Acrylonitrile
Ethylene Oxide
Chemical Industry
Immediate Dental Implant Loading
Dental Implant-Abutment Design
Carcinogens
Nitriles
Elastomers
Hydrogen Cyanide
Encyclopedias as Topic
Irritants
Skin Irritancy Tests
Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in hemodialysis: role of membrane electronegativity, blood dilution, and pH. (1/105)
BACKGROUND: The kallikrein-kinin system activation by contact with a negatively charged surface has been promulgated to be responsible for hypersensitivity reactions. However, to explain the low frequency and heterogeneity of hypersensitivity reactions, we hypothesized that not only the electronegativity of the membrane, but also other physicochemical parameters could influence the activation of the contact phase system of plasma assessed by the measurement of kallikrein activity and bradykinin concentration. METHODS: Plasma kallikrein activity using chromogenic substrate (S2302) and plasma bradykinin concentration (enzyme immuno assay) were measured during the perfusion of human plasma (2.5 ml/min) through minidialyzers mounted with six different membranes [polyacrylonitrile (PAN) from Asahi (PANDX) and from Hospal (AN69), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) from Toray, cellulose triacetate (CT) from Baxter, cuprophane (CUP) from Akzo and polysulfone (PS) from Fresenius]. RESULTS: A direct relationship was shown between the electronegativity of the membrane assessed by its zeta potential and the activation of plasma during the first five minutes of plasma circulation. With the AN69 membrane, the detection of a kallikrein activity in diluted plasma but not in undiluted samples confirmed the importance of a protease-antiprotease imbalance leading to bradykinin release during the first five minutes of dialysis. With PAN membranes, the use of citrated versus heparinized plasma and the use of various rinsing solutions clearly show a dramatic effect of pH on the kallikrein activity and the bradykinin concentration measured in plasma. Finally, increasing the zeta potential of the membrane leads to a significant increase of plasma kallikrein activity and bradykinin concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Our in vitro experimental approach evidences the importance of the control of these physicochemical factors to decrease the activation of the contact system. (+info)Intravitreous transplantation of encapsulated fibroblasts secreting the human fibroblast growth factor 2 delays photoreceptor cell degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons rats. (2/105)
We developed an experimental approach with genetically engineered and encapsulated mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts to delay the progressive degeneration of photoreceptor cells in dark-eyed Royal College of Surgeons rats. These xenogeneic fibroblasts can survive in 1. 5-mm-long microcapsules made of the biocompatible polymer AN69 for at least 90 days under in vitro and in vivo conditions because of their stable transfection with the gene for the 18-kDa form of the human basic fibroblast growth factor (hFGF-2). Furthermore, when transferred surgically into the vitreous cavity of 21-day-old Royal College of Surgeons rats, the microencapsulated hFGF-2-secreting fibroblasts provoked a local delay of photoreceptor cell degeneration, as seen at 45 days and 90 days after transplantation. This effect was limited to 2.08 mm2 (45 days) and 0.95 mm2 (90 days) of the retinal surface. In both untreated eyes and control globes with encapsulated hFGF-2-deficient fibroblasts, the rescued area (of at most 0.08 mm2) was significantly smaller at both time points. Although, in a few ocular globes, surgical trauma induced a reorganization of the retinal cytoarchitecture, neither microcapsule rejection nor hFGF-2-mediated tumor formation were detected in any treated eyes. These findings indicate that encapsulated fibroblasts secreting hFGF-2 or perhaps other agents can be applied as potential therapeutic tools to treat retinal dystrophies. (+info)Health hazards in the production and processing of some fibers, resins, and plastics in Bulgaria. (3/105)
Results of the toxicological studies of working conditions, general and professional morbidity, and complex examinations carried out on workers engaged in the production of polyamides, polyacrylonitrile fibers, polyester fibers and poly (vinyl chloride) resin, urea-formaldehyde glue, glass fibre materials and polyurethane resins are given. An extremely high occupational hazard for workers in the production of poly (vinyl chloride) resin and porous materials from polyurethane resins and urea-formaldehyde glue has been established. Cases of vinyl chloride disease, poisoning from formaldehyde, isocyanates, and styrene were noted. Prophylactic measures were taken in Bulgaria to lessen the occupational hazard in the productions as set forth included limitation of the work day to 6 hr, free food, additional bonus and leave, and annual physical examinations of workers. (+info)Induction of oxidative stress and oxidative damage in rat glial cells by acrylonitrile. (4/105)
Chronic treatment of rats with acrylonitrile (ACN) resulted in a dose-related increase in glial cell tumors (astrocytomas). While the exact mechanism(s) for ACN-induced carcinogenicity remains unresolved, non-genotoxic and possibly tumor promotion modes of action appear to be involved in the induction of glial tumors. Recent studies have shown that ACN induced oxidative stress selectively in rat brain in a dose-responsive manner. The present study examined the ability of ACN to induce oxidative stress in a rat glial cell line, a target tissue, and in cultured rat hepatocytes, a non-target tissue of ACN carcinogenicity. Glial cells and hepatocytes were treated for 1, 4 and 24 h with sublethal concentrations of ACN. ACN induced an increase in oxidative DNA damage, as evidenced by increased production of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) in glial cells but not in rat hepatocytes. Hydroxyl radical formation following ACN treatment was also selectively increased in glial cells. Following 1 and 4 h of ACN exposure, the levels of the non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione, as well as the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants catalase and superoxide dismutase were significantly decreased in the rat glial cells. Lipid peroxidation and the activity of glutathione peroxidase were not affected by ACN treatment in rat glial cells. No changes in any of these biomarkers of oxidative stress were observed in hepatocytes treated with ACN. These data indicate that ACN selectively induced oxidative stress in rat glial cells. (+info)Encapsulation in hollow fibres of xenogeneic cells engineered to secrete IL-4 or IL-13 ameliorates murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). (5/105)
A strategy of gene therapy using IL-4 or IL-13 xenogeneic transfected cells encapsulated into permeable hollow fibres (HF) was used to treat CIA. Hydrogel-based hollow fibres were obtained from AN-69 copolymer, already known for its biocompatibility and tolerance in rodents. Permeability to IL-4 and lack of cell leakage from the fibres were ascertained in vitro and in vivo. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fibroblasts transfected with mouse IL-4 gene were encapsulated in HF (6.25 x 105 cells/HF). IL-4 was detected in vitro in the culture supernatant of filled fibres for at least 19 days. IL-4 or IL-13 transfected CHO cells encapsulated in HF were implanted in the peritoneum of mice on days 11-13 after immunization with type II collagen. Control mice were treated with fibre containing CHO cells transfected with beta-galactosidase (betagal) gene; a positive control group consisted of mice treated by subcutaneous injection of 106 cells on days 10 and 25. Mice were monitored for signs of arthritis by observers unaware of the status of animals. Results of these experiments indicate that severity of the articular disease was significantly reduced in the groups of mice treated with CHO/IL-4 or CHO/IL-13 cells encapsulated in HF, compared with control groups receiving CHO/betagal cells encapsulated in HF. Histological analysis confirmed these data and extended them to a better inhibitory effect of encapsulated cells compared with free cells on inflammatory and destructive joint disease. Moreover, such long-term treatment with HF was well tolerated; macroscopic and histological aspects of peritoneal cavity were moderately inflammatory. Thus, our results may have important implications for clinical use of gene transfected cells as therapeutic agents in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. (+info)Nitrilase of Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1. Conversion into the active form by subunit association. (6/105)
Nitrilase-containing resting cells of Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1 converted acrylonitrile and benzonitrile to the corresponding acids, but the purified nitrilase hydrolyzed only benzonitrile, and not acrylonitrile. The activity of the purified enzyme towards acrylonitrile was recovered by preincubation with 10 mM benzonitrile, but not by preincubation with aliphatic nitriles such as acrylonitrile. It was shown by light-scattering experiments, that preincubation with benzonitrile led to the assembly of the inactive, purified and homodimeric 80-kDa enzyme to its active 410-kDa aggregate, which was proposed to be a decamer. Furthermore, the association concomitant with the activation was reached after dialysis of the enzyme against various salts and organic solvents, with the highest recovery reached at 10% saturated ammonium sulfate and 50% (v/v) glycerol, and by preincubation at increased temperatures or enzyme concentrations. (+info)Nitrile hydratase and amidase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous hydrolyze acrylic fibers and granular polyacrylonitriles. (7/105)
Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB 11216 produced nitrile hydratase (320 nkat mg of protein(-1)) and amidase activity (38.4 nkat mg of protein(-1)) when grown on a medium containing propionitrile. These enzymes were able to hydrolyze nitrile groups of both granular polyacrylonitriles (PAN) and acrylic fibers. Nitrile groups of PAN40 (molecular mass, 40 kDa) and PAN190 (molecular mass, 190 kDa) were converted into the corresponding carbonic acids to 1.8 and 1.0%, respectively. In contrast, surfacial nitrile groups of acrylic fibers were only converted to the corresponding amides. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that 16% of the surfacial nitrile groups were hydrolyzed by the R. rhodochrous enzymes. Due to the enzymatic modification, the acrylic fibers became more hydrophilic and thus, adsorption of dyes was enhanced. This was indicated by a 15% increase in the staining level (K/S value) for C. I. Basic Blue 9. (+info)Acrylonitrile-induced morphological transformation in Syrian hamster embryo cells. (8/105)
Acrylonitrile (ACN) is a monomer used in the synthesis of rubber, fibers and plastics. Previous studies demonstrated that ACN induces brain neoplasms (predominately astrocytomas) in rats following chronic treatment. While the mechanisms of ACN-induced glial cell carcinogenicity have not been completely elucidated, investigations by our group and others have suggested a role for the induction of oxidative stress and the resultant oxidative damage in this process. In vitro cell transformation models are useful for detecting and studying the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Cell transformation by chemical carcinogens in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells exhibits a multistage process similar to that observed in vivo, for both non-genotoxic and genotoxic carcinogens. In the present study, the ability of ACN to induce morphological transformation and oxidative damage was examined in SHE cells. ACN induced an increase in morphological transformation at doses of 50, 62.5 and 75 microg/ml (maximum sub-toxic dose tested) following 7 days of continuous treatment. SHE cells exposed to ACN for 24 h failed to increase morphological transformation. Morphological transformation by ACN was inhibited by co-treatment with the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and (-)-epigallocathechin-3 gallate (EGCG) for 7 days. Treatment of SHE cells with 75 microg/ml ACN produced a significant increase in 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine that was also inhibited by co-treatment with alpha-tocopherol or EGCG. These results support the proposal that oxidative stress and the resulting oxidative damage is involved in ACN-induced carcinogenicity. (+info)Acrylonitrile is a colorless, flammable liquid with an unpleasant odor. It is used in the manufacture of plastics, resins, and synthetic fibers. In terms of medical toxicology, acrylonitrile is classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC) and can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Exposure to high levels of acrylonitrile can lead to symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Chronic exposure has been associated with an increased risk of certain types of cancer, including lung, laryngeal, and esophageal cancer. However, it's important to note that occupational exposure limits are in place to minimize the risks associated with acrylonitrile exposure.
Ethylene oxide is a colorless gas at room temperature and pressure with a faintly sweet odor. It is used primarily as a sterilant, especially for medical equipment, but also has applications in the manufacture of other chemicals, including antifreeze and textile products. Ethylene oxide is highly flammable and reactive, and exposure can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, as well as more serious health effects with prolonged or high-level exposure. It is also a known human carcinogen, meaning that it has been shown to cause cancer in humans.
The chemical industry is a broad term that refers to the companies and organizations involved in the production or transformation of raw materials or intermediates into various chemical products. These products can be used for a wide range of applications, including manufacturing, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and consumer goods. The chemical industry includes businesses that produce basic chemicals, such as petrochemicals, agrochemicals, polymers, and industrial gases, as well as those that manufacture specialty chemicals, such as dyestuffs, flavors, fragrances, and advanced materials. Additionally, the chemical industry encompasses companies that provide services related to the research, development, testing, and distribution of chemical products.
Immediate dental implant loading is a dental procedure where a dental implant is placed and a restoration (such as a crown, bridge, or denture) is attached to it during the same appointment or immediately after the implant surgery. Traditionally, dental implants were allowed to heal and integrate with the jawbone for several months before loading (placing the restoration), but recent advances in implant technology and surgical techniques have made immediate loading a viable option in certain cases.
The success of immediate dental implant loading depends on various factors such as the patient's oral health, the quality and quantity of bone, the type and location of the implant, and the expertise of the dental professional. Immediate loading can offer several benefits, including reduced treatment time, fewer surgical procedures, and improved aesthetics and function. However, it is not always suitable for every patient or situation, and a thorough evaluation is necessary to determine if immediate loading is the best option.
A dental prosthesis known as an "overlay denture" is a type of removable restoration that covers and restores only the occlusal (biting) surfaces of the natural teeth, while leaving the remaining tooth structure and surrounding soft tissues intact. This type of denture is typically used when there are still sufficient healthy tooth structures present to provide support and stability for the prosthesis.
Overlay dentures can be made from various materials such as acrylic resin or metal alloys, and they can be fabricated to fit over the natural teeth with precision, ensuring optimal comfort and functionality. These dentures are designed to improve the patient's ability to chew and speak properly, while also enhancing their smile and overall oral esthetics.
It is important to note that proper dental hygiene and regular check-ups with a dental professional are essential for maintaining good oral health and ensuring the longevity of an overlay denture.
A dental implant-abutment design refers to the specific configuration and components used to connect a dental implant, which serves as an artificial tooth root, to a dental restoration, such as a crown, bridge, or denture. The abutment is a connecting element that attaches to the implant and provides the foundation for the dental restoration.
There are various dental implant-abutment designs available, each with its unique advantages and disadvantages. Some common designs include:
1. External hexagon: This design features an external hexagonal connection between the implant and abutment. It is one of the earliest and most widely used designs but has largely been replaced by internal connection designs due to concerns about screw loosening and microbial leakage.
2. Internal hexagon: In this design, the hexagonal connection is located inside the implant, providing better stability and resistance to rotational forces compared to external hexagon designs.
3. Morse taper: This design uses a tapered connection between the implant and abutment, creating a tight, press-fit interface that resists micromovements and microbial leakage. It is known for its high stability and ease of use.
4. UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) abutment: This design features a custom-milled abutment specifically designed to fit the individual implant platform. The UCLA abutment provides excellent esthetics and precision but requires additional laboratory fabrication time and costs.
5. Platform switching: This design involves using an abutment with a smaller diameter than the implant platform, creating a gap between the implant and abutment. This gap has been shown to reduce crestal bone loss and improve soft tissue esthetics around dental implants.
6. Cement-retained: In this design, the restoration is cemented onto the abutment using a dental cement. While it provides good esthetics and simplicity, there are concerns about excess cement causing peri-implant inflammation and bone loss.
7. Screw-retained: This design involves securing the restoration to the abutment with a screw. It offers easy retrievability and maintenance but may have compromised esthetics due to the presence of a screw access hole.
Each dental implant system has its unique advantages and disadvantages, and selecting the appropriate one depends on various factors such as the patient's anatomy, oral health status, and desired treatment outcomes. Dentists should consider these factors when choosing the most suitable implant system for their patients.
Carcinogens are agents (substances or mixtures of substances) that can cause cancer. They may be naturally occurring or man-made. Carcinogens can increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular DNA, disrupting cellular function, or promoting cell growth. Examples of carcinogens include certain chemicals found in tobacco smoke, asbestos, UV radiation from the sun, and some viruses.
It's important to note that not all exposures to carcinogens will result in cancer, and the risk typically depends on factors such as the level and duration of exposure, individual genetic susceptibility, and lifestyle choices. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies carcinogens into different groups based on the strength of evidence linking them to cancer:
Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans
This information is based on medical research and may be subject to change as new studies become available. Always consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.
Denture retention, in the field of dentistry, refers to the ability of a dental prosthesis (dentures) to maintain its position and stability within the mouth. It is achieved through various factors including the fit, shape, and design of the denture, as well as the use of dental implants or adhesives. Proper retention helps ensure comfortable and effective chewing, speaking, and smiling for individuals who have lost some or all of their natural teeth.
Nitriles, in a medical context, refer to a class of organic compounds that contain a cyano group (-CN) bonded to a carbon atom. They are widely used in the chemical industry and can be found in various materials, including certain plastics and rubber products.
In some cases, nitriles can pose health risks if ingested, inhaled, or come into contact with the skin. Short-term exposure to high levels of nitriles can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract. Prolonged or repeated exposure may lead to more severe health effects, such as damage to the nervous system, liver, and kidneys.
However, it's worth noting that the medical use of nitriles is not very common. Some nitrile gloves are used in healthcare settings due to their resistance to many chemicals and because they can provide a better barrier against infectious materials compared to latex or vinyl gloves. But beyond this application, nitriles themselves are not typically used as medications or therapeutic agents.
Elastomers are a type of polymeric material that exhibit elastic behavior when subjected to deforming forces. They have the ability to return to their original shape and size after being stretched or compressed, making them ideal for use in applications where flexibility, resilience, and durability are required.
Elastomers are composed of long chains of repeating molecular units called monomers, which are cross-linked together to form a three-dimensional network. This cross-linking gives elastomers their unique properties, such as high elasticity, low compression set, and resistance to heat, chemicals, and weathering.
Some common examples of elastomers include natural rubber, silicone rubber, neoprene, nitrile rubber, and polyurethane. These materials are used in a wide range of applications, from automotive parts and medical devices to footwear and clothing.
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) is a chemical compound with the formula H-C≡N. It is a colorless, extremely poisonous and flammable liquid that has a bitter almond-like odor in its pure form. However, not everyone can detect its odor, as some people lack the ability to smell it, which makes it even more dangerous. It is soluble in water and alcohol, and its aqueous solution is called hydrocyanic acid or prussic acid.
Hydrogen Cyanide is rapidly absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, and it inhibits the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase, which is essential for cellular respiration. This leads to rapid death due to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) at the cellular level. It is used industrially in large quantities as a pesticide, fumigant, and chemical intermediate, but it also has significant potential for use as a chemical weapon.
In the medical field, Hydrogen Cyanide poisoning can be treated with high-concentration oxygen, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate, which help to restore the function of cytochrome c oxidase and enhance the elimination of cyanide from the body.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Skin absorption, also known as percutaneous absorption, refers to the process by which substances are taken up by the skin and pass into the systemic circulation. This occurs when a substance is applied topically to the skin and penetrates through the various layers of the epidermis and dermis until it reaches the capillaries, where it can be transported to other parts of the body.
The rate and extent of skin absorption depend on several factors, including the physicochemical properties of the substance (such as its molecular weight, lipophilicity, and charge), the concentration and formulation of the product, the site of application, and the integrity and condition of the skin.
Skin absorption is an important route of exposure for many chemicals, drugs, and cosmetic ingredients, and it can have both therapeutic and toxicological consequences. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms and factors that influence skin absorption is crucial for assessing the safety and efficacy of topical products and for developing strategies to enhance or reduce their absorption as needed.
Irritants, in a medical context, refer to substances or factors that cause irritation or inflammation when they come into contact with bodily tissues. These substances can cause a range of reactions depending on the type and duration of exposure, as well as individual sensitivity. Common examples include chemicals found in household products, pollutants, allergens, and environmental factors like extreme temperatures or friction.
When irritants come into contact with the skin, eyes, respiratory system, or mucous membranes, they can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, pain, coughing, sneezing, or difficulty breathing. In some cases, prolonged exposure to irritants can lead to more serious health problems, including chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and disease.
It's important to note that irritants are different from allergens, which trigger an immune response in sensitive individuals. While both can cause similar symptoms, the underlying mechanisms are different: allergens cause a specific immune reaction, while irritants directly affect the affected tissues without involving the immune system.
Skin irritancy tests are experimental procedures used to determine the potential of a substance to cause irritation or damage to the skin. These tests typically involve applying the substance to intact or abraded (damaged) skin of human volunteers or animals, and then observing and measuring any adverse reactions that occur over a specified period. The results of these tests can help assess the safety of a substance for use in consumer products, pharmaceuticals, or industrial applications. It is important to note that the ethical considerations and regulations surrounding animal testing have led to an increased focus on developing alternative methods, such as in vitro (test tube) tests using reconstructed human skin models.
Oxidoreductases acting on CH-NH2 group donors are a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation-reduction reactions involving the transfer of electrons from a donor with a CH-NH2 group to an electron acceptor. This category of enzymes is classified under EC 1.5.99 in the Enzyme Commission (EC) system.
The reaction catalyzed by these enzymes typically results in the formation of a carbon-nitrogen double bond, with the concomitant reduction of the electron acceptor. Examples of such reactions include the oxidative deamination of amino acids to produce keto acids and ammonia, as well as the conversion of primary amines to aldehydes or nitro compounds.
These enzymes are widely distributed in nature and play important roles in various biological processes, such as metabolism, detoxification, and biosynthesis. They require various cofactors, such as NAD+, NADP+, FAD, or PQQ, to facilitate the electron transfer during the reaction.
In summary, oxidoreductases acting on CH-NH2 group donors are a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of CH-NH2 group donors and the reduction of various electron acceptors, with important roles in diverse biological processes.
Acrylonitrile
Polybutadiene acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate
Styrene-acrylonitrile resin
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
Vadodara
National Historic Chemical Landmarks
Ethylene oxide
List of rail accidents (2010-2019)
Cyanoethylation
Polyacrylonitrile
Camden, South Carolina
Nitrile rubber
Ammoxidation
Hydrophosphination
Copolymer
Living hinge
Formyl cyanide
2-Vinylpyridine
Charles Moureu
Superabsorbent polymer
2-Methyleneglutaronitrile
2015 Tennessee train derailment
Building blocks (toy)
Copper(II) acetate
Rubber toughening
Jimmy Mays
DSM (company)
Atom transfer radical polymerization
Life on Titan
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- Acrylonitrile is used principally as a monomer to prepare polyacrylonitrile, a homopolymer, or several important copolymers, such as styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), and other synthetic rubbers such as acrylonitrile butadiene (NBR). (wikipedia.org)
- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene markets are hyper-sensitive to trends in demand in automotive as well as multiple consumer goods sectors. (icis.com)
- Constantly tracking market activity through our established international network of ABS market experts based in key trading hubs around the globe means our data and insight is relied on by buyers, sellers and traders of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene the world over. (icis.com)
- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene markets show significant fluctuation in response to multiple factors. (icis.com)
- The global acrylonitrile butadiene styrene market size was valued at USD 20.54 billion in 2021 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.6% from 2022 to 2030. (grandviewresearch.com)
- The demand for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is likely to increase in the automotive industry owing to its lightweight properties. (grandviewresearch.com)
- Moreover, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene is used for vacuum construction and pipes and fittings due to its excellent mechanical strength and lightweight. (grandviewresearch.com)
- These advantageous properties are anticipated to augment demand for opaque acrylonitrile butadiene styrene in the construction industry. (grandviewresearch.com)
- The rising demand for household appliances, such as microwave ovens , dryers, and washing machines, along with increasing consumer spending on appliances, is expected to boost the demand for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene in the appliances industry. (grandviewresearch.com)
- However, this strength reduction plateaus and the tensile strength of the ASA and stamp sand composites can be compared favorably with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) at any level. (appropedia.org)
- The Increasing demand for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene in the construction and automotive industry is driving the market for Acrylonitrile. (powershow.com)
- Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene is a sturdy engineering thermoplastic and amorphous polymer that is used in the production of lightweight, rigid, and molded products which are used in a diverse set of end-use applications. (powershow.com)
- ABS sheet (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) is a very versatile and widely used thermoplastic. (ocip.com)
- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber has good oil and acid resistance as compared to Natural Isoprene Rubber. (chemstationasia.com)
- Nonetheless, EPA has categorized the risk of AN as being comparable to acrylonitrile and higher than benzene, butadiene and styrene, and other animal and potential human carcinogens. (angroup.org)
- As high-performance and widely used amorphous thermoplastic material, it has become part of our everyday language by the abbreviation ABS , acronym of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene, which are the three monomers used for its production. (gvvsrl.com)
- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene is certainly a challenge to pronounce, so it is no surprise to learn it is more commonly known as ABS. (mold7.com)
- ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) is a popular thermoplastic polymer that is widely used in various applications . (mold7.com)
- ABS is a copolymer made up of three different monomers: acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene. (mold7.com)
- ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) injection molding is a manufacturing process in which ABS plastic pellets are melted and injected into a mold cavity under high pressure. (mold7.com)
- ABS-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styreneis an opaque thermoplastic that possesses a diverse combination of properties. (millennium-metals.com)
- The Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber market revenue was xx.xx Million USD in 2013, grew to xx.xx Million USD in 2017, and will reach xx.xx Million USD in 2023, with a CAGR of x.x% during 2018-2023. (maiaresearch.com)
- Based on the Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber industrial chain, this report mainly elaborate the definition, types, applications and major players of Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber market in details. (maiaresearch.com)
- In a word, this report will help you to establish a panorama of industrial development and market characteristics of the Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber market. (maiaresearch.com)
- The Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber market can be split based on product types, major applications, and important regions. (maiaresearch.com)
- There are 13 Chapters to thoroughly display the Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber market. (maiaresearch.com)
- Chapter 2: Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Industry Chain Analysis, Upstream Raw Material Suppliers, Major Players, Production Process Analysis, Cost Analysis, Market Channels and Major Downstream Buyers. (maiaresearch.com)
- Chapter 3: Value Analysis, Production, Growth Rate and Price Analysis by Type of Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber. (maiaresearch.com)
- Chapter 4: Downstream Characteristics, Consumption and Market Share by Application of Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber. (maiaresearch.com)
- Chapter 5: Production Volume, Price, Gross Margin, and Revenue ($) of Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber by Regions (2013-2018). (maiaresearch.com)
- Chapter 6: Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Production, Consumption, Export and Import by Regions (2013-2018). (maiaresearch.com)
- Chapter 7: Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Market Status and SWOT Analysis by Regions. (maiaresearch.com)
- Chapter 8: Competitive Landscape, Product Introduction, Company Profiles, Market Distribution Status by Players of Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber. (maiaresearch.com)
- Chapter 9: Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Market Analysis and Forecast by Type and Application (2018-2023). (maiaresearch.com)
Styrene acrylate6
- Recent work on developing a circular economy using recycled plastic for distributed manufacturing technologies has proven promising, and this study investigates the potential to use this approach to form stamp sand and acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA) composites. (appropedia.org)
- 10% stamp sand added to acrylonitrile styrene acrylate reduced tensile strength. (appropedia.org)
- Recent research on the Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA) Polymer Market is focused on offering lucrative insights and viewpoints studied on the basis of qualitative and quantitative data evaluation for the forecast period 2020-2025. (reportsinsights.com)
- Moreover, in-depth research on the Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA) Polymer Market highlights important statistics for major investments, product cost, and associated growth opportunities for the report buyers to gain maximum profit and become a leader in the competition. (reportsinsights.com)
- The research also categorizes the Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA) Polymer Market into product, application, end user, and region for the forecast period 2020-2025. (reportsinsights.com)
- For better insights, the Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA) Polymer Market report is segmented on the basis of product, application, end user, and geography. (reportsinsights.com)
Cyanide2
- Within the body acrylonitrile releases cyanide. (cdc.gov)
- Acrylonitrile (ACN), one of the top 50 chemicals produced in the world, is a very powerful pro-oxidant compound whose metabolism leads to a profound glutathione (GSH) depletion and to a production of cyanide (CN) which, in turn, can inhibit superoxide dismutase (SOD). (cdc.gov)
Levels of acrylonitrile4
- The levels of acrylonitrile found in the environment are lower than levels known to cause adverse health effects. (cdc.gov)
- Tests are available to measure levels of acrylonitrile or one of its breakdown products (metabolites) in blood and urine. (cdc.gov)
- Children exposed to the same levels of acrylonitrile vapor as adults may receive larger dose because they have greater lung surface area:body weight ratios and increased minute volumes:weight ratios. (cdc.gov)
- In addition, they may be exposed to higher levels than adults in the same location because of their short stature and the higher levels of acrylonitrile vapor found nearer to the ground. (cdc.gov)
Demand for acrylonitrile1
- In fact, the 2008-2009 acetonitrile shortage was caused by a decrease in demand for acrylonitrile. (wikipedia.org)
Copolymers1
- This report provides an in-depth analysis of the styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers market in the EU. (researchandmarkets.com)
Metabolism1
- Metabolism of acrylonitrile by arthrobacter sp. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
Chemicals4
- The reaction of acrylonitrile with protic nucleophiles is a common route to a variety of specialty chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- Acrylonitrile is used to make other chemicals such as plastics, synthetic rubber, and acrylic fibers. (cdc.gov)
- In air, acrylonitrile breaks down quickly (about half will disappear within 1-12 hours) by reacting with other chemicals and sunlight. (cdc.gov)
- Acrylonitrile, one of the world's most important industrial chemicals, is produced by catalytic reaction of propylene with ammonia. (cdc.gov)
Toxicity3
- Acrylonitrile is absorbed through intact skin, and this can lead to systemic toxicity. (cdc.gov)
- The high toxicity of acrylonitrile [AN], its mutagenic effect and the possibility of carcinogenic effects were discussed. (eurekamag.com)
- The toxicity of acrylonitrile to fish was determined in the fish early life stage test, with P. promelas (Fathead minnows using flow-through conditions. (europa.eu)
Oxidative3
- The glutamic acid route employs oxidative decarboxylation to 3-cyanopropanoic acid, followed by a decarbonylation-elimination to acrylonitrile. (wikipedia.org)
- The mechanism of action of acrylonitrile appears to involve oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
- Mechanisms of oxidative stress in the potentiation of noise -induced hearing loss by acrylonitrile. (cdc.gov)
Acrylamide1
- Hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile affords adiponitrile, used in the synthesis of certain nylons: 2 CH2=CHCN + 2 e− + 2 H+ → NCCH2−CH2−CH2−CH2CN Acrylonitrile is also a precursor in the manufacture of acrylamide and acrylic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Carcinogenic3
- It is classified as a Class 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and workers exposed to high levels of airborne acrylonitrile are diagnosed more frequently with lung cancer than the rest of the population. (wikipedia.org)
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that acrylonitrile is possibly carcinogenic to humans. (cdc.gov)
- The EPA draft, which concludes that acrylonitrile is "likely to be carcinogenic to humans," strengthens EPA's previously adopted position that AN is "probably carcinogenic to humans. (angroup.org)
Monomer2
- Polyacrylonitrile is insoluble in the monomer and the precipitating medium consisted of appropriate mixtures of acrylonitrile (AN) and dimethylformamide (DMF). (gla.ac.uk)
- Acrylonitrile is the main monomer of synthetic fibers commonly called acrylics, which are defined as a manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 by weight of acrylonitrile units. (powershow.com)
Polyacrylonitrile2
- Biocatalytic produced acrylonitrile is of great industrial interest to the "CO2 footprint" of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber production. (bionity.com)
- Most of the carbon fibers are made from an organic polymer known as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which is manufactured using acrylonitrile. (powershow.com)
Routes of Exposure1
- The Acrylonitrile Awareness for General Industry course from ClickSafety is an introductory-level training designed to focus on the properties, routes of exposure, and safety requirements established by OSHA for Acrylonitrile. (clicksafety.com)
Acetonitrile2
- The aqueous solution consists of acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, hydrocyanic acid, and ammonium sulfate (from excess ammonia). (wikipedia.org)
- A recovery column removes bulk water, and acrylonitrile and acetonitrile are separated by distillation. (wikipedia.org)
20194
- The study methodologies used to examine the Acrylonitrile (ACN) market for the forecast period, 2019 - 2026 further classifies the industry by type, geography, end-use and end-user to add more precision and bring to light factors responsible for augmenting business development. (sbwire.com)
- New York, NY -- ( SBWIRE ) -- 02/15/2019 -- The latest report Acrylonitrile (ACN) Market discusses everything a business owner needs to know about the Acrylonitrile (ACN) market for the forecast period, 2019 to 2026. (sbwire.com)
- Data on the entire size of the Acrylonitrile (ACN) market for a particular product or a service for the forecast period, 2019 to 2026 covered in the report makes it valuable. (sbwire.com)
- What is the estimated growth rate of the Acrylonitrile (ACN) market for the forecast period 2019 - 2026? (sbwire.com)
Colorless3
- Acrylonitrile is an organic compound with the formula CH2CHCN and the structure H2C=CH−C≡N. It is a colorless, volatile liquid although commercial samples can be yellow due to impurities. (wikipedia.org)
- Acrylonitrile is a colorless, liquid, man-made chemical with a sharp, onion- or garlic-like odor. (cdc.gov)
- Acrylonitrile is a clear, colorless or slightly yellow liquid that is highly volatile and toxic. (cdc.gov)
Forecast1
- The global Acrylonitrile market is forecast to reach USD 90.26 Billion by 2027, according to a new report by Reports and Data. (powershow.com)
Explored from renewable1
- Various green chemistry routes to acrylonitrile are being explored from renewable feedstocks, such as lignocellulosic biomass, glycerol (from biodiesel production), or glutamic acid (which can itself be produced from renewable feedstocks). (wikipedia.org)
20231
- The global Acrylonitrile Polymer market is expected to reach US$ XX Million by 2028, with a CAGR of XX% from 2023 to 2028, based on HNY Research newly published report. (worldwidemarketreports.com)
Acrolein1
- The glycerol route begins with its dehydration to acrolein, which undergoes ammoxidation to give acrylonitrile. (wikipedia.org)
Styrolution1
- Luran ECO is a styrene acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) resulting from a cooperation between INEOS Styrolution and BASF . (industryintel.com)
Environmental Protec1
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined that acrylonitrile is a probable human carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
Methyl1
- Styrene-acrylonitrile trimer (SAN Trimer), a mixture of six isomers (four isomers of 4-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-alpha-methyl-1-naphthaleneacetonitrile [THAN] and two isomers of 4-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthaleneproprionitrile [THNP]), is a by-product of a specific production process of styrene-acrylonitrile polymer. (rti.org)
Concentrations1
- Decreased birth weight and birth defects have been observed in some laboratory animals exposed to high concentrations of acrylonitrile in air or drinking water. (cdc.gov)
Doses1
- In people with hearing damage caused by noise, exposure to high doses of acrylonitrile can make hearing loss worse. (cdc.gov)
Market12
- The research methodologies used for evaluating the Acrylonitrile (ACN) market are inventive and also provides enough evidence on the demand and supply status, production capability, import and export, supply chain management and investment feasibility. (sbwire.com)
- The market intelligence study for the Acrylonitrile (ACN) market further provides an inside-out overview of necessary aspects associated with the product classification, important definitions, major orders and other industry-centric parameters. (sbwire.com)
- What are the significant trends shaping the growth prospects of the Acrylonitrile (ACN) market? (sbwire.com)
- Qy research groups added Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) market to 2025 to its research database with Information such as company profiles, product picture and specification. (emailwire.com)
- EMAILWIRE.COM , September 24, 2018 ) This report provides in depth study of Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) market using SWOT analysis i.e. (emailwire.com)
- The Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) Market report also provides an in-depth survey of key players in the market which is based on the various objectives of an organization such as profiling, the product outline, the quantity of production, required raw material, and the financial health of the organization. (emailwire.com)
- Additionally, it talks about the vital prospects such as market Restrains, growth drivers, challenges and potential opportunities that may affect the overall Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) market. (emailwire.com)
- This report focuses on the top manufacturers' Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) capacity, production, value, price and market share of Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) in global market. (emailwire.com)
- Besides, this exclusive report cloaks the global Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) Market based on applications, regions, competitive landscape and products. (emailwire.com)
- This report on Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) Market assists in analyzing the condition and situation of the market in primary regions of the world. (emailwire.com)
- To focus on the key Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) manufacturers and study the capacity, production, value, market share and development plans in next few years. (emailwire.com)
- Direct sales channel is one of the mode of distribution channels in the acrylonitrile market. (powershow.com)
Exposure6
- Tobacco and marijuana smoke may also be a source of exposure to acrylonitrile. (cdc.gov)
- These tests cannot predict whether you will have health problems from exposure to acrylonitrile. (cdc.gov)
- The odor threshold is about 10-fold greater than the OSHA permissible exposure limit, so workers can be overexposed to acrylonitrile without being aware of its presence. (cdc.gov)
- Acrylonitrile is heavier than air and exposure can result in asphyxiation in poorly ventilated, enclosed, or low-lying areas. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to acrylonitrile vapor can cause skin and eye irritation. (cdc.gov)
- ClickSafety's Acrylonitrile Awareness for General Industry course teaches essential OSHA standards, exposure limits, and exposure controls as they pertain to Acrylonitrile. (clicksafety.com)
Acrylic acid1
- A metabolite of acrylonitrile was identified as acrylic acid and ammonia. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
Plastics1
- You may be exposed to acrylonitrile from using products that contain acrylonitrile, such as acrylic fiber clothing or carpeting or from food stored in containers made from acrylonitrile-based plastics. (cdc.gov)
Fibers1
- To address this, the main component for the production of PAN fibers , acrylonitrile, will be completely synthesized from renewable resources. (bionity.com)
Report1
- INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 28 ACRYLONITRILE This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. (inchem.org)
Synthesis1
- This is converted into acrylonitrile in several synthesis steps. (bionity.com)
Hazardous1
- Children should avoid playing in the dirt near hazardous waste sites to avoid coming in contact with acrylonitrile. (cdc.gov)
Cigarette smoke1
- Acrylonitrile is one of seven toxicants in cigarette smoke that are most associated with respiratory tract carcinogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Bulk1
- In part I of this thesis, the kinetics of the photoinitiated polymerisation of acrylonitrile, in bulk, in a precipitating medium, and in solution, have been studied and compared. (gla.ac.uk)
Propylene2
- Acrylonitrile is produced by catalytic ammoxidation of propylene, also known as the SOHIO process. (wikipedia.org)
- In US, there was no change in ACN price talks, but higher pricing in September propylene contracts could translate to higher acrylonitrile pricing in October amid stable fundamentals. (yarnsandfibers.com)
Respiratory tract1
- Acrylonitrile is irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. (cdc.gov)
Reactions1
- Acrylonitrile and derivatives, such as 2-chloroacrylonitrile, are dienophiles in Diels-Alder reactions. (wikipedia.org)
Cellular1
- Toxic effects are due primarily to the bioreactivity of acrylonitrile with cellular proteins and to its epoxide intermediate that is mutagenic and genotoxic. (cdc.gov)
Rats1
- Acrylonitrile is moderately toxic with LD50 = 81 mg/kg (rats). (wikipedia.org)
Irritation1
- Stomach irritation has been observed in animals orally exposed to acrylonitrile. (cdc.gov)
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