Acrosome Reaction
Spermatozoa
Sperm Capacitation
Sperm-Ovum Interactions
Zona Pellucida
Sperm Motility
Sperm Head
Spermatids
Fertilization
Spermatogenesis
Calcimycin
Peanut Agglutinin
Ionophores
Epididymis
Sperm Tail
Semen Preservation
Testis
Asterias
Infertility, Male
Sea Urchins
Fertilization in Vitro
Semen
Exocytosis
Sperm Maturation
Seminal Plasma Proteins
Microscopy, Electron
Sperm Midpiece
rab3A GTP-Binding Protein
Calcium
Macropodidae
Benzamidines
Pimozide
Microscopy, Immunoelectron
Cryopreservation
Semen Analysis
Cell Membrane
Antigens, CD46
Fertility
Bisbenzimidazole
Lysophosphatidylcholines
Ejaculation
Guinea Pigs
Fallopian Tubes
Progesterone
Sperm Transport
Sus scrofa
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Mesocricetus
Cricetinae
Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
Swine
Nigericin
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Oocytes
Cattle
Receptors, Cell Surface
Spermatocytes
Sulfuric Acids
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Cervix Mucus
Annelida
Blotting, Western
Contraceptive Agents, Male
Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction
Molecular Sequence Data
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Pentoxifylline
Glycoproteins
Staining and Labeling
Fluorescent Dyes
Follicular Fluid
Membrane Fusion
Marsupialia
Plant Lectins
Glycoconjugates
Fucose
Elements
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Membrane Proteins
Lectins
Amino Acid Sequence
Monensin
Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Seminiferous Epithelium
Spatiotemporal characterization of intracellular Ca2+ rise during the acrosome reaction of mammalian spermatozoa induced by zona pellucida. (1/936)
The mammalian sperm acrosome reaction (AR) is an essential event prior to sperm-egg fusion at fertilization, and it is primarily dependent on an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Spatiotemporal aspects of the [Ca2+]i increase during the AR induced by solubilized zona pellucida (ZP) in hamster spermatozoa were precisely investigated with a Ca2+ imaging technique using confocal laser scanning microscopy with two fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. A rapid rise in [Ca2+]i occurred immediately after the application of ZP solution through a micropipette. The rise was always initiated in the sperm head, even when the application was directed toward the tail. The elevated [Ca2+]i was little attenuated during measurement for 30-40 s. Acrosomal exocytosis was detected as a sudden decrease of fluorescence in the acrosomal vesicle approximately 20 s after the onset of the [Ca2+]i rise. High-resolution imaging revealed that the [Ca2+]i rise in the sperm head began at the region around the equatorial segment and spread over the posterior region of the head within 0.6 s, whereas Ca2+ concentration in the acrosomal vesicle appeared to be unaltered. The [Ca2+]i rise was completely abolished under Ca2+-free extracellular conditions, indicating that it is totally attributable to Ca2+ influx. Nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type Ca2+ channels, did not affect the rising phase of the ZP-induced Ca2+ response, but accelerated the decline of the [Ca2+]i rise and inhibited acrosomal exocytosis. The present study provides implicative information about the spatial organization of functional molecules involved in the signal transduction in mammalian AR. (+info)Flow cytometric method to isolate round spermatids from mouse testis. (2/936)
The purpose of this study was to isolate pure populations of round spermatids from mouse testis by flow cytometry followed by cell sorting. Cell suspensions from mouse testis were enriched in germ cells by centrifugation on a discontinuous Percoll gradient, then analysed using a FACScalibur flow cytometer measuring the cell size and density. A large and well-delimited population of cells (R1) expected to contain round spermatids was observed on the dot plot diagram. Sorted R1 cells were very homogeneous in size (approximately 11 microns) and displayed the characteristic cytological aspect of round spermatids. Spermatid-specific gene expression was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of R1 cells using primers for protamine 2 gene (PRM2) and SP-10. A positive signal for SP-10 was obtained with a single cell using nested primers. The 5.5 kb transcript of c-kit, which is not expressed in spermatids, was not detected by nested RT-PCR, excluding a contamination with spermatogonia. Our results clearly established that flow cytometry followed by cell sorting allows the isolation of a highly homogeneous population of round spermatids from the testis. (+info)Immunolocalization of CRES (Cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic) protein in the acrosomes of mouse spermatozoa. (3/936)
The CRES (cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic) protein is a member of the cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors and exhibits highly restricted expression in the reproductive tract. We have previously shown that CRES protein is present in elongating spermatids in the testis and is synthesized and secreted by the proximal caput epididymal epithelium. The presence of CRES protein in developing germ cells and in the luminal fluid surrounding maturing spermatozoa prompted us to examine whether CRES protein is associated with spermatozoa. In the studies presented, indirect immunofluorescence, immunogold electron microscopy, and Western blot analysis demonstrated that CRES protein is localized in sperm acrosomes and is released during the acrosome reaction. Interestingly, while the 19- and 14-kDa CRES proteins were present in testicular and proximal caput epididymal spermatozoa, the 14-kDa CRES protein was the predominant form present in mid-caput to cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Furthermore, following the ionophore-induced acrosome reaction, CRES protein localization was similar to that of proacrosin/acrosin in that it was detected in the soluble fraction as well as associated with the acrosome-reacted spermatozoa. The presence of CRES protein in the sperm acrosome, a site of high hydrolytic and proteolytic activity, suggests that CRES may play a role in the regulation of intraacrosomal protein processing or may be involved in fertilization. (+info)Actin filament-membrane attachment: are membrane particles involved? (4/936)
The association of actin filaments with membranes is an important feature in the motility of nonmuscle cells. We investigated the role of membrane particles in the attachment of actin filaments to membranes in those systems in which the attachment site can be identified. Freeze fractures through the end-on attachment site of the acrosomal filament bundles in Mytilus (mussel) and Limulus (horseshoe crab) sperm and the attachment site of the microvillar filament bundles in the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells were examined. There are no particles on the P face of the membrane at these sites in the sperm systems and generally none at these sites in microvilli. In microvilli, the actin filaments are also attached along their lengths to the membrane by bridges. When the isolated brush border is incubated in high concentrations of Mg++ (15 mM), the actin filaments form paracrystals and, as a result, the bridges are in register (330 A period). Under these conditions, alignment of the particles on the P face of the membrane into circumferential bands also occurs. However, these bands are generally separated by 800-900 A, indicating that all the bridges cannot be directly attached to membrane particles. Thus membrane particles are not directly involved in the attachment of actin filaments to membranes. (+info)Acrosome formation during sperm transit through the epididymis in two marsupials, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). (5/936)
In certain Australian marsupials including the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), formation of the acrosome is not completed in the testis but during a complex differentiation process as spermatozoa pass through the epididymis. Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy this paper defined the process of acrosome formation in the epididymis, providing temporal and spatial information on the striking reorganisation of the acrosomal membranes and matrix and of the overlying sperm surface involved. On leaving the testis wallaby and possum spermatozoa had elongated 'scoop'-shaped acrosomes projecting from the dorsal surface of the head. During passage down the epididymis, this structure condensed into the compact button-like organelle found on ejaculated spermatozoa. This condensation was achieved by a complex process of infolding and fusion of the lateral projections of the 'scoop'. In the head of the epididymis the rims of the lateral scoop projections became shorter and thickened and folded inwards, to eventually meet midway along the longitudinal axis of the acrosome. As spermatozoa passed through the body of the epididymis the lateral projections fused together. Evidence of this fusion of the immature outer acrosomal membrane is the presence of vesicles within the acrosomal matrix which persist even in ejaculated spermatozoa. When spermatozoa have reached the tail of the epididymis the acrosome condenses into its mature form, as a small button-like structure contained within the depression on the anterior end of the nucleus. During the infolding process, the membranes associated with the immature acrosome are either engulfed into the acrosomal matrix (outer acrosomal membrane), or eliminated from the sperm head as tubular membrane elements (cytoplasmic membrane). Thus the surface and organelles of the testicular sperm head are transient structures in those marsupials with posttesticular acrosome formation and this must be taken into consideration in attempts to dissect the cell and molecular biology of fertilisation. (+info)Real-time observation of acrosomal dispersal from mouse sperm using GFP as a marker protein. (6/936)
We produced transgenic mouse lines that accumulate mutated green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in sperm acrosome, a membrane limited organelle overlying the nucleus. The sperm showed normal fertilizing ability and the integrity of their acrosome was easily examined in a non-invasive manner by tracing the GFP in individual 'live' sperm with fluorescent microscopy. The time required for the dispersal of acrosomal contents was demonstrated to be approximately 3 s after the onset of acrosome reaction. (+info)Scanning electron-microscopical and other observations of sperm fertilization reactions in Limulus polyphemus L. (Merostomata: Xiphosura). (7/936)
Sperm fertilization reactions of Limulus polyphemus were examined by scanning electron and/or light microscopy. The following were considered: sperm motility, attachment of sperm to egg, acrosome reaction, and penetration of the acrosomal filament. The spermatozoa after semination are non-motile and become active only in close proximity to a defined region surrounding the egg. Egg materials diffusing into this region induce sperm motility and stimulate large numbers of spermatozoa to move towards the egg surface. Each sperm initially attaches by the apical tip and undergoes the acrosome reaction which causes a more permanent secondary attachment by the adhesion of acrosomal contents to the egg surface. The acrosome reaction also initiates the penetration of the acrosomal filament through the egg envelope, an event occurring in 70-80% of the attached spermatozoa (about 10(6). Shortly after this penetration, a secondary reaction occurs which involves a spiralling of the flagellum and an incorporation into the sperm body of the flagellar fibrous components, which then become closely apposed to the sperm nucleus. These sperm fertilization reactions were performed or initiated with 0-34 M CaCl2 in whole eggs, egg sections, excised egg envelopes and/or the outer basement lamina of the egg envelope. The Limulus fertilization system is very valuable since sperm reactions can be examined biochemically, which may lead to a better understanding of the chemical mechanisms involved in sperm-egg interactions in all animal species. (+info)Identification of Rab3A GTPase as an acrosome-associated small GTP-binding protein in rat sperm. (8/936)
The acrosome reaction is a membrane fusion event that is prerequisite for sperm penetration through the zona pellucida. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in membrane fusion, the expression and localization of Rab proteins, a subfamily of small GTPases that have been shown to play key roles in regulation of intracellular membrane traffic and exocytosis, were examined in rat testis and sperm. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot analysis, and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that Rab3A protein, which is thought to be involved in regulation of exocytosis in neurons and endocrine cells, is associated with the sperm acrosome. The protein was undetectable in acrosome-free heads prepared by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Immunogold electron microscopy performed on ultrathin cryosections provided further evidence that Rab3A protein is associated with the acrosomal membrane. Acrosome reaction assays revealed that synthetic peptide of the Rab3 effector domain inhibited acrosomal exocytosis triggered by calcium ionophore A23187 in a concentration-dependent fashion, suggesting that Rab3A acts as an inhibitory regulator in the acrosome reaction. In view of the putative role of Rab3A protein in membrane fusion systems, these results suggest that Rab3A could be involved in regulating the mammalian acrosome reaction by controlling the membrane fusion system in sperm. (+info)Acrosin is an enzyme that is produced by sperm cells and is responsible for the penetration of the zona pellucida, the outer layer of the egg, during fertilization. It is a serine protease that cleaves the zona pellucida glycoproteins, allowing the sperm to penetrate and fertilize the egg. Acrosin is essential for successful fertilization and is therefore an important factor in male fertility.
Egg proteins are the proteins found in eggs. They are a rich source of essential amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins in the body. Egg proteins are commonly used in the medical field as a dietary supplement for people who are unable to consume enough protein through their regular diet, such as people with certain medical conditions or athletes who engage in strenuous physical activity. Egg proteins are also used in the production of medical products such as vaccines and antibodies.
Calcimycin, also known as FK506, is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called immunosuppressants. It is primarily used to prevent organ rejection in people who have received a transplant, such as a kidney or liver transplant. Calcimycin works by inhibiting the activity of a protein called calcineurin, which plays a key role in the activation of T-cells, a type of white blood cell that is involved in the immune response. By inhibiting calcineurin, calcimycin helps to suppress the immune system and reduce the risk of organ rejection. Calcimycin is usually given as an oral tablet or as an injection. It can cause side effects such as headache, nausea, and diarrhea, and it may interact with other medications.
Peanut agglutinin (PNA) is a lectin, which is a type of protein that binds to specific carbohydrate structures on the surface of cells. It is derived from the seeds of the peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea) and has been used in medical research and diagnostics for several purposes. One of the main uses of PNA is in the diagnosis of certain types of cancer, particularly leukemia and lymphoma. PNA binds to specific carbohydrate structures on the surface of cancer cells, allowing them to be identified and distinguished from normal cells. This can be useful in identifying the type and stage of cancer, as well as monitoring the effectiveness of treatment. PNA has also been used in the diagnosis of other conditions, such as autoimmune diseases and infectious diseases. In these cases, PNA is used to identify specific types of immune cells or pathogens that are present in the body. In addition to its diagnostic uses, PNA has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications. For example, it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may be useful in treating conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, peanut agglutinin is a valuable tool in the medical field, with a wide range of potential applications in research and diagnostics.
Infertility, male refers to the inability of a man to produce viable sperm or to deliver them to his partner in a way that can result in pregnancy. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, infections, injuries to the reproductive organs, or certain medications or environmental factors. Male infertility can be diagnosed through a series of tests, including semen analysis, hormone testing, and imaging studies. Treatment options for male infertility may include medications, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Chlortetracycline is an antibiotic medication that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted infections. It works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and is often used in combination with other medications to treat more severe infections. Chlortetracycline is available in both oral and injectable forms and is typically prescribed for short-term use. It is important to follow the dosage instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to complete the full course of treatment, even if you start to feel better before the medication is finished. Like all medications, chlortetracycline can cause side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and an allergic reaction. It is important to talk to your healthcare provider if you experience any side effects while taking this medication.
Seminal plasma proteins are proteins found in the fluid portion of semen. They are produced by various cells within the male reproductive system, including the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and epididymis. These proteins play a number of important roles in the reproductive process, including protecting and nourishing sperm cells, facilitating sperm movement, and contributing to the viscosity of semen. Some of the most well-known seminal plasma proteins include prostate-specific antigen (PSA), fructose, and citrate. Abnormal levels of seminal plasma proteins can sometimes be an indication of certain medical conditions, such as prostate cancer or infections of the reproductive system.
Rab3A GTP-Binding Protein is a small GTPase protein that plays a crucial role in regulating the transport of synaptic vesicles to the presynaptic membrane in neurons. It is involved in the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, which is the process by which neurons communicate with each other and with other cells in the body. Rab3A is expressed in a wide range of tissues, including the brain, spinal cord, heart, and pancreas, and is involved in a variety of cellular processes beyond neurotransmitter release. It has been implicated in the regulation of insulin secretion, the development of cancer, and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Mutations in the RAB3A gene have been associated with several inherited disorders, including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A), a peripheral neuropathy characterized by weakness and wasting of the muscles in the legs and feet.
Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It is a vital mineral for the human body and is essential for many bodily functions, including bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. In the medical field, calcium is often used to diagnose and treat conditions related to calcium deficiency or excess. For example, low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) can cause muscle cramps, numbness, and tingling, while high levels (hypercalcemia) can lead to kidney stones, bone loss, and other complications. Calcium supplements are often prescribed to people who are at risk of developing calcium deficiency, such as older adults, vegetarians, and people with certain medical conditions. However, it is important to note that excessive calcium intake can also be harmful, and it is important to follow recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements.
Benzamidines are a class of chemical compounds that contain a benzene ring with an amide functional group. They are commonly used as inhibitors of serine proteases, which are enzymes that play important roles in various physiological processes, including blood clotting, inflammation, and digestion. In the medical field, benzamidines are used as anti-inflammatory agents and anticoagulants. They are also used to treat conditions such as peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Some benzamidines are also used as antiviral agents to treat viral infections such as hepatitis B and C. Benzamidines work by binding to the active site of serine proteases, thereby inhibiting their activity. This inhibition can help to reduce inflammation, prevent blood clotting, and treat various conditions associated with excessive protease activity. However, benzamidines can also have side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and they may interact with other medications.
Pimozide is a medication that is primarily used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. It works by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of mood, movement, and other cognitive functions. Pimozide is typically administered orally in tablet form and is usually taken once or twice a day. It can cause side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, and dry mouth, and it may also increase the risk of developing movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
CD46 is a protein found on the surface of many different types of cells in the body, including immune cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. It is a member of the complement regulatory protein family and plays a role in regulating the immune system's response to infections and other stimuli. Antigens, CD46 refers to molecules that bind to the CD46 protein on the surface of cells. These antigens can be recognized by the immune system as foreign and trigger an immune response. In some cases, the immune system may mistakenly attack cells that express CD46, leading to autoimmune diseases such as lupus or Goodpasture's syndrome. CD46 is also a target for certain viruses, such as measles virus, which uses it to enter and infect cells. Vaccines against measles virus often contain a small amount of inactivated or weakened measles virus that binds to CD46 on cells, triggering an immune response without causing the disease. Overall, CD46 plays an important role in regulating the immune system and is a target for both the immune system and certain viruses.
Bisbenzimidazole is a class of organic compounds that are commonly used as antifungal agents. They are structurally related to benzimidazole, a heterocyclic compound with a six-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom. Bisbenzimidazoles are characterized by the presence of two benzimidazole rings joined by a linker group. In the medical field, bisbenzimidazoles are used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including dermatophytosis (ringworm), candidiasis (yeast infection), and aspergillosis (fungal pneumonia). They work by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of fungi by interfering with their cell division and metabolism. The most commonly used bisbenzimidazole in medicine is miconazole, which is available in various forms, including creams, ointments, and tablets. Other bisbenzimidazoles, such as ketoconazole and itraconazole, are also used to treat fungal infections, but they are typically used for more severe or resistant infections.
Lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) are a type of phospholipid that are found in cell membranes and are involved in various cellular processes. They are characterized by the presence of a fatty acid chain attached to a glycerol backbone with a phosphate group and a choline head group. In the medical field, LPCs have been studied for their potential role in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. They have been shown to modulate cell signaling pathways, affect cell proliferation and migration, and contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress. LPCs have also been used as a tool in diagnostic imaging and as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of certain diseases. For example, LPCs have been used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the blood-brain barrier and to detect brain tumors. They have also been investigated as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease, as they have been shown to improve cognitive function in animal models of the disease.
Progesterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system. It is produced by the ovaries and the placenta during pregnancy and is responsible for preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining the pregnancy. Progesterone also helps to regulate the menstrual cycle and can be used as a contraceptive. In addition to its reproductive functions, progesterone has a number of other effects on the body. It can help to reduce inflammation, promote bone density, and regulate mood. Progesterone is also used in medical treatment for a variety of conditions, including menopause, osteoporosis, and certain types of breast cancer. Progesterone is available as a medication in a variety of forms, including oral tablets, injections, and creams. It is important to note that progesterone can have side effects, including nausea, dizziness, and mood changes. It is important to discuss the potential risks and benefits of using progesterone with a healthcare provider before starting treatment.
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) is a fluorescent dye that is commonly used in the medical field for various diagnostic and research purposes. It is a water-soluble, yellow-green fluorescent dye that is highly sensitive to light and can be easily excited by ultraviolet light. In medical applications, FITC is often used as a fluorescent marker to label cells, proteins, and other molecules. It can be conjugated to antibodies, nucleic acids, and other molecules to enable visualization and analysis of these molecules in cells and tissues. FITC is also used in diagnostic tests, such as flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, to detect and quantify specific cells or molecules in biological samples. It is also used in research to study cell biology, immunology, and other areas of biomedical science. Overall, FITC is a valuable tool in the medical field due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ease of use.
Nigericin is a natural antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces niger. It is a polypeptide antibiotic that has a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Nigericin is also effective against gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. In the medical field, nigericin is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, particularly in the treatment of skin and wound infections. It is also used as an antifungal agent to treat fungal infections such as candidiasis and aspergillosis. Nigericin has also been studied for its potential use in cancer therapy, as it has been shown to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing healthy cells. However, nigericin is not commonly used in clinical practice due to its potential toxicity and side effects, including skin irritation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It is also not approved by regulatory agencies for use in humans.
Membrane glycoproteins are proteins that are attached to the cell membrane through a glycosyl group, which is a complex carbohydrate. These proteins play important roles in cell signaling, cell adhesion, and cell recognition. They are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including immune response, cell growth and differentiation, and nerve transmission. Membrane glycoproteins can be classified into two main types: transmembrane glycoproteins, which span the entire cell membrane, and peripheral glycoproteins, which are located on one side of the membrane.
Receptors, cell surface are proteins that are located on the surface of cells and are responsible for receiving signals from the environment. These signals can be chemical, electrical, or mechanical in nature and can trigger a variety of cellular responses. There are many different types of cell surface receptors, including ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors. These receptors play a critical role in many physiological processes, including sensation, communication, and regulation of cellular activity. In the medical field, understanding the function and regulation of cell surface receptors is important for developing new treatments for a wide range of diseases and conditions.
Sulfuric acid is a strong acid that is commonly used in the medical field for various purposes. It is a colorless, odorless, and corrosive liquid that is highly soluble in water. In the medical field, sulfuric acid is used as a chemical reagent in various laboratory procedures, such as the preparation of buffers, the extraction of proteins, and the analysis of biological samples. It is also used as a component in some medications, such as certain antacids and laxatives. However, sulfuric acid is highly caustic and can cause severe burns and tissue damage if it comes into contact with the skin or eyes. Therefore, it is important to handle sulfuric acid with extreme caution and to follow proper safety protocols when working with it.
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase (also known as hyaluronidase) is an enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid, a complex carbohydrate found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. It is primarily produced by cells in the immune system, such as neutrophils and macrophages, and is involved in the process of inflammation. In the medical field, hyaluronoglucosaminidase is used as a diagnostic tool to detect and monitor certain diseases, such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. It is also used in certain medical procedures, such as tissue repair and wound healing, to break down hyaluronic acid and facilitate the migration of cells to the site of injury. In addition, hyaluronoglucosaminidase has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand its role in these conditions and to develop effective treatments.
Pentoxifylline is a medication that is used to improve blood flow in the body. It is primarily used to treat conditions such as intermittent claudication (a condition in which the muscles cramp and become painful when walking due to poor blood flow), and to reduce the risk of blood clots after surgery. Pentoxifylline works by relaxing the muscles in the blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easily. It is usually taken by mouth in the form of tablets.
Glycoproteins are a type of protein that contains one or more carbohydrate chains covalently attached to the protein molecule. These carbohydrate chains are made up of sugars and are often referred to as glycans. Glycoproteins play important roles in many biological processes, including cell signaling, cell adhesion, and immune response. They are found in many different types of cells and tissues throughout the body, and are often used as markers for various diseases and conditions. In the medical field, glycoproteins are often studied as potential targets for the development of new drugs and therapies.
Plant lectins are a class of proteins found in many plants that have a specific affinity for binding to carbohydrates. They are known to have a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor properties. In the medical field, plant lectins are being studied for their potential use in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune disorders. They are also being investigated as adjuvants in vaccines to enhance the immune response. Some plant lectins have been approved for use as drugs, such as concanavalin A, which is used to diagnose hepatitis B and C infections.
Glycoconjugates are complex molecules that consist of carbohydrates (sugars) covalently attached to other molecules, such as proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids. In the medical field, glycoconjugates play important roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, immune response, and disease pathogenesis. Glycoconjugates are found on the surface of cells and in the extracellular matrix, and they can be modified in response to various stimuli. For example, changes in the glycosylation patterns of proteins can affect their function and stability, and altered glycosylation has been implicated in many diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. In addition to their biological functions, glycoconjugates are also important targets for drug discovery and development. Many drugs and vaccines target specific glycoconjugates on the surface of cells or viruses, and the development of glycoconjugate-based therapies is an active area of research in the medical field.
Fucose is a monosaccharide that is commonly found in the cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plants. In the medical field, fucose is often used as a diagnostic tool to identify certain types of bacteria and fungi. It is also used in the production of certain types of vaccines and antibiotics. Additionally, fucose has been shown to have potential therapeutic applications, such as in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
In the medical field, the term "elements" typically refers to the basic building blocks of matter that make up the human body. These elements include: 1. Hydrogen: The most abundant element in the human body, found in water, proteins, and carbohydrates. 2. Carbon: The second most abundant element in the body, found in carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. 3. Oxygen: Essential for respiration and energy production, found in the air we breathe and in water. 4. Nitrogen: Found in proteins and nucleic acids. 5. Calcium: Essential for bone health and nerve function, found in dairy products, leafy greens, and seafood. 6. Phosphorus: Essential for bone health and energy production, found in dairy products, meat, and whole grains. 7. Sodium: Regulates fluid balance and nerve function, found in table salt and many processed foods. 8. Potassium: Regulates fluid balance and nerve function, found in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. 9. Chlorine: Regulates fluid balance and helps with digestion, found in table salt and many processed foods. 10. Magnesium: Essential for muscle and nerve function, found in leafy greens, nuts, and whole grains. These elements are essential for the proper functioning of the human body and are obtained through a balanced diet and proper hydration.
Enzyme precursors are the inactive forms of enzymes that are synthesized in the body and need to be activated before they can perform their specific functions. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body, and they play a crucial role in various physiological processes such as digestion, metabolism, and energy production. Enzyme precursors are usually synthesized in the liver and other organs and are transported to the cells where they are needed. Once inside the cells, they are activated by a process called proteolysis, which involves the cleavage of specific amino acid bonds in the enzyme precursor molecule. Enzyme precursors are important for maintaining proper enzyme function and activity in the body. Deficiencies in enzyme precursors can lead to enzyme deficiencies, which can cause a range of health problems. For example, a deficiency in the enzyme precursor for the enzyme lactase can lead to lactose intolerance, a condition in which the body is unable to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products.
Membrane proteins are proteins that are embedded within the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane. They play a crucial role in regulating the movement of substances across the membrane, as well as in cell signaling and communication. There are several types of membrane proteins, including integral membrane proteins, which span the entire membrane, and peripheral membrane proteins, which are only in contact with one or both sides of the membrane. Membrane proteins can be classified based on their function, such as transporters, receptors, channels, and enzymes. They are important for many physiological processes, including nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and cell growth and division.
Lectins are a class of proteins that are found in many plants, animals, and microorganisms. They are characterized by their ability to bind to specific carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches, on the surface of cells. In the medical field, lectins have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications. For example, some lectins have been shown to have antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, and may be useful in the development of new drugs to treat infections. Lectins have also been used as research tools to study cell-cell interactions and to identify specific cell surface markers. In addition, some lectins have been used in diagnostic tests to detect specific diseases or conditions, such as cancer or diabetes. However, it is important to note that not all lectins are safe or effective for medical use, and some may even be toxic. Therefore, the use of lectins in medicine requires careful consideration and testing to ensure their safety and efficacy.
Monensin is a polyether antibiotic that is used in veterinary medicine to treat various infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as protozoa. It works by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of these microorganisms by disrupting their cell membranes. In the medical field, monensin is primarily used to treat cattle and other livestock, particularly for respiratory and digestive infections caused by bacteria such as Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Escherichia coli. It is also used to treat protozoal infections such as coccidiosis in poultry and sheep. Monensin is available in various forms, including oral drenches, injectable solutions, and feed additives. It is generally well-tolerated by animals, although some may experience mild side effects such as diarrhea, decreased appetite, and weight loss. As with any medication, it is important to follow the recommended dosage and administration guidelines provided by a veterinarian.
Acrosome
Acrosome reaction
EQTN
Egg jelly
Biochemical cascade
Jean Clark Dan
Capacitation
SPACA3
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Salvatoria clavata
Globozoospermia
Hamster zona-free ovum test
SYT6
Acroplaxome
Spermatozoon
Zona pellucida
Peanut agglutinin
Spermatogenesis
V-ATPase
Acrosin
Glycodelin
Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection
Pablo Visconti
GOPC
ACRV1
Immunocontraception
Decapacitation factor
Linda Holland
BNC1
Caenorhabditis elegans
Involvement of zinc in the regulation of pHi, motility, and acrosome reactions in sea urchin sperm. | Journal of Cell Biology |...
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Sperm22
- Involvement of zinc in the regulation of pHi, motility, and acrosome reactions in sea urchin sperm. (rupress.org)
- Since both sperm motility and acrosome reactions are in part regulated by intracellular pH (pHi), the effect of chelators on the sperm pHi was examined by using the fluorescent pH sensitive probe, 9-aminoacridine, EDTA depresses sperm pHi in both species, and 0.1 microM free Zn+2 reverses this pHi depression. (rupress.org)
- When sperm are diluted into media that contain chelators, both NH4Cl and monensin (a Na+/H+ ionophore) increase the sperm pHi and reverse the chelator inhibition of sperm motility and acrosome reactions. (rupress.org)
- The results of this study are consistent with the involvement of a trace metal (probably zinc) in the pHi regulation of sea urchin sperm and indicate a likely mechanism for the previously observed effects of chelators on sperm motility and acrosome reactions. (rupress.org)
- Normal sperm cells have an oval-shaped head with a cap-like covering called the acrosome. (medlineplus.gov)
- The acrosome contains enzymes that break down the outer membrane of an egg cell, allowing the sperm to fertilize the egg. (medlineplus.gov)
- The sperm cells of males with globozoospermia, however, have a round head and no acrosome. (medlineplus.gov)
- The DPY19L2 protein is involved in the development of the acrosome and elongation of the sperm head, which are integral steps in sperm cell maturation. (medlineplus.gov)
- As a result, sperm cells have no acrosome and do not elongate properly. (medlineplus.gov)
- Without an acrosome, the abnormal sperm are unable to get through the outer membrane of an egg cell to fertilize it, leading to infertility in affected men. (medlineplus.gov)
- A recurrent deletion of DPY19L2 causes infertility in man by blocking sperm head elongation and acrosome formation. (medlineplus.gov)
- According to the results, acrosome integrity and viability were the only sperm attributes that were significantly different between high- and low-fertility bulls. (teagasc.ie)
- Taken together, we conclude that viability and acrosome integrity could serve as fertility biomarkers in the field and, when used alongside other sperm attributes, may be useful in detecting low-fertility bulls. (teagasc.ie)
- Phospholipase C zeta undergoes dynamic changes in its pattern of localization in sperm during capacitation and the acrosome reaction. (ox.ac.uk)
- Next, we used hamster and mouse models to investigate the localization of PLC zeta in non-capacitated and capacitated sperm and in sperm treated with ionophore to induce the acrosome reaction. (ox.ac.uk)
- CONCLUSION(S): Phospholipase C zeta is localized to acrosomal and post-acrosomal regions and undergoes dynamic changes during capacitation and the acrosome reaction, indicating a potential role regulating not only egg activation but other sperm functions. (ox.ac.uk)
- When stimulated with progesterone or A23187 (a calcium ionophore), sperm from these animals had a defective acrosome reaction. (uandes.cl)
- The acrosome, a single exocytotic vesicle on the head of sperm, has an essential role in fertilization, but the exact mechanisms by which it facilitates sperm-egg interactions remain unresolved. (nih.gov)
- This review focuses on recent findings using genetically modified mice (gene knockouts and transgenic 'green acrosome' mice) to study the effects of eliminating acrosomal matrix-associated proteins on sperm structure and function. (nih.gov)
- Some gene knockouts produce infertile phenotypes with obviously missing, specific activities that affect acrosome biogenesis during spermatogenesis or interfere with acrosome function in mature sperm. (nih.gov)
- 0,05) percentage of sperm with lost acrosomes in Percoll® treated samples compared to Swim up. (conicet.gov.ar)
- Instead, may protect sperm from premature acrosome reaction in the epididymis by binding to lipid peroxides, which might otherwise interact with phospholipase A2 and induce the acrosome reaction. (joplink.net)
Reaction4
- and when exposed to egg jelly, an acrosome reaction is induced. (rupress.org)
- In the presence of a variety of structurally different metal chelators (0.1-1 mM EDTA, EGTA, phenanthroline, dipyridyl, cysteine, or dithiothreitol), motility initiation is delayed and the acrosome reaction is inhibited. (rupress.org)
- In both forms of male infertility the ability to undergo an acrosome reaction decreases. (cdc.gov)
- AZP-Ab and its association with ASA in quired to activate the acrosome reaction [ 1 ]. (who.int)
Biogenesis1
- Vps13b is required for acrosome biogenesis through functions in Golgi dynamic and membrane trafficking. (bvsalud.org)
Exocytosis1
- This could be attributed to a better acrosome exocytosis, associated to the absence of certain membrane proteins. (conicet.gov.ar)
Reactions1
- These Ca2+ and K+ channels are involved in early events of acrosome reactions. (cdc.gov)
Spermatozoa1
- Interestingly, although spermatozoa from low-fertility bulls, on average, had reduced viability and acrosome integrity, this response varied considerably from bull to bull. (teagasc.ie)
Formation1
- In general, these studies enable the reassessment of paradigms to explain acrosome formation and function and provide novel, objective insights into the roles of acrosomal matrix proteins in fertilization. (nih.gov)
Increased the acrosome reaction1
- Incubation of epididymal spermatozoa in medium containing 1 microgram/ml and 10 micrograms/ml progesterone significantly increased the acrosome reaction as monitored by a chlortetracycline fluorescence assay. (nih.gov)
Motility5
- Here we show that spermatozoa in gene-edited mice lacking a BTBD18 targeted pachytene piRNA cluster on Chr18 have severe sperm head dysmorphology, poor motility, impaired acrosome exocytosis, zona pellucida penetration and are sterile. (nih.gov)
- Sperm was collected from the epididymis and several parameters of sperm function, such as sperm density, motility, viability, mitochondrial function, acrosome integrity and morphology, were evaluated. (ua.pt)
- Thus, the results obtained indicate that, together with impaired motility, the effect of lead toxicity on acrosome integrity, leading to premature reaction, may compromise the ability of sperm to fertilize the oocyte. (ua.pt)
- Calcium regulation is highly important for fertility and can influence motility, capacitation, and acrosome reaction. (pathfertility.com)
- In adjusted models, semen quality parameters were associated with significantly shorter TTP as measured by FORs >1: percent motility, strict and traditional morphology, sperm head width, elongation factor, and acrosome area. (emmes.com)
Exocytosis5
- In many animals, the acrosome is a secretory vesicle with exocytosis essential for sperm penetration through the egg coats. (washington.edu)
- We provide evidence that the acrosome induces changes in sperm plasma membrane, exclusive of exocytosis and through the action of the acrosomal membrane protein Snky. (washington.edu)
- The recent observation that human sperm bind to the mouse zona pellucida only when huZP2 replaces the endogenous mouse protein contradicts long-standing models of ZP3 acting as the primary mediator of gametes recognition and inducer of sperm acrosome exocytosis. (nih.gov)
- Sperm from transgenic mice in which nuclear protamines are tagged with EGFP and soluble mCherry is released upon acrosome exocytosis were imaged by time-lapse microscopy. (nih.gov)
- We conclude that the N-terminus of ZP2 is the ligand for gamete recognition and acrosome exocytosis is induced by the zona matrix during sperm penetration. (nih.gov)
Zona6
- Inhibition of the influx by three inhibitors of the zona pellucida induced acrosome reaction: tyrphostin A48, pertussis toxin, and 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate. (nih.gov)
- 7. Differential sensitivity of progesterone- and zona pellucida-induced acrosome reactions to pertussis toxin. (nih.gov)
- 10. Solubilization and partial purification from mouse sperm membranes of the specific binding activity for 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, a potent inhibitor of the zona pellucida-induced acrosome reaction. (nih.gov)
- Only acrosome-intact sperm bind to the surface of the zona pellucida and only acrosome-reacted sperm are present in the perivitelline space after penetration of the zona pellucida. (nih.gov)
- Intriguingly, in the absence of ZP1, a looser zona matrix is formed to which acrosome-intact sperm bind and penetrate, but remain acrosome-intact. (nih.gov)
- The zona pellucida (ZP) is a glycoprotein membrane surrounding the oocyte and is required to activate the acrosome reaction [1]. (who.int)
Enzymes3
- The acrosome contains enzymes that break down the outer membrane of an egg cell, allowing the sperm to fertilize the egg. (medlineplus.gov)
- Enzymes are released and the plamsa membrane over the acrosome is dissolved. (freezingblue.com)
- Acrosome, derived from LYSOSOMES , is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the required hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes necessary for sperm penetration of the egg in FERTILIZATION . (bvsalud.org)
Elongation2
- The DPY19L2 protein is involved in the development of the acrosome and elongation of the sperm head, which are integral steps in sperm cell maturation. (medlineplus.gov)
- A recurrent deletion of DPY19L2 causes infertility in man by blocking sperm head elongation and acrosome formation. (medlineplus.gov)
Protein4
- The mutant phenotype arises from aberrant formation of proacrosomal vesicles, distortion of the trans-Golgi network, and up-regulation of GOLGA2 transcripts and protein associated with acrosome dysgenesis. (nih.gov)
- Using a transgene that expresses an active Snky-Green fluorescent protein fusion (Snky-GFP), we show that the protein is localized to the acrosome, a membrane-bound vesicle located at the apical tip of sperm. (washington.edu)
- Snky-GFP also allowed us to follow the fate of the protein and the acrosome during fertilization. (washington.edu)
- VAMP3 is a membrane protein that helps dock the sperm acrosome to the plasma membrane-an important process for the acrosome reaction. (pathfertility.com)
Fertilization1
- 20. [Acrosome reaction and fertilization]. (nih.gov)
Inhibit2
- 13. Calcium channel antagonists inhibit the acrosome reaction and bind to plasma membranes of sea urchin sperm. (nih.gov)
- VAMP3 is regulated by calcium ions, therefore, disruption of calcium ion channels may inhibit proper acrosome reaction which may impact the sperm's ability to fertilize the egg. (pathfertility.com)
Nucleus1
- Included in these are failure of the basal body to make normal attachment to the nucleus, failure of acrosomes to develop, and lack of a normal pupulation of perinuclear microtubules. (usu.edu)
Globozoospermia1
- The sperm cells of males with globozoospermia, however, have a round head and no acrosome. (medlineplus.gov)
Progesterone1
- 17 alpha-OH-progesterone, however, failed to show any effect on the acrosome reaction. (nih.gov)
Infertility2
- Without an acrosome, the abnormal sperm are unable to get through the outer membrane of an egg cell to fertilize it, leading to infertility in affected men. (medlineplus.gov)
- In both forms of male infertility the ability to undergo an acrosome reaction decreases. (cdc.gov)
Cells2
- Normal sperm cells have an oval-shaped head with a cap-like covering called the acrosome. (medlineplus.gov)
- As a result, sperm cells have no acrosome and do not elongate properly. (medlineplus.gov)
Human3
- 9. An influx of extracellular calcium is required for initiation of the human sperm acrosome reaction induced by human follicular fluid. (nih.gov)
- 17. Initiation of the human sperm acrosome reaction by thapsigargin. (nih.gov)
- The VAMP3 gene is important for human sperm acrosome reaction. (pathfertility.com)
Function1
- We relate the characteristics of Drosophila Snky, acrosome function and sperm PMBD to membrane fusion events that occur in other systems. (washington.edu)
Calcium1
- 19. ERK1/2 mediates sperm acrosome reaction through elevation of intracellular calcium concentration. (nih.gov)
Lead1
- However, a decrease in the percentage of intact acrosomes was also observed, mirroring a lead-induced premature acrosome reaction. (ua.pt)