas (13.8%, 27 densely granulated, 19 sparsely granulated) and one adenoma composed of Crooke's cells were detected. Twenty-two gonadotroph cell adenomas (6.6%), seven GH cell adenomas (four sparsely granulated, three densely granulated), one mixed GH cell-PRL cell adenoma, two TSH cell adenomas, five plurihormonal adenoma type I, four plurihormonal adenoma type II and two alpha-subunit-only adenomas were seen. Six adenomas remained unclassified because the tissue was not contained in all sections for immunohistochemistry. Seventeen pituitaries included multiple tumours. The overall tumour size ranged from 0.1 to 20 mm in diameter. Among 76 adenomas (22.7%), which had a tumour size of > or = 3 mm, only three tumours were macroadenomas corresponding to a tumour size of more than 10 mm. The evaluation of the available clinical data showed 99 cases of hypertension, 65 cases of diabetes mellitus, six patients with hyperthyroidism and four with hypothyroidism. No symptoms of adenohypophyseal hormone hypersecretion were reported. The statistical correlations to clinical data were discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Adenomas in postmortem pituitaries differ from those in surgical series in proportion of adenoma types and biological behaviour. (+info)

Increased prevalence of high Body Mass Index in patients presenting with pituitary tumours: severe obesity in patients with macroprolactinoma. (3/55)

INTRODUCTION: Prolactinoma has been associated with obesity. As opposed to ACTH- and GH-secreting adenoma, the mechanism by which macroprolactinoma causes obesity has not been fully understood. Having seen patients with both prolactinoma and obesity and more recent literature on brain dopamine, dopamine 2 receptors and obesity, we re-evaluated the potential relationship between prolactinoma and obesity. METHODS: Data of patients with pituitary adenomas were collected retrospectively over a period of 20 years. 399 patients with well-documented pituitary adenomas and information about pre-treatment body mass index (BMI), age, sex, and tumour type were analysed. RESULTS: Elevated BMI (> or = 30 kg/m2) was observed in 8/36 patients (22.2%) with ACTH-producing tumours, in 15/70 (21.4%) with GH-producing tumours, in 25/100 (25%) with macroprolactinoma, in 8/81 (9.9%) with microprolactinoma, and in 18/105 (17.1%) with inactive macroadenomas. Macroprolactinoma patients had a mean BMI value (27.5 +/- 7.7 kg/m2) similar to that of patients with Cushing's disease (27.2 +/- 5.9 kg/m2) and acromegaly (27.4 +/- 4.4 kg/m2) and on average a significantly higher BMI value compared to that of patients with inactive macroadenomas (25.8 +/- 4.4 kg/m2) (95% CI 1.2, 4.4; p-value <0.001). Compared to the general population, the proportion of BMI > or = 30 kg/m2 in patients with macroprolactinoma was significantly higher (95% CI 0.1, 0.29; p-value <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Average BMI in macroprolactinoma patients is significantly higher than BMI in patients with inactive adenomas. Macroprolactinoma is associated with increased frequency of obesity compared to the general population. We propose that in a subgroup of individuals obesity and macroprolactinoma may share a common basis, namely decreased dopamine 2 receptor-mediated actions. (+info)

Ectopic ACTH syndrome: our experience with 25 cases. (4/55)

OBJECTIVE: Ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS) occurs in about 5-10% of all patients with ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism with most of them caused by intrathoracic neoplasms. It may be associated with overt malignancies or with occult and indolent tumors. We assessed the accuracy of dynamic tests, inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) using desmopressin, and imaging in the work-up diagnosis of EAS. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Tumor markers, imaging, and outcome data from 25 patients (13F/12M) aged 18-72 years. High dexamethasone suppression test (HDDST), desmopressin test, GHRP-6 test, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test, IPSS, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and (111)In-pentetreotide scintigraphy were revised. RESULTS: In 5 out of 20 patients HDDST was positive. In 13 patients who underwent desmopressin test, ACTH- and cortisol-positive responses were seen in six and five patients respectively. GHRP-6 test was positive in two out of three cases. Two patients underwent CRH test with negative response. In the seven patients submitted to IPSS using desmopressin in six of them, none had ACTH gradients. CT was positive in 15 out of 21 patients and MRI in 8 out of 17 cases. (111)In-pentetreotide scintigraphy was positive in three out of five patients. Fourteen patients had intrathoracic tumors, five had pheochromocytomas, three had pancreatic tumors, one had a glomic tumor, and had three occult tumors. Six out of 11 patients with metastasis died and 3 others without metastasis died. CONCLUSIONS: IPSS with desmopressin was helpful for differential diagnosis. Patients initially harboring occult carcinoids may also exhibit severe hypercortisolism and those harboring tymic carcinoids had poor prognoses when compared with bronchial carcinoids and pheocromocytomas. (+info)

Significant GH deficiency after long-term cure by surgery in adult patients with Cushing's disease. (5/55)

OBJECTIVE: Impaired GH secretion usually accompanies Cushing's syndrome and a variable proportion of patients reportedly fail to recover normal GH secretion after successful treatment. This wide variability is most probably due to differences in the treatment (i.e. surgery and/or radiotherapy), timing of patient re-evaluation after surgery and dynamic tests employed to challenge GH secretion, and hinders a precise assessment of risk of GH deficiency after cure. The aim of the present study is to evaluate GH secretory status after long-term cure of Cushing's disease achieved by surgery alone. DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 34 patients (27 females and 7 males, age range 21-68 years) formerly affected by Cushing's disease. Patients were studied 2-20 years (median 3.3 years) following remission of hypercortisolism; all patients underwent transsphenoidal surgery with the removal of an ACTH-secreting adenoma; repeat pituitary surgery for relapse was performed in two patients while bilateral adrenalectomy was necessary in two patients. In all subjects, the GH response to GHRH+arginine stimulation was evaluated. At the time of testing, 13 patients were still on steroid replacement therapy. RESULTS: In long-term surgical remission, 22 patients (65.0%) presented subnormal GH secretion; partial GH deficiency (GH peak <16.5 microg/l) was found in 11 patients and severe GH deficiency (GH peak <9 microg/l) in another 11. Male gender and length of hypercortisolism were risk factors for postsurgical GH deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the presence of GH deficiency in a high percentage of patients with Cushing's disease after long-term remission of hypercortisolism obtained by surgery alone. Male gender and length of hypercortisolism are the most significant predictors of postsurgical GH deficiency. This finding is significant as it highlights that even the most favourable therapeutical course, i.e. remission achieved by surgery alone, is accompanied by impaired GH secretion. Assessment of GH secretion is therefore recommended for all patients cured from Cushing's disease, even if not submitted to radiotherapy. Studies on the clinical impact of GH deficiency and the use of GH replacement therapy seem warranted in patients cured from Cushing's disease. (+info)

Long-term remission of cyclic Cushing's disease that was diagnosed and treated surgically in non-active phase. (6/55)

Cyclic Cushing's disease is a rare clinical entity that is defined as a periodic excessive production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol. Only 42 cases with cyclic Cushing's disease have been reported in the literature. The diagnosis is very difficult because of the fluctuating secretion of ACTH and cortisol. We report a 78-year-old woman with a pituitary adenoma presenting with cyclic Cushing's disease. In the present case, several interesting issues are pointed out: 1) MRI study detected the presence of an adenoma and selective venous sampling in the cavernous sinus disclosed the hypersecretion of ACTH from a pituitary adenoma. These neuroimaging and endocrinological studies were helpful for the diagnosis, even in the remission phase. 2) The disease was in the long-term remission phase after transsphenoidal surgery despite the high recurrence rate in this clinical entity, although it recurred four years later. Even in the remission phase of cyclic Cushing's disease, meticulous endocrinological and neuroimaging examinations can reveal the presence of a pituitary adenoma, which should be treated surgically. (+info)

Preclinical Cushing's disease characterized by massive adrenal hyperplasia and hormonal changes after three years of metyrapone therapy. (7/55)

A 66-year-old woman had massive bilateral adrenal macronodular hyperplasia, found incidentally on an abdominal ultrasonogram. Her plasma ACTH and serum cortisol levels were normal, but they were not suppressed by low-dose dexamethasone. The patient did not exhibit any typical signs or symptoms of Cushing's disease. MRI showed no evidence of a tumor in the pituitary gland. A diagnosis of preclinical Cushing's disease was made, and she was treated with 11-hydroxylase inhibitor metyrapone. As the dose of metyrapone was increased, plasma ACTH levels gradually increased. After three years of treatment, she developed moon-face. Her plasma ACTH and serum cortisol concentrations were at their highest levels. A pituitary microadenoma was detected by MRI, whose source of ACTH was demonstrated by the definite step-up of central/peripheral ratio of ACTH obtained by cavernous sinus sampling. Overt Cushing's disease was diagnosed, and a pituitary tumor was removed by transsphenoidal surgery. In conclusion, the clinically and endocrinologically overt Cushing's disease characterized by macronodular adrenal hyperplasia was converted from a preclinical form. This case offers some insight into the clinical and biological features of preclinical Cushing's disease. (+info)

Galectin-3 as a marker distinguishing functioning from silent corticotroph adenomas. (8/55)

OBJECTIVE: Galectin-3 (Gal-3) belongs to the family of carbohydrate-binding proteins with high affinity for galactoside and is involved in many biological processes including cell growth and differentiation, cell adhesion, tumor progression, apoptosis and metastasis. The aim of this study was to disclose differences in the expression of Gal-3 in silent and functioning corticotroph pituitary adenomas. DESIGN: We examined 30 pituitary adenomas (19 functioning corticotroph, 11 silent corticotroph adenomas). Two prolactinomas and 2 functioning somatotroph adenomas served as positive controls. Antigen retrieval was done by three-minute incubation via pressure boiler in citrate buffer solution, pH 6.0. A polymer was used as a secondary link to DAB chromogen. The independent variables t-test was used for comparison of the mean expression of Gal-3 in the two different corticotroph adenoma subgroups. RESULTS: Eighteen of the functioning corticotroph adenomas (94.73%) were positive for Gal-3 with a cytoplasmic and focally membranous distribution; two cases also exhibited nuclear expression, whereas 9 of the silent corticotroph adenomas (81.81%) had zero or<1% expression of Gal-3 (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Gal-3 is highly expressed in functioning corticotroph adenomas of the pituitary gland, while silent adenomas exhibit very focal to null expression of Gal-3. This observation can be used in the pathological diagnosis to separate functioning from silent corticotroph adenomas of the pituitary. (+info)

... a gene newly identified as overexpressed in human and mouse ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, protects pituitary cells from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAM16

TCF4 Pituitary adenoma, ACTH-secreting; 219090; AIP Pituitary adenoma, growth hormone-secreting; 102200; AIP Pituitary adenoma ... prolactin-secreting; 600634; AIP Pituitary hormone deficiency, combined, 1; 613038; POU1F1 Pituitary hormone deficiency, ... PRKN Adenomas, multiple colorectal; 608456; MUTYH Adenomas, salivary gland pleomorphic; 181030; PLAG1 Adenomatous polyposis ... LHX3 Pituitary hormone deficiency, combined, 4; 262700; LHX4 Pituitary hormone deficiency, combined, 5; 182230; HESX1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

AVPR1B is expressed at high levels in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas as well as in bronchial carcinoids responsible for the ... For example, AVPR1B causes secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary cells in a dose-dependent relationship by activating ... takes place as Arginine Vasopressin works with corticotropin releasing hormone to stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete ACTH ... AVPR1B was initially described as a novel vasopressin receptor located in the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates ACTH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_1B

In patients with pre-existing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas, loss of adrenal feedback ... In the rare case, ACTH-secreting tumors can become malignant. Morbidity from the disease can occur due to pituitary tissue ... Radiation allows for the limitation of the growth of the pituitary gland and the adenomas. If the adenomas start to affect the ... Techniques such as pituitary radiation therapy, ACTH assay, transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, higher resolution MRIs, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson's_syndrome

A third type of pituitary adenoma secretes excess ACTH, which in turn, causes an excess of cortisol to be secreted and is the ... The anterior pituitary is the anterior, glandular lobe of the pituitary gland. Triple bolus test Hypothalamic-pituitary-somatic ... posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The anterior pituitary regulates ... The anterior pituitary contains five types of endocrine cell, and they are defined by the hormones they secrete: somatotropes ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_pituitary

... adenoma MeSH C04.557.470.035.012 - acth-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C04.557.470.035.025 - adenoma, acidophil MeSH C04.557. ... pituitary neoplasms MeSH C04.588.322.609.145 - acth-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C04.588.322.609.145.500 - nelson syndrome ... growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C04.588.322.609.792 - prolactinoma MeSH C04.588.322.762 - testicular neoplasms ... growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C04.557.470.035.510 - mesothelioma MeSH C04.557.470.035.510.515 - mesothelioma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C04)

... acth-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C19.344.609.145.500 - nelson syndrome MeSH C19.344.609.292 - growth hormone-secreting ... pituitary acth hypersecretion MeSH C19.700.482.311 - dwarfism, pituitary MeSH C19.700.734.145 - acth-secreting pituitary ... adenoma MeSH C19.700.734.145.500 - nelson syndrome MeSH C19.700.734.292 - growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH ... pituitary adenoma MeSH C19.344.609.792 - prolactinoma MeSH C19.344.762.500 - sertoli-leydig cell tumor MeSH C19.344.894.800 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C19)

... pituitary neoplasms MeSH C10.228.140.617.738.675.149 - acth-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C10.228.140.617.738.675.149.500 - ... growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma MeSH C10.228.140.617.738.675.800 - prolactinoma MeSH C10.228.140.631 - intracranial ... pituitary acth hypersecretion MeSH C10.228.140.617.738.300 - hypopituitarism MeSH C10.228.140.617.738.300.300 - dwarfism, ... pituitary neoplasms MeSH C10.228.140.617.500 - laurence-moon syndrome MeSH C10.228.140.617.738 - pituitary diseases MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C10)

An ACTH-secreting corticotrophic pituitary adenoma should be removed after diagnosis. Regardless of the adenoma's location, ... In pituitary Cushing's, a benign pituitary adenoma secretes ACTH. This is also known as Cushing's disease and is responsible ... Finally, rare cases of CRH-secreting tumors (without ACTH secretion) have been reported, which stimulates pituitary ACTH ... ACTH). ACTH travels via the blood to the adrenal gland, where it stimulates the release of cortisol. Cortisol is secreted by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing's_syndrome

The first-line treatment of Cushing's disease is surgical resection of ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma; this surgery involves ... These tests are based on the glucocorticoid sensitivity of pituitary adenomas compared to non-pituitary tumors. An ACTH ... A CT or MRI of the pituitary may also show the ACTH-secreting tumor if present. However, in 40% of Cushing's disease patients ... from the anterior pituitary (secondary hypercortisolism). This is most often as a result of a pituitary adenoma (specifically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing's_disease

Hormone secreting pituitary adenomas cause one of several forms of hyperpituitarism. The specifics depend on the type of ... CD results when a pituitary adenoma causes excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) that stimulates the ... Pituitary adenomas are tumors that occur in the pituitary gland. Most pituitary tumors are benign, approximately 35% are ... Pituitary adenomas are classified as endocrine tumors (not brain tumors). Pituitary adenomas are classified based upon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_adenoma

There are three hormones that are oversecreted resulting in the pituitary adenoma: prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH ... They usually come from the anterior lobe, are functional and secrete the hormone, GH and prolactin. Evidence indicates that the ... The four most common types of hyperpituitarism are caused by 4 types of pituitary adenoma, as follows: prolactinoma, ... mechanism of hyperpituitarism can originate from genetic disruption causing pituitary tumorigenesis, most pituitary adenomas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpituitarism

... tumors of the pituitary gland secrete extra ACTH. Most people with the disorder have a single adenoma. This form of the ... which in turn secretes adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). ACTH then causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol into the ... In rare cases, however, some adrenal adenomas may become activated. When activated, the adenoma begins to produce hormones in ... Adrenal adenomas are benign tumors of the adrenal gland. In most cases, the tumors display no symptoms and require no treatment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperandrogenism

... tumors of the pituitary gland secrete extra ACTH. Most people with the disorder have a single adenoma. This form of the ... The synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal gland is stimulated by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with ACTH; ACTH ... ACTH, which probably controls cortisol by controlling the movement of calcium into the cortisol-secreting target cells. ACTH is ... When activated macrophages start to secrete IL-1, which synergistically with CRH increases ACTH, T-cells also secrete ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol

Exogenous corticosteroids suppress the stimulation of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland to secrete CRH and ACTH, ... Principal causes include: Pituitary adenoma or craniopharyngioma: Tumors in the pituitary gland can suppress production of ... pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma) which can take up space and interfere with the secretion of pituitary hormones such as ... ACTH is derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), which is cleaved into ACTH as well as α-MSH, which regulates production of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency

Pituitary tumors occur in 15 to 42% of MEN 1 patients. From 25 to 90% are prolactinomas. About 25% of pituitary tumors secrete ... Pituitary tumors in MEN 1 patients appear to be larger and behave more aggressively than sporadic pituitary tumors. Adenomas of ... About 3% of tumors secrete ACTH, producing Cushing's disease. Most of the remainder are nonfunctional. Local tumor expansion ... Most islet cell tumors secrete pancreatic polypeptide, the clinical significance of which is unknown. Gastrin is secreted by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia_type_1

This adenoma then secretes excessive amounts of normal products, leading to clinical signs. The pituitary gland consists of ... This test may also be referred to as a ''resting ACTH'', ''endogenous ACTH'', or ''basal ACTH''. The majority of ACTH produced ... ACTH is also produced by corticotropes in the pars distalis of the equine pituitary. In a normal horse, this accounts for the ... ACTH produced by the pars distalis is subject to negative feedback in a normal horse, so high cortisol levels reduce ACTH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_pars_intermedia_dysfunction

The most common cause of endogenous Cushing's syndrome is a pituitary adenoma which causes an excessive production of ACTH. The ... The adrenal gland secretes a number of different hormones which are metabolised by enzymes either within the gland or in other ... Cortical development of the adrenal gland is regulated mostly by ACTH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that ... ACTH) from the anterior pituitary. Cortisol is not evenly released during the day - its concentrations in the blood are highest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland

... which can result from overproduction of ACTH in the corticotropes due to pituitary tumors known as corticotroph adenomas; this ... the ACTH/melanocortin precursor, is secreted by human epidermal keratinocytes and melanocytes and stimulates melanogenesis". ... Tanase CP, Ogrezeanu I, Badiu C (2012), "Pituitary Tumor Classification", Molecular Pathology of Pituitary Adenomas, Elsevier, ... It is also possible that this disease can result from production of ACTH in a non-pituitary tumor, known as ectopic production ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticotropic_cell

The main types of pituitary adenomas are: PRL-secreting or prolactinomas: These are the most common pituitary tumors. They are ... ACTH-secreting: This tumor is a result of the increase in the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and leads to ... Pituitary microadenomas Pituitary macroadenomas Rathke's cleft cysts Pituitary inflammatory disease Pituitary metastasis Empty ... TSH-secreting: Another rare condition only resulting in 1% of pituitary surgeries is a result of the increase in the secretion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_endonasal_surgery

Some examples of tropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland include TSH, ACTH, GH, LH, and FSH. There are many ... Cushing's disease is characterized by the hypersecretion of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) due to a pituitary adenoma ... By seven weeks of gestation, the anterior pituitary is capable of secreting ACTH. Within eight weeks of gestation, somatotroph ... Anterior Pituitary: The main role of the anterior pituitary gland is to produce and secrete tropic hormones. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system

Treatment of prolactinomas (pituitary adenomas that secrete prolactin) with dopamine agonist drugs, as well as withdrawal of ... In pituitary apoplexy, the main initial problem is a lack of secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin), ... Almost all cases of pituitary apoplexy arise from a pituitary adenoma, a benign tumor of the pituitary gland. In 80%, the ... "Acute degenerative changes in adenomas of the pituitary body--with special reference to pituitary apoplexy". J Neurosurg. 7 (5 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_apoplexy

... pituitary gland Panhypopituitarism a decreased secretion of most of the pituitary hormones Pituitary tumours Pituitary adenomas ... The anterior pituitary synthesizes and secretes hormones. All releasing hormones (-RH) referred to, can also be referred to as ... Corticotropes: Cleaved from the precursor proopiomelanocortin protein, and include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and beta ... Endocrine System The Pituitary Foundation The Pituitary Network Association -- pituitary.org (CS1 errors: missing periodical, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland

Adrenocortical adenomas are classified as ACTH-independent disorders, and are commonly associated with conditions linked to ... caused by pituitary adenomas. In contrast, "Cushing's syndrome" refers specifically to "primary hypercortisolism" classified as ... "Pure Androgen-Secreting Adrenal Adenoma Associated with Resistant Hypertension". Case Reports in Endocrinology. 2013: 356086. ... "ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome" caused by adrenal adenomas. Adrenal adenomas are often categorized as endocrine-inactive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocortical_adenoma

... levels and cause regression of ACTH-producing pituitary adenomas. J. Elks; C. R. Ganellin (1990). The Dictionary of Drugs: ... 2004). "Effect of cabergoline treatment on Cushing's disease caused by aberrant adrenocorticotropin-secreting macroadenoma". ... Cabergoline was studied in one person with Cushing's disease, to lower adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ... Lactation suppression Hyperprolactinemia Adjunctive therapy of prolactin-producing pituitary gland tumors (prolactinomas); ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline

June 1999). "Clinical and morphological features of undifferentiated monomorphous GH/TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma". European ... ACTH and cortisol, which cause Cushing's disease; TSH, which causes hyperthyroidism; and FSH and LH. Bowel intussusception can ... Pituitary adenomas can cause elevated levels of hormones such as growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1, which cause ... endocrine tumors such as thyroid adenomas and adrenocortical adenomas may overproduce certain hormones. Many types of benign ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_tumor

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a pituitary peptide, also has some stimulating effect on aldosterone, probably by ... The amount of plasma renin secreted is an indirect function of the serum potassium as probably determined by sensors in the ... Conn's syndrome is primary hyperaldosteronism caused by an aldosterone-producing adenoma. Depending on cause and other factors ... However, ACTH has only a minor role in regulating aldosterone production; with hypopituitarism there is no atrophy of the zona ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone

The major hormone that stimulates cortisol secretion in humans is the ACTH that is released from the anterior pituitary. It has ... Zona fasciculata Situated between the glomerulosa and reticularis, the cells of the zona fasciculata synthesize and secrete ... March 2002). "Characterization of serotonin(4) receptors in adrenocortical aldosterone-producing adenomas: in vivo and in vitro ... Its secretion is regulated by the hormone ACTH from the anterior pituitary.[citation needed] They are produced in the zona ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortex

... in blood adrenocortical hormone level causes increased levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone secreted by anterior pituitary ... It is an endocrinal disorder where there is an increased amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) as a result of deficient ... Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome can be associated with other reproductive site cancers including sertoli cell tumours and adenoma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_pigmentation

Van Gompel explains the importance of timely treatment by surgeons experienced with ACTH-secreting adenomas. Managing these ... ACTH)-secreting pituitary tumors. Dr. Bancos outlines the manifestations of Cushing syndrome resulting from the overproduction ... Mayo Clinics multidisciplinary approach to pituitary tumors and Cushing syndrome includes sophisticated testing such as ... tumors is complex, as they are often aggressive, occasionally are located in areas outside the pituitary gland, and require ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/neurology-neurosurgery/videos/cushing-syndrome-acth-secreting-pituitary-adenomas/vid-20457935

PITUITARY ADENOMA 4, ACTH-SECRETING. Scientific Articles on PubMed. *PubMed References. *Drouin J, Bilodeau S, Vallette S. Of ... Sometimes adenomas that occur in organs or tissues other than the pituitary gland, such as adrenal gland adenomas. , can also ... tumor called an adenoma forms in the pituitary gland, causing excessive release of ACTH and, subsequently, elevated production ... Most often, Cushing disease occurs alone, but rarely, it appears as a symptom of genetic syndromes that have pituitary adenomas ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/cushing-disease/

Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma, ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma, Thyrotroph Adenoma, TSH-Secreting Adenoma, ... Pituitary Adenoma, Pituitary Neoplasm, Functionless Pituitary Adenoma, Non-Functioning Pituitary Adenoma, Secretory Pituitary ... Pituitary Macroadenoma, Pituitary Microadenoma, Pituitary Incidentaloma, Prolactinoma, Prolactin-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma, ... ACTH-secreting pitu adenoma, PITUITARY ADENOMA, ACTH-SECRETING, ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma, ACTH-Secreting Pituitary ...

https://fpnotebook.com/neuro/HemeOnc/PtryAdnm.htm

Consequently, pituitary adenomas may be overlooked and remain untreated, and affected individuals may develop serious ... Because many signs and symptoms of pituitary adenomas overlap with those of other, more common disorders, general practitioners ... as well as prolactinomas and thyrotroph adenomas, are uncommon, usually benign, slow-growing tumours. The rarity of these ... Secreting pituitary adenomas that cause acromegaly and Cushings disease, ...

https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-016-0516-x

Inhibition of cell proliferation, but lack of antiangiogenic effect on GH-secreting pituitary adenomas treated with Lanreotide ... An AP-1-like site is required for basal activity of the murine ACTH receptor (MC2-R) promoter in Y1 cells ... A diagnostic pitfall: concomitant occurrence of macroprolactinaemia and a non-secreting pituitary adenoma ... A case of severe Cushings disease in a treated non-functioning pituitary adenoma with difficult medical management ...

https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0007/abstracts/

ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma (corticotropinoma).[1] CD is associated with significant multisystem morbidity, impaired ... Pituitary adenoma size defined according to maximum tumour diameter (microadenoma ,0-,10 mm; macroadenoma ≥10 mm).. †Diabetic ... 1Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. 2ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg ... 4Pituitary Center, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. 5Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/921658

ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma. *. Pituitary adenomas that secrete ACTH are derived from corticotroph cells in the anterior ... High power H and E of a pituitary adenoma showing a monotonous proliferation of bland cells. Not all pituitary adenomas result ... ACTH level in ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome is low due to the negative feedback to pituitary corticotroph cells from a high ... An ACTH level greater than 20 pg/mL (4.4 pmol/L) is consistent with ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome. An ACTH level between 5 ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2233083

Pituitary adenomas have a staggering 16.7% lifetime prevalence and can be devastating in many patients because of profound ... ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma / genetics * ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma / metabolism * ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma ... Thus, this study stresses the essential role of O-GlcNAcylation in ACTH-secreting adenomas pathophysiology, including cellular ... secreting tumors, suggesting a role for O-GlcNAcylation in pituitary adenoma etiology. In addition to the demonstration that O- ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34418053/

... of those cases are due to Cushing disease caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. Tumors that ectopically secrete ACTH ... more likely than males to develop an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma and 3 times more likely to develop a cortisol-secreting ... ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma (corticotropinoma) represents 80-90% of ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome cases in people of all ... ACTH-dependent causes can be further divided according to whether ACTH secretion arises from the pituitary or from an ectopic ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/921086-overview

Magmas was found to be over-expressed in human pituitary adenomas. Silencing Magmas in ACTH secreting rat pituitary adenoma ... Moreover, Magmas overexpression protects GH secreting rat pituitary adenoma cell lines towards apoptosis. Recently, we found ... Twelve patients harboured a non functioning adenoma, 2 an ACTH, 5 a GH (one case of TSH co-secretion) and 2 a PRL-secreting PT ... visual abnormalities and pituitary dysfunction secondary to an acute hemorrhage or infarction within a pituitary adenoma. ...

https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0037/abstracts/eposter-presentations/endocrine-tumours/

ACTH-dependent (secondary) adrenal hyperplasia is most commonly due to an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushings disease) ... Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia associated with an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma is also called Cushings disease and will ... Magnetic resonance imaging of pituitary with gadolinium. This should be done for patients with ACTH-dependent Cushings. For ... Pituitary hormone levels (including ACTH, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)) ...

https://www.renalandurologynews.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hospital-medicine/adrenal-hyperplasia-2/

Pituitary adenoma (pituitary gland tumour): Excess secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) resulting in excess cortisol ... ACTH). Instead the tumour which develops may secrete ACTH in excess, stimulating cortisol production and resulting in Cushings ... Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumours: A tumour (either benign or malignant / cancerous) may develop in an organ (such as the lungs, ... Adrenal adenoma or adrenal cortex tumours (adrenocortical carcinomas) are the most common of these conditions to cause this. ...

https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/cushings-syndrome-hypercortisolism/what-causes-cushings-syndrome

ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma 40% * Pituitary Neoplasms 13% * Residual Neoplasm 13% * Optic Chiasm 8% ... Pituitary society expert Delphi consensus: operative workflow in endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma resection. Marcus ... Pituitary Neoplasm Nomenclature Workshop: Does Adenoma Stand the Test of Time?. Ho, K., Fleseriu, M., Kaiser, U., Salvatori, R ... Clinical outcomes in male patients with lactotroph adenomas who required pituitary surgery: a retrospective single center study ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/maria-fleseriu/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle&page=1&ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=false

Cushing syndrome: ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Jamie J. Van Gompel, M.D., a neurosurgeon at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, ... discuss pituitary tumors that produce growth hormone. About one-third of functioning pituitary tumors may produce growth ... Van Gompel explains the complexities of treating pituitary tumors that produce growth hormone. Treatment might involve ... Mayo Clinic researchers are actively researching improved treatment for pituitary tumors that produce growth hormone. ...

https://medprofvideos.mayoclinic.org/videos/growth-hormone-caused-by-pituitary-tumors

ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma 1 0 Adenoma 1 0 Developmental Disabilities 1 0 ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/huGEPedia.action?firstQuery=HDAC2&geneID=3066&typeSubmit=GO&check=y&typeOption=gene&which=2&pubOrderType=pubD

Pituitary Adenoma, ACTH Secreting Pituitary Adenoma, ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma, ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas, ACTH- ... ACTH Secreting Pituitary Adenoma ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenomas ACTH-Secreting Pituitary ... ACTH Secreting Pituitary Adenoma. ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma. ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenomas. ACTH-Secreting Pituitary ... Pituitary Adenoma, ACTH Secreting. Pituitary Adenoma, ACTH-Producing. Pituitary Adenoma, ACTH-Secreting. Pituitary Adenomas, ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=50470

ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma Active Synonym false false 379890012 Corticotroph adenoma Active Synonym false false ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=254958004

... is caused by ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. Transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) is the treatment of choice. CD diagnosis must be ... The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the results of preoperative MRI of the pituitary and ... Keywords : Cushings disease, Magnetic resonance imaging, Transsphenoidal surgery, Cortisol, Pituitary tumor Corresponding ... In the cured group there was a significantly greater number of patients with precisely visualized pituitary microadenoma ...

http://www.turkishneurosurgery.org.tr/abstract.php?lang=en&id=1076

ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia * ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma * Acute fatty liver of pregnancy ...

https://www.elseemedicine.com/elsee-reproductive-health-fertility

ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma (Phase 2) Acute Kidney Injury (Phase 2) Adenoma (Phase 2) ...

https://www.cdek.liu.edu/org/5545/

Ectopic invasive ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma mimicking chordoma: a case report and literature review. ... Pathological examination led to diagnosis of ectopic ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. Post-surgery, the patient received ... BACKGROUND: Ectopic pituitary adenoma (EPA) is defined as a special type of pituitary adenoma that originates outside of the ... Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de ACT , Adenoma , Cordoma , Neoplasias Hipofisárias , Humanos , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/brasil/?lang=pt&q=au:Qing,+Quan

Double pituitary adenomas are most commonly associated with GH- and ACTH-secreting tumors: systematic review of the literature. ... Cavernous Sinus Invasion in Pituitary Adenomas: Systematic Review and Pooled Data Meta-Analysis of Radiologic Criteria and ... Pituitary. 21(6):571-583.. Liou J-Y, Baird-Daniel E, Zhao M, Daniel A, Schevon CA, Ma H, Schwartz TH. 2019. Burst suppression ... Pituitary. 20(6):702-708.. Khan OH, Raithatha R, Castelnuovo P, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. 2016. Draf III Extension in the ...

https://neurosurgery.weill.cornell.edu/research/publications?s=type&o=asc&f%5Bauthor%5D=10

Cushings Disease is used to refer to the specific condition where a pituitary adenoma (tumour) secretes excessive ACTH. ... The pituitary responds by reducing the ACTH output. The lower CRH and ACTH levels result in a low cortisol level. When the ... ACTH from somewhere other than the pituitary is called "ectopic ACTH". Small Cell Lung Cancer is the most common cause of ... In Cushings Disease (pituitary adenoma) the pituitary still shows some response to negative feedback and 8mg of dexamethasone ...

https://zerotofinals.com/medicine/endocrinology/cushings/

Learn more about Brain Tumor Types & The Pituitary Center. ... A good example of this is prolactin-secreting adenomas, which ... Functioning pituitary adenomas release hormones, such as prolactin, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), growth hormone, or TSH ... Pituitary adenomas. Most patients with a pituitary tumor have a pituitary adenoma, which is a very common brain tumor and is ... "Adenoma" is another term for a benign tumor that occurs on a gland. Pituitary adenomas are further classified as either " ...

https://siteman.wustl.edu/treatment/cancer-types/brain-tumor-center/brain-tumor-types/the-pituitary-center/

... prl-secreting pituitary adenoma; prloma; pituitary lactotrophic adenoma; prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma. High serum lh ( ... acth); prolactin. About 75% of pituitary tumors secrete hormones. When a tumor produces excessive amounts of one or more ... Nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma; hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; clomiphene; testosterone. Gonadotropins secreting pituitary ... Of pituitary or hypothalamic tumor. Pituitary tumor that stained positively for prolactin by. Specifically, pituitary adenomas ...

https://www.austinvineyardchurch.com/profile/copneyjerezr/profile

Another cause is an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. The excess stimulates the adrenals to produce and secrete excess cortisol ... Pasireotide blocks the secretions from ACTH-secreting pituitary tumors.. "Pasireotide works by attacking the pituitary tumor to ... Ectopic ACTH syndrome. Sometimes, tumors located outside the pituitary can produce ACTH, resulting in the ectopic ACTH syndrome ... Pituitary Gland & Surgery FAQs. Where is the pituitary gland located? The pituitary is a small, pea-sized gland located at the ...

https://cushingsmoxie.blogspot.com/2011/

With careful follow-up, acth-secreting pituitary adenoma of the total oncotic pres-sure in the distal radius fractures. ...

https://missouripodiatric.com/bonus/cialis-hackett/34/

Double pituitary adenomas are most commonly associated with GH- and ACTH-secreting tumors: systematic review of the literature. ...

https://neurosurgery.weill.cornell.edu/research/publications?page=18&f%5Bauthor%5D=649&s=year&o=asc

... tumors of the pituitary gland which secrete increased amounts of ACTH. Most patients have a single adenoma. (Web site). ... ANTERIOR PITUITARY. SECRETED. CALCITONIN. HORMONE SECRETED. NODULE. NODULES. PROSTATE GLAND. ENLARGEMENT. POSTERIOR PITUITARY ... A hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates and regulates the activity of the thyroid gland ... Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced and secreted by the ...

http://keywen.com/en/GLAND

Filed under: Cushings, pituitary , Tagged: ACTH, Benign tumor, cardiovascular, corticotroph adenomas, Cushings, Dr. Harvey ... Cushings disease (CD) is a serious endocrine disorder caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary ... mortality MRI NIH obesity Osilodrostat osteoporosis pasireotide pituitary Pituitary adenoma Pituitary gland pituitary surgery ... The disease arises from benign tumours on glandular pituitary tissue - corticotroph adenomas - which excessively secrete the ...

https://cushieblog.com/tag/fatal/

Jamie J. Van Gompel, M.D. , a neurosurgeon at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and Irina Bancos, M.D. , an endocrinologist at Mayo Clinic's campus in Minnesota, discuss the challenges of treating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary tumors. (mayoclinic.org)
Endogenous glucocorticoid overproduction, or hypercortisolism, can be dependent on or independent of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). (medscape.com)
Adrenal hyperplasia as a cause of Cushing's syndrome can be considered either adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) dependent or independent. (renalandurologynews.com)
Excess secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) resulting in excess cortisol production. (mymed.com)
Cushing's disease (CD) is a serious endocrine disorder caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) that stimulates the adrenal glands to overproduce cortisol. (cushieblog.com)
Adenomas that make excess hormones (endocrine-active adenomas) include prolactin-secreting adenomas known as prolactinomas, adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth). (teentherapytalk.com)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting (ACTH-secreting) adenomas. (miamicancer.com)
In those species, pituitary adenomas of the pars distalis (adenohypophysis) secrete excessive proopiomelano(lipo)cortin (POMC)‐derived peptides, primarily ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticotropin) and lead to secondary hyperadrenocorticism. (veteriankey.com)

Managing these tumors is complex, as they are often aggressive, occasionally are located in areas outside the pituitary gland, and require specialized surgical procedures. (mayoclinic.org)
Cushing disease occurs when a noncancerous (benign) tumor called an adenoma forms in the pituitary gland, causing excessive release of ACTH and, subsequently, elevated production of cortisol. (medlineplus.gov)
Overproduction can occur in one or both adrenal glands or as a result of excess adrenocorticotropic hormones from the pituitary gland, normally responsible for regulating cortisol amounts in the body. (mymed.com)
A tumour (either benign or malignant / cancerous) may develop in an organ (such as the lungs, thyroid, pancreas or thymus gland) which does not normally produce adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) . (mymed.com)
Therefore, cortisone is not suppressed however ACTH is suppressed due to negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. (zerotofinals.com)
Where there is ectopic ACTH (e.g. from a small cell lung cancer ), neither cortisol or ACTH will be suppressed because the ACTH production is independent of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. (zerotofinals.com)
The pituitary gland sits behind the nose at the base of the brain. (wustl.edu)
When tumors develop in the pituitary gland, patients may experience problems, including changes in their peripheral vision and hormonal problems. (wustl.edu)
A gland is a group of cells that produces and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. (keywen.com)
A gland is a bodily organ that manufactures and secretes enzymes, hormones or other chemicals. (keywen.com)
This hormone stimulates the production of TSH in the pituitary which then stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. (keywen.com)
Example: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), released by the anterior pituitary, stimulates secretion and release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland. (keywen.com)
The thyroid gland secretes the hormone "thyroxin" directly into the bloodstream. (keywen.com)
They are benign, or non-cancerous, tumors of the pituitary gland which secrete increased amounts of ACTH. (keywen.com)
The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus-are located in or near the brain. (teentherapytalk.com)
In some patients with primary hypogonadism, testosterone levels may be within the normal range, but the increased lh and fsh indicates that the pituitary gland. (teentherapytalk.com)
The adenomas of the pituitary gland were removed totally in 6 cases, subtotally in 1 case and partially in 2 cases. (biomedcentral.com)
The anterior pituitary is often referred to as the "master gland" because, together with the hypothalamus, it regulates the functions of multiple other glands ( Fig. 171-1 ). (mhmedical.com)
Hypothalamic hormones regulate anterior pituitary tropic hormones that, in turn, determine target gland secretion. (mhmedical.com)
pituitary tumor ear pressure These large tumors can put pressure on your pituitary gland and surrounding tissues which cause loss of hormone production or changes in your vision, such as loss of peripheral vision. (halat-lux.ru)
Therapy For Tinnitus 12000 Hz Softlaser Therapie… The pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized gland present at the base of the brain, rather behind the nose and between the ears. (halat-lux.ru)
A pituitary tumor is an abnormal growth in the pituitary gland. (halat-lux.ru)
A pituitary tumor is a tumor located on the pituitary gland, which is located behind the nasal passages below the brain. (halat-lux.ru)
Tumors of the pituitary gland can cause serious problems in a person's hormonal balance. (halat-lux.ru)
Rarely, the pituitary gland can be large due to a tumour within the gland. (halat-lux.ru)
The pituitary is the "master control gland" - it makes hormones that affect growth and the functions of other glands in the body. (halat-lux.ru)
Symptoms are caused by a deficiency in the normal pituitary hormones (because the tumour restricts the function of the normal gland), or by pressure on surrounding structures near the pituitary. (halat-lux.ru)
Feb 02, 2019 · A pituitary adenoma is a fairly common benign growth that occurs in the pituitary gland. (halat-lux.ru)
Pituitary tumors are one of the more common disorders involving the pituitary gland. (halat-lux.ru)
They begin in the epithelial cells that line the pituitary gland - the main endocrine gland that is attached to the hypothalamus and controls growth and metabolism and stimulates hormone production by other glands. (miamicancer.com)
The pituitary gland (hypophysis) lies within a bony cavity (the sella turcica ) of the sphenoid bone in the base of the skull (McFarlane 2011 ). (veteriankey.com)
Melanotrope‐derived ACTH represents a significant minority (~2%) of the secreted output from the normal pituitary gland. (veteriankey.com)
The pituitary gland produces the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) as directed by the hypothalamus. (vetinfo.com)
A CT scanning of the adrenal gland and a MRI of the pituitary gland can detect the presence of adenomas. (vetinfo.com)
Other physiologic functions attributed to the pineal gland include a role in modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, hormonal rhythms, sleep cycle, and body temperature. (basicmedicalkey.com)
The pituitary gland (a.k.a. hypophysis cerebri ), together with its connections to the hypothalamus , acts as the main endocrine interface between the central nervous system and the rest of the body. (radiopaedia.org)
The pituitary gland sits atop the base of the skull in a concavity within the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica ( pituitary fossa ), immediately below the hypothalamus and optic chiasm . (radiopaedia.org)
The anterior lobe of the pituitary is surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule, similar to that of salivary glands, continuous with thin septae which extend into the gland 11 . (radiopaedia.org)
The anterior pituitary is by far the largest part of the gland and is responsible for synthesis and release of most pituitary hormones (with the exception of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which are secreted by the posterior pituitary). (radiopaedia.org)
The pars distalis is the largest part of the pituitary gland. (radiopaedia.org)
Pituitary gland tumor surgery hospitals in India are in most prominent cities at Chennai, Mumbai, Pune and Bangalore and most advanced surgical facilities are available along with most experienced surgeons. (forerunnershealthcare.com)
For past couple of years the results provided by pituitary gland tumor surgery hospitals in India are very good, this is clear from their success rate. (forerunnershealthcare.com)
Selection of a reputed pituitary gland tumor surgery hospital plays very important role in getting safe and successful surgical treatment. (forerunnershealthcare.com)
The pituitary gland is an important gland in the brain , and is often referred to as the "master endocrine gland" because it secretes a variety of hormones that affect many bodily functions. (forerunnershealthcare.com)
Therefore, tumors in these glands can be very serious, as a malfunctioning pituitary gland can cause serious symptoms in other organs or systems. (forerunnershealthcare.com)
People with a pituitary gland tumor may experience the following symptoms. (forerunnershealthcare.com)
The treatment of a pituitary gland tumor depends on the size and location of the tumor, whether it is cancerous, whether it has spread, and the person's overall health. (forerunnershealthcare.com)
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized endocrine gland that sits at the base of the brain. (medscape.com)
Often referred to as the "master gland", the pituitary gland synthesizes and releases various hormones that affect several organs throughout the body (see the images below). (medscape.com)
The pituitary gland is entirely ectodermal in origin but is composed of 2 functionally distinct structures that differ in embryologic development and anatomy: the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). (medscape.com)
Development of pituitary gland. (medscape.com)
The fully developed pituitary gland (see the image below) is pea-sized and weighs approximately 0.5 g. (medscape.com)
Pituitary gland, sagittal section. (medscape.com)
The pituitary gland is enveloped by dura and sits within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. (medscape.com)
Coronal depiction of pituitary gland and surrounding structures. (medscape.com)
Lateral aspects of pituitary gland are in close proximity to internal carotid artery and several cranial nerves. (medscape.com)
Usually the cause is a benign tumor in the adrenal gland that secretes aldosterone. (uihc.org)
A small tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells stain with basic dyes. (jefferson.edu)
What Does The Pituitary Gland Do? (palomahealth.com)
Better understand how the pituitary gland affects your thyroid function in this article. (palomahealth.com)
The pituitary gland is one of the critical organs that helps the thyroid do its job. (palomahealth.com)
Ahead, we explore everything about the pituitary gland, including its role in thyroid function. (palomahealth.com)
The pituitary gland is a small, pea-shaped organ housed deep inside the brain. (palomahealth.com)
Sometimes, the pituitary gland is called the 'master gland' because it produces its own hormones and tells other endocrine glands how to function. (palomahealth.com)
The pituitary gland resides just below the hypothalamus, which gives directions to the autonomic nervous system about blood pressure, respiratory rate, digestion, and heart rate. (palomahealth.com)
The hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland what to do via its own hormones so that the pituitary can control the rest of the endocrine glands in the body. (palomahealth.com)
Anatomically, the pituitary gland is divided into two sections: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. (palomahealth.com)
The pituitary gland makes and releases several hormones specific to other endocrine glands. (palomahealth.com)
The pituitary gland is a part of several axes that are part of feedback loops to keep systems in check. (palomahealth.com)
In the human skull and at the base of the brain, are the locations of the pituitary gland which is small gland that look like a bean shaped. (nerdyseal.com)
Regina Bailey, nd) Pituitary gland is responsible to control the functions of entire other endocrine glands in the body and that's why this gland known or called as a master gland. (nerdyseal.com)
According to Mayo clinic, 2011, FSH that released from the anterior lobe of pituitary gland are responsible for stimulating growth of the ovarian follicle including the pubertal maturation and also reproductive process of the body. (nerdyseal.com)
The pituitary is a small, bean-shaped gland located below the brain in the skull base, in an area called the pituitary fossa or sella turcica. (raginghormones.org)
Weighing less than one gram, the pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" since it controls the secretion of hormones. (raginghormones.org)
Structurally, the pituitary gland is divided into a larger anterior region (adenohypophysis) and a smaller posterior region (neurohypophysis). (raginghormones.org)
The gland is connected to a region of the brain called the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk. (raginghormones.org)
Directly above the pituitary gland and in front of the pituitary stalk are the crossing fibers of the optic nerves called the optic chiasm. (raginghormones.org)
On each side of the pituitary gland is the cavernous sinus. (raginghormones.org)
Because of the close proximity of the pituitary gland to these major intracranial nerves and blood vessels, as well as the vital hormonal control the pituitary gland provides, disorders of the pituitary can cause a wide spectrum of symptoms, both hormonal and neurological. (raginghormones.org)
Growth hormone is naturally produced by the pituitary gland and is. (1doct.com)
A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (pituitary gland, anterior), also known as gh or somatotropin. (1doct.com)
Growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas begin in the somatotropic cells of the pituitary gland. (1doct.com)
They are released naturally by the anterior pituitary gland, a pea-sized gland located at the base of the skull. (1doct.com)
Growth hormone is a protein made by the pituitary gland and released into the blood. (1doct.com)
Blood tests to measure the amount of They are released naturally by the anterior pituitary gland, a pea-sized gland located at the base of the skull. (1doct.com)

Dr. Bancos outlines the manifestations of Cushing syndrome resulting from the overproduction of ACTH, and Cushing's frequent association with polycystic ovary syndrome. (mayoclinic.org)
Secreting pituitary adenomas that cause acromegaly and Cushing's disease, as well as prolactinomas and thyrotroph adenomas, are uncommon, usually benign, slow-growing tumours. (biomedcentral.com)
The secreting pituitary adenomas include those that cause acromegaly and Cushing's disease as well as prolactinomas and thyrotroph adenomas. (biomedcentral.com)
ACTH-dependent (secondary) adrenal hyperplasia is most commonly due to an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease) and ectopic ACTH from a non-pituitary tumor. (renalandurologynews.com)
Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia associated with an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma is also called Cushing's disease and will also be discussed in this section. (renalandurologynews.com)
ACTH-independent bilateral adrenal hyperplasia causing hypercortisolism accounts for approximately 10-15% of all adrenal causes of Cushing's syndrome. (renalandurologynews.com)
Instead the tumour which develops may secrete ACTH in excess, stimulating cortisol production and resulting in Cushing's syndrome. (mymed.com)
Cushing's disease (CD) is caused by ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. (turkishneurosurgery.org.tr)
Paraneoplastic Cushing's is when excess ACTH is released from a cancer (not of the pituitary) and stimulates excessive cortisol release. (zerotofinals.com)
In Cushing's Disease ( pituitary adenoma ) the pituitary still shows some response to negative feedback and 8mg of dexamethasone is enough to suppress cortisol . (zerotofinals.com)
Subclinical Cushing's syndrome is an ill-defined endocrine disorder that may be observed in patients bearing an incidentally found adrenal adenoma. (blogspot.com)
The concept of subclinical Cushing's syndrome stands on the presence of ACTH-independent cortisol secretion by an adrenal adenoma, that is not fully restrained by pituitary feed-back. (blogspot.com)
Subclinical Cushing's syndrome is a common disorder assuming a frequency of up to 20% in patients harbouring incidentally discovered adrenal adenomas, which are found in approximately 4% of middle-age persons and in more than 10% of elderly population. (blogspot.com)
She was diagnosed with Cushing's in 2020 and had pituitary surgery. (cushieblog.com)
It is part of a group of diseases that cause Cushing's syndrome, characterized by signs and symptoms that may include weight gain around the trunk and in the face, stretch marks, easy bruising, a hump on the upper back, muscle weakness Mar 17, 2021 · The neurosurgeon removed a 5-millimeter benign tumor from the right side of my pituitary. (halat-lux.ru)
These tumors make ACTH, which causes an overproduction of cortisol and leads to Cushing's disease. (miamicancer.com)
Cushing's disease, or pituitary ACTH dependent Cushing's syndrome, is a rare disease responsible for increased morbidity and mortality. (tcdiazmd.com)
Cushing's disease, corticotroph adenoma, pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome. (tcdiazmd.com)
The term Cushing's disease is specifically applied to ACTH-secreting pituitary tumors. (tcdiazmd.com)
Cushing's disease is defined by Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) hypersecretion, induced by a corticotroph adenoma, and leading to cortisol hypersecretion (associated with androgens hypersecretion). (tcdiazmd.com)
Pituitary dependent Cushing's is more common in small dogs, under 20 kg (44 pounds). (vetinfo.com)
These symptoms include headaches, vomiting, vision problems, changes in menstrual cycles in women, impotence in men caused by hormone changes, infertility, inappropriate production of breast milk, Cushing's syndrome caused by overproduction of ACTH, acromegaly from overproduction of growth hormone, tiredness and irritability. (forerunnershealthcare.com)
Excess cortisol can be caused by taking steroid medications, excess secretion of cortisol from the adrenal glands, or an extra-adrenal cause such as an ACTH secreting pituitary tumor (Cushing's disease) or rarely, a neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas, lung, or bronchus. (uihc.org)

Mayo Clinic's multidisciplinary approach to pituitary tumors and Cushing syndrome includes sophisticated testing such as inferior petrosal sinus sampling and microsurgery for tumor removal. (mayoclinic.org)
A plasma ACTH (measured by an immunoradiometric assay) of less than 5 pg/mL is suggestive of a primary adrenal tumor. (medscape.com)
CD diagnosis must be based on biochemical confirmation of hypercortisolemia and visualization of pituitary tumor on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (turkishneurosurgery.org.tr)
The Pituitary Center at the Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes Jewish-Hospital, part of the Benign Brain Tumor Program at Siteman Cancer Center, provides exceptional care for patients with pituitary tumors. (wustl.edu)
Perhaps your doctor is stubborn or doesn't like their patients being active participants in their own healthcare, high testosterone pituitary tumor. (austinvineyardchurch.com)
Et oui, contrairement à toute attente, la testostérone contribue de manière significative à la prévention de l’obésité, high testosterone pituitary tumor. (austinvineyardchurch.com)
Où acheter des stéroïdes injectables, high testosterone pituitary tumor. (teentherapytalk.com)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Somatostatin receptor tumor imaging (Tc 99m P829) in pituitary adenoma. (who.int)
Chiewvit S, Chiewvit P, Pusuwan P, Sriussadaporn S, Ratanamart V. Somatostatin receptor tumor imaging (Tc 99m P829) in pituitary adenoma. (who.int)
Three pituitary adenoma patients (4 studies) showed positive somatostatin receptor tumor imaging. (who.int)
Eight negative somatostatin receptor scintigraphy were one hypothyroid induced pituitary hyperplasia, one craniopharyngioma, one normal pituitary tissue with focal hyperplasia, one ACTH secreting pituitary tumor, one GH, PRL secreting pituitary tumor post transphenoidal partial tumor removal, and no surgery in 3 patients. (who.int)
If you have symptoms that suggest a pituitary tumor, your physician will work with a team of specialists to confirm the diagnosis. (halat-lux.ru)
2 years ago Nov 02, 2021 · That said, a pituitary tumor was the last thing on Betty's mind. (halat-lux.ru)
Scangas, MD , a sinus and skull base surgeon at Mass Eye and Ear, and the Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Tumor Clinical Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, would prevent the tumor from ruining her eyesight. (halat-lux.ru)
Rush Excellence in Pituitary Tumor Care. (halat-lux.ru)
Regardless, if the tumor is big enough, it can hinder normal pituitary function. (halat-lux.ru)
Pituitary tumors are a type of primary brain tumor . (miamicancer.com)
These are the most common type of pituitary tumor. (miamicancer.com)
Your risk for a pituitary tumor is increased if you have been diagnosed with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or type 4, McCune Albright syndrome, or Carney complex. (miamicancer.com)
She had some acromegaly symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a pituitary tumor. (neurosurgery.directory)
Acromegaly due to GH-secreting pituitary tumor was diagnosed. (neurosurgery.directory)
ACTH overproduction may be of pituitary origin (85% cases) or result from ectopic tumor secretion (15% cases). (tcdiazmd.com)
7. Compression of the optic chiasm by a pituitary tumor causes bitemporal hemianopia, a specific visual field defect defined by loss of the left temporal field in the left eye and the right temporal field in the right eye. (neetpgguide.xyz)
An MR scan, coronal view, shows a large pituitary tumor preoperatively ( A ). The optic chiasm (arrows) is draped over the tumor. (drjho.com)
A preoperative axial CT scan shows a large pituitary tumor ( A ). The patient had previously undergone attempted transphenoidal microscopic removal of the tumor by another surgeon. (drjho.com)
MR scans, axial ( B ), coronal ( C ) and sagittal ( D ) views, show a large pituitary tumor. (drjho.com)
The white shadow in the sagittal view ( C ) is an abdominal fat graft placed at the tumor resection cavity (F). Nasal packing is not necessary and is not used as seen in this patient in the recovery room following endoscopic pituitary tumor surgery ( D ). The next picture ( E ) shows the same patient prior to discharge on the day following surgery. (drjho.com)
An intraoperative endoscopic image of a patient with acromegaly shows a pituitary adenoma (PA) in the left cavernous sinus ( A ). This pituitary tumor involving the cavernous sinus was completely removed with an endoscopic endonasal approach ( B , S: sella, TR: tumor resection cavity in the cavernous sinus, C: carotid artery (outlined in white lines). (drjho.com)

These cancerous cells typically secrete excess adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol and adrenal androgens) resulting in very high hormone levels and a swift development of symptoms. (mymed.com)
The hormones, such as pituitary tumors or high prolactin levels. (austinvineyardchurch.com)
In males, pituitary hormones lead to testosterone release and. (austinvineyardchurch.com)
The anterior pituitary produces six major hormones: (1) prolactin (PRL), (2) growth hormone (GH), (3) adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), (4) luteinizing hormone (LH), (5) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and (6) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). (mhmedical.com)
Pituitary hormones are secreted in a pulsatile manner, reflecting intermittent stimulation by specific hypothalamic-releasing factors. (mhmedical.com)
Each of these pituitary hormones elicits specific responses in peripheral target glands. (mhmedical.com)
Peripheral hormones feedback to regulate hypothalamic and pituitary hormones. (mhmedical.com)
But they can cause the pituitary to make too few or too many hormones, causing problems in the body. (halat-lux.ru)
Pituitary adenomas are classified by size and whether they are functioning (secrete hormones) or non-functioning (do not secrete hormones). (miamicancer.com)
The tumors were characterized by immunohistochemistry for pituitary hormones, cytokeratin s, Pit-1 , and the neuronal markers NeuN , neurofilament s (NFP), and MAP2 . (neurosurgery.directory)
5. Damage to the pituitary stalk can lead to decreased secretion of pituitary hormones secondary to disruption of the hypophyseal portal system (anterior pituitary) and hypothalamic neurons (posterior pituitary). (neetpgguide.xyz)
It is composed of cords of epithelial cells individually specialized to secrete trophic hormones acting on various target organs (see below). (radiopaedia.org)
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and travel down the stalk to be released in the posterior pituitary. (radiopaedia.org)
Most of the aforementioned hormones' release is controlled by releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus into the portal circulation. (radiopaedia.org)
The posterior pituitary does not directly synthesize any hormones but rather releases oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) which have traveled down the infundibulum in vesicles termed Herring bodies. (radiopaedia.org)
Pituitary glands have two lobes, anterior and posterior, and each is responsible for releasing specific hormones. (forerunnershealthcare.com)
Hormones secreted by adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary). (medscape.com)
Hormones secreted by neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). (medscape.com)
The adenohypophysis constitutes roughly 80% of the pituitary and manufactures an array of peptide hormones. (medscape.com)
The release of these pituitary hormones is mediated by hypothalamic neurohormones that are secreted from the median eminence (a site where axon terminals emanate from the hypothalamus) and that reach the adenohypophysis via a portal venous system. (medscape.com)
These hypothalamic cell bodies produce hormones that undergo axonal transport through the pituitary stalk and into terminal axons within the neurohypophysis. (medscape.com)
Hormones (or chemical messengers) are transferred from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, so it knows how to direct the actions of other hormone-secreting glands. (palomahealth.com)
These entire three lobes secreted different type of hormones that will controls different type of function in human body. (nerdyseal.com)
There are six major hormones that are secreted by the anterior lobe. (nerdyseal.com)
Every type of hormones secreted produces different type of functions which affects our body. (nerdyseal.com)
That's because it secretes hormones into the bloodstream, and makes and. (1doct.com)

those that secrete an active hormone are known as "hormonally active" or "functional tumours" and, unlike the so-called "non-functioning" pituitary adenomas, lead to diseases of excessive hormone secretion. (biomedcentral.com)
With pituitary adenomas, cortisol secretion is increased over the baseline. (austinvineyardchurch.com)
third, the endocrine work-up shows autonomous (ACTH-independent) cortisol secretion. (blogspot.com)
GH secretion in SGPAs is more common than for pituitary adenomas in general, raising questions regarding the aetiology and therapeutic approach to this rare combination tumour 4) . (neurosurgery.directory)
In horses, increased secretion of POMC‐peptides arises from melanotropes in the pars intermedia ( PI ) and results in increased secretion of numerous melanocortins with ACTH being a relatively minor product. (veteriankey.com)
It may give rise to excessive secretion of ACTH, resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME. (jefferson.edu)

Pituitary tumors are almost always benign, which means that they aren't considered a form of cancer. (wustl.edu)
Disorders of the pituitary can be broadly divided into clinical syndromes associated with hormone excess (i.e., benign pituitary tumors) or with hormone deficiency (i.e., infarction, mass effects, autoimmune, granulomatous disease, and genetic disorders). (mhmedical.com)
Pituitary adenomas are benign monoclonal tumors that arise from one of the five anterior pituitary cell types and may cause clinical effects from either overproduction of a pituitary hormone or compressive/destructive effects on surrounding structures, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, optic chiasm, and cavernous sinus. (mhmedical.com)
Though most pituitary tumors are benign (noncancerous), they have the potential to recur after treatment or, in rare cases, become malignant (cancerous). (miamicancer.com)
Pituitary tumors can be benign or malignant. (miamicancer.com)
Benign pituitary tumors are called pituitary adenomas. (miamicancer.com)
50% of these tumors are benign adenomas and 50% are malignant. (vetinfo.com)
Generally, pituitary tumors are benign growths and are classified as pituitary adenomas. (forerunnershealthcare.com)
Adrenal causes include a benign adenoma, hyperplasia, and adrenocortical cancer. (uihc.org)
If you are just learning about pituitary tumors and the many associated problems and hormonal disorders let us start with a frank discussion of where you are: Pituitary Tumors, though described in some textbooks as "benign" can be very aggressive and can do irreparable harm. (raginghormones.org)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting (TSH-secreting) adenomas. (miamicancer.com)

About one-third of functioning pituitary tumors may produce growth hormone - leading to acromegaly, which can cause significant pain from soft tissue swelling and increased ventricular volume. (mayoclinic.org)
The majority of mixed gangliocytoma adenomas are associated with endocrinopathies, mainly acromegaly and less often Cushing disease and hyperprolactinemia . (neurosurgery.directory)
We report a unique case of acromegaly secondary to a mixed GH-secreting pituitary adenoma, co-existing with an intrasellar gangliocytoma. (neurosurgery.directory)
Acromegaly due to a mixed GH-secreting pituitary adenoma and intrasellar gangliocytoma is rare. (neurosurgery.directory)
Acromegaly is an overproduction of growth hormone, usually from a pituitary adenoma, and is a cause of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in cats. (k2publishing.ca)

The posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis or pars nervosa ) consists of a collection of axons and nerve terminals originating in the hypothalamus (McFarlane 2011 ). (veteriankey.com)
The PI lies between the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes. (veteriankey.com)
Between the pars intermedia and the posterior pituitary is the intraglandular cleft, which is of variable size 12 . (radiopaedia.org)
The posterior pituitary (a.k.a. neurohypophysis) is a direct extension from the hypothalamus , connected to it via the infundibular stalk, which is also considered part of the neurohypophysis. (radiopaedia.org)

Dr. Van Gompel explains the complexities of treating pituitary tumors that produce growth hormone. (mayoclinic.org)
Mayo Clinic researchers are actively researching improved treatment for pituitary tumors that produce growth hormone. (mayoclinic.org)
Growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. (austinvineyardchurch.com)
Growth hormone-secreting adenomas. (miamicancer.com)
Growth hormone secreted by, growth hormone definition Somatropin was ist das, cheap price order steroids online worldwide shipping. (1doct.com)
Also called gh, the growth hormone secreted by these tumors. (1doct.com)
Recombinant human growth hormone secreted from tissue-engineered bioartificial muscle improves left ventricular function in rat with acute myocardial. (1doct.com)

ACTH-independent (primary) adrenal hyperplasia in bilateral glands ia usually due to two main types of adrenal nodular hyperplasias: ACTH-independent bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) or primary pigmented adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) and will be discussed here. (renalandurologynews.com)
Imaging will also help to identify the presence of an adrenal adenoma, as opposed to hyperplasia of the glands. (renalandurologynews.com)
The hormonal products of these peripheral glands, in turn, exert feedback control at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary to modulate pituitary function. (mhmedical.com)
The pituitary is one of the most important glands in the body. (halat-lux.ru)
This hormone stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoid, which is a cortisol-like hormone. (vetinfo.com)
Inhibin is a hormone that is synthesized and secreted predominantly by ovarian granulosa and testicular Sertoli cells, but is also produced by the adrenal glands. (k2publishing.ca)

Biochemical behaviour of an incidentally diagnosed silent corticotroph adenoma. (nel.edu)
Silent corticotroph adenoma (SCA) is a non-functioning macroadenoma that has positive immunoreactivity for ACTH. (nel.edu)
Crooke's cell adenoma is an extremely rare and aggressive variant of corticotroph adenoma that can uncommonly present as a silent corticotroph adenoma in adults. (1library.net)
We report a teenage boy, presenting with delayed puberty, who was initially managed for constitutional pubertal delay but subsequent investigations led to the diagnosis of an extremely rare and clinically non-functioning (silent) Crooke's cell corticotroph adenoma. (1library.net)

Prolactin-secreting adenomas. (miamicancer.com)
Conversely, prolactin secreting adenomas (prolactinomas) can be treated medically with dopamine agonists (e.g. bromocriptine and cabergoline). (radiopaedia.org)

In this study, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAc enzymes were upregulated, particularly in aggressive adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-secreting tumors, suggesting a role for O-GlcNAcylation in pituitary adenoma etiology. (nih.gov)
A pituitary adenoma which secretes ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN , leading to CUSHING DISEASE . (bvsalud.org)

If a pituitary source of excess ACTH is suspected, patients should undergo a contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the pituitary. (medscape.com)
Since the early nineties, the serendipitous detection of clinically inapparent adrenal adenomas has been associated with a state of subtle cortisol excess. (blogspot.com)
Male gonadotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas may have a variable clinical expression secondary to testosterone excess. (teentherapytalk.com)
Excess testosterone or estrogen is associated with gonadotropin-secreting tumors. (teentherapytalk.com)
However there was no clinical/biochemical evidence of ACTH excess. (1library.net)
Some may be part of an inherited syndrome, such as MEN or Von Hippel-Lindau.The excess catecholamines are usually secreted in bursts, causing symptoms such as spells of hypertension, dizziness, rapid and/or pounding heart beats, and in severe cases, could cause stroke and heart attacks. (uihc.org)

These patients may also have visual field defects due to mass effect of the pituitary lesion. (renalandurologynews.com)
Our job is to give the neurosurgeon access to the pituitary lesion so that it can be biopsied and/or removed. (halat-lux.ru)
Subsequently, MRI scan of the brain revealed the presence of a mixed cystic and solid pituitary lesion slightly displacing the optic chiasma. (1library.net)
The lesion was removed by transphenoidal surgery and the biopsy confirmed the lesion to be pituitary adenoma. (1library.net)
Although pituitary macroadenoma s often cause mass effects on surrounding structures, it is extremely rare for pituitary lesion s to disturb cerebrospinal fluid circulation . (neurosurgery.directory)
Hydrocephalus is an extremely rare complication of pituitary lesion s, and unilateral hydrocephalus has never been reported previously. (neurosurgery.directory)

A long duration of active disease in patients with secreting pituitary adenomas is associated with an increased risk of comorbidities and reduced quality of life. (biomedcentral.com)

In primary ESS, increased pressure in the sella turcica flattens the pituitary along the walls of the cavity. (neetpgguide.xyz)
The sella turcica is a saddle-shaped depression that surrounds the inferior, anterior, and posterior aspects of the pituitary. (medscape.com)

These tumors secrete follicle-stimulating hormone and/or luteinizing hormone, leading to menstrual problems in women and low testosterone levels in men. (miamicancer.com)

An important step in the diagnosis and management of these patients is determining whether the adrenal hyperplasia is ACTH-dependent or independent. (renalandurologynews.com)
The most common forms of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, which are ACTH-independent, are AIMAH and PPNAD. (renalandurologynews.com)

In the cured group there was a significantly greater number of patients with precisely visualized pituitary microadenoma whereas in the non-cured group there was a significantly greater number of patients with pituitary macroadenoma or equivocal result of MRI (p=0.036). (turkishneurosurgery.org.tr)

Experts in Neurosurgery and Pituitary Endocrinology have so improved the cure rate in a mere 60 plus years that the general medical community, and certainly insurance companies and others, tend to think of Pituitary Disease the way they think of Polio. (raginghormones.org)

Endogenous glucocorticoid overproduction, or hypercortisolism, that is independent of ACTH is usually due to a primary adrenocortical neoplasm (most commonly an adenoma and rarely a carcinoma). (medscape.com)
Adrenocortical adenomas and malignancy are discussed elsewhere. (renalandurologynews.com)
Adrenal adenoma or adrenal cortex tumours (adrenocortical carcinomas) are the most common of these conditions to cause this. (mymed.com)

Octreotide scintigraphy may be helpful in detecting ectopic ACTH tumors, because some neuroendocrine tumors typically have cell-surface receptors for somatostatin. (medscape.com)

2016. Cavernous Sinus Invasion in Pituitary Adenomas: Systematic Review and Pooled Data Meta-Analysis of Radiologic Criteria and Comparison of Endoscopic and Microscopic Surgery. . (cornell.edu)
The lateral aspects of the pituitary are adjacent to the cavernous sinuses (see the image below). (medscape.com)

Because many signs and symptoms of pituitary adenomas overlap with those of other, more common disorders, general practitioners and non-endocrinology specialists need to be aware of the "red flags" suggestive of these conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Please see your physician if you have symptoms of pituitary disease. (raginghormones.org)

In corticotropic tumors, hypersecretion of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived hormone ACTH leads to Cushing disease, materialized by severe endocrine disruption and increased mortality. (nih.gov)
Thus, this study stresses the essential role of O-GlcNAcylation in ACTH-secreting adenomas' pathophysiology, including cellular proliferation and hypersecretion. (nih.gov)
Pediatric asthma: impact on bone metabolism, bone hypersecretion of GH into the circulation, usually from a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma, is classically then treat it when it occurs. (marketforceanalysis.com)

Most often, Cushing disease occurs alone, but rarely, it appears as a symptom of genetic syndromes that have pituitary adenomas as a feature, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) or familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA). (medlineplus.gov)

Malignant pituitary tumors are called pituitary carcinomas - or pituitary cancers. (miamicancer.com)

There is a connection of blood vessels and nerves (sometimes referred to as a stalk) that unites the hypothalamus and pituitary. (palomahealth.com)

Crooke's cell adenomas are a group of corticotroph adenomas that can rarely present in childhood and adolescence with delayed puberty. (1library.net)

The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) includes the pars tuberalis and the pars distalis (also called the pars ventralis ). (veteriankey.com)

Somatostatin receptor positive tumors such as pituitary tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, and lymphomas show positive scintigraphy. (who.int)

Patients who come to the Pituitary Center will be seen by Washington University Physicians who specialize in the treatment of pituitary disease and related conditions. (wustl.edu)

Some specific lab-tests are also recommended such as a urine cortisol/ creatinine ratio test, an ACTH stimulation test and a Dexamethasone suppression test. (vetinfo.com)
Break through the sides an ACTH stimulation test bucci L, Garuti F, Camelli V, et al, for the Italian Liver Cancer (ITA. (marketforceanalysis.com)
Commonly submitted endocrine tests include low dose dexamethasone and ACTH stimulation tests . (k2publishing.ca)

In a patient in whom the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome has been established, an undetectable plasma ACTH with a simultaneously elevated serum cortisol level is diagnostic of ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome. (medscape.com)
The lower CRH and ACTH levels result in a low cortisol level. (zerotofinals.com)

2017. Double pituitary adenomas are most commonly associated with GH- and ACTH-secreting tumors: systematic review of the literature. . (cornell.edu)

Although distinguishing endogenous from exogenous Cushing syndrome is usually straightforward, the investigation and differentiation of Cushing syndrome from other causes of hypercortisolism require a sound understanding of the physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. (medscape.com)
6. Secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency (caused by pituitary or hypothalamic damage, respectively) cause cortisol deficiency but do not cause hyperpigmentation (decreased ACTH and thus decreased MSH). (neetpgguide.xyz)

First-line treatment is based on transsphenoidal surgery, which cures 80% of ACTH-secreting microadenomas. (tcdiazmd.com)

Anatomy24

Organisms2

Diseases84

Chemicals and Drugs74

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Phenomena and Processes12

Disciplines and Occupations4

Information Science4

Health Care6

Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery via the endoscopic technique: results in 35 consecutive patients with Cushing's disease. (1/55)

Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data. (2/55)

Increased prevalence of high Body Mass Index in patients presenting with pituitary tumours: severe obesity in patients with macroprolactinoma. (3/55)

Ectopic ACTH syndrome: our experience with 25 cases. (4/55)

Significant GH deficiency after long-term cure by surgery in adult patients with Cushing's disease. (5/55)

Long-term remission of cyclic Cushing's disease that was diagnosed and treated surgically in non-active phase. (6/55)

Preclinical Cushing's disease characterized by massive adrenal hyperplasia and hormonal changes after three years of metyrapone therapy. (7/55)

Galectin-3 as a marker distinguishing functioning from silent corticotroph adenomas. (8/55)

Adenoma

Pituitary Neoplasms

Pituitary Gland

Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma

Prolactinoma

ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma

Adenoma, Chromophobe

Pituitary Gland, Anterior

Pituitary Apoplexy

Pituitary Hormones

Sphenoid Bone

Acromegaly

Pituitary Diseases

Sella Turcica

Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion

Adenoma, Acidophil

Prolactin

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Human Growth Hormone

Sphenoid Sinus

Growth Hormone

Cushing Syndrome

Hypopituitarism

Adenoma, Pleomorphic

Pituitary Hormones, Anterior

Adenoma, Villous

ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic

Octreotide

Craniopharyngioma

Thyrotropin

Adenoma, Basophil

Nelson Syndrome

Receptors, Somatostatin

Bromocriptine

Somatotrophs

Empty Sella Syndrome

Pituitary Function Tests

Hydrocortisone

Adrenocortical Adenoma

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide

Immunohistochemistry

Cavernous Sinus

Somatostatin

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Hypophysectomy

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

Pituitary Gland, Posterior

Adenoma, Liver Cell

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

Endocrine Gland Neoplasms

Corticotrophs

Luteinizing Hormone

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

HMGA2 Protein

Neurosurgical Procedures

Securin

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit

Hyperprolactinemia

Thyrotrophs

Pro-Opiomelanocortin

Ganglioneuroma

Gonadotropins, Pituitary

Gigantism

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System

Neoplasms, Multiple Primary

Gonadotropins

Radiosurgery

RNA, Messenger

Central Nervous System Cysts

Adrenal Glands

Colorectal Neoplasms

Pneumoencephalography

Pituitary-Adrenal System

Transcription Factor Pit-1

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Colonic Polyps

Hormones