An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.
Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in mice infected with mouse leukemia viruses (MuLV). The syndrome shows striking similarities with human AIDS and is characterized by lymphadenopathy, profound immunosuppression, enhanced susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and B-cell lymphomas.
A characteristic symptom complex.
The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with SRV serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with SRV or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; (MPMV), or in monkeys infected with SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.
Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and in some cats infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV).
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus feline lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, FELINE) isolated from cats with a chronic wasting syndrome, presumed to be immune deficiency. There are 3 strains: Petaluma (FIP-P), Oma (FIP-O) and Puma lentivirus (PLV). There is no antigenic relationship between FIV and HIV, nor does FIV grow in human T-cells.
The sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same SEX.
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).
Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.
Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.
The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.
Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Proteins encoded by the TAT GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.
Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.
An HIV species related to HIV-1 but carrying different antigenic components and with differing nucleic acid composition. It shares serologic reactivity and sequence homology with the simian Lentivirus SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and infects only T4-lymphocytes expressing the CD4 phenotypic marker.
A genus in the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of exogenous horizontally-transmitted viruses found in a few groups of mammals. Infections caused by these viruses include human B- or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), and bovine leukemia (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS). The type species is LEUKEMIA VIRUS, BOVINE.
External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 120 kDa and contains numerous glycosylation sites. Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV.
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
A major core protein of the human immunodeficiency virus encoded by the HIV gag gene. HIV-seropositive individuals mount a significant immune response to p24 and thus detection of antibodies to p24 is one basis for determining HIV infection by ELISA and Western blot assays. The protein is also being investigated as a potential HIV immunogen in vaccines.
Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.
Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)
55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.
A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A reverse transcriptase encoded by the POL GENE of HIV. It is a heterodimer of 66 kDa and 51 kDa subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. The heterodimer also includes an RNAse H activity (RIBONUCLEASE H, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) that plays an essential role the viral replication process.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease.
Proteins encoded by the NEF GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Proteins from the family Retroviridae. The most frequently encountered member of this family is the Rous sarcoma virus protein.
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
Immune status consisting of non-production of HIV antibodies, as determined by various serological tests.
Immunologic tests for identification of HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) antibodies. They include assays for HIV SEROPOSITIVITY and HIV SERONEGATIVITY that have been developed for screening persons carrying the viral antibody from patients with overt symptoms of AIDS or AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX.
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
Proteins encoded by the GAG GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein.
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
Studies of the number of cases where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is present in a specific population at a designated time. The presence in a given individual is determined by the finding of HIV antibodies in the serum (HIV SEROPOSITIVITY).
CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL3; CHEMOKINE CCL4; and CHEMOKINE CCL5. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; and NK CELLS. The CCR5 receptor is used by the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS to infect cells.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Inhibitors of HIV PROTEASE, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.
An enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and by certain retrovirus-like elements. EC 2.7.7.49.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.
Regulatory sequences important for viral replication that are located on each end of the HIV genome. The LTR includes the HIV ENHANCER, promoter, and other sequences. Specific regions in the LTR include the negative regulatory element (NRE), NF-kappa B binding sites , Sp1 binding sites, TATA BOX, and trans-acting responsive element (TAR). The binding of both cellular and viral proteins to these regions regulates HIV transcription.
Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.
Proteins encoded by the REV GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Trans-acting transcription factors produced by retroviruses such as HIV. They are nuclear proteins whose expression is required for viral replication. The tat protein stimulates LONG TERMINAL REPEAT-driven RNA synthesis for both viral regulatory and viral structural proteins. tat stands for trans-activation of transcription.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 41,000 and is glycosylated. The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in CELL FUSION with the CD4 ANTIGENS of T4 LYMPHOCYTES, leading to syncytial formation. Gp41 is one of the most common HIV antigens detected by IMMUNOBLOTTING.
Contraceptive devices used by males.
DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= GENE PRODUCTS, REV), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE).
The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.
Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Infection resulting from inhalation or ingestion of spores of the fungus of the genus HISTOPLASMA, species H. capsulatum. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the midwestern United States. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
Proteins synthesized by HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES such as the HIV-1 and HIV-2.
Enzyme of the human immunodeficiency virus that is required for post-translational cleavage of gag and gag-pol precursor polyproteins into functional products needed for viral assembly. HIV protease is an aspartic protease encoded by the amino terminus of the pol gene.
Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.
Products of the retroviral NEF GENE. They play a role as accessory proteins that influence the rate of viral infectivity and the destruction of the host immune system. nef gene products were originally found as factors that trans-suppress viral replication and function as negative regulators of transcription. nef stands for negative factor.
Proteins encoded by the VPR GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
Sexual activities of humans.
A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS; M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs.
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.
An envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus that is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 160,000 kDa and contains numerous glycosylation sites. It serves as a precursor for both the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 and the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP41.
A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.
Primary immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by recurrent infections and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Most cases are sporadic. Of the rare familial forms, the dominantly inherited subtype has additional connective tissue, dental and skeletal involvement that the recessive type does not share.
White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Proteins encoded by the ENV GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
DNA sequences that form the coding region for proteins associated with the viral core in retroviruses. gag is short for group-specific antigen.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A genus of ascomycetous FUNGI, family Pneumocystidaceae, order Pneumocystidales. It includes various host-specific species causing PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in humans and other MAMMALS.
This drug combination has proved to be an effective therapeutic agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.
The type species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus bovine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, BOVINE), found in cattle and causing lymphadenopathy, LYMPHOCYTOSIS, central nervous system lesions, progressive weakness, and emaciation. It has immunological cross-reactivity with other lentiviruses including HIV.
An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
The presence of viruses in the blood.
A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.
Virus diseases caused by the Lentivirus genus. They are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).
CXCR receptors with specificity for CXCL12 CHEMOKINE. The receptors may play a role in HEMATOPOIESIS regulation and can also function as coreceptors for the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
A species of the genus MACACA which inhabits Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is one of the most arboreal species of Macaca. The tail is short and untwisted.
Inflammation of ARTERIES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that occurs in patients with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME or AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS.
The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.
Trans-acting nuclear proteins whose functional expression are required for retroviral replication. Specifically, the rev gene products are required for processing and translation of the gag and env mRNAs, and thus rev regulates the expression of the viral structural proteins. rev can also regulate viral regulatory proteins. A cis-acting antirepression sequence (CAR) in env, also known as the rev-responsive element (RRE), is responsive to the rev gene product. rev is short for regulator of virion.
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).
Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.
Species of GAMMARETROVIRUS, containing many well-defined strains, producing leukemia in mice. Disease is commonly induced by injecting filtrates of propagable tumors into newborn mice.
Classes of retroviruses for which monkeys or apes are hosts. Those isolated from the West African green monkey and the Asian rhesus macaque monkey are of particular interest because of their similarities to viruses causing cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans.
Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.
Proteins encoded by the VIF GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
An infant during the first month after birth.
An agency of the UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE that conducts and supports programs for the prevention and control of disease and provides consultation and assistance to health departments and other countries.
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Conditions resulting from abnormalities in the arteries branching from the ASCENDING AORTA, the curved portion of the aorta. These syndromes are results of occlusion or abnormal blood flow to the head-neck or arm region leading to neurological defects and weakness in an arm. These syndromes are associated with vascular malformations; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; TRAUMA; and blood clots.
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.
Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
Cellular receptors that bind the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Included are CD4 ANTIGENS, found on T4 lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, which bind to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
Chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives.
Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.
A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans.
DNA sequences that form the coding region for a protein that down-regulates the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). nef is short for negative factor.
Trans-acting proteins which accelerate retroviral virus replication. The vpr proteins act in trans to increase the levels of specified proteins. vpr is short for viral protein R, where R is undefined.
Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.
Persons who have experienced prolonged survival of HIV infection. This includes the full spectrum of untreated, HIV-infected long-term asymptomatics to those with AIDS who have survived due to successful treatment.
The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
An ACYCLOVIR analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections.
DNA sequences that form the coding region for the protein responsible for trans-activation of transcription (tat) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.
Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Advice and support given to individuals to help them understand and resolve their sexual adjustment problems. It excludes treatment for PSYCHOSEXUAL DISORDERS or PSYCHOSEXUAL DYSFUNCTION.
A disorder of cognition characterized by the tetrad of finger agnosia, dysgraphia, DYSCALCULIA, and right-left disorientation. The syndrome may be developmental or acquired. Acquired Gerstmann syndrome is associated with lesions in the dominant (usually left) PARIETAL LOBE which involve the angular gyrus or subjacent white matter. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p457)
Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent SAIDS; (SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME); and containing inactivated SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS or type D retroviruses or some of their component antigens.
Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.
A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the SULFONAMIDES which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with PYRIMETHAMINE in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8)
A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Port-au-Prince. With the Dominican Republic it forms the island of Hispaniola - Haiti occupying the western third and the Dominican Republic, the eastern two thirds. Haiti belonged to France from 1697 until its rule was challenged by slave insurrections from 1791. It became a republic in 1820. It was virtually an American protectorate from 1915 to 1934. It adopted its present constitution in 1964 and amended it in 1971. The name may represent either of two Caribbean words, haiti, mountain land, or jhaiti, nest. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p481 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p225)
A species of GAMMARETROVIRUS causing leukemia, lymphosarcoma, immune deficiency, or other degenerative diseases in cats. Several cellular oncogenes confer on FeLV the ability to induce sarcomas (see also SARCOMA VIRUSES, FELINE).
Sexual attraction or relationship between males.
A republic in central Africa, east of the REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, south of the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and north of ANGOLA and ZAMBIA. The capital is Kinshasa.
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.
Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus.
An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.
Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA; (LYSOGENY); to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS.
An X-linked hyper-IgM immunodeficiency subtype resulting from mutation in the gene encoding CD40 LIGAND.
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
DNA sequences that form the coding region for a protein that regulates the expression of the viral structural and regulatory proteins in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). rev is short for regulator of virion.
Enlargement of the spleen.

Dysregulated production of interleukin-8 in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (1/6107)

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in vivo was monitored in four study groups: normal blood donors, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, and dually infected (HIV/TB) patients. We show that whereas there was evidence of detectable levels of cell-associated IL-8 (mRNA and protein) in peripheral cells of healthy individuals, this was largely lost in the disease states studied. Coupled with this finding was significantly increased circulating levels of IL-8 in HIV-1-infected individuals with or without concomitant pulmonary TB (P < 0.001). On the other hand, the capacity of peripheral mononuclear cells to produce IL-8 spontaneously ex vivo was enhanced in HIV-1 and TB patients (P < 0.05) and many of the HIV/TB group, but their corresponding capacities to respond to various stimuli, in particular phytohemagglutinin, were significantly diminished compared to those of normal donors (P < 0.05). Circulating levels of IL-8 in a group of HIV/TB patients were significantly positively correlated with the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the peripheral circulation (r = 0.65; P = 0.01), the proportions of IL-8 receptor A (IL-8RA)-expressing (r = 0.86; P < 0.01) and IL-8RB-expressing (r = 0.77; P < 0.01) PMN, and the capacity of PMN to migrate in response to IL-8 as chemoattractant (r = 0.68; P < 0. 01). IL-8RB fluorescence intensity, however, was negatively correlated with plasma IL-8 levels (r = -0.73; P < 0.01). Our results suggest that altered regulation of IL-8 in HIV-1 may have important implications for antimicrobial defenses and for normal immune processes.  (+info)

Incidence and duration of hospitalizations among persons with AIDS: an event history approach. (2/6107)

OBJECTIVE: To analyze hospitalization patterns of persons with AIDS (PWAs) in a multi-state/multi-episode continuous time duration framework. DATA SOURCES: PWAs on Medicaid identified through a match between the state's AIDS Registry and Medicaid eligibility files; hospital admission and discharge dates identified through Medicaid claims. STUDY DESIGN: Using a Weibull event history framework, we model the hazard of transition between hospitalized and community spells, incorporating the competing risk of death in each of these states. Simulations are used to translate these parameters into readily interpretable estimates of length of stay, the probability that a hospitalization will end in death, and the probability that a nonhospitalized person will be hospitalized within 90 days. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In multivariate analyses, participation in a Medicaid waiver program offering case management and home care was associated with hospital stays 1.3 days shorter than for nonparticipants. African American race and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with hospital stays 1.2 days and 1.0 day longer than for non-Hispanic whites; African Americans also experienced more frequent hospital admissions. Residents of the high-HIV-prevalence area of the state had more frequent admissions and stays two days longer than those residing elsewhere in the state. Older PWAs experienced less frequent hospital admissions but longer stays, with hospitalizations of 55-year-olds lasting 8.25 days longer than those of 25-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS: Much socioeconomic and geographic variability exists both in the incidence and in the duration of hospitalization among persons with AIDS in New Jersey. Event history analysis provides a useful statistical framework for analysis of these variations, deals appropriately with data in which duration of observation varies from individual to individual, and permits the competing risk of death to be incorporated into the model. Transition models of this type have broad applicability in modeling the risk and duration of hospitalization in chronic illnesses.  (+info)

Relative rates of AIDS among racial/ethnic groups by exposure categories. (3/6107)

The relative rates of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were calculated among racial/ethnic populations using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)/Surveillance reports assuming that racial/ethnic distributions reflect that of the US Census Data from 1990. For comparison, a rate of 1 was assigned to whites in each calculation. The overall relative rates were whites--1, African Americans--4.7, Hispanics--3, Asian/Pacific Islanders--0.4, and Native Americans--0.5. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome surveillance data show higher rates of AIDS for African Americans and Hispanics compared with whites, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans. The relative rates for African Americans and Hispanics compared with whites were highest for injecting drug users, heterosexual contact, and pediatric patients. These results led us to explore possible explanations for increased AIDS reporting in African Americans and Hispanics. We then explored available national datasets regarding those variables. The analyses indicate that variables such as access and receptivity to HIV prevention and treatment efforts, race/ethnicity, sexual behaviors, sexually transmitted diseases, socioeconomic status, and substance abuse interact in a complex fashion to influence HIV transmission and progression to AIDS in affected communities.  (+info)

Outcome and predictors of failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy: one-year follow-up of a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons. (4/6107)

The outcome and predictors of virologic treatment failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were determined for 271 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected protease inhibitor-naive persons. During a follow-up of 48 weeks after the initiation of HAART, 6.3% of patients experienced at least one new AIDS-defining event, and 3.0% died. Virologic treatment failure occurred in 40% (indinavir, 27%; ritonavir, 30%; saquinavir, 59%; ritonavir plus saquinavir, 32%; chi2, P=.001). Risk factors for treatment failure were baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA (odds ratio [OR], 1.70 per log10 copies increase in plasma HIV-1 RNA), baseline CD4 cell count (OR, 1. 35 per 100 CD4 cells/mm3 decrease), and use of saquinavir versus other protease inhibitors (OR, 3.21). During the first year of treatment, 53% of all patients changed (part of) their original HAART regimen at least once. This was significantly more frequent for regimens containing saquinavir (62%; 27% for virologic failure) or ritonavir (64%; 55% for intolerance) as single protease inhibitor.  (+info)

Characterization of viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy: relationships to host factors, cellular restoration, and virologic end points. (5/6107)

Biphasic plasma viral decays were modeled in 48 patients treated with ritonavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine. Estimated first- and second-phase decay rates were d1 as 0.47/day and d2 as 0.04/day. Interpatient differences in both decay rates were significant. The d1 was directly correlated with baseline CD4+, CD4+CD28+, and CD8+CD28+ T lymphocyte counts (P<.05) and inversely correlated with baseline virus load (P=.044) and the magnitude of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte recovery (P<.01). The d2 was directly correlated with baseline percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes (P=.023), the CD8+CD38+ cell number (P=.024), and the level of IgG that binds to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 gp120 (P=.02). Viral decay rates were not predictive of treatment failure or durability of viral suppression. These exploratory findings are consistent with a model in which immunologic factors contribute to elimination of HIV-infected cells and suggest a dynamic interplay between regulation of HIV expression and lymphocyte activation and recovery.  (+info)

Proliferative responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 peptides in HIV-1-infected individuals immunized with HIV-1 rgp120 or rgp160 compared with nonimmunized and uninfected controls. (6/6107)

The proliferative responses to a series of peptides constituting the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 sequence were evaluated in 19 HIV-1-infected rgp160 vaccine recipients, 17 HIV-1-infected rgp120 vaccine recipients, 15 HIV-1-infected placebo recipients, and 18 HIV-1-uninfected controls. Many regions of the gp120 molecule were found to contribute proliferative epitopes, although there were clearly regions of relative dominance and silence. Vaccine recipients tended to have broader, more robust, and more frequent peptide recognition than the placebo recipients. Despite the considerable variability in the pattern of peptide recognition among individuals, there was a striking similarity between the rgp160 and rgp120 vaccinee groups as a whole. Low-risk HIV-1-uninfected individuals may react to a few peptides within the gp120 sequence as well, despite a lack of significant response to the whole gp120 protein.  (+info)

No evidence for an effect of the CCR5 delta32/+ and CCR2b 64I/+ mutations on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 disease progression among HIV-1-infected injecting drug users. (7/6107)

The relationship between CCR5 and CCR2b genotypes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 disease progression was studied among the 108 seroconverters of the Amsterdam cohort of injecting drug users (IDUs). In contrast to earlier studies among homosexual men, no effect on disease progression of the CCR5 Delta32/+ and the CCR2b 64I/+ genotypes was found, when progression to AIDS, death, or a CD4 cell count <200/microL was compared by a Cox proportional hazards model. Furthermore, CD4 cell decline (by a regression model for repeated measurements) and virus load in the first 3 years after seroconversion did not differ between the CCR5 and CCR2b wild type and heterozygous genotypes. A nested matched case-control study also revealed no significant effect of the CCR5 and CCR2b mutations. Immunologic differences between IDUs and homosexual men may account for the observed lack of effect. Alternatively, difference in transmission route or characteristics of the HIV-1 variants that circulate in IDUs could also explain this phenomenon.  (+info)

A randomized trial of high- versus low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 outpatient therapy for early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. (8/6107)

Forty-nine outpatients infected with human immunodeficiency virus with baseline CD4 cell counts >/=500/mm3, who were on stable antiretroviral therapy, were randomized to receive 5-day cycles of either low-dose (1.5 million IU [MIU] twice a day) or high-dose (7.5 MIU twice a day) subcutaneous (sc) interleukin (IL)-2 every 4 or every 8 weeks. High-dose recipients experienced mean slopes of +116.1 cells/month and +2.7 %/month in CD4 cells and percents, respectively, whereas low-dose recipients displayed mean slopes of +26.7 and +1.3% in the same parameters. At month 6, high-dose recipients achieved a 94.8% increase in mean CD4 cells over baseline compared with a 19.0% increase in low-dose recipients. While high-dose recipients encountered more constitutional side effects, these were generally not dose-limiting. High-dose scIL-2 therapy in outpatients with early HIV-1 infection was well tolerated and induced dramatic, sustained rises in CD4 cells.  (+info)

The symptoms of AIDS can vary depending on the individual and the stage of the disease. Common symptoms include:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss
9. Memory loss and other neurological problems
10. Cancer and other opportunistic infections.

AIDS is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HIV antibodies or the virus itself. There is no cure for AIDS, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Prevention methods include using condoms, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and avoiding sharing needles or other injection equipment.

In summary, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a severe and life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It is characterized by a severely weakened immune system, which makes it difficult to fight off infections and diseases. While there is no cure for AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Prevention methods include using condoms, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and avoiding sharing needles or other injection equipment.

The term "Murine" refers to the fact that the condition occurs in mice and other rodents. "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome" (AIDS) is a similar condition in humans caused by HIV. The similarity between MAIDS and AIDS lies in their shared origins as retroviral infections, but there are significant differences in the viruses themselves and the symptoms they cause.

Examples of syndromes include:

1. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 that affects intellectual and physical development.
2. Turner syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a missing or partially deleted X chromosome that affects physical growth and development in females.
3. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder affecting the body's connective tissue, causing tall stature, long limbs, and cardiovascular problems.
4. Alzheimer's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and changes in personality and behavior.
5. Parkinson's disease: A neurological disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement.
6. Klinefelter syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra X chromosome in males, leading to infertility and other physical characteristics.
7. Williams syndrome: A rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7, characterized by cardiovascular problems, developmental delays, and a distinctive facial appearance.
8. Fragile X syndrome: The most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by an expansion of a specific gene on the X chromosome.
9. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a defect in the hypothalamus, leading to problems with appetite regulation and obesity.
10. Sjogren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, causing dry eyes and mouth.

Syndromes can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment for a syndrome depends on the underlying cause and the specific symptoms and signs presented by the patient.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a condition in which the body is infected with HIV, a type of retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system. HIV infection can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition in which the immune system is severely damaged and the body is unable to fight off infections and diseases.

There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted, including:

1. Sexual contact with an infected person
2. Sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected person
3. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Blood transfusions ( although this is rare in developed countries due to screening processes)
5. Organ transplantation (again, rare)

The symptoms of HIV infection can be mild at first and may not appear until several years after infection. These symptoms can include:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, and groin
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss

If left untreated, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:

1. Opportunistic infections (such as pneumocystis pneumonia)
2. Cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)
3. Wasting syndrome
4. Neurological problems (such as dementia and seizures)

HIV infection is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and physical examination. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a combination of medications that work together to suppress the virus and slow the progression of the disease.

Prevention methods for HIV infection include:

1. Safe sex practices, such as using condoms and dental dams
2. Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
3. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which is a short-term treatment that can prevent infection after potential exposure to the virus
5. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is a daily medication that can prevent infection in people who are at high risk of being exposed to the virus.

It's important to note that HIV infection is manageable with proper treatment and care, and that people living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives. However, it's important to be aware of the risks and take steps to prevent transmission.

Examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): a type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.
2. Tuberculosis (TB): a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or other organs.
3. Toxoplasmosis: an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii that can affect the brain, eyes, and other organs.
4. Cryptococcosis: a fungal infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or skin.
5. Histoplasmosis: a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum that can affect the lungs, skin, and other organs.
6. Aspergillosis: a fungal infection caused by Aspergillus species that can affect the lungs, sinuses, and other organs.
7. Candidiasis: a fungal infection caused by Candida species that can affect the mouth, throat, vagina, or skin.
8. Kaposi's sarcoma: a type of cancer that is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and can affect the skin and lymph nodes.
9. Wasting syndrome: a condition characterized by weight loss, fatigue, and diarrhea.
10. Opportunistic infections that can affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as cryptosporidiosis and isosporiasis.

AROIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with HIV/AIDS, and they can be prevented or treated with antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and other interventions.

SAIDS was first identified in the 1980s in monkeys that were being used in research laboratories, and it has since been studied extensively as a model for HIV/AIDS research. Like HIV/AIDS, SAIDS is caused by the transmission of a virus from one animal to another through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood or semen.

The symptoms of SAIDS are similar to those of HIV/AIDS and include fever, fatigue, weight loss, and opportunistic infections. As the disease progresses, animals may also experience neurological symptoms, such as seizures and difficulty coordinating movements.

There is currently no cure for SAIDS, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. Research into the disease has led to a greater understanding of the immunopathogenesis of HIV/AIDS and has contributed to the development of new therapies for the disease.

SAIDS is important in medical research because it provides a valuable model for studying the immunopathogenesis of HIV/AIDS and for testing new therapies and vaccines. It also serves as a reminder of the importance of strict safety protocols when working with infectious agents, particularly in laboratory settings.

1. Chronic diarrhea
2. Fever
3. Fatigue
4. Night sweats
5. Weight loss
6. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, or groin
7. Rashes or skin lesions
8. Muscle aches and joint pain
9. Memory loss and other neurological problems
10. Yeast infections in the mouth, throat, or vagina

ARC is a stage of HIV infection that occurs before the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is characterized by a decline in CD4 cell counts and an increase in HIV viral load. If left untreated, ARC can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that affects the body's ability to fight off opportunistic infections and cancers.

The diagnosis of ARC is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests (such as CD4 cell counts and HIV viral load), and medical imaging studies. Treatment for ARC typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress the virus, manage symptoms, and prevent complications.

It's important to note that the term "AIDS-related complex" is no longer used in modern medicine, as it has been replaced by the term "HIV disease." This change reflects the understanding that HIV infection is a continuous spectrum of illness, rather than a distinct set of conditions.

Examples of Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes include:

1. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (PIDDs): These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the immune system's ability to function properly. Examples include X-linked agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, and severe combined immunodeficiency.
2. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): This is a condition that results from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which destroys CD4 cells, a type of immune cell that fights off infections.
3. Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP): This is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack and destroy platelets, which are blood cells that help the blood to clot.
4. Autoimmune Disorders: These are conditions in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy cells and tissues in the body. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
5. Immunosuppressive Therapy-induced Immunodeficiency: This is a condition that occurs as a side effect of medications used to prevent rejection in organ transplant patients. These medications can suppress the immune system, increasing the risk of infections.

Symptoms of Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes can vary depending on the specific disorder and the severity of the immune system dysfunction. Common symptoms include recurrent infections, fatigue, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment options for these syndromes range from medications to suppress the immune system to surgery or bone marrow transplantation.

In summary, Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes are a group of disorders that result from dysfunction of the immune system, leading to recurrent infections and other symptoms. There are many different types of these syndromes, each with its own set of symptoms and treatment options.

The symptoms of FIV can be similar to those of HIV in humans, including weight loss, poor appetite, swollen lymph nodes, and chronic infections. However, FIV-infected cats may also experience neurological symptoms such as seizures, paralysis, and behavioral changes.

There is no cure for FIV, but antiretroviral medications can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Secondary infections and diseases can also be treated with appropriate medication.

Prevention of FIV involves avoiding exposure to infected saliva, typically through deep bite wounds or close contact with an infected cat. Adopting a cat from a shelter or breeder that tests for FIV and keeping your cat indoors can reduce the risk of infection. Vaccination against FIV is available but not considered effective.

The diagnosis of FIV is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as blood tests or PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests to detect the virus. Confirmation of the diagnosis is typically made by measuring the level of antibodies against FIV in the cat's blood.

Treatment for FIV-infected cats involves managing the symptoms and preventing secondary infections. Antiretroviral medications may be prescribed to reduce the viral load and slow the progression of the disease. Supportive care such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and nutritional supplements may also be provided to manage symptoms and improve the cat's quality of life.

In summary, Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease that affects cats caused by the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV). It is important to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of FIV and seek veterinary care if you suspect your cat may have been infected. With proper diagnosis, treatment, and care, cats with FIV can live a happy and comfortable life for years.

People with SCID are extremely susceptible to infections, particularly those caused by viruses, and often develop symptoms shortly after birth. These may include diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and failure to gain weight or grow at the expected rate. Without treatment, SCID can lead to life-threatening infections and can be fatal within the first year of life.

Treatment for SCID typically involves bone marrow transplantation or enzyme replacement therapy. Bone marrow transplantation involves replacing the patient's faulty immune system with healthy cells from a donor, while enzyme replacement therapy involves replacing the missing or dysfunctional enzymes that cause the immune deficiency. Both of these treatments can help restore the patient's immune system and improve their quality of life.

In summary, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to fight infections and can be fatal without treatment. Treatment options include bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy.

HIV seropositivity is typically diagnosed through a blood test called an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This test detects the presence of antibodies against HIV in the blood by using specific proteins on the surface of the virus. If the test is positive, it means that the individual has been infected with HIV.

HIV seropositivity is an important diagnostic criterion for AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), which is a condition that develops when the immune system is severely damaged by HIV infection. AIDS is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms and laboratory tests, including HIV seropositivity.

HIV seropositivity can be either primary (acute) or chronic. Primary HIV seropositivity occurs when an individual is first infected with HIV and their immune system produces antibodies against the virus. Chronic HIV seropositivity occurs when an individual has been living with HIV for a long time and their immune system has produced antibodies that remain in their bloodstream.

HIV seropositivity can have significant implications for an individual's health and quality of life, as well as their social and economic well-being. It is important for individuals who are HIV seropositive to receive appropriate medical care and support to manage their condition and prevent the transmission of HIV to others.

The symptoms of CVID can vary from person to person and may include:

1. Frequent or recurring infections, such as sinus infections, ear infections, and pneumonia.
2. Poor response to vaccines.
3. Delayed growth and development in children.
4. Autoimmune disorders, such as thyroiditis or arthritis.
5. Increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as lymphoma.

CVID is caused by mutations in several genes that are involved in the immune system. These genes play a role in the development and function of immune cells, such as T cells and B cells. The exact cause of CVID is often not known, but it can be inherited or acquired through genetic mutations.

There is no cure for CVID, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to fight off infections, immunoglobulin replacement therapy to boost the immune system, and medication to manage autoimmune disorders. In some cases, a bone marrow transplant may be recommended.

The prognosis for CVID varies depending on the severity of the disorder and the presence of any complications. With proper treatment, many people with CVID can lead normal lives and have a good quality of life. However, some individuals may experience ongoing health problems and a higher risk of developing certain types of cancer.

This type of pneumonia can cause severe respiratory symptoms, including cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. It can also lead to respiratory failure and other complications if left untreated.

Pneumocystis pneumonia is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or CT scans, and blood tests. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, and hospitalization may be necessary for severe cases.

Prevention measures include avoiding exposure to people with weakened immune systems, avoiding smoking, and maintaining good hygiene practices. Vaccines are also available for some populations at high risk of developing Pneumocystis pneumonia.

Example of how the term 'Lymphoma, AIDS-Related' could be used in a medical context:

"The patient was diagnosed with AIDS-related lymphoma and was started on ART and chemotherapy to treat the cancer."

A rare and aggressive type of cancer that affects the connective tissue cells of the body, including blood vessels, lymph nodes, and soft tissue. It is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and is more common in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.

Symptoms:

* Painless lumps or lesions on the skin or mouth
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats

Diagnosis:

* Biopsy of affected tissue
* Imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRI

Treatment:

* Chemotherapy to shrink the tumors
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Surgery to remove the affected tissue

Prognosis:

* Poor, especially in people with HIV/AIDS

Etymology:

* Named after the Hungarian-born Jewish doctor, Georg Kaposi, who first described the condition in 1872.

The infection occurs when the virus enters the retina and causes inflammation, which can lead to damage to the retinal cells and blood vessels. Symptoms of CMV retinitis may include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and floaters. If left untreated, the infection can progress to scarring, retinal detachment, and blindness.

The diagnosis of CMV retinitis is based on a combination of clinical findings, including symptoms, physical examination, and imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography. Treatment typically involves antiviral medication to suppress the virus and prevent further damage to the retina. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove inflamed tissue or repair damaged blood vessels.

Preventing CMV retinitis in high-risk individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, is important to avoid vision loss. This includes regular monitoring for CMV infection and prompt treatment if an infection occurs. In addition, reducing the risk of HIV transmission through safe sex practices and needle exchange programs can also help prevent CMV retinitis in these individuals.

Overall, CMV retinitis is a serious complication of viral infection that can cause significant vision loss if left untreated. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential to prevent long-term visual impairment and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

Examples of OIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): A type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, which is commonly found in the lungs of individuals with HIV/AIDS.
2. Cryptococcosis: A fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, which can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, central nervous system, and skin.
3. Aspergillosis: A fungal infection caused by Aspergillus fungi, which can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, sinuses, and brain.
4. Histoplasmosis: A fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which is commonly found in the soil and can cause respiratory and digestive problems.
5. Candidiasis: A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, which can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, throat, and vagina.
6. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can affect various parts of the body, including the brain, eyes, and lymph nodes.
7. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
8. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV): A viral infection that can cause various types of cancer, including Kaposi's sarcoma, which is more common in individuals with compromised immunity.

The diagnosis and treatment of OIs depend on the specific type of infection and its severity. Treatment may involve antibiotics, antifungals, or other medications, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. It is important for individuals with HIV/AIDS to receive prompt and appropriate treatment for OIs to help prevent the progression of their disease and improve their quality of life.

Down syndrome can be diagnosed before birth through prenatal testing, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, or after birth through a blood test. The symptoms of Down syndrome can vary from person to person, but common physical features include:

* A flat face with a short neck and small ears
* A short stature
* A wide, short hands with short fingers
* A small head
* Almond-shaped eyes that are slanted upward
* A single crease in the palm of the hand

People with Down syndrome may also have cognitive delays and intellectual disability, as well as increased risk of certain medical conditions such as heart defects, gastrointestinal problems, and hearing and vision loss.

There is no cure for Down syndrome, but early intervention and proper medical care can greatly improve the quality of life for individuals with the condition. Treatment may include speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and special education programs. With appropriate support and resources, people with Down syndrome can lead fulfilling and productive lives.

1. Abdominal obesity (excess fat around the waistline)
2. High blood pressure (hypertension)
3. Elevated fasting glucose (high blood sugar)
4. High serum triglycerides (elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood)
5. Low HDL cholesterol (low levels of "good" cholesterol)

Having three or more of these conditions is considered a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome X. It is estimated that approximately 34% of adults in the United States have this syndrome, and it is more common in women than men. Risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome include obesity, lack of physical activity, poor diet, and a family history of type 2 diabetes or CVD.

The term "metabolic syndrome" was first introduced in the medical literature in the late 1980s, and since then, it has been the subject of extensive research. The exact causes of metabolic syndrome are not yet fully understood, but it is believed to be related to insulin resistance, inflammation, and changes in body fat distribution.

Treatment for metabolic syndrome typically involves lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular physical activity, and a healthy diet. Medications such as blood pressure-lowering drugs, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and anti-diabetic medications may also be prescribed if necessary. It is important to note that not everyone with metabolic syndrome will develop type 2 diabetes or CVD, but the risk is increased. Therefore, early detection and treatment are crucial in preventing these complications.

1. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): This is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, making it difficult to fight off infections and diseases. HIV is a type of retrovirus that can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
2. HTLV-1 (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1): This is a virus that affects the immune system and can lead to diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and myelopathy.
3. HBV (Hepatitis B Virus): This is a virus that attacks the liver and can cause inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
4. HCV (Hepatitis C Virus): This is a virus that attacks the liver and can cause inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
5. FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus): This is a virus that affects cats and can cause a variety of diseases, including leukemia and lymphoma.
6. FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus): This is a virus that affects cats and can weaken their immune system, making them more susceptible to other infections and diseases.
7. Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV): This is a virus that affects cattle and can cause a variety of diseases, including leukemia and lymphoma.
8. Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV): This is a virus that affects horses and can cause a variety of diseases, including anemia and swelling of the lymph nodes.

Retroviridae infections are typically diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies or genetic material from the virus. Treatment options vary depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection, but may include antiretroviral medications, immune-suppressive drugs, and supportive care such as blood transfusions or antibiotics for secondary infections.

It is important to note that retroviruses can be transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, and breast milk. Therefore, it is important to take precautions such as using condoms, gloves, and other protective measures when dealing with infected individuals or animals. Additionally, it is important to maintain good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly, to reduce the risk of transmission.

The parasite enters the body through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, and can cause a wide range of symptoms in people with healthy immune systems, including fever, headache, and swollen lymph nodes. However, those with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to severe symptoms, including seizures, confusion, and coma.

Diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis is often made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as PCR or IgG antibody detection), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment typically involves a combination of antiparasitic medications and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

In severe cases, cerebral toxoplasmosis can lead to long-term neurological damage, including cognitive impairment and seizure disorders. Prevention of the disease is primarily focused on avoiding exposure to the parasite, which can be achieved through good hygiene practices (such as proper handling and cooking of meat) and avoiding contact with cat feces, which are a common source of infection.

Overall, cerebral toxoplasmosis is a serious opportunistic infection that can have significant neurological consequences in individuals with compromised immune systems. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential for preventing long-term complications and improving outcomes.

1. Lymphedema: This is a condition in which the lymph vessels are unable to properly drain fluid from the body, leading to swelling in the affected limb.
2. Lymphangitis: This is an inflammation of the lymph vessels that can cause pain, redness, and swelling.
3. Lymphadenitis: This is an infection of the lymph nodes that can cause swelling, pain, and difficulty breathing.
4. Primary lymphedema: This is a rare genetic condition in which the lymph vessels are missing or do not develop properly.
5. Secondary lymphedema: This is a condition that develops as a result of another condition or injury, such as surgery, radiation therapy, or infection.
6. Lymphatic malformations: These are abnormalities in the development of the lymph vessels and nodes that can cause swelling, pain, and difficulty breathing.
7. Lymphocystis: This is a rare condition in which small cysts form in the lymph vessels and nodes.
8. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare condition that causes cysts to form in the lungs and can also affect the lymph vessels and nodes.
9. Lipedema: This is a condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of fat in the legs, thighs, and buttocks, which can cause swelling and pain.
10. Pemphigus: This is a group of rare autoimmune disorders that affect the skin and mucous membranes, leading to blistering and scarring.

Treatment for lymphatic diseases depends on the specific condition and may include compression garments, exercises, and manual lymph drainage therapy. In some cases, medications such as antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed to help manage symptoms. Surgery may also be necessary in some cases to remove blockages or repair damaged vessels.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent swelling or pain, as these can be signs of a lymphatic disease. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

IV drug use can cause a range of short-term and long-term health problems, including infections, abscesses, blood-borne illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis, and overdose. In addition to physical health issues, IV substance abuse can also lead to mental health problems, financial and legal problems, and social isolation.

Treatment for IV substance abuse typically involves a combination of behavioral therapy and medication. Behavioral therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management can help individuals modify their drug-seeking behaviors and develop coping skills to maintain sobriety. Medications such as methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone can also be used to manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings for drugs.

Prevention strategies for IV substance abuse include education and awareness campaigns, community-based outreach programs, and harm reduction services such as needle exchange programs. These strategies aim to reduce the initiation of IV drug use, particularly among young people and other vulnerable populations.

The exact cause of ADC is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the progression of HIV infection in the brain. As HIV replicates in the brain, it can damage brain cells and disrupt normal brain function.

ADC typically affects individuals who have advanced HIV infection and a low CD4 cell count (a measure of immune system health). It is more common in women than men and tends to occur at an older age.

There are several symptoms of ADC, including:

1. Cognitive impairment: difficulty with memory, concentration, and decision-making.
2. Changes in personality and behavior: depression, anxiety, and agitation.
3. Difficulty with speech and language: slurred speech, trouble finding the right words.
4. Coordination and balance problems: unsteadiness, tremors, and difficulty with movement.
5. Seizures: ADC can cause seizures, which can be a sign of a more severe form of the disorder.

There is no cure for ADC, but treatment can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression. Treatment typically involves a combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress HIV replication, and medications to manage cognitive and behavioral symptoms. In addition, supportive care, such as physical therapy and occupational therapy, can help improve quality of life.

In conclusion, AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) is a serious neurological disorder that affects individuals with advanced HIV infection. It is characterized by cognitive impairment, changes in personality and behavior, and difficulty with speech and movement. While there is no cure for ADC, treatment can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression.

Symptoms of hemophilia A can include spontaneous bleeding, easy bruising, and prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing factor VIII with infusions of clotting factor concentrate, which helps to restore the blood's ability to clot and stop bleeding. Regular infusions are often needed to prevent bleeding episodes, and patients with severe hemophilia A may require lifelong treatment.

Complications of hemophilia A can include joint damage, muscle weakness, and chronic pain. In severe cases, the condition can also increase the risk of bleeding in the brain or other internal organs, which can be life-threatening. However, with proper treatment and management, most patients with hemophilia A can lead active and relatively normal lives.

It is important to note that there is no cure for hemophilia A, but advances in medical technology and treatment have significantly improved the quality of life for many patients with the condition.

The symptoms of MAC infection can vary depending on the severity of the infection and may include:

* Chronic cough
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Chest pain
* Shortness of breath

MAC infections can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The infection can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, such as chest X-rays, CT scans, blood tests, and lung biopsies.

Treatment for MAC infections typically involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms. The choice of antibiotics depends on the severity of the infection and the individual's medical history and health status. Surgical intervention may be necessary in some cases, such as when the infection is severe or has spread to other parts of the body.

Preventive measures for MAC infections include avoiding exposure to contaminated water or soil, maintaining good hand hygiene, and avoiding close contact with individuals who have compromised immune systems. Vaccines are not available for MAC infections, but ongoing research is exploring the development of vaccines to prevent these types of infections.

Overall, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment by a healthcare professional. With appropriate management, individuals with MAC infections can experience significant improvement in their symptoms and quality of life.

Sjögren's syndrome can affect people of all ages, but it most commonly occurs in women between the ages of 40 and 60. The exact cause of the disorder is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune response, meaning that the immune system mistakenly attacks the glands as if they were foreign substances.

Symptoms of Sjögren's syndrome can vary in severity and may include:

* Dry mouth (xerostomia)
* Dry eyes (dry eye syndrome)
* Fatigue
* Joint pain
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Rash
* Sores on the skin
* Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
* Sexual dysfunction

There is no cure for Sjögren's syndrome, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include:

* Medications to stimulate saliva production
* Eye drops to moisturize the eyes
* Mouthwashes to stimulate saliva production
* Pain relief medication for joint pain
* Anti-inflammatory medication to reduce swelling
* Immunosuppressive medication to suppress the immune system
* Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to treat hormonal imbalances.

Sjögren's syndrome can also increase the risk of developing other autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. It is important for people with Sjögren's syndrome to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their symptoms and monitor their condition over time.

Here are 10 key points to remember about histoplasmosis:

1) Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.
2) It primarily affects the lungs and can disseminate to other organs.
3) Inhalation of spores from contaminated soil or bird droppings leads to infection.
4) Symptoms range from mild to severe, including fever, cough, chest pain, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5) Diagnosis is based on clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies.
6) Treatment is primarily supportive, with antifungal medications for severe cases.
7) Prevention includes avoiding exposure to contaminated environments and wearing protective clothing during cleanup or construction activities.
8) Histoplasmosis has a global distribution and is found in many parts of the United States.
9) It is an important occupational hazard for workers involved in construction, mining, and agriculture.
10) In severe cases, histoplasmosis can lead to chronic lung disease, heart problems, and meningitis.

Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:

1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.

Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:

1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.

Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.

CMV infections are more common in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or taking immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant. In these individuals, CMV can cause severe and life-threatening complications, such as pneumonia, retinitis (inflammation of the retina), and gastrointestinal disease.

In healthy individuals, CMV infections are usually mild and may not cause any symptoms at all. However, in some cases, CMV can cause a mononucleosis-like illness with fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.

CMV infections are diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI. Treatment is generally not necessary for mild cases, but may include antiviral medications for more severe infections. Prevention strategies include avoiding close contact with individuals who have CMV, practicing good hygiene, and considering immunoprophylaxis (prevention of infection through the use of immune globulin) for high-risk individuals.

Overall, while CMV infections can be serious and life-threatening, they are relatively rare in healthy individuals and can often be treated effectively with supportive care and antiviral medications.

The symptoms of job syndrome can vary in severity but may include:

- Intellectual disability: Individuals with Job syndrome often have below-average intelligence and may struggle with learning and development.

- Distinctive facial features: People with Job syndrome may have a distinctive appearance, including a long, narrow face, a short stature, and a prominent forehead.

- Ocular albinism: Job syndrome is often associated with ocular albinism, which affects the color of the eyes and can cause vision problems.

- Skin abnormalities: Some individuals with Job syndrome may have skin abnormalities such as hypopigmentation (absence of pigmentation) or hyperpigmentation (excessive pigmentation).

- Other physical abnormalities: Job syndrome can also be associated with other physical abnormalities, such as heart defects, skeletal abnormalities, and genital abnormalities.

There is no cure for job syndrome, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. Management of the condition may include:

- Speech and language therapy to improve communication skills.

- Occupational therapy to develop daily living skills.

- Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance.

- Vision therapy to improve vision.

- Medications to manage seizures or other symptoms.

The prognosis for individuals with Job syndrome varies depending on the severity of the condition, but it is generally considered to be a lifelong condition. With appropriate management and support, individuals with job syndrome can lead fulfilling lives.

Viremia is a condition where the virus is present in the bloodstream, outside of infected cells or tissues. This can occur during the acute phase of an infection, when the virus is actively replicating and spreading throughout the body. Viremia can also be seen in chronic infections, where the virus may persist in the blood for longer periods of time.

In some cases, viremia can lead to the development of antibodies against the virus, which can help to neutralize it and prevent its spread. However, if the viremia is not controlled, it can cause serious complications, such as sepsis or organ damage.

Diagnosis of viremia typically involves laboratory tests, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), which can detect the presence of virus in the blood. Treatment of viremia depends on the underlying cause and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of any related complications.

Definition of Lentivirus Infections:

Lentivirus infections are viral infections caused by members of the Lentiviridae family, which includes HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus), and BIV (bovine immunodeficiency virus). These viruses are characterized by their ability to integrate into host DNA, leading to long-term infection and replication.

Causes of Lentivirus Infections:

Lentivirus infections can be transmitted through various routes, including sexual contact, blood transfusions, vertical transmission (from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding), and exposure to infected bodily fluids.

Symptoms of Lentivirus Infections:

The symptoms of lentivirus infections can vary depending on the specific virus and the stage of infection. Early symptoms may be mild and nonspecific, but as the disease progresses, they can become more severe and debilitating. Common symptoms include fatigue, fever, swollen glands, rash, and muscle aches.

Diagnosis of Lentivirus Infections:

Diagnosing lentivirus infections typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Blood tests can detect the presence of viral antibodies or genetic material, while imaging studies such as CT scans or X-rays can help identify any related complications.

Treatment of Lentivirus Infections:

There is currently no cure for lentivirus infections, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. ART combines several drugs that target different stages of the viral replication cycle, reducing the amount of virus in the body and helping to restore immune function.

Prevention of Lentivirus Infections:

Preventing lentivirus infections is challenging, but there are several strategies that can reduce the risk of transmission. These include:

1. Safe sex practices: Using condoms and other barrier methods can prevent the spread of the virus through sexual contact.
2. Avoiding sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia: Injecting drugs with contaminated needles can lead to the transmission of the virus.
3. Proper sterilization and hygiene: Healthcare workers should follow proper sterilization and hygiene procedures when handling infected patients.
4. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission: Pregnant women with HIV should receive appropriate treatment to prevent transmission of the virus to their children.
5. Implementing harm reduction strategies: Providing access to clean needles, safe sex practices, and other harm reduction strategies can help reduce the risk of transmission among individuals who use drugs.

Conclusion:

Lentiviruses are a group of viruses that cause chronic infections with long incubation periods, progressive disease, and no current cure. HIV is the most well-known lentivirus, but other members of the family include FIV, SIV, and HCV. Understanding the biology of these viruses is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Preventing lentivirus infections requires a multi-faceted approach that includes safe sex practices, avoiding sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia, proper sterilization and hygiene, avoiding mother-to-child transmission, and implementing harm reduction strategies.

Currently, ART is the most effective treatment for HIV, which combines several drugs that target different stages of the viral replication cycle, reducing the amount of virus in the body and helping to restore immune function. However, a cure for HIV remains an unsolved problem, and ongoing research is focused on finding new and more effective treatments for lentivirus infections.

Overall, understanding the biology of lentiviruses is crucial for developing effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these viruses, and continued research is necessary to improve our understanding of these viruses and to develop new treatments.

The exact cause of HIV Wasting Syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of factors, including chronic inflammation, immune activation, and the direct effects of HIV on the body's metabolism. The syndrome typically affects individuals with advanced stages of HIV infection and can have a significant impact on their quality of life, functional status, and survival.

Symptoms of HIV Wasting Syndrome include:

1. Weight loss (more than 10% of body weight)
2. Muscle wasting and weakness
3. Fatigue
4. Decreased appetite
5. Diarrhea
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Abdominal pain
8. Dehydration
9. Poor wound healing
10. Fever

Diagnosis of HIV Wasting Syndrome is based on a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include measurements of serum albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin, as well as assessment of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Imaging studies, such as computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET), may be used to evaluate body composition and tissue distribution.

Treatment of HIV Wasting Syndrome involves a combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and supportive care, including:

1. ART to suppress HIV replication and reduce inflammation
2. Nutritional support with high-calorie diets or supplements
3. Prophylaxis for opportunistic infections
4. Management of related complications such as diarrhea, nausea, and pain
5. Physical therapy to maintain muscle mass and strength.

In addition, HIV Wasting Syndrome is also associated with other comorbidities such as HIV-associated neuropathy, HIV-associated dementia, and HIV-related kidney disease, which can further complicate the management of wasting syndrome. Therefore, it is important to address these comorbidities simultaneously while managing HIV Wasting Syndrome.

The infection is usually caused by an overgrowth of Candida, which is a normal flora in the mouth, but can become pathogenic under certain conditions. Risk factors for developing OC include taking antibiotics, wearing dentures, pregnancy, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS.

OC can be diagnosed by examining the mouth and throat with a mirror and torch, as well as through laboratory tests such as cultures or PCR. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication, good oral hygiene practices, and addressing any underlying conditions. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Preventative measures include practicing good oral hygiene, avoiding smoking, and managing any underlying medical conditions. In addition, early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent the infection from spreading to other parts of the body, such as the bloodstream or heart.

Turner syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in every 2,500 to 3,000 live female births and is more common in girls born to older mothers. The symptoms of Turner syndrome can vary widely and may include:

* Short stature and delayed growth and development
* Infertility or lack of menstruation (amenorrhea)
* Heart defects, such as a narrowed aorta or a hole in the heart
* Eye problems, such as cataracts, glaucoma, or crossed eyes
* Hearing loss or deafness
* Bone and joint problems, such as scoliosis or clubfoot
* Cognitive impairments, including learning disabilities and memory problems
* Delayed speech and language development
* Poor immune function, leading to recurrent infections

Turner syndrome is usually diagnosed at birth or during childhood, based on physical characteristics such as short stature, low muscle tone, or heart defects. Chromosomal analysis can also confirm the diagnosis.

There is no cure for Turner syndrome, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. Hormone replacement therapy may be used to stimulate growth and development in children, while adults with the condition may require ongoing hormone therapy to maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis. Surgery may be necessary to correct heart defects or other physical abnormalities. Speech and language therapy can help improve communication skills, and cognitive training may be beneficial for learning disabilities.

The long-term outlook for individuals with Turner syndrome varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of any additional health problems. With proper medical care and support, many women with Turner syndrome can lead fulfilling lives, but they may face unique challenges related to fertility, heart health, and other issues.

The condition is caused by the body's immune system attacking the arteries in the CNS, leading to inflammation and damage. It is more common in individuals with uncontrolled HIV infection and low CD4 cell counts.

Symptoms of AIDS Arteritis, CNS can include:

* Headaches
* Seizures
* Weakness or paralysis of the limbs or face
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision or loss of peripheral vision
* Confusion or disorientation
* Slurred speech
* Difficulty with coordination and balance

If you suspect that you or someone you know may have AIDS Arteritis, CNS, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term damage and improve quality of life.

Treatment for AIDS Arteritis, CNS typically involves a combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged blood vessels or relieve pressure on the brain.

Prevention is key in avoiding AIDS Arteritis, CNS. This includes taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) as prescribed, maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, and practicing safe sex to prevent the spread of HIV.

In conclusion, AIDS Arteritis, Central Nervous System is a serious condition that can have severe consequences if left untreated. It is important for individuals with HIV/AIDS to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of this condition and seek medical attention promptly if they suspect they may have it. With early diagnosis and treatment, it is possible to manage the condition and improve quality of life.

There are several types of retinitis, including:

1. Retinitis pigmentosa: This is a group of inherited conditions that cause progressive vision loss due to degeneration of the retina.
2. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis: This is a type of retinitis caused by the CMV virus, which is common in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.
3. Toxoplasma retinitis: This is a type of retinitis caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which can cause vision loss if left untreated.
4. Syphilitic retinitis: This is a type of retinitis caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum, which can cause vision loss if left untreated.
5. Uveitis-related retinitis: This is a type of retinitis that occurs as a complication of uveitis, an inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye.

Symptoms of retinitis can include vision loss, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and floaters (specks or cobwebs in your vision). If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Retinitis is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment for retinitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antiviral or antibacterial medications, immunosuppressive drugs, or surgery. In some cases, vision loss may be permanent, but early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent further damage and improve outcomes.

A type of meningitis caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, which can be found in soil and decaying organic matter. The fungus is more common in areas with warm climates and poor air quality. It can cause a variety of symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and mental confusion.

It is most commonly seen in people who have compromised immune systems (such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive medications), and the elderly. It can be diagnosed by analyzing a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the presence of the fungus or its antigens, or through imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications and supportive care to manage symptoms.

Types of Mycobacterium Infections:

1. Tuberculosis (TB): This is the most common Mycobacterium infection and is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body such as the brain, kidneys, and spine.
2. Leprosy: This is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes. It is also known as Hansen's disease.
3. Buruli ulcer: This is a skin infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium ulcerans, which is found in wet environments such as rivers, lakes, and swamps.
4. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC): This is a group of bacteria that can cause a variety of diseases, including lung disease, disseminated disease, and cardiovascular disease.
5. Mycobacterium abscessus: This is a type of bacteria that can cause skin and soft tissue infections, as well as respiratory and disseminated diseases.

Symptoms of Mycobacterium Infections:

The symptoms of Mycobacterium infections can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of the disease. Some common symptoms include:

* Coughing or difficulty breathing (in TB infections)
* Skin lesions or ulcers (in leprosy and Buruli ulcer)
* Fever, chills, and fatigue (in all types of Mycobacterium infections)
* Swollen lymph nodes (in all types of Mycobacterium infections)
* Joint pain or swelling (in some cases)
* Weight loss and loss of appetite (in severe cases)

Diagnosis of Mycobacterium Infections:

Diagnosing a Mycobacterium infection can be challenging, as the bacteria are slow-growing and require specialized culture techniques. Some common methods for diagnosing Mycobacterium infections include:

* Skin scrapings or biopsies (for leprosy and Buruli ulcer)
* Sputum or lung biopsy (for TB)
* Blood tests (for disseminated disease)
* Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans (to evaluate the extent of the infection)

Treatment of Mycobacterium Infections:

The treatment of Mycobacterium infections depends on the type of infection and the severity of the disease. Some common treatments include:

* Antibiotics: For TB, the standard treatment is a combination of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for at least 6 months. For leprosy, the standard treatment is a combination of rifampin, dapsone, and clofazimine for at least 12 months.
* Surgery: For Buruli ulcer, surgical debridement of the affected skin and tissue is often necessary.
* Supportive care: Patients with severe forms of the disease may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and wound care.

Prevention of Mycobacterium Infections:

Preventing the spread of Mycobacterium infections is crucial for controlling these diseases. Some common prevention measures include:

* Vaccination: For TB, vaccination with the BCG vaccine is recommended for infants and young children in high-risk areas.
* Screening: Screening for TB and leprosy is important for early detection and treatment of cases.
* Contact tracing: Identifying and testing individuals who have been in close contact with someone who has been diagnosed with TB or leprosy can help prevent the spread of the disease.
* Infection control measures: Healthcare workers should follow strict infection control measures when caring for patients with Mycobacterium infections to prevent transmission to others.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick: Avoiding close contact with people who are sick with TB or leprosy can help prevent the spread of the disease.
* Covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing: Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing can help prevent the spread of TB bacteria.
* Properly disposing of contaminated materials: Properly disposing of contaminated materials, such as used tissues and surfaces soiled with respiratory secretions, can help prevent the spread of TB bacteria.

It is important to note that while these measures can help control the spread of Mycobacterium infections, they are not foolproof and should be combined with other prevention measures, such as early detection and treatment of cases, to effectively control these diseases.

Some examples of multiple abnormalities include:

1. Multiple chronic conditions: An individual may have multiple chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and heart disease, which can affect their quality of life and increase their risk of complications.
2. Congenital anomalies: Some individuals may be born with multiple physical abnormalities or birth defects, such as heart defects, limb abnormalities, or facial deformities.
3. Mental health disorders: Individuals may experience multiple mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder, which can impact their cognitive functioning and daily life.
4. Neurological conditions: Some individuals may have multiple neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and stroke, which can affect their cognitive and physical functioning.
5. Genetic disorders: Individuals with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome, may experience a range of physical and developmental abnormalities.

The term "multiple abnormalities" is often used in medical research and clinical practice to describe individuals who have complex health needs and require comprehensive care. It is important for healthcare providers to recognize and address the multiple needs of these individuals to improve their overall health outcomes.

1. Group B streptococcus (GBS): This type of bacterial infection is the leading cause of infections in newborns. GBS can cause a range of complications, including pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
2. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These are common during pregnancy and can be caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Staphylococcus saprophyticus. UTIs can lead to complications such as preterm labor and low birth weight.
3. HIV: Pregnant women who are infected with HIV can pass the virus to their baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
4. Toxoplasmosis: This is an infection caused by a parasite that can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta. Toxoplasmosis can cause a range of complications, including birth defects and stillbirth.
5. Listeriosis: This is a rare infection caused by eating contaminated food, such as soft cheeses or hot dogs. Listeriosis can cause complications such as miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature labor.
6. Influenza: Pregnant women who contract the flu can be at higher risk for complications such as pneumonia and hospitalization.
7. Herpes simplex virus (HSV): This virus can cause complications such as preterm labor, low birth weight, and neonatal herpes.
8. Human parvovirus (HPV): This virus can cause complications such as preterm labor, low birth weight, and stillbirth.
9. Syphilis: This is a sexually transmitted infection that can be passed to the fetus during pregnancy, leading to complications such as stillbirth, premature birth, and congenital syphilis.
10. Chickenpox: Pregnant women who contract chickenpox can be at higher risk for complications such as preterm labor and low birth weight.

It's important to note that the risks associated with these infections are relatively low, and many pregnant women who contract them will have healthy pregnancies and healthy babies. However, it's still important to be aware of the risks and take steps to protect yourself and your baby.

Here are some ways to reduce your risk of infection during pregnancy:

1. Practice good hygiene: Wash your hands frequently, especially before preparing or eating food.
2. Avoid certain foods: Avoid consuming raw or undercooked meat, eggs, and dairy products, as well as unpasteurized juices and soft cheeses.
3. Get vaccinated: Get vaccinated against infections such as the flu and HPV.
4. Practice safe sex: Use condoms or other forms of barrier protection to prevent the spread of STIs.
5. Avoid close contact with people who are sick: If someone in your household is sick, try to avoid close contact with them if possible.
6. Keep your environment clean: Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces and objects that may be contaminated with germs.
7. Manage stress: High levels of stress can weaken your immune system and make you more susceptible to infection.
8. Get enough rest: Adequate sleep is essential for maintaining a healthy immune system.
9. Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to help flush out harmful bacteria and viruses.
10. Consider taking prenatal vitamins: Prenatal vitamins can help support your immune system and overall health during pregnancy.

Remember, it's always better to be safe than sorry, so if you suspect that you may have been exposed to an infection or are experiencing symptoms of an infection during pregnancy, contact your healthcare provider right away. They can help determine the appropriate course of action and ensure that you and your baby stay healthy.

Word origin:

Cryptosporidium (genus name) is derived from the Greek words "kruptos" (meaning hidden) and "sporos" (meaning seed), referring to the parasite's ability to hide within host cells. The specific species of Cryptosporidium that infect humans is known as C. parvum.

Example sentences:

1. The CDC has reported an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a community with a contaminated water supply.
2. The patient was diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis after experiencing severe diarrhea and vomiting for several days.
3. The researchers are studying the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications against cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised individuals.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Types of Aortic Arch Syndromes:

1. Turner Syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects females and is caused by a missing X chromosome. This condition can result in short stature, infertility, and heart defects, including aortic arch syndrome.
2. Down Syndrome: A genetic disorder that occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21. This condition can cause a range of symptoms, including heart defects such as aortic arch syndrome.
3. Williams Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material from chromosome 7. This condition is characterized by cardiovascular problems, including aortic arch syndrome.
4. Marfan Syndrome: An inherited disorder that affects the body's connective tissue, including the heart and blood vessels. This condition can cause aortic arch syndrome and other cardiovascular problems.
5. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: A group of inherited disorders that affect the body's connective tissue, including the heart and blood vessels. This condition can cause aortic arch syndrome and other cardiovascular problems.

Symptoms of Aortic Arch Syndromes:

1. Chest pain or pressure
2. Shortness of breath
3. Dizziness or fainting
4. Pulse deficiency in the arms or legs
5. Blue discoloration of the skin (cyanosis)
6. Heart murmurs
7. Abnormal heart rhythms

Diagnosis of Aortic Arch Syndromes:

1. Physical examination and medical history
2. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
3. Echocardiography
4. Cardiac catheterization
5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans

Treatment of Aortic Arch Syndromes:

1. Medications to control symptoms such as high blood pressure, heart failure, or abnormal heart rhythms
2. Surgery to repair or replace the aortic arch, including open-heart surgery or minimally invasive procedures
3. Monitoring and follow-up care to manage the condition and prevent complications.

Prognosis for Aortic Arch Syndromes:

The prognosis for aortic arch syndromes varies depending on the underlying cause of the condition, the severity of the symptoms, and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve the outlook for individuals with these conditions. However, without proper care, the condition can be life-threatening.

The symptoms of toxoplasmosis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the individual's overall health. In some cases, it may cause mild flu-like symptoms or no symptoms at all. However, in severe cases, it can lead to complications such as brain inflammation, eye infections, and pneumonia.

Toxoplasmosis is a significant public health concern due to its potential to affect anyone and its ability to cause serious complications, especially in certain populations such as pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems, and the elderly. It is important for individuals who may be at risk of contracting the disease to take preventive measures such as avoiding undercooked meat, washing hands frequently, and avoiding contact with cat feces.

Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the parasite's DNA in the body. Imaging studies such as ultrasound or computerized tomography (CT) scans may be used to evaluate any complications of the disease.

Treatment for toxoplasmosis typically involves antibiotics to control the infection and manage symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat any complications. Prevention is key to avoiding this disease, as there is no vaccine available to protect against it.

There are several subtypes of MDS, each with distinct clinical features and prognosis. The most common subtype is refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), followed by chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMMoL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

The exact cause of MDS is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic mutations and environmental factors. Risk factors for developing MDS include exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, age over 60, and a history of previous cancer treatment.

Symptoms of MDS can vary depending on the specific subtype and severity of the disorder, but may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, infection, bleeding, and easy bruising. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsy.

Treatment for MDS depends on the specific subtype and severity of the disorder, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Options may include supportive care, such as blood transfusions and antibiotics, or more intensive therapies like chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, or gene therapy.

Overall, myelodysplastic syndromes are a complex and heterogeneous group of disorders that can have a significant impact on quality of life and survival. Ongoing research is focused on improving diagnostic accuracy, developing more effective treatments, and exploring novel therapeutic approaches to improve outcomes for patients with MDS.

Some common types of monkey diseases include:

1. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV): A virus that affects nonhuman primates and is closely related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). SIV can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated needles.
2. Ebola virus disease: A severe and often deadly illness caused by the Ebola virus, which is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids.
3. Herpes B virus: A virus that can cause a range of illnesses in nonhuman primates, including respiratory infections, skin lesions, and neurological symptoms.
4. Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection that affects both humans and nonhuman primates, and is transmitted through the air when an infected animal or person coughs or sneezes.
5. Rabies: A viral infection that affects the central nervous system and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals, usually through bites or scratches.
6. Yellow fever: A viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito, and can cause fever, jaundice, and hemorrhagic symptoms.
7. Kyasanur Forest disease: A viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick, and can cause fever, headache, and hemorrhagic symptoms.
8. Monkeypox: A viral infection that is similar to smallpox and is transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces.
9. Meningitis: An inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, which can be caused by a range of bacterial and viral infections.
10. Encephalitis: An inflammation of the brain, which can be caused by a range of viral and bacterial infections.

It is important to note that many of these diseases are rare in humans and may not be commonly encountered in everyday practice. However, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of these diseases and their potential transmission routes in order to provide appropriate care and prevention measures for patients.

The symptoms of cryptococcosis vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. In lung infections, patients may experience fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. In CNS infections, patients may experience headaches, confusion, seizures, and loss of coordination. Skin infections can cause skin lesions, and eye infections can cause vision problems.

Cryptococcosis is diagnosed by culturing the fungus from body fluids or tissue samples. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B or fluconazole, which may be given intravenously or orally, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove infected tissue or repair damaged organs.

Preventive measures for cryptococcosis include avoiding exposure to fungal spores, practicing good hygiene, and maintaining a healthy immune system. For individuals with HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can help reduce the risk of developing cryptococcosis.

Overall, while rare, cryptococcosis is a serious opportunistic infection that can affect individuals with compromised immune systems. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Cushing syndrome is a rare hormonal disorder that occurs when the body produces too much cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including tumors, infections, and genetic conditions.

The symptoms of Cushing syndrome can vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition, but may include:

* Weight gain, particularly in the abdomen, face, and neck
* Fatigue and muscle weakness
* Poor sleep
* Mood changes, such as anxiety, depression, and irritability
* High blood pressure
* Easy bruising and thinning skin
* Osteoporosis or osteopenia
* Increased risk of infections
* Menstrual irregularities in women
* Hirsutism (excessive hair growth) in women
* Erectile dysfunction in men

Cushing syndrome can be difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions. A healthcare provider will typically begin by taking a detailed medical history and performing a physical exam. They may also order several tests, including:

* Blood tests to measure cortisol levels and look for other hormonal imbalances
* Urine tests to check for abnormal steroid metabolites
* Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, to look for tumors or other structural abnormalities
* Salivary cortisol testing to measure cortisol levels throughout the day

Treatment for Cushing syndrome depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to reduce cortisol production or to treat symptoms such as high blood pressure or mood changes. Surgery may be necessary to remove a tumor or other structural abnormality. In addition, lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise may be recommended to help manage the condition.

It is important for individuals with Cushing syndrome to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan that is tailored to their specific needs and circumstances. With appropriate treatment, many people with Cushing syndrome can experience significant improvement in their symptoms and quality of life.

There are two main forms of TB:

1. Active TB: This is the form of the disease where the bacteria are actively growing and causing symptoms such as coughing, fever, chest pain, and fatigue. Active TB can be contagious and can spread to others if not treated properly.
2. Latent TB: This is the form of the disease where the bacteria are present in the body but are not actively growing or causing symptoms. People with latent TB do not feel sick and are not contagious, but they can still become sick with active TB if their immune system is weakened.

TB is a major public health concern, especially in developing countries where access to healthcare may be limited. The disease is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical imaging, and laboratory tests such as skin tests or blood tests. Treatment for TB typically involves a course of antibiotics, which can be effective in curing the disease if taken properly. However, drug-resistant forms of TB have emerged in some parts of the world, making treatment more challenging.

Preventive measures against TB include:

1. Vaccination with BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine, which can provide some protection against severe forms of the disease but not against latent TB.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who have active TB, especially if they are coughing or sneezing.
3. Practicing good hygiene, such as covering one's mouth when coughing or sneezing and regularly washing hands.
4. Getting regular screenings for TB if you are in a high-risk group, such as healthcare workers or people with weakened immune systems.
5. Avoiding sharing personal items such as towels, utensils, or drinking glasses with people who have active TB.

Overall, while TB is a serious disease that can be challenging to treat and prevent, with the right measures in place, it is possible to reduce its impact on public health and improve outcomes for those affected by the disease.

The symptoms of Gerstmann syndrome usually begin in adulthood and can vary in severity. Affected individuals may experience memory loss, confusion, difficulty with language, and problems with coordination and balance. As the disease progresses, they may also experience seizures, weakness, and paralysis.

Gerstmann syndrome is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. There is no cure for the disorder, but various treatments can help manage its symptoms. These may include medications to control seizures and muscle spasms, physical therapy to maintain mobility and strength, and speech and language therapy to improve communication skills.

The progression of Gerstmann syndrome is variable, with some individuals experiencing a rapid decline in cognitive and motor functions while others may remain relatively stable for several years. The mean age of death is in the mid-50s, but some individuals may live into their 70s or 80s.

The exact prevalence of Gerstmann syndrome is not known, but it is estimated to affect approximately one in a million people worldwide. It is considered a rare disorder and is often misdiagnosed as other neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease.

Overall, Gerstmann syndrome is a rare and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that affects cognitive and motor functions, and its diagnosis and management can be challenging for healthcare providers.

The primary symptoms of DiGeorge syndrome include:

1. Cleft palate or other congenital facial abnormalities
2. Heart defects, such as Tetralogy of Fallot
3. Developmental delays and learning disabilities
4. Speech difficulties
5. Hearing loss
6. Vision problems
7. Immune system dysfunction
8. Thyroid gland abnormalities
9. Kidney and urinary tract defects
10. Increased risk of infections

DiGeorge syndrome is caused by a genetic mutation that occurs sporadically, meaning it is not inherited from either parent. The condition is usually diagnosed during infancy or early childhood, based on the presence of distinctive physical features and developmental delays. Treatment for DiGeorge syndrome typically involves managing the associated symptoms and developmental delays through a combination of medical interventions, therapies, and special education. With appropriate support and care, individuals with DiGeorge syndrome can lead fulfilling lives, although they may require ongoing medical attention throughout their lives.

People with agammaglobulinemia are more susceptible to infections, particularly those caused by encapsulated bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b. They may also experience recurrent sinopulmonary infections, ear infections, and gastrointestinal infections. The disorder can be managed with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, which provides antibodies to help prevent infections. In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant may be necessary.

Agammaglobulinemia is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that a person must inherit two mutated copies of the BTK gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition. It is relatively rare, affecting approximately one in 1 million people worldwide. The disorder can be diagnosed through genetic testing and a complete blood count (CBC) that shows low levels of immunoglobulins.

Treatment for ag

The underlying cause of ACS is typically a blockage in one of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. This blockage can be caused by atherosclerosis, a condition in which plaque builds up in the arteries and narrows them, or by a blood clot that forms in the artery and blocks the flow of blood.

The diagnosis of ACS is typically made based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and results of diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs) and blood tests. Treatment for ACS usually involves medications to dissolve blood clots and reduce the amount of work the heart has to do, as well as procedures such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery to restore blood flow to the heart.

Preventive measures for ACS include managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes, as well as increasing physical activity and eating a healthy diet. Early diagnosis and treatment of ACS can help reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes for patients.

1. Irregular menstrual cycles, or amenorrhea (the absence of periods).
2. Cysts on the ovaries, which are fluid-filled sacs that can be detected by ultrasound.
3. Elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) in the body, which can cause a range of symptoms including acne, excessive hair growth, and male pattern baldness.
4. Insulin resistance, which is a condition in which the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

PCOS is a complex disorder, and there is no single cause. However, genetics, hormonal imbalances, and insulin resistance are thought to play a role in its development. It is estimated that 5-10% of women of childbearing age have PCOS, making it one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting women.

There are several symptoms of PCOS, including:

1. Irregular menstrual cycles or amenorrhea
2. Weight gain or obesity
3. Acne
4. Excessive hair growth on the face, chest, and back
5. Male pattern baldness
6. Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant
7. Mood changes, such as depression and anxiety
8. Sleep apnea

PCOS can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including:

1. Pelvic exam: A doctor will examine the ovaries and uterus to look for cysts or other abnormalities.
2. Ultrasound: An ultrasound can be used to detect cysts on the ovaries and to evaluate the thickness of the uterine lining.
3. Hormone testing: Blood tests can be used to measure levels of androgens, estrogen, and progesterone.
4. Glucose tolerance test: This test is used to check for insulin resistance, which is a common finding in women with PCOS.
5. Laparoscopy: A small camera inserted through a small incision in the abdomen can be used to visualize the ovaries and uterus and to diagnose PCOS.

There is no cure for PCOS, but it can be managed with lifestyle changes and medication. Treatment options include:

1. Weight loss: Losing weight can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce androgen levels.
2. Hormonal birth control: Birth control pills or other hormonal contraceptives can help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce androgen levels.
3. Fertility medications: Clomiphene citrate and letrozole are commonly used to stimulate ovulation in women with PCOS.
4. Injectable fertility medications: Gonadotropins, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), can be used to stimulate ovulation.
5. Surgery: Laparoscopic ovarian drilling or laser surgery can improve ovulation and fertility in women with PCOS.
6. Assisted reproductive technology (ART): In vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) can be used to help women with PCOS conceive.
7. Alternative therapies: Some complementary and alternative therapies, such as acupuncture and herbal supplements, may be helpful in managing symptoms of PCOS.

It is important for women with PCOS to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan that meets their individual needs and goals. With appropriate treatment, many women with PCOS can improve their menstrual regularity, fertility, and overall health.

There are several causes of hypergammaglobulinemia, including:

1. Chronic infections: Prolonged infections can cause an increase in the production of immunoglobulins to fight off the infection.
2. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis can cause the immune system to produce excessive amounts of antibodies.
3. Cancer: Some types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, can cause an increase in immunoglobulin production.
4. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic conditions, such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia, can lead to a deficiency or excess of immunoglobulins.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as corticosteroids and chemotherapy drugs, can suppress the immune system and reduce the production of immunoglobulins.

Symptoms of hypergammaglobulinemia can include:

1. Infections: Recurring infections are a common symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, as the excessive amount of antibodies can make it difficult for the body to fight off infections effectively.
2. Fatigue: Chronic infections and inflammation can cause fatigue and weakness.
3. Weight loss: Recurring infections and chronic inflammation can lead to weight loss and malnutrition.
4. Swollen lymph nodes: Enlarged lymph nodes are a common symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, as the body tries to fight off infections.
5. Fever: Recurring fevers can be a symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, as the body tries to fight off infections.
6. Night sweats: Excessive sweating at night can be a symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia.
7. Skin rashes: Certain types of skin rashes can be a symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, such as a rash caused by allergic reactions to medications or infections.
8. Joint pain: Pain and stiffness in the joints can be a symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, particularly if the excessive amount of antibodies is causing inflammation in the joints.
9. Headaches: Chronic headaches can be a symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, particularly if the excessive amount of antibodies is causing inflammation in the brain or other parts of the body.
10. Swollen liver and spleen: Enlarged liver and spleen can be a symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, as the body tries to filter out excess antibodies and fight off infections.

It is important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other medical conditions, so it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. A healthcare professional may perform blood tests and other diagnostic procedures to determine the underlying cause of the symptoms and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment for hypergammaglobulinemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, such as infections, allergies, or autoimmune disorders, and may include medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.

The hallmark of HIGM1 is an excessive production of IgM antibodies, which are the largest and most complex antibodies produced by B cells. This results in an abnormally high level of IgM antibodies in the blood, often exceeding 100 times the normal upper limit. The excessive IgM production can lead to a variety of complications, including recurrent infections, autoimmune disorders, and cancer.

People with HIGM1 typically experience frequent and recurrent infections, particularly respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, and may also develop autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia or immune thrombocytopenia. Cancer, particularly lymphoma, is a significant risk for individuals with HIGM1.

There is currently no cure for HIGM1, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. This may include antibiotics to treat infections, immunoglobulin replacement therapy to boost the immune system, and medications to suppress the immune system and reduce the risk of autoimmune disorders. Stem cell transplantation has been attempted as a potential cure for HIGM1, but it is still an experimental treatment and its efficacy and safety have not been fully established.

HIGM1 is a rare disorder, and its prevalence is not well understood. However, it is believed to affect approximately 1 in 1 million people worldwide. The disorder is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that individuals must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, to develop the condition.

Overall, Hyper-IgM Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Type 1 (HIGM1) is a rare and complex disorder characterized by impaired immune function, increased risk of infections, and a range of other symptoms. While there is currently no cure for the condition, ongoing research and clinical trials are exploring new treatments and potential cures for HIGM1. With proper management and care, individuals with HIGM1 can lead fulfilling lives, but it is important for them to receive early and accurate diagnosis and ongoing medical attention to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.

The term splenomegaly is used to describe any condition that results in an increase in the size of the spleen, regardless of the underlying cause. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as infection, inflammation, cancer, or genetic disorders.

Splenomegaly can be diagnosed through a physical examination, where the doctor may feel the enlarged spleen during an abdominal palpation. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the extent of the splenomegaly.

Treatment for splenomegaly depends on the underlying cause. For example, infections such as malaria or mononucleosis are treated with antibiotics, while cancerous conditions may require surgical intervention or chemotherapy. In some cases, the spleen may need to be removed, a procedure known as splenectomy.

In conclusion, splenomegaly is an abnormal enlargement of the spleen that can be caused by various factors and requires prompt medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The symptoms of Fanconi Syndrome can vary in severity and may include:

* Diarrhea
* Dehydration
* Abdominal pain
* Failure to gain weight or grow at the expected rate
* Increased risk of infections
* Poor blood sugar control
* High levels of amino acids in the urine
* Abnormal kidney function

Fanconi Syndrome is usually diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for the condition typically involves managing the symptoms and addressing any underlying complications. This may include:

* Nutritional support to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients
* Hydration to prevent dehydration
* Antibiotics to prevent or treat infections
* Medications to manage diarrhea and abdominal pain
* Monitoring of blood sugar levels
* Kidney function tests to monitor for any kidney damage

There is no cure for Fanconi Syndrome, but with proper management, individuals with the condition can lead relatively normal lives. It is important for individuals with Fanconi Syndrome to receive regular medical care and follow a carefully planned diet to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.

Physical Features:

* Delayed growth and short stature
* Broad forehead
* Long, narrow face with a wide mouth and full lips
* Wide-set eyes that are often blue or green
* Low-set ears
* Curly or wavy hair

Developmental Features:

* Intellectual disability or cognitive impairment
* Delayed speech and language development
* Difficulty with fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination
* Poor musical ability

Personality Profile:

* Friendly and outgoing personality
* High level of empathy and compassion for others
* Excellent social skills
* Love of music and dance
* Curiosity and playfulness

Causes and Inheritance:

Williams syndrome is caused by a deletion of genetic material from chromosome 7, specifically the q11.23 region. This deletion occurs spontaneously, without a known family history or environmental trigger. The disorder is not inherited in a Mendelian pattern, meaning that it does not follow traditional patterns of inheritance.

Diagnosis:

Williams syndrome can be diagnosed through a combination of physical and developmental assessments, as well as genetic testing. Physical features such as broad foreheads and wide mouths are often present at birth, while developmental delays and cognitive impairments may not become apparent until later in childhood. Genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis by identifying the deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7.

Treatment and Management:

There is no cure for Williams syndrome, but early intervention and specialized management can help individuals with the disorder reach their full potential. Treatment may include:

* Physical therapy to improve fine motor skills and coordination
* Speech and language therapy to improve communication skills
* Occupational therapy to develop daily living skills
* Special education programs tailored to individual needs
* Medications to manage cardiovascular problems, hypertension, and sleep disorders

Prognosis:

The prognosis for individuals with Williams syndrome varies depending on the severity of the symptoms. Some individuals may experience significant developmental delays and cognitive impairments, while others may have fewer or no symptoms. With early intervention and specialized management, many individuals with Williams syndrome can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their full potential.

Inheritance Pattern:

Williams syndrome is not inherited in a Mendelian pattern, meaning that it does not follow traditional patterns of inheritance. The disorder is caused by a spontaneous deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7, and there is no known family history or environmental trigger. Each child of an individual with Williams syndrome has a 50% chance of inheriting the deletion and developing the disorder.

Prenatal Testing:

Prenatal testing for Williams syndrome is available but not routine. The test is typically offered to pregnant women who have a family history of the disorder or who have had a previous child with Williams syndrome. Prenatal testing involves analyzing cells from the developing fetus, usually through chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis.

Genetic Counseling:

Genetic counseling is essential for individuals and families affected by Williams syndrome. A genetic counselor can provide information on the inheritance pattern of the disorder, discuss prenatal testing options, and offer guidance on managing the condition. Genetic counseling can also help families understand the risks and benefits of genetic testing and make informed decisions about their reproductive options.

In conclusion, Williams syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects approximately 1 in 10,000 individuals worldwide. It is caused by a spontaneous deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7 and is characterized by developmental delays, cognitive impairments, and cardiovascular problems. Early intervention and specialized management can significantly improve the prognosis for individuals with Williams syndrome. Prenatal testing and genetic counseling are available for families who have a risk of inheriting the disorder. With proper care and support, individuals with Williams syndrome can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their full potential.

The primary symptoms of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome include:

1. Eczema and skin rashes
2. Immune system dysfunction, leading to recurrent infections
3. Bleeding disorders, including easy bruising and nosebleeds
4. Delayed development and growth retardation
5. Short stature
6. Poor muscle tone and coarse facial features
7. Heart defects, such as ventricular septal defects
8. Kidney disease or dysfunction
9. Increased risk of cancer, particularly lymphoma

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for the condition typically involves managing symptoms and preventing complications through medications, immunoglobulin replacement therapy, and other supportive measures.

The prognosis for individuals with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome varies depending on the severity of their symptoms and the presence of any comorbidities. With appropriate medical care, many individuals with this condition can lead relatively normal lives, but they may require lifelong monitoring and treatment to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.

Types of Infection:

1. Bacterial Infections: These are caused by the presence of harmful bacteria in the body. Examples include pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin infections.
2. Viral Infections: These are caused by the presence of harmful viruses in the body. Examples include the common cold, flu, and HIV/AIDS.
3. Fungal Infections: These are caused by the presence of fungi in the body. Examples include athlete's foot, ringworm, and candidiasis.
4. Parasitic Infections: These are caused by the presence of parasites in the body. Examples include malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis.

Symptoms of Infection:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Headache
4. Muscle aches
5. Skin rashes or lesions
6. Swollen lymph nodes
7. Sore throat
8. Coughing
9. Diarrhea
10. Vomiting

Treatment of Infection:

1. Antibiotics: These are used to treat bacterial infections and work by killing or stopping the growth of bacteria.
2. Antiviral medications: These are used to treat viral infections and work by interfering with the replication of viruses.
3. Fungicides: These are used to treat fungal infections and work by killing or stopping the growth of fungi.
4. Anti-parasitic medications: These are used to treat parasitic infections and work by killing or stopping the growth of parasites.
5. Supportive care: This includes fluids, nutritional supplements, and pain management to help the body recover from the infection.

Prevention of Infection:

1. Hand washing: Regular hand washing is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of infection.
2. Vaccination: Getting vaccinated against specific infections can help prevent them.
3. Safe sex practices: Using condoms and other safe sex practices can help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections.
4. Food safety: Properly storing and preparing food can help prevent the spread of foodborne illnesses.
5. Infection control measures: Healthcare providers use infection control measures such as wearing gloves, masks, and gowns to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings.

Some common types of eye infections include:

1. Conjunctivitis - a highly contagious infection of the conjunctiva, which is the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. It can be caused by bacteria or virus and is commonly known as pink eye.
2. Keratitis - an inflammation of the cornea, which is the clear dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It can be caused by bacteria, virus or fungi.
3. Uveitis - an inflammation of the uvea, which is the layer of tissue between the sclera and retina. It can cause pain, sensitivity to light and blurred vision.
4. Endophthalmitis - a severe infection inside the eye that can cause damage to the lens, retina and other structures. It is usually caused by bacteria or fungi and can be a complication of cataract surgery or other eye procedures.
5. Dacryocystitis - an inflammation of the tear ducts and sac that can cause pain, redness and swelling in the eyelid. It is usually caused by bacteria.

Eye infections can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, tonometry and imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment depends on the type of infection and severity of the condition, and may involve antibiotic or antiviral medication, anti-inflammatory medication or surgery. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated eye infections can lead to complications such as vision loss, corneal scarring and even blindness.

XCIDD can present in a variety of ways, including:

1. X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID): This is the most common form of XCIDD and is caused by mutations in the IL2RG gene. It is characterized by a complete deficiency of T cells and B cells, which makes individuals with this condition extremely susceptible to infections.
2. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA): This condition is caused by mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene and results in a deficiency of antibody production.
3. X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP): This condition is caused by mutations in the SH2D1A gene and results in an overactive immune system, which can lead to lymphoma or other cancers.
4. X-linked lymphopenia: This condition is caused by mutations in genes involved in T cell development and results in a deficiency of T cells.

XCIDD are inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern, meaning that the gene mutation is located on the X chromosome and can be passed from mother to son. Female carriers of XCIDD have a 50% chance of passing the mutated gene to their sons, who will inherit the condition. Daughters, however, will not inherit the condition because they do not have an X chromosome.

There is currently no cure for XCIDD, but bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy are being investigated as potential treatments. Management of the condition typically involves antibiotic therapy to prevent infections and immunoglobulin therapy to boost the immune system.

The main symptoms of Horner syndrome include:

1. Pain and numbness in the face and arm on one side of the body
2. Weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face, arm, and hand
3. Difficulty swallowing
4. Reduced sweating on one side of the body
5. Increased heart rate and blood pressure
6. Narrowing of the pupil (anisocoria)
7. Dilation of the unaffected pupil (paralysis of the parasympathetic nervous system)
8. Decreased reflexes
9. Loss of sensation in the skin over the chest and abdomen
10. Pale or clammy skin on one side of the body

The symptoms of Horner syndrome can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Trauma to the thoracolumbar spine
2. Injury or tumor in the brainstem or spinal cord
3. Aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the neck or chest
4. Multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or other neurodegenerative diseases
5. Inflammatory conditions such as sarcoidosis or tuberculosis
6. Infections such as meningitis or abscesses
7. Vasospasm or thrombosis of the blood vessels in the neck or chest.

The diagnosis of Horner syndrome is based on a combination of clinical findings, neuroimaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and laboratory tests to rule out other causes of the symptoms. Treatment of the condition depends on the underlying cause and may include surgery, medication, or other interventions. In some cases, Horner syndrome may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition that requires prompt medical attention.

PWS is characterized by a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms, including:

1. Delayed growth and development: Individuals with PWS often have slowed growth before birth and may be born with low birth weight. They may also experience delayed puberty and short stature compared to their peers.
2. Intellectual disability: Many individuals with PWS have intellectual disability, which can range from mild to severe.
3. Behavioral problems: PWS is often associated with behavioral challenges, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
4. Feeding and eating difficulties: Individuals with PWS may have difficulty feeding and swallowing, which can lead to nutritional deficiencies and other health problems. They may also experience a condition called "hyperphagia," which is characterized by excessive hunger and overeating.
5. Sleep disturbances: PWS is often associated with sleep disturbances, such as insomnia and restlessness.
6. Short stature: Individuals with PWS tend to be shorter than their peers, with an average adult height of around 4 feet 10 inches (147 cm).
7. Body composition: PWS is often characterized by a high percentage of body fat, which can increase the risk of obesity and other health problems.
8. Hormonal imbalances: PWS can disrupt the balance of hormones in the body, leading to issues such as hypogonadism (low testosterone levels) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).
9. Dental problems: Individuals with PWS are at increased risk of dental problems, including tooth decay and gum disease.
10. Vision and hearing problems: Some individuals with PWS may experience vision and hearing problems, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and hearing loss.

It's important to note that every individual with PWS is unique, and not all will experience all of these symptoms. Additionally, the severity of the disorder can vary widely from person to person. With proper medical care and management, however, many individuals with PWS can lead fulfilling and productive lives.

The QT interval is a measure of the time it takes for the ventricles to recover from each heartbeat and prepare for the next one. In people with LQTS, this recovery time is prolonged, which can disrupt the normal rhythm of the heart and increase the risk of arrhythmias.

LQTS is caused by mutations in genes that encode proteins involved in the cardiac ion channels, which regulate the flow of ions into and out of the heart muscle cells. These mutations can affect the normal functioning of the ion channels, leading to abnormalities in the electrical activity of the heart.

Symptoms of LQTS can include palpitations, fainting spells, and seizures. In some cases, LQTS can be diagnosed based on a family history of the condition or after a sudden death in an otherwise healthy individual. Other tests, such as an electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and stress test, may also be used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for LQTS typically involves medications that regulate the heart's rhythm and reduce the risk of arrhythmias. In some cases, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) may be recommended to monitor the heart's activity and deliver an electric shock if a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia is detected. Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding stimuli that trigger symptoms and taking precautions during exercise and stress, may also be recommended.

In summary, Long QT syndrome is a rare inherited disorder that affects the electrical activity of the heart, leading to an abnormal prolongation of the QT interval and an increased risk of irregular and potentially life-threatening heart rhythms. It is important for individuals with LQTS to be closely monitored by a healthcare provider and to take precautions to manage their condition and reduce the risk of complications.

STDs can cause a range of symptoms, including genital itching, burning during urination, unusual discharge, and painful sex. Some STDs can also lead to long-term health problems, such as infertility, chronic pain, and an increased risk of certain types of cancer.

STDs are usually diagnosed through a physical exam, blood tests, or other diagnostic tests. Treatment for STDs varies depending on the specific infection and can include antibiotics, antiviral medication, or other therapies. It's important to practice safe sex, such as using condoms, to reduce the risk of getting an STD.

Some of the most common STDs include:

* Chlamydia: A bacterial infection that can cause genital itching, burning during urination, and unusual discharge.
* Gonorrhea: A bacterial infection that can cause similar symptoms to chlamydia.
* Syphilis: A bacterial infection that can cause a painless sore on the genitals, followed by a rash and other symptoms.
* Herpes: A viral infection that can cause genital itching, burning during urination, and painful sex.
* HPV: A viral infection that can cause genital warts and increase the risk of cervical cancer.
* HIV/AIDS: A viral infection that can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, and weight loss, and can lead to AIDS if left untreated.

It's important to note that some STDs can be spread through non-sexual contact, such as sharing needles or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth. It's also important to know that many STDs can be asymptomatic, meaning you may not have any symptoms even if you are infected.

If you think you may have been exposed to an STD, it's important to get tested as soon as possible. Many STDs can be easily treated with antibiotics or other medications, but if left untreated, they can lead to serious complications and long-term health problems.

It's also important to practice safe sex to reduce the risk of getting an STD. This includes using condoms, as well as getting vaccinated against HPV and Hepatitis B, which are both common causes of STDs.

In addition to getting tested and practicing safe sex, it's important to be aware of your sexual health and the risks associated with sex. This includes being aware of any symptoms you may experience, as well as being aware of your partner's sexual history and any STDs they may have. By being informed and proactive about your sexual health, you can help reduce the risk of getting an STD and maintain good sexual health.

Types of Substance-Related Disorders:

1. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): A chronic disease characterized by the excessive consumption of alcohol, leading to impaired control over drinking, social or personal problems, and increased risk of health issues.
2. Opioid Use Disorder (OUD): A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of opioids, such as prescription painkillers or heroin, leading to withdrawal symptoms when the substance is not available.
3. Stimulant Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of stimulants, such as cocaine or amphetamines, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
4. Cannabis Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of cannabis, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
5. Hallucinogen Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of hallucinogens, such as LSD or psilocybin mushrooms, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: Individuals with a family history of substance-related disorders are more likely to develop these conditions.
2. Mental health: Individuals with mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety, may be more likely to use substances as a form of self-medication.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to substances at an early age, peer pressure, and social environment can increase the risk of developing a substance-related disorder.
4. Brain chemistry: Substance use can alter brain chemistry, leading to dependence and addiction.

Symptoms:

1. Increased tolerance: The need to use more of the substance to achieve the desired effect.
2. Withdrawal: Experiencing symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, or nausea when the substance is not present.
3. Loss of control: Using more substance than intended or for longer than intended.
4. Neglecting responsibilities: Neglecting responsibilities at home, work, or school due to substance use.
5. Continued use despite negative consequences: Continuing to use the substance despite physical, emotional, or financial consequences.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination: A doctor may perform a physical examination to look for signs of substance use, such as track marks or changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
2. Laboratory tests: Blood or urine tests can confirm the presence of substances in the body.
3. Psychological evaluation: A mental health professional may conduct a psychological evaluation to assess symptoms of substance-related disorders and determine the presence of co-occurring conditions.

Treatment:

1. Detoxification: A medically-supervised detox program can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.
2. Medications: Medications such as methadone or buprenorphine may be prescribed to manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.
3. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management are effective behavioral therapies for treating substance use disorders.
4. Support groups: Joining a support group such as Narcotics Anonymous can provide a sense of community and support for individuals in recovery.
5. Lifestyle changes: Making healthy lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.

It's important to note that diagnosis and treatment of substance-related disorders is a complex process and should be individualized based on the specific needs and circumstances of each patient.

There are several types of disease susceptibility, including:

1. Genetic predisposition: This refers to the inherent tendency of an individual to develop a particular disease due to their genetic makeup. For example, some families may have a higher risk of developing certain diseases such as cancer or heart disease due to inherited genetic mutations.
2. Environmental susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to exposure to environmental factors such as pollutants, toxins, or infectious agents. For example, someone who lives in an area with high levels of air pollution may be more susceptible to developing respiratory problems.
3. Lifestyle susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to unhealthy lifestyle choices such as smoking, lack of exercise, or poor diet. For example, someone who smokes and is overweight may be more susceptible to developing heart disease or lung cancer.
4. Immune system susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to an impaired immune system. For example, people with autoimmune disorders such as HIV/AIDS or rheumatoid arthritis may be more susceptible to opportunistic infections.

Understanding disease susceptibility can help healthcare providers identify individuals who are at risk of developing certain diseases and provide preventive measures or early intervention to reduce the risk of disease progression. Additionally, genetic testing can help identify individuals with a high risk of developing certain diseases, allowing for earlier diagnosis and treatment.

In summary, disease susceptibility refers to the predisposition of an individual to develop a particular disease or condition due to various factors such as genetics, environment, lifestyle choices, and immune system function. Understanding disease susceptibility can help healthcare providers identify individuals at risk and provide appropriate preventive measures or early intervention to reduce the risk of disease progression.

Source: Dorland's Medical Dictionary. 32nd ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2018. Print.

Herpesviridae infections are caused by the Herpesviridae family of viruses and can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, sexual contact, or from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. Symptoms of herpesviridae infections can vary depending on the type of virus and the individual infected, but may include fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and skin sores or rashes.

There is no cure for herpesviridae infections, but antiviral medications can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of transmission to others. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly and avoiding close contact with those who are infected, can also help prevent the spread of these viruses.

Some common types of herpesviridae infections include:

* Herpes simplex virus (HSV) - Causes cold sores and genital herpes.
* Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) - Causes chickenpox and shingles.
* Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) - Associated with certain types of cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma.

The disorder is caused by mutations in the CD40 ligand (CD40L) gene, which plays a key role in activating B cells to produce antibodies. Without normal CD40L function, B cells are unable to undergo class switching, resulting in the production of only IgM antibodies instead of the normal combination of IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies. This results in a state of "hyper-IgM" - abnormally high levels of IgM antibodies and low or undetectable levels of other antibody classes.

Symptoms of Hyper-IgM Immunodeficiency Syndrome may include recurrent infections, particularly of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as skin infections and ear infections. Patients with this disorder may also experience delayed development of speech and motor skills, as well as a higher risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as lymphoma.

Diagnosis of Hyper-IgM Immunodeficiency Syndrome typically involves a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis to identify the underlying mutation in the CD40L gene. Treatment may involve antibiotics to treat infections, as well as immunoglobulin replacement therapy to boost levels of normal antibodies. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary to correct the genetic defect.

Pulmonary tuberculosis typically affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the brain, kidneys, or spine. The symptoms of pulmonary TB include coughing for more than three weeks, chest pain, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed by a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and radiologic imaging, such as chest X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans. Treatment for pulmonary TB usually involves a combination of antibiotics and medications to manage symptoms.

Preventive measures for pulmonary tuberculosis include screening for latent TB infection in high-risk populations, such as healthcare workers and individuals with HIV/AIDS, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in countries where it is available.

Overall, pulmonary tuberculosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications and death.

The symptoms of GBS can range from mild to severe and may include:

* Weakness or tingling sensations in the legs, arms, or face
* Muscle weakness that progresses to paralysis
* Loss of reflexes
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Numbness or pain in the hands and feet
* Fatigue and fever

The diagnosis of GBS is based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory tests. There is no cure for GBS, but treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Plasmapheresis, immunoglobulin therapy, and corticosteroids are common treatments used to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of the disease.

GBS is a rare condition that affects about one in 100,000 people per year in the United States. It can affect anyone, but it is more common in children and young adults. The prognosis for GBS varies depending on the severity of the disease, but most people recover fully within a few weeks or months with proper treatment.

In conclusion, Guillain-Barré Syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis. While there is no cure for GBS, early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. With proper care, most people with GBS can recover fully within a few weeks or months.

The symptoms of HUS include:

* Diarrhea
* Vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Pale or yellowish skin
* Easy bruising or bleeding

If you suspect that someone has HUS, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and order blood tests to diagnose the condition. Treatment for HUS typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, such as stopping certain medications or treating an infection. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as kidney failure.

Preventative measures to reduce the risk of developing HUS include:

* Practicing good hygiene, especially during outbreaks of diarrheal illnesses
* Avoiding certain medications that are known to increase the risk of HUS
* Maintaining a healthy diet and staying hydrated
* Managing any underlying medical conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes.

The term "leukoencephalopathy" refers to any disease or condition that affects the white matter of the brain, which is composed of nerve fibers covered in a fatty insulating substance called myelin. In LEPM, this degeneration occurs in multiple areas of the brain and spinal cord, leading to a multifocal pattern of damage.

The symptoms of LEPM usually become apparent in early childhood and may include:

* Vision loss or blurred vision
* Seizures
* Difficulty with movement and balance
* Cognitive decline
* Speech difficulties

As the disease progresses, patients may experience increasing disability and loss of motor function, leading to difficulties with walking, speaking, and performing everyday activities. The exact progression of LEPM is highly variable, and some individuals may experience more rapid decline than others.

The cause of LEPM is a genetic mutation in the PLP1 gene, which codes for a protein called proteolipid protein (PLP). This protein plays a critical role in the maintenance of myelin sheaths around nerve fibers, and mutations in the PLP1 gene lead to degeneration of these sheaths and the loss of axons.

There is currently no cure for LEPM, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression. This may include medications to control seizures, physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and flexibility, and vision aids to improve visual function. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be considered as a potential treatment option.

Overall, LEPM is a severe and debilitating disorder that can significantly impact the quality of life of affected individuals and their families. While there is currently no cure, ongoing research into the genetics and pathophysiology of this disease may lead to new treatment options in the future.

There are several different types of tumor viruses, including:

1. Human papillomavirus (HPV): This virus is responsible for causing cervical cancer and other types of cancer, such as anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer.
2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV): This virus can cause liver cancer, known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
3. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): This virus can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma.
4. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): This virus has been linked to the development of Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
5. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV): This virus is responsible for causing Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare type of skin cancer.
6. Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1): This virus has been linked to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL).

Tumor virus infections can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsies. Treatment for these infections often involves antiviral medications, chemotherapy, and surgery. In some cases, tumors may also be removed through radiation therapy.

It's important to note that not all tumors or cancers are caused by viruses, and that many other factors, such as genetics and environmental exposures, can also play a role in the development of cancer. However, for those tumor virus infections that are caused by a specific virus, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Overall, tumor virus infections are a complex and diverse group of conditions, and further research is needed to better understand their causes and develop effective treatments.

Compartment syndrome can occur in any compartment of the body but is most common in the arms and legs. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Direct trauma: A sharp blow to the compartment can cause bleeding or swelling within the compartment, leading to increased pressure.
2. Blunt trauma: A blunt force, such as a fall or a car crash, can cause bleeding or swelling within the compartment.
3. Overuse injuries: Repetitive stress or overuse can cause inflammation and swelling within the compartment, leading to increased pressure.
4. Infection: Bacterial or fungal infections can cause swelling and increased pressure within the compartment.
5. Poor circulation: Reduced blood flow to the compartment can lead to decreased oxygen delivery and increased metabolic waste buildup, which can cause pain and swelling.

Symptoms of compartment syndrome may include:

1. Pain: Pain is the most common symptom of compartment syndrome, and it is usually severe and localized to the affected compartment.
2. Swelling: Swelling within the compartment can cause pain and difficulty moving the affected limb.
3. Weakness: As the pressure within the compartment increases, muscle weakness and loss of sensation may occur.
4. Numbness or tingling: Compartment syndrome can cause numbness or tingling sensations in the affected limb.
5. Paresthesia: Burning, shooting, or stabbing pain may be felt in the affected limb.

If left untreated, compartment syndrome can lead to serious complications, including nerve damage, muscle damage, and even loss of the affected limb. Treatment typically involves surgical release of the affected compartment to relieve pressure and restore blood flow.

The exact cause of Tourette syndrome is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Research suggests that there may be a problem with the brain's motor and neurotransmitter systems, which can affect the normal functioning of the nervous system.

The diagnosis of Tourette syndrome typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and behavioral observations. There are no specific tests to diagnose TS, but imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) may be used to rule out other conditions.

Treatment for Tourette syndrome usually involves a combination of medication and behavioral therapy. Medications such as dopamine blockers and antipsychotics can help reduce the severity of tics, while behavioral therapies such as habit reversal training and exposure and response prevention can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. In some cases, deep brain stimulation may be recommended to reduce the severity of symptoms that are resistant to other treatments.

There is no cure for Tourette syndrome, but early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. With appropriate support and understanding from family, friends, and healthcare providers, individuals with TS can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.

There are several types of lymphoproliferative disorders, including:

1. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can arise from either B cells or T cells. There are several subtypes of lymphoma, including Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
2. Leukemia: This is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It occurs when there is an abnormal proliferation of white blood cells, which can lead to an overproduction of immature or malignant cells.
3. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): This is a group of disorders that affect the bone marrow and can lead to an abnormal production of blood cells. MDS can progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
4. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): This is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the accumulation of mature-looking but dysfunctional B cells in the blood.
5. Marginal zone lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that arises from the marginal zone of the spleen, which is the area where the white pulp and red pulp of the spleen meet.
6. Mantle cell lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues, characterized by the accumulation of malignant B cells in the mantle zone of the lymph node.
7. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL): This is a rare type of cancer that affects the brain and spinal cord, characterized by the accumulation of malignant B cells in the central nervous system.
8. Hairy cell leukemia: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the accumulation of abnormal B cells with a "hairy" appearance in the blood and bone marrow.
9. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues, characterized by the accumulation of malignant B cells in the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues.
10. AIDS-related lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects people with HIV/AIDS, characterized by the accumulation of malignant B cells in the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues.

It's important to note that these are just some examples of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and there are many other subtypes and variants of this disease. Each type of lymphoma has its own unique characteristics and may require different treatment approaches.

A focal infection is a type of infection that affects a specific area or focus within the body. It is an infection that is localized and does not spread to other parts of the body. Focal infections can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, bones, organs, and soft tissues.

Examples of focal infections include:

1. Abscesses: These are pocket of pus that form as a result of a bacterial infection. They can occur anywhere in the body, but are most common in the skin and soft tissues.
2. Tuberculosis: This is a focal infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body such as the brain and spine.
3. Osteomyelitis: This is a focal infection of the bone that can be caused by bacteria or fungi. It can occur as a result of an injury, surgery, or a spread of infection from another part of the body.
4. Endophthalmitis: This is a focal infection of the eye that can cause vision loss and even blindness if left untreated. It is typically caused by bacteria or fungi and can occur after surgery or injury to the eye.
5. Pyogenic granuloma: This is a type of focal infection that occurs in the skin and is caused by a variety of bacteria. It appears as a red, inflamed mass that may bleed easily.

Focal infections can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, and microbiological tests to identify the cause of the infection. Treatment of focal infections depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, surgery, or a combination of both.

The syndrome is typically diagnosed based on the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) or lupus anticoagulant in the blood. Treatment for antiphospholipid syndrome may involve medications to prevent blood clots, such as heparin or warfarin, and aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain and inflammation. In some cases, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be given to reduce the levels of antibodies in the blood. Plasmapheresis, a process that removes antibodies from the blood, may also be used in some cases.

Antiphospholipid syndrome is associated with other autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and may be triggered by certain medications or infections. It is important for individuals with antiphospholipid syndrome to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and reduce the risk of complications.

There are several types of diarrhea, including:

1. Acute diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is short-term and usually resolves on its own within a few days. It can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, food poisoning, or medication side effects.
2. Chronic diarrhea: This type of diarrhea persists for more than 4 weeks and can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or celiac disease.
3. Diarrhea-predominant IBS: This type of diarrhea is characterized by frequent, loose stools and abdominal pain or discomfort. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, hormonal changes, and certain foods.
4. Infectious diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection and can be spread through contaminated food and water, close contact with an infected person, or by consuming contaminated food.

Symptoms of diarrhea may include:

* Frequent, loose, and watery stools
* Abdominal cramps and pain
* Bloating and gas
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever and chills
* Headache
* Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis of diarrhea is typically made through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment for diarrhea depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medications, fluid replacement, and dietary changes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat any complications.

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Properly storing and cooking food to prevent contamination
* Drinking safe water and avoiding contaminated water sources
* Avoiding raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea

Complications of diarrhea can include:

* Dehydration: Diarrhea can lead to a loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can cause dehydration. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
* Electrolyte imbalance: Diarrhea can also cause an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, which can lead to serious complications.
* Inflammation of the intestines: Prolonged diarrhea can cause inflammation of the intestines, which can lead to abdominal pain and other complications.
* Infections: Diarrhea can be a symptom of an infection, such as a bacterial or viral infection. If left untreated, these infections can lead to serious complications.
* Malnutrition: Prolonged diarrhea can lead to malnutrition and weight loss, which can have long-term effects on health and development.

Treatment of diarrhea will depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Fluid replacement: Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and replace lost electrolytes.
* Anti-diarrheal medications: Over-the-counter or prescription medications to slow down bowel movements and reduce diarrhea.
* Antibiotics: If the diarrhea is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
* Rest: Getting plenty of rest to allow the body to recover from the illness.
* Dietary changes: Avoiding certain foods or making dietary changes to help manage symptoms and prevent future episodes of diarrhea.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following:

* Severe diarrhea that lasts for more than 3 days
* Diarrhea that is accompanied by fever, blood in the stool, or abdominal pain
* Diarrhea that is severe enough to cause dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
* Diarrhea that is not responding to treatment

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Good hand hygiene: Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food.
* Safe food handling: Cooking and storing food properly to prevent contamination.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea, such as rotavirus.

Overall, while diarrhea can be uncomfortable and disruptive, it is usually a minor illness that can be treated at home with over-the-counter medications and plenty of fluids. However, if you experience severe or persistent diarrhea, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may require more formal treatment.

Some common types of cardiovascular abnormalities include:

1. Hypertension (high blood pressure): This occurs when the force of blood pushing against the artery walls is too high, which can damage the blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease.
2. Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol): Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to blockages and increasing the risk of heart disease.
3. Heart valve problems: Dysfunctional heart valves can disrupt the normal flow of blood, causing symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs.
4. Cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms): These can include atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation, which can lead to irregular heartbeats and potentially life-threatening complications.
5. Heart failure: This occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to fatigue, swelling in the legs, and shortness of breath.
6. Coronary artery disease: The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries can reduce blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to chest pain or a heart attack.
7. Heart murmurs: These are abnormal sounds heard during a heartbeat that can indicate underlying cardiovascular problems, such as congenital heart defects or heart valve problems.
8. Anemia: This is a condition in which the body does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
9. Peripheral artery disease: The narrowing of the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the legs, which can cause leg pain when walking (claudication) or numbness in the legs.
10. Venous thromboembolism (VTE): This is a condition in which a blood clot forms in the veins, which can be dangerous and even life-threatening if it breaks loose and travels to the lungs.

It's important to note that this list is not exhaustive and there may be other cardiovascular conditions that are not included here. If you suspect you or someone else is experiencing a cardiovascular problem, it's important to seek medical attention immediately.

1. Tuberculosis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause tuberculosis, which is a chronic bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
2. Leprosy: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause leprosy, which is a chronic infectious disease that affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes.
3. Lung abscess: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause lung abscess, which is a collection of pus in the lungs that can be caused by bacterial infections.
4. Skin infections: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause skin infections, such as furuncles and carbuncles, which are boils that can be caused by bacterial infections.
5. Bone and joint infections: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause bone and joint infections, such as osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, which are infections of the bones and joints.
6. Endocarditis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause endocarditis, which is an infection of the heart valves.
7. Meningitis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
8. Osteomyelitis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause osteomyelitis, which is an infection of the bones.
9. Septic arthritis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause septic arthritis, which is an infection of the joints.
10. Soft tissue infections: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause soft tissue infections, such as abscesses and cellulitis, which are infections of the skin and underlying tissues.

The symptoms of Actinomycetales infections vary depending on the location and severity of the infection, but may include fever, chills, joint pain, swelling, redness, and warmth over the affected area. In severe cases, Actinomycetales infections can lead to life-threatening complications such as sepsis and organ failure.

Actinomycetales bacteria are typically resistant to antibiotics, making treatment challenging. Surgical intervention is often necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged structures. In some cases, combination therapy with antibiotics and surgery may be required to effectively treat Actinomycetales infections.

Preventive measures for Actinomycetales infections include proper hand hygiene, sterilization of medical equipment, and avoiding close contact with individuals who are at risk of developing an Actinomycetales infection. Early detection and treatment of Actinomycetales infections are crucial to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes for patients.

Encephalitis can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, encephalitis can lead to brain damage, coma, and even death.

The diagnosis of encephalitis is based on a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens specific to the causative agent, as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis to look for inflammatory markers and/or bacteria or viruses in the CSF. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, may be used to visualize the brain and identify any areas of damage or inflammation.

Treatment of encephalitis typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and medication to manage fever and pain. Antiviral or antibacterial drugs may be used to target the specific causative agent, if identified. In severe cases, hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU) may be necessary to monitor and manage the patient's condition.

Prevention of encephalitis includes vaccination against certain viruses that can cause the condition, such as herpes simplex virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Additionally, avoiding exposure to mosquitoes and other insects that can transmit viruses or bacteria that cause encephalitis, as well as practicing good hygiene and sanitation, can help reduce the risk of infection.

Overall, encephalitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. With appropriate care, many patients with encephalitis can recover fully or partially, but some may experience long-term neurological complications or disability.

The virus that causes PRRS is highly contagious and can be spread through close contact with infected animals, as well as through the air and on surfaces. The symptoms of PRRS can include fever, coughing, difficulty breathing, loss of appetite, and weight loss. In severe cases, it can lead to pneumonia, arthritis, and even death.

PRRS has a significant impact on the swine industry, as it can reduce fertility in breeding herds, increase the need for antibiotics, and lead to increased mortality rates among suckling piglets. It is estimated that PRRS costs the global swine industry hundreds of millions of dollars each year in lost productivity and control measures.

There are several approaches to controlling PRRS, including vaccination, biosecurity measures such as isolation and disinfection, and the use of antiviral drugs. However, these methods are not always effective, and new strategies for controlling PRRS are being constantly researched.

One promising approach to controlling PRRS is the use of gene editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9 to develop pigs that are resistant to the virus. Another approach is the use of bacteriophages, which are viruses that target bacteria and can be used to treat bacterial infections in pigs. Researchers are also exploring the use of antiviral drugs and other therapies to treat PRRS.

Overall, PRRS is a significant health issue for pig farmers worldwide, with significant economic losses and animal welfare implications. However, research into new control methods and technologies offers hope for reducing the impact of this disease in the future.

Also known as Burkitt's Lymphoma.

Some common types of brain diseases include:

1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are progressive conditions that damage or kill brain cells over time, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and movement disorders. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
2. Stroke: This occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cell death and potential long-term disability.
3. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): This refers to any type of head injury that causes damage to the brain, such as concussions, contusions, or penetrating wounds.
4. Infections: Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections can all affect the brain, leading to a range of symptoms including fever, seizures, and meningitis.
5. Tumors: Brain tumors can be benign or malignant and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size.
6. Cerebrovascular diseases: These conditions affect the blood vessels of the brain, leading to conditions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and Moyamoya disease.
7. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the development of the brain and nervous system, such as autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and intellectual disability.
8. Sleep disorders: Conditions such as insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea can all have a significant impact on brain function.
9. Psychiatric disorders: Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia can affect the brain and its functioning.
10. Neurodegenerative with brain iron accumulation: Conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal proteins and other substances in the brain, leading to progressive loss of brain function over time.

It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other conditions or factors that can affect the brain and its functioning. Additionally, many of these conditions can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Examples of Nervous System Diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive neurological disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease: A degenerative disorder that affects movement, balance and coordination.
3. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that affects the protective covering of nerve fibers.
4. Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to brain cell death.
5. Brain tumors: Abnormal growth of tissue in the brain.
6. Neuropathy: Damage to peripheral nerves that can cause pain, numbness and weakness in hands and feet.
7. Epilepsy: A disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
8. Motor neuron disease: Diseases that affect the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement.
9. Chronic pain syndrome: Persistent pain that lasts more than 3 months.
10. Neurodevelopmental disorders: Conditions such as autism, ADHD and learning disabilities that affect the development of the brain and nervous system.

These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, toxins and ageing. Treatment options for Nervous System Diseases range from medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy to lifestyle changes.

KS occurs in approximately 1 in every 500-1000 male births and is usually diagnosed at puberty or later in life when symptoms become apparent. The extra X chromosome can affect the development of the body, including physical characteristics such as taller stature, less muscle mass, and smaller testes. It can also cause infertility due to low levels of testosterone and other hormonal imbalances.

Symptoms of KS can include:

* Tall stature
* Inferior height compared to peers
* Less muscle mass
* Small testes
* Breast enlargement (gynecomastia)
* Reduced facial and body hair
* Infertility or low sperm count
* Learning disabilities
* Speech and language delays
* Social and emotional difficulties

KS can be diagnosed through chromosomal analysis, which involves examining the patient's cells to determine their sex chromosomes. Treatment for KS typically involves hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to address any hormonal imbalances and may include surgery or other interventions to address physical characteristics such as breasts or infertility.

It is important to note that KS is a spectrum disorder, meaning that the severity of symptoms can vary widely among individuals with the condition. Some men with KS may have mild symptoms and lead relatively normal lives, while others may experience more significant challenges. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with KS are able to lead fulfilling lives.

Bloom syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects approximately 1 in 100,000 individuals worldwide. It is caused by a mutation in the BLM gene, which codes for the Bloom syndrome protein (BLM). This protein plays a crucial role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and other types of genetic damage.

Characteristics:

Individuals with Bloom syndrome typically have short stature, small head size, and delicate features. They may also experience a range of health problems, including:

1. Increased risk of cancer: People with Bloom syndrome have an increased risk of developing various types of cancer, such as ovarian, breast, skin, and colon cancer.
2. Immune system problems: Individuals with Bloom syndrome may experience immune deficiency and autoimmune disorders, such as allergies and lupus.
3. Infertility: Many people with Bloom syndrome experience infertility or have difficulty conceiving.
4. Developmental delays: Children with Bloom syndrome may experience delayed development, including speech and language difficulties.
5. Skin changes: Individuals with Bloom syndrome may develop skin changes, such as thinning of the skin, easy bruising, and an increased risk of skin cancer.
6. Eye problems: Bloom syndrome can cause a range of eye problems, including cataracts, glaucoma, and detached retinas.
7. Increased risk of infections: People with Bloom syndrome may be more susceptible to infections due to their weakened immune system.
8. Other health problems: Individuals with Bloom syndrome may experience other health issues, such as hearing loss, kidney disease, and gastrointestinal problems.

Diagnosis:

Bloom syndrome can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, family history, and genetic testing. Genetic testing can identify the presence of the BLM mutation that causes the disorder. Prenatal testing is also available for pregnant women who have a family history of Bloom syndrome.

Treatment:

There is no cure for Bloom syndrome, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options may include:

1. Skin cancer screening and prevention: Regular skin exams can help detect skin cancer at an early stage, and preventive measures such as avoiding excessive sun exposure and using protective clothing and sunscreen can reduce the risk of skin cancer.
2. Eye care: Regular eye exams can help detect eye problems early, and prompt treatment can prevent vision loss.
3. Immune system support: Individuals with Bloom syndrome may be at increased risk of infections, so it's important to take steps to support the immune system, such as getting vaccinated against common illnesses and practicing good hygiene.
4. Developmental support: Children with Bloom syndrome may require extra support in school and at home to help them reach their full potential.
5. Managing other health problems: Depending on the specific health issues experienced by an individual with Bloom syndrome, treatment may involve medication, lifestyle changes, or other interventions to manage these conditions.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for individuals with Bloom syndrome varies depending on the specific health problems they experience. Some individuals may have a relatively mild course of the condition, while others may experience more severe health issues. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with Bloom syndrome can lead fulfilling lives. However, the condition can be associated with a shorter life expectancy compared to the general population.

Lifestyle Changes:

There are several lifestyle changes that can help manage the symptoms of Bloom syndrome and improve overall health. These may include:

1. Protecting the skin from the sun: Avoid excessive sun exposure, especially during peak hours, and use protective clothing and sunscreen to prevent skin damage.
2. Eating a healthy diet: A balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help support overall health.
3. Staying hydrated: Drinking plenty of water can help prevent dehydration, which can be a common issue for individuals with Bloom syndrome.
4. Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: Both smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can worsen the symptoms of Bloom syndrome and increase the risk of certain health problems.
5. Getting regular exercise: Regular physical activity can help improve overall health and reduce the risk of certain health problems.
6. Managing stress: Stress can exacerbate the symptoms of Bloom syndrome, so it's important to find healthy ways to manage stress, such as through relaxation techniques or therapy.
7. Getting enough sleep: Adequate sleep is essential for overall health and well-being, and can help reduce the risk of certain health problems.
8. Avoiding exposure to toxins: Individuals with Bloom syndrome may be more susceptible to the effects of toxins, so it's important to avoid exposure to chemicals and other toxins whenever possible.
9. Keeping up-to-date on medical care: Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can help identify any health issues early on and prevent complications.

Support Groups:

There are several support groups and organizations that provide information, resources, and support for individuals with Bloom syndrome and their families. These include:

1. The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) - Provides information and resources on rare diseases, including Bloom syndrome.
2. The Bloom Syndrome Foundation - A non-profit organization dedicated to supporting research and providing information and resources for individuals with Bloom syndrome and their families.
3. The Rare Disease United Foundation - Provides information and resources on rare diseases, including Bloom syndrome, as well as support for individuals and families affected by these conditions.

Online Resources:

There are several online resources available to help individuals with Bloom syndrome and their families learn more about the condition, connect with others, and find support. These include:

1. The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) - Provides information and resources on rare diseases, including Bloom syndrome, as well as a directory of healthcare providers and researchers.
2. The Bloom Syndrome Foundation - Offers information and resources on Bloom syndrome, as well as a registry for individuals with the condition to connect with others and receive updates on research and treatments.
3. Rare Disease United - Provides information and resources on rare diseases, including Bloom syndrome, as well as a directory of support groups and advocacy organizations.
4. The Global Bloom Syndrome Registry - A registry for individuals with Bloom syndrome to connect with others and receive updates on research and treatments.
5. The Bloom Syndrome Community - A Facebook group for individuals with Bloom syndrome and their families to connect, share information, and support one another.

These online resources can provide valuable information and support for individuals with Bloom syndrome and their families. It is important to note that while these resources can be helpful, they should not replace the advice of a qualified healthcare professional.

Types of candidiasis:

1. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC): a common infection that affects the vagina and vulva; symptoms include itching, burning, and abnormal discharge.
2. Oral thrush (OT): an infection that affects the mouth, often seen in infants and people with weakened immune systems; symptoms include white patches on the tongue and inside the cheeks.
3. Invasive candidiasis (IC): a severe infection that can spread throughout the body, often seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy; symptoms include fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Candidal balanitis: an infection of the foreskin and glans of the penis; symptoms include redness, swelling, and pain.
5. Diaper rash: a common skin infection that affects infants who wear diapers; symptoms include redness, swelling, and irritability.

Causes and risk factors:

1. Overgrowth of Candida fungus due to an imbalance of the normal flora.
2. Use of antibiotics or steroids that can disrupt the balance of the body's natural flora.
3. Weakened immune system, such as in people with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy.
4. Poor hygiene and sanitation.
5. Diabetes mellitus.
6. Pregnancy.
7. Obesity.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination and medical history.
2. Microscopic examination of a scraping or biopsy specimen.
3. Cultures of skin, blood, or other body fluids.
4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other molecular diagnostic techniques to detect the presence of the fungus.

Treatment:

1. Topical antifungal medications, such as clotrimazole, miconazole, or terbinafine, applied directly to the affected area.
2. Oral antifungal medications, such as fluconazole or itraconazole, for more severe infections or those that do not respond to topical treatment.
3. Antibiotics if there is a secondary bacterial infection.
4. Supportive care, such as pain management and wound care.
5. Proper hygiene and sanitation practices.
6. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous antifungal medications and close monitoring.

Prevention:

1. Practice good hygiene and sanitation.
2. Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels or clothing.
3. Wash hands before touching the affected area.
4. Keep the affected area clean and dry.
5. Use of antifungal powders or sprays on the affected area.
6. Avoid using harsh soaps or cleansers that can irritate the skin.
7. Wear shoes in public areas to prevent exposure to fungal spores.
8. Avoid sharing bathing or showering facilities with others.
9. Dry thoroughly after bathing or swimming.
10. Use of antifungal medications as a prophylactic measure in high-risk individuals, such as those with weakened immune systems.

It's important to note that the best treatment and prevention strategies will depend on the specific type of fungus causing the infection, as well as the severity and location of the infection. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

* Numbness or tingling in the fingers and thumb, especially the index and middle fingers
* Pain in the wrist, hand, or fingers
* Weakness in the hand, making it difficult to grip or hold objects
* Tingling or burning sensations in the fingers and thumb
* Loss of dexterity and coordination in the hand

CTS can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Repetitive motion, such as typing or using a computer mouse for long periods of time
* Injury to the wrist or hand
* Fluid retention during pregnancy or menopause
* Anatomical variations, such as a narrower carpal tunnel or a thicker median nerve
* Other medical conditions, such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, or rheumatoid arthritis

Treatment for CTS can range from conservative methods, such as physical therapy, splints, and medication, to surgical intervention. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated CTS can lead to permanent nerve damage and disability.

There are several subtypes of NHL, including:

1. B-cell lymphomas (such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma)
2. T-cell lymphomas (such as peripheral T-cell lymphoma and mycosis fungoides)
3. Natural killer cell lymphomas (such as nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma)
4. Histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma
5. Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma
6. Mantle cell lymphoma
7. Waldenström macroglobulinemia
8. Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma
9. Myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) related lymphoma

These subtypes can be further divided into other categories based on the specific characteristics of the cancer cells.

Symptoms of NHL can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include:

* Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching
* Abdominal pain
* Swollen spleen

Treatment for NHL typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the subtype of NHL, the stage of the cancer, and other individual factors.

Overall, NHL is a complex and diverse group of cancers that require specialized care from a team of medical professionals, including hematologists, oncologists, radiation therapists, and other support staff. With advances in technology and treatment options, many people with NHL can achieve long-term remission or a cure.

People with Werner Syndrome typically have a normal intelligence and development during early childhood, but they experience a decline in physical and cognitive abilities as they age. They may also have an increased risk of developing certain cancers, such as lung and ovarian cancer. There is currently no cure for Werner Syndrome, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications.

The primary diagnostic criteria for Werner Syndrome include:

1. Clinical manifestations of premature aging, such as wrinkled skin, graying hair, and short stature.
2. Normal intelligence and development during early childhood, followed by a decline in physical and cognitive abilities with age.
3. Presence of at least two of the following clinical features:
* Telangiectasias (spider veins)
* Ectropion (outward turning of the eyelids)
* Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes)
* Poikilodermatous skin changes (skin thickening and pigmentation)
* Mucosal dryness and atrophy (thinning and drying of the mucous membranes)
4. Presence of a WRN gene mutation, confirmed by genetic testing.

The age of onset and severity of Werner Syndrome can vary widely among affected individuals, but most people experience symptoms within the first few years of life. The disorder is usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, based on clinical evaluation and genetic testing.

There is currently no cure for Werner Syndrome, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. This may include medication to manage dry eyes and skin, physical therapy to maintain joint mobility, and regular monitoring of the eyes and skin for early detection of any changes or problems. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct eye or skin problems.

Werner Syndrome is a rare disorder, and there is ongoing research into its causes and potential treatments. With proper management, many people with Werner Syndrome can lead active and fulfilling lives, despite the challenges posed by the disorder.

Symptoms of Reye Syndrome can include:

* Headache
* Confusion
* Vomiting
* Seizures
* Loss of consciousness
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Abdominal pain

If you suspect that your child may have Reye Syndrome, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. The condition can be difficult to diagnose, as it can resemble other conditions such as meningitis or encephalitis. A healthcare provider will typically perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and order laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis.

There is no specific treatment for Reye Syndrome, but the condition is usually managed with supportive care in a hospital setting. Treatment may include:

* Medication to control seizures
* Intravenous fluids and nutrition
* Monitoring of vital signs and liver function
* Antiviral medication in some cases

Reye Syndrome can be fatal if left untreated, so early diagnosis and aggressive management are crucial. The condition is rare, but it is important for parents and healthcare providers to be aware of the signs and symptoms in order to provide prompt and appropriate care.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

The main symptoms of Bartter Syndrome are:

* Low potassium levels (hypokalemia)
* High aldosterone levels (hyperaldosteronism)
* Normal blood pressure
* Increased urine production (polyuria)
* Dehydration
* Fatigue

Bartter Syndrome can be diagnosed with a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for the condition typically involves potassium supplements, dietary restrictions, and medications to control blood pressure and electrolyte levels. In severe cases, dialysis may be required.

The prognosis for Bartter Syndrome is generally good if the condition is properly managed. However, in some cases, the syndrome can progress to more severe forms of kidney disease, such as end-stage renal disease. With proper treatment and management, many individuals with Bartter Syndrome are able to lead normal lives and avoid complications.

The symptoms of meningoencephalitis can vary depending on the cause, but common signs include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. The disease can progress rapidly and can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood cultures and PCR), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment options depend on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prognosis for meningoencephalitis depends on the severity of the disease and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, the prognosis is better for patients who receive prompt medical attention and have a mild form of the disease. However, the disease can be severe and potentially life-threatening, especially in young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

There are several possible causes of lymphopenia, including:

1. Viral infections: Many viral infections can cause lymphopenia, such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C, and influenza.
2. Bacterial infections: Some bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis and leprosy, can also cause lymphopenia.
3. Cancer: Certain types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, can cause lymphopenia by destroying lymphocytes.
4. Autoimmune disorders: Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, can cause lymphopenia by attacking the body's own tissues, including lymphocytes.
5. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy can destroy lymphocytes and cause lymphopenia.
6. Medications: Certain medications, such as chemotherapy drugs and antibiotics, can cause lymphopenia as a side effect.
7. Genetic disorders: Some genetic disorders, such as X-linked lymphoproliferative disease, can cause lymphopenia by affecting the development or function of lymphocytes.

Symptoms of lymphopenia can include recurring infections, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment of lymphopenia depends on the underlying cause and may involve antibiotics, antiviral medications, or immunoglobulin replacement therapy. In some cases, a bone marrow transplant may be necessary.

Overall, lymphopenia is a condition that can have a significant impact on quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many people with lymphopenia can experience improved health outcomes and a better quality of life.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Hellp Syndrome is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. Treatment typically involves providing supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and fluid and electrolyte replacement, as well as addressing the underlying cause of the syndrome, such as preeclampsia or eclampsia. In severe cases, delivery of the baby may be necessary to prevent further complications.

The syndrome is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the heart, which can lead to a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia called ventricular fibrillation. This occurs when the ventricles of the heart beat irregularly and rapidly, leading to a loss of effective cardiac function.

Individuals with Brugada syndrome may experience palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness, and in some cases, the condition can lead to sudden cardiac death. The diagnosis of Brugada syndrome is based on the presence of a specific ECG pattern, known as a coved-type ST segment elevation, which is characterized by a rounded notch in the ST segment of the ECG tracing.

There is no cure for Brugada syndrome, but medications and implantable devices such as an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) can be used to manage the condition and prevent complications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove any underlying causes of the arrhythmia.

Overall, Brugada syndrome is a rare and potentially life-threatening cardiac disorder that requires careful monitoring and management to prevent complications and improve quality of life for affected individuals.

There are several subtypes of EDS, each with different symptoms and characteristics. The most common forms of EDS include:

1. Classical EDS: This is the most common form of EDS and is characterized by skin that is highly elastic and stretchy, as well as joint hypermobility (loose joints) and tissue fragility.
2. Hypermobile EDS: This subtype is similar to classical EDS but has a milder form of joint hypermobility.
3. Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD): This is a newer term that encompasses individuals with hypermobile joints and musculoskeletal pain, without the typical skin features of EDS.
4. Vascular EDS: This rare subtype is characterized by fragile blood vessels that can rupture easily, leading to life-threatening complications such as organ failure or death.
5. Arthrochalasia EDS: This subtype is characterized by joint hypermobility and dislocations, as well as other features such as scoliosis and pectus excavatum (a depression in the chest wall).

EDS can affect people of all ages and genders, and it is estimated that one in 2,500 to 5,000 individuals have some form of EDS. The symptoms of EDS can vary widely depending on the subtype and severity of the condition, but common symptoms include:

* Skin that is highly elastic and stretchy
* Joint hypermobility (loose joints)
* Tissue fragility
* Muscle weakness
* Chronic pain
* Fatigue
* GI issues
* Sleep disturbances
* Neurological problems such as headaches, seizures, and poor coordination

EDS is caused by mutations in genes that code for collagen or other proteins that provide structure and strength to connective tissue. These mutations can be inherited from one's parents or can occur spontaneously. There is currently no cure for EDS, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include:

* Pain management medication
* Physical therapy
* Bracing or orthotics to support weakened joints
* Surgery to repair damaged tissues or correct physical deformities
* Lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and stress reduction techniques.

It's important to note that EDS can be difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be subtle and may not be immediately apparent. A thorough medical history and physical examination, along with specialized testing such as genetic analysis or imaging studies, may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

In adults, RDS is less common than in newborns but can still occur in certain situations. These include:

* Sepsis (a severe infection that can cause inflammation throughout the body)
* Pneumonia or other respiratory infections
* Injury to the lung tissue, such as from a car accident or smoke inhalation
* Burns that cover a large portion of the body
* Certain medications, such as those used to treat cancer or autoimmune disorders.

Symptoms of RDS in adults can include:

* Shortness of breath
* Rapid breathing
* Chest tightness or pain
* Low oxygen levels in the blood
* Blue-tinged skin (cyanosis)
* Confusion or disorientation

Diagnosis of RDS in adults is typically made based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or blood gas analysis. Treatment may involve oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation (a machine that helps the patient breathe), and medications to help increase surfactant production or reduce inflammation in the lungs. In severe cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.

Prevention of RDS in adults includes avoiding exposure to risk factors such as smoking and other pollutants, maintaining good overall health, and seeking prompt medical attention if any respiratory symptoms develop.

Types of Gastrointestinal Diseases:

1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A common condition characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements.
2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic conditions that cause inflammation in the digestive tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
3. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition in which stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
4. Peptic Ulcer Disease: A condition characterized by ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum.
5. Diverticulitis: A condition in which small pouches form in the wall of the colon and become inflamed.
6. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by infection or excessive alcohol consumption.
7. Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus, often caused by acid reflux or infection.
8. Rectal Bleeding: Hemorrhage from the rectum, which can be a symptom of various conditions such as hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or inflammatory bowel disease.
9. Functional Dyspepsia: A condition characterized by recurring symptoms of epigastric pain, bloating, nausea, and belching.
10. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to react to gluten, leading to inflammation and damage in the small intestine.

Causes of Gastrointestinal Diseases:

1. Infection: Viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections can cause gastrointestinal diseases.
2. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the GI tract.
3. Diet: Consuming a diet high in processed foods, sugar, and unhealthy fats can contribute to gastrointestinal diseases.
4. Genetics: Certain genetic factors can increase the risk of developing certain gastrointestinal diseases.
5. Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, and lack of physical activity can all contribute to gastrointestinal diseases.
6. Radiation Therapy: Exposure to radiation therapy can damage the GI tract and increase the risk of developing certain gastrointestinal diseases.
7. Medications: Certain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids can cause gastrointestinal side effects.

The main symptoms of AS include:

1. Developmental delay: Children with AS typically experience delays in reaching milestones such as sitting, standing, and walking.
2. Intellectual disability: Individuals with AS often have low IQ scores and may have difficulty with language skills, memory, and problem-solving.
3. Happy demeanor: People with AS are known to have a happy, outgoing, and sociable personality.
4. Speech and language difficulties: Individuals with AS may have trouble articulating words and sentences.
5. Motor skills problems: They may experience difficulty with coordination, balance, and fine motor skills.
6. Seizures: About 10% of individuals with AS experience seizures, usually in the form of atonic seizures (also known as drop attacks).
7. Sleep disturbances: Many people with AS have sleep problems, including insomnia and restlessness.
8. Behavioral issues: Some individuals with AS may exhibit behavioral challenges such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, and anxiety.
9. Vision problems: Some people with AS may experience vision difficulties, including strabismus (crossed eyes) and nystagmus (involuntary eye movements).
10. Feeding difficulties: Some individuals with AS may have trouble feeding themselves or experiencing gastrointestinal issues.

There is no cure for Angelman Syndrome, but various therapies can help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by the disorder. These may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and behavioral interventions. Medications such as anticonvulsants and mood stabilizers may also be prescribed to manage seizures and other symptoms.

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

Heroin dependence can be diagnosed based on a combination of the following criteria:

1. Taking heroin in larger quantities or for longer than intended.
2. Desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use.
3. Spending a lot of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the effects of heroin use.
4. Craving or strong desire to use heroin.
5. Intermittent or persistent heroin use despite negative consequences (such as relationship problems, financial issues, legal problems, or health problems).
6. Developing tolerance, which means that more heroin is needed to achieve the same effects.
7. Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when heroin use stops or decreases.

Withdrawal symptoms can include:

1. Anxiety and restlessness.
2. Muscle and bone pain.
3. Teary eyes and runny nose.
4. Yawning and sweating.
5. Chills and tremors.
6. Nausea and vomiting.
7. Diarrhea and stomach cramps.
8. Severe heroin cravings.

Heroin dependence can lead to a range of social, economic, legal, and health problems, including overdose and death. Treatment for heroin dependence usually involves a combination of medication and behavioral therapy, such as methadone maintenance or buprenorphine treatment, along with counseling and support groups.

The symptoms of SARS typically begin within 2-10 days after exposure and can include:

* Fever (>38°C)
* Chills
* Headache
* Body aches
* Fatigue
* Dry cough
* Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
* Pneumonia

In severe cases, SARS can progress to respiratory failure, which can lead to death. The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through close contact with an infected person, as well as through contact with contaminated surfaces and objects.

SARS was first identified in 2003 in China, and it quickly spread to other countries around the world, causing a global outbreak. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared SARS a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in March 2003, and it was eventually contained through a combination of measures such as isolation of infected individuals, contact tracing, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

There is no specific treatment for SARS, but supportive care such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation may be provided to help manage symptoms. Antiviral medications have been developed to treat SARS, but their effectiveness is still being studied. Prevention of SARS primarily relies on good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing, avoidance of close contact with people who are sick, and wearing PPE when caring for infected individuals.

Overall, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a serious and potentially life-threatening respiratory illness that can be spread through close contact with an infected person. While it has been largely contained through public health measures, it remains important to continue practicing good hygiene and be aware of the risks of SARS in order to prevent its spread.

The exact cause of RLS is not known, but it is thought to be related to abnormalities in the brain's dopamine system, which regulates movement and pleasure. Some potential triggers for RLS include:

* Genetics: RLS may be inherited, as people with a family history of the condition are more likely to develop it.
* Nutritional deficiencies: Low levels of iron, magnesium, or other nutrients can contribute to RLS.
* Medical conditions: Certain conditions such as anemia, kidney disease, and diabetes can increase the risk of developing RLS.
* Lifestyle factors: Alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco use can exacerbate RLS symptoms.

Symptoms of RLS typically occur in the evening or at night, disrupting sleep and leading to daytime fatigue and other problems. Common symptoms include:

* An intense urge to move one's legs, often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations such as itching, tingling, or burning.
* A creeping, crawling, or searing sensation in the legs.
* Restlessness and an inability to sit still for long periods.
* Difficulty falling or staying asleep due to frequent leg movements.

There is no cure for RLS, but various treatments can help manage symptoms. These may include medications such as dopamine agonists or opioids, lifestyle changes like regular exercise and avoiding triggers, and alternative therapies like massage and acupuncture.

The primary symptom of CHS is a weakened immune system, which makes patients more susceptible to infections such as pneumonia and meningitis. Other common symptoms include:

* Easy bruising and bleeding
* Poor wound healing
* Recurring skin rashes
* Enlarged lymph nodes
* Joint pain and stiffness
* Vision loss or blindness

There is no cure for CHS, but bone marrow transplantation has been shown to be effective in improving the immune system and reducing the risk of complications. Treatment also includes antibiotics to prevent and treat infections, as well as other supportive therapies to manage symptoms such as joint pain and vision loss.

The prognosis for CHS is generally poor, with many patients dying before the age of 20 due to complications related to infection or organ failure. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, some patients have been able to survive into adulthood.

CHS is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that it is caused by mutations in both copies of the CHS1 gene. This means that children must inherit one mutated copy of the gene from each parent in order to develop the condition.

There are several other conditions that can cause similar symptoms to CHS, including:

* X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID)
* Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)
* Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of these conditions and to consider them in the differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with symptoms similar to those of CHS.

The term "paraneoplastic" refers to the fact that these conditions are parallel to, or associated with, neoplasms (abnormal growths) in the body. The exact cause of paraneoplastic syndromes is not fully understood, but they are believed to be related to the immune system's response to cancer cells.

Some common features of paraneoplastic syndromes include:

1. Autoantibodies: The immune system produces antibodies that attack the body's own tissues and organs.
2. Inflammation: The immune system causes inflammation in various parts of the body.
3. Nerve damage: Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect the nerves, leading to symptoms such as numbness, weakness, and pain.
4. Muscle weakness: Some paraneoplastic syndromes can cause muscle weakness and wasting.
5. Skin rashes: Some patients with paraneoplastic syndromes may develop skin rashes or lesions.
6. Eye problems: Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect the eyes, leading to symptoms such as double vision, blindness, and eye pain.
7. Endocrine dysfunction: Some paraneoplastic syndromes can disrupt the normal functioning of the endocrine system, leading to hormonal imbalances.

Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes include:

1. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS): This is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the nerves and muscles, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue. It is often associated with small cell lung cancer.
2. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: This is a severe autoimmune disorder that affects the brain and can cause symptoms such as seizures, confusion, and memory loss. It is often associated with ovarian teratoma.
3. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD): This is a rare condition that affects the cerebellum and can cause symptoms such as coordination problems, balance difficulties, and difficulty with movement. It is often associated with lung cancer or other types of cancer.
4. Stiff-person syndrome: This is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system and can cause symptoms such as muscle stiffness, spasms, and autonomy dysfunction. It is often associated with ovarian teratoma.
5. Polymyositis: This is a rare inflammatory condition that affects the muscles and can cause muscle weakness and wasting. It is often associated with cancer, particularly lung cancer.
6. Dercum's disease: This is a rare condition that affects the adipose tissue and can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and limited mobility. It is often associated with cancer, particularly breast cancer.
7. Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow and can cause symptoms such as bone pain, fatigue, and weakness. It is often associated with ovarian teratoma.
8. Painless thyroiditis: This is a rare condition that affects the thyroid gland and can cause symptoms such as thyroid gland inflammation, fatigue, and weight gain. It is often associated with cancer, particularly breast cancer.
9. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries and can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, bloating, and irregular menstrual periods. They are often associated with ovarian teratoma.
10. Endometriosis: This is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus and can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and infertility. It is often associated with ovarian teratoma.

It's important to note that these conditions are rare and not all cases of ovarian teratoma are associated with them. If you suspect you may have ovarian teratoma, it's important to talk to your healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several types of hepatitis C, including genotype 1, which is the most common and accounts for approximately 70% of cases in the United States. Other genotypes include 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The symptoms of hepatitis C can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, and itching all over the body. Some people with hepatitis C may not experience any symptoms at all.

Hepatitis C is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can cure the infection but may have side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and depression. In recent years, new drugs known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have become available, which can cure the infection with fewer side effects and in a shorter period of time.

Prevention measures for hepatitis C include avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, using condoms to prevent sexual transmission, and ensuring that any tattoos or piercings are performed with sterilized equipment. Vaccines are also available for people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, such as healthcare workers and individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors.

Overall, hepatitis C is a serious and common liver disease that can lead to significant health complications if left untreated. Fortunately, with advances in medical technology and treatment options, it is possible to manage and cure the virus with proper care and attention.

The symptoms of Sweet syndrome typically begin with a high fever, usually over 101°F (38.3°C), and are often accompanied by headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Within 24 to 48 hours, a red rash appears on the skin, typically on the extremities, trunk, and face. The rash is made up of small, painful bumps or papules that may develop into pustules or blisters.

Sweet syndrome is caused by an abnormal immune response, which leads to an overproduction of neutrophils in the blood. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in fighting off bacterial infections. However, in Sweet syndrome, the excessive production of neutrophils causes inflammation and damage to the skin and other tissues.

The exact cause of Sweet syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be triggered by a variety of factors, including infections, medications, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. The condition is more common in adults than children and is rare in people over the age of 60.

Sweet syndrome can be challenging to diagnose, as it can resemble other skin conditions such as psoriasis or eczema. A diagnosis is typically made based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including blood counts and skin scrapings.

Treatment for Sweet syndrome usually involves the use of antibiotics to control any underlying infections, as well as medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the overproduction of neutrophils. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage the condition.

The prognosis for Sweet syndrome is generally good, with most people experiencing a full recovery within a few weeks or months. However, in some cases, the condition can persist or recur, and there is a risk of complications such as scarring or skin thickening.

There are several ways to manage Sweet syndrome and reduce the risk of complications, including:

1. Avoiding triggers: Identifying and avoiding any triggers that may be causing the condition can help prevent flare-ups.
2. Keeping the skin clean: Proper skin care and hygiene can help prevent infection and reduce inflammation.
3. Using topical medications: Over-the-counter or prescription creams, ointments, or patches can be applied directly to the affected area to reduce inflammation and suppress neutrophil production.
4. Taking antibiotics: If an underlying infection is suspected, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection and prevent it from spreading.
5. Managing stress: Stress can exacerbate Sweet syndrome, so finding ways to manage stress, such as through exercise, meditation, or therapy, can be helpful.
6. Seeking medical attention: If symptoms persist or worsen over time, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may need to be treated.

It is important to note that Sweet syndrome is a relatively rare condition and can be challenging to diagnose. A healthcare professional should be consulted for proper evaluation and treatment. With appropriate management, most people with Sweet syndrome can experience improvement in their symptoms and quality of life.

There are various causes of intellectual disability, including:

1. Genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and Turner syndrome.
2. Congenital conditions, such as microcephaly and hydrocephalus.
3. Brain injuries, such as traumatic brain injury or hypoxic-ischemic injury.
4. Infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis.
5. Nutritional deficiencies, such as iron deficiency or iodine deficiency.

Intellectual disability can result in a range of cognitive and functional impairments, including:

1. Delayed language development and difficulty with communication.
2. Difficulty with social interactions and adapting to new situations.
3. Limited problem-solving skills and difficulty with abstract thinking.
4. Slow learning and memory difficulties.
5. Difficulty with fine motor skills and coordination.

There is no cure for intellectual disability, but early identification and intervention can significantly improve outcomes. Treatment options may include:

1. Special education programs tailored to the individual's needs.
2. Behavioral therapies, such as applied behavior analysis (ABA) and positive behavior support (PBS).
3. Speech and language therapy.
4. Occupational therapy to improve daily living skills.
5. Medications to manage associated behaviors or symptoms.

It is essential to recognize that intellectual disability is a lifelong condition, but with appropriate support and resources, individuals with ID can lead fulfilling lives and reach their full potential.

Bacteremia can occur when bacteria enter the bloodstream through various means, such as:

* Infected wounds or surgical sites
* Injecting drug use
* Skin infections
* Respiratory tract infections
* Urinary tract infections
* Endocarditis (infection of the heart valves)

The symptoms of bacteremia can vary depending on the type of bacteria and the severity of the infection. Some common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Weakness
* Confusion
* Shortness of breath

Bacteremia is diagnosed by blood cultures, which involve collecting blood samples and inserting them into a specialized container to grow the bacteria. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Prevention measures for bacteremia include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly
* Avoiding sharing personal items like toothbrushes or razors
* Properly cleaning and covering wounds
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can lead to bacteremia
* Following proper sterilization techniques during medical procedures

Overall, bacteremia is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent complications and ensure effective treatment.

There are different types of immunoglobulins, also called antibodies, that the body produces to fight off infections. One type is called Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is found in mucosal surfaces like the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. IgA plays a crucial role in protecting these areas from infection. It helps neutralize and remove pathogens from the body before they can cause harm.

IgA deficiency is when the body does not produce enough IgA, either due to a genetic defect or other underlying conditions. This deficiency may increase the risk of developing certain types of infections. People with IgA deficiency are more likely to get respiratory infections like bronchitis, pneumonia and sinusitis. They may also experience frequent ear infections, tonsillitis and other throat infections.

Some people are born with IgA deficiency due to genetic mutations that affect the production of this antibody. Others can develop it over time due to certain medical conditions or medications. For example, people with HIV/AIDS often have low levels of IgA. Certain drugs such as corticosteroids and chemotherapy can also reduce IgA production.

The exact cause of Churg-Strauss Syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be related to an abnormal immune response to environmental allergens such as dust mites, pollen, or mold. The symptoms of the condition can vary widely and may include:

1. Respiratory problems: Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and asthma-like symptoms.
2. Skin rashes and lesions: Red, itchy, and inflamed skin rashes, often on the face, arms, and legs.
3. Gastrointestinal problems: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
4. Joint pain and swelling: Pain and swelling in the joints, particularly in the hands and feet.
5. Neurological symptoms: Headaches, confusion, seizures, and peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage).
6. Cardiovascular problems: High blood pressure, arrhythmias, and heart failure.
7. Eye problems: Conjunctivitis, uveitis, and blindness.
8. Kidney problems: Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine) and hematuria (blood in the urine).

The diagnosis of Churg-Strauss Syndrome is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and other medications to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required to monitor and treat the patient's condition.

While Churg-Strauss Syndrome is a rare condition, it can have serious consequences if left untreated. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

There are several types of lymphoma, including:

1. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of lymphoma that originates in the white blood cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It is characterized by the presence of giant cells with multiple nucleoli.
2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): This is a type of lymphoma that does not meet the criteria for Hodgkin lymphoma. There are many subtypes of NHL, each with its own unique characteristics and behaviors.
3. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of lymphoma affects the skin and can take several forms, including cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
4. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma: This is a rare type of lymphoma that develops in the brain or spinal cord.
5. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): This is a type of lymphoma that develops in people who have undergone an organ transplant, often as a result of immunosuppressive therapy.

The symptoms of lymphoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching

Lymphoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or PET scans), and biopsies. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on the type and stage of the cancer, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Overall, lymphoma is a complex and diverse group of cancers that can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. While it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, advances in medical technology and research have improved the outlook for many patients with lymphoma.

Symptoms of Sturge-Weber Syndrome can vary in severity and may include:

* Port-wine stain (nevus flammeus) on one side of the face and/or neck
* Seizures, including epilepsy
* Developmental delays and intellectual disability
* Vision problems, including glaucoma, cataracts, and visual field defects
* Hearing loss
* Scoliosis or other spinal abnormalities
* Weakened muscles (hypotonia)

There is no cure for Sturge-Weber Syndrome, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include:

* Anticonvulsant medications to control seizures
* Surgery to remove the port-wine stain or repair related eye problems
* Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and coordination
* Speech and language therapy to address communication difficulties
* Occupational therapy to help with daily living skills

The prognosis for Sturge-Weber Syndrome varies depending on the severity of the disorder and the presence of other health problems. Some individuals with the condition may have a relatively mild course, while others may experience more significant challenges. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with Sturge-Weber Syndrome can lead fulfilling lives.

Here are some examples of how the term "facies" may be used in a medical context:

1. Facial asymmetry: A patient with facial asymmetry may have one side of their face that is noticeably different from the other, either due to a birth defect or as a result of trauma or surgery.
2. Facial dysmorphia: This is a condition in which a person has a distorted perception of their own facial appearance, leading them to seek repeated cosmetic procedures or to feel self-conscious about their face.
3. Facies of a particular syndrome: Certain medical conditions, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome, can have distinctive facial features that are used to help diagnose the condition.
4. Facial trauma: A patient who has suffered an injury to their face may have a facies that is disrupted or misshapen as a result of the trauma.
5. Facial aging: As people age, their facial features can change in predictable ways, such as sagging of the skin, deepening of wrinkles, and loss of fat volume. A doctor might use the term "facies" to describe these changes and plan appropriate treatments, such as a facelift or dermal fillers.

In general, the term "facies" is used by healthcare professionals to describe any aspect of a patient's facial appearance that may be relevant to their diagnosis or treatment. It is a useful way to communicate information about a patient's face in a precise and objective manner.

Types of fungal lung diseases include:

1. Aspergillosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus Aspergillus, which is commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or taking immunosuppressive drugs.
2. Cryptococcosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, which is found in soil and decaying wood. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs.
3. Histoplasmosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs.
4. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): This is an infection caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, which is found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs.
5. Sporotrichosis: This is an infection caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, which is found in soil and decaying organic matter. It can affect people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs.

Symptoms of fungal lung diseases can include:

* Cough
* Fever
* Chest pain
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue

Diagnosis of fungal lung diseases is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and fungal cultures. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications and may also include supportive care to manage symptoms.

Prevention of fungal lung diseases includes:

1. Avoiding exposure to fungal spores by wearing protective clothing and gear when working with soil or decaying organic matter.
2. Maintaining good indoor air quality by using ventilation systems and reducing humidity.
3. Reducing the risk of infection by avoiding close contact with people who are at high risk of developing fungal lung diseases, such as those with weakened immune systems.
4. Avoiding smoking and other tobacco products, which can increase the risk of developing fungal lung diseases.
5. Managing underlying medical conditions, such as HIV/AIDS or taking immunosuppressive drugs, to reduce the risk of developing fungal lung diseases.

The condition is named after the German physician Hans von Budde and the Italian physician Giorgio Chiari, who independently described it in the late 19th century. It is also known as Budd-Chiari syndrome or venous sinus thrombosis.

The exact cause of Budd-Chiari Syndrome is not known, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some cases have been linked to autoimmune disorders, such as lupus, or to infections, such as endocarditis.

Symptoms of Budd-Chiari Syndrome can vary in severity and may include:

* Headaches
* Facial swelling
* Difficulty swallowing
* Numbness or tingling in the face or limbs
* Vision problems
* Fatigue
* Shortness of breath

If you suspect that you or someone else may have Budd-Chiari Syndrome, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare provider can perform a physical examination and order diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies or blood tests, to confirm the diagnosis and determine the underlying cause.

Treatment for Budd-Chiari Syndrome typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, such as antibiotics for an infection or medication to treat an autoimmune disorder. In some cases, a procedure called thrombectomy may be necessary to remove a blood clot that is blocking the veins.

In severe cases, Budd-Chiari Syndrome can lead to complications such as stroke or heart failure, so it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time. With timely and appropriate treatment, however, many people with this condition are able to recover and manage their symptoms effectively.

Coinfection can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Exposure to multiple pathogens: When an individual is exposed to multiple sources of infection, such as contaminated food or water, they may contract multiple pathogens simultaneously.
2. Weakened immune system: A compromised immune system can make it more difficult for the body to fight off infections, making it more susceptible to coinfection.
3. Increased opportunities for transmission: In some situations, such as in healthcare settings or during travel to areas with high infection rates, individuals may be more likely to come into contact with multiple pathogens.

Examples of common coinfections include:

1. HIV and tuberculosis (TB): TB is a common opportunistic infection that affects individuals with HIV/AIDS.
2. Malaria and bacterial infections: In areas where malaria is prevalent, individuals may also be at risk for bacterial infections such as pneumonia or diarrhea.
3. Influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae: During flu season, individuals may be more susceptible to both influenza and bacterial infections such as pneumonia.

Coinfection can have significant consequences for an individual's health, including increased morbidity and mortality. Treatment of coinfections often requires a combination of antimicrobial therapies targeting each pathogen, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Preventing coinfection is important for maintaining good health, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems. This can include:

1. Practicing good hygiene: Washing hands regularly and avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick can help reduce the risk of infection.
2. Getting vaccinated: Vaccines can protect against certain infections, such as influenza and pneumococcal disease.
3. Taking antimicrobial prophylaxis: In some cases, taking antibiotics or other antimicrobial drugs may be recommended to prevent infection in individuals who are at high risk of coinfection.
4. Managing underlying conditions: Effectively managing conditions such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and heart disease can help reduce the risk of infection and coinfection.
5. Avoiding risky behaviors: Avoiding risky behaviors such as sharing needles or engaging in unprotected sex can help reduce the risk of infection and coinfection.

The disorder is named after the three physicians who first described it in the early 20th century: Louis Wolff, John Parkinson, and Paul White. WPW syndrome can be diagnosed using a variety of tests, including electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and stress test. Treatment options for WPW syndrome include medications to control heart rate and rhythm, catheter ablation (a minimally invasive procedure that destroys the extra electrical pathway), and in some cases, surgery.

WPW syndrome can be caused by a variety of genetic mutations, as well as by other factors such as coronary artery disease or hypertension. The condition is typically diagnosed in children or young adults, but it can also occur in older adults. WPW syndrome can be a serious condition, as the abnormal heart rhythms can lead to cardiac arrest and sudden death if left untreated. However, with proper treatment, most people with WPW syndrome can lead normal lives and have a good prognosis.

The symptoms of Kallmann syndrome can vary in severity and may include:

1. Delayed or absent puberty
2. Infertility or azoospermia (absence of sperm) in males
3. Ovarian dysgenesis or premature ovarian failure in females
4. Hypogonadism (low levels of sex hormones)
5. Short stature and growth hormone deficiency
6. Sense of smell impairment or anosmia (absence of sense of smell)
7. Other associated symptoms such as craniofacial abnormalities, hearing loss, and developmental delays.

Kallmann syndrome is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment options for Kallmann syndrome are limited and may include hormone replacement therapy, growth hormone therapy, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

The prognosis for Kallmann syndrome varies depending on the severity of the symptoms and the presence of any associated conditions. With appropriate treatment, individuals with Kallmann syndrome can lead fulfilling lives, but they may require ongoing medical care and monitoring throughout their lives.

There are several types of SSS, including:

1. Sinus bradycardia: a slow heart rate due to sinus node dysfunction.
2. Sinus pauses: periods of complete cessation of sinus node activity.
3. Sinus arrhythmias: irregular heart rhythms caused by sinus node dysfunction.
4. Atrioventricular (AV) block: a delay or blockage in the electrical signal passing from the atria to the ventricles due to sinus node dysfunction.

Symptoms of SSS can include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and fainting. In severe cases, SSS can lead to heart failure, atrial fibrillation, or ventricular tachycardia.

Diagnosis of SSS is typically made through a combination of physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), and echocardiography. Treatment options for SSS include medications to regulate the heart rhythm, cardioversion (electrical shock to restore a normal heart rhythm), and in some cases, implantation of a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).

Prognosis for SSS is generally good if the underlying cause is identified and treated appropriately. However, if left untreated, SSS can lead to serious complications, such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, or ventricular tachycardia, which can be life-threatening.

In summary, sick sinus syndrome is a group of heart rhythm disorders that affect the sinus node and can lead to abnormal heart rhythms, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and fainting. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent serious complications and improve prognosis.

The symptoms of SJS typically begin with a fever, sore throat, and general feeling of illness within 1 to 3 weeks after exposure to the causative agent. Over the next few days, the patient develops painful blisters on the skin and mucous membranes, which eventually become crusted and form scabs. The blisters may be more prominent on the face, lips, hands, and feet.

In addition to skin symptoms, SJS can also affect other parts of the body such as the eyes, mouth, and genital area. Patients with SJS may experience eye inflammation, mouth ulcers, and vaginal or penile erosions. In severe cases, the condition can lead to life-threatening complications such as infection, organ failure, and death.

The exact cause of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune reaction to certain medications or infections. The disorder is more common in children and young adults, and people with a family history of the condition are at higher risk.

Treatment for SJS typically involves withdrawal of any suspected medications and supportive care to manage symptoms such as fever, pain, and infection. Patients may also receive antiviral or antibacterial medications if an infection is suspected. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications.

The prognosis for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of any underlying health conditions. Mortality rates range from 5% to 20%, with higher mortality rates associated with more severe cases and delayed treatment. However, with prompt and appropriate treatment, many patients with SJS can recover fully or with minimal scarring.

The condition typically affects older adults and is more common in men than women. The exact cause of Sezary syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and environmental factors.

Symptoms of Sezary syndrome can include:

* Skin rashes, lesions, or nodules
* Itching, redness, and dryness of the skin
* Fatigue
* Fever
* Weight loss
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Enlarged spleen

Sezary syndrome is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as biopsies, blood tests, and imaging studies. Treatment options for Sezary syndrome include:

* Chemotherapy
* Radiation therapy
* Phototherapy
* Targeted therapy

Overall, Sezary syndrome is a rare and aggressive form of CTCL that can have severe symptoms and affect multiple organs. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

The symptoms of Felty syndrome can vary in severity and may include:

* Rheumatoid arthritis with joint deformity and loss of function
* Chronic lung disease, such as interstitial fibrosis or emphysema
* Enlarged lymph nodes, particularly in the neck and axillae
* Fever
* Night sweats
* Weight loss
* Fatigue

Felty syndrome is caused by an abnormal immune response that leads to inflammation in the joints, lungs, and lymph nodes. It can be associated with other autoimmune disorders, such as Sjögren's syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus.

The diagnosis of Felty syndrome is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to assess for inflammatory markers, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as tests to assess joint damage and lung function. Imaging studies, such as X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans, may be used to evaluate joint damage and lung disease.

There is no cure for Felty syndrome, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Treatment options may include:

* Medications to reduce inflammation, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
* Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system
* Immunosuppressive medications, such as methotrexate or azathioprine, to suppress the immune system and prevent joint damage
* Biologic agents, such as infliximab or etanercept, to target specific proteins involved in the immune response and reduce inflammation
* Physical therapy to maintain joint mobility and strength
* Surgery to repair or replace damaged joints, such as hip or knee replacement

It is important for individuals with Felty syndrome to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and helps manage their symptoms. With appropriate treatment, many individuals with Felty syndrome are able to lead active and productive lives.

The Usher syndromes are a group of rare genetic disorders that affect both hearing and vision. They are caused by mutations in specific genes and can be inherited in an autosomal recessive or X-linked manner. The syndromes are characterized by progressive retinal degeneration, hearing loss, and vestibular dysfunction.

Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)

Note: This is a medical definition, and the term "Usher Syndromes" is not commonly used in everyday conversation. It is used primarily in the medical field to describe this specific group of disorders.

Some examples of ectodermal dysplasias include:

* Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a group of rare genetic disorders that cause fragile skin and mucous membranes.
* Ichthyosis, a group of genetic disorders that cause dry, scaly skin.
* Hereditary neurological and muscular atrophy (HNMA), a condition characterized by progressive loss of nerve cells and muscle wasting.

Ectodermal dysplasias can be caused by mutations in genes that are important for ectodermal development, such as genes involved in cell signaling, differentiation, and growth. These disorders can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked manner, depending on the specific gene mutation.

There is no cure for ectodermal dysplasias, but treatment may involve managing symptoms and preventing complications. This can include using protective clothing and devices to prevent skin injury, managing infections and inflammation, and addressing any related psychosocial issues. In some cases, surgery or other procedures may be necessary to correct physical abnormalities or improve function.

Overall, ectodermal dysplasias are a diverse group of rare genetic disorders that can have a significant impact on quality of life. Early diagnosis and intervention can help manage symptoms and prevent complications, and ongoing research is focused on understanding the underlying causes of these disorders and developing new treatments.

The main features of BWS include:

1. Macroglossia (enlarged tongue): This is the most common feature of BWS, and it can cause difficulty with speaking and breathing.
2. Protruding ears: Children with BWS often have large ears that stick out from their head.
3. Omphalocele: This is a birth defect in which the intestines or other organs protrude through the navel.
4. Hydrocephalus: This is a build-up of fluid in the brain, which can cause increased pressure and enlargement of the head.
5. Polyhydramnios: This is a condition in which there is too much amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus during pregnancy.
6. Imperforate anus: This is a birth defect in which the anus is not properly formed, leading to difficulty with bowel movements.
7. Developmental delays: Children with BWS may experience delays in reaching developmental milestones, such as sitting, standing, and walking.
8. Intellectual disability: Some individuals with BWS may have mild to moderate intellectual disability.
9. Increased risk of cancer: Individuals with BWS have an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, particularly Wilms tumor (a type of kidney cancer) and hepatoblastoma (a type of liver cancer).

There is no cure for Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, but various treatments can be used to manage the associated symptoms and prevent complications. These may include surgery, physical therapy, speech therapy, and medication. With appropriate medical care and support, individuals with BWS can lead fulfilling lives.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

There are several causes of IgG deficiency, including:

1. Genetic defects: Some people may be born with a genetic predisposition to have low levels of IgG.
2. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can cause the immune system to attack and destroy IgG antibodies.
3. Infections: Certain infections, such as HIV or hepatitis B, can cause a decrease in IgG levels.
4. Malnutrition: A diet that is deficient in certain nutrients, such as protein or vitamin D, can lead to low IgG levels.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as corticosteroids or chemotherapy drugs, can suppress the immune system and reduce IgG production.
6. Pregnancy: Pregnant women may have lower levels of IgG due to changes in their immune system.
7. Age: IgG levels tend to decline with age, especially after the age of 60.

Symptoms of IgG deficiency may include:

1. Frequent or recurring infections, such as sinus infections, ear infections, or pneumonia
2. Slowed growth and development in children
3. Fatigue or weakness
4. Swollen lymph nodes
5. Skin rashes or lesions
6. Easy bruising or bleeding
7. Difficulty healing from injuries or surgery

Treatment of IgG deficiency depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Antibiotics to treat infections
2. Immune globulin injections to boost IgG levels
3. Changes to diet and lifestyle to address malnutrition or other underlying causes
4. Medications to manage related conditions, such as autoimmune disorders or inflammatory diseases.

It's important to note that some cases of IgG deficiency may be mild and not require treatment, while others may be more severe and require ongoing management. If you suspect you or your child may have an IgG deficiency, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several types of dysgammaglobulinemia, including:

1. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA): This is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene. It results in a complete absence of immunoglobulins in the blood, leaving individuals with XLA susceptible to infections.
2. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID): This is a relatively common autoimmune disorder that affects B cells and leads to low levels of immunoglobulins in the blood. It can be associated with other autoimmune disorders, such as hypothyroidism or rheumatoid arthritis.
3. Selective IgA deficiency: This is a relatively common condition characterized by low levels of IgA antibodies in the blood. It can increase the risk of infections, particularly in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
4. Other forms of dysgammaglobulinemia: There are several other less common forms of dysgammaglobulinemia that can be caused by a variety of genetic or acquired factors, such as mutations in the immunoglobulin genes, chronic infections, or certain medications.

The symptoms and signs of dysgammaglobulinemia depend on the specific type and severity of the disorder. Common symptoms include recurrent infections, particularly respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, as well as fatigue, fever, and night sweats. Diagnosis is typically made based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests (such as measurements of immunoglobulin levels), and genetic testing. Treatment options include antibiotics for infections, immunoglobulin replacement therapy, and management of associated symptoms such as fatigue and fever.

There are several subtypes of lymphoma, B-cell, including:

1. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): This is the most common type of B-cell lymphoma and typically affects older adults.
2. Follicular lymphoma: This type of lymphoma grows slowly and often does not require treatment for several years.
3. Marginal zone lymphoma: This type of lymphoma develops in the marginal zone of the spleen or other lymphoid tissues.
4. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of B-cell lymphoma that is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are abnormal cells that can be identified under a microscope.

The symptoms of lymphoma, B-cell can vary depending on the subtype and the location of the tumor. Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Treatment for lymphoma, B-cell usually involves chemotherapy, which is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy may also be used in some cases. In some cases, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation may be recommended.

Prognosis for lymphoma, B-cell depends on the subtype and the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis. In general, the prognosis is good for patients with early-stage disease, but the cancer can be more difficult to treat if it has spread to other parts of the body.

Prevention of lymphoma, B-cell is not possible, as the exact cause of the disease is not known. However, avoiding exposure to certain risk factors, such as viral infections and pesticides, may help reduce the risk of developing the disease. Early detection and treatment can also improve outcomes for patients with lymphoma, B-cell.

Lymphoma, B-cell is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can be treated with chemotherapy and other therapies. The prognosis varies depending on the subtype and stage of the disease at diagnosis. Prevention is not possible, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

The primary features of Alagille syndrome include:

1. Liver problems: The liver is enlarged and may have nodules or cysts. This can lead to liver failure and the need for transplantation.
2. Heart defects: About 75% of individuals with Alagille syndrome have heart defects, such as ventricular septal defect (VSD) or atrial septal defect (ASD).
3. Intestinal involvement: The intestines may be narrowed or blocked, leading to abdominal pain, vomiting, and constipation.
4. Kidney problems: Alagille syndrome can cause kidney disease, including cysts and inflammation.
5. Feeding and growth difficulties: Children with Alagille syndrome may have difficulty gaining weight and growing at a normal rate due to malabsorption of nutrients.
6. Distinctive facial features: Individuals with Alagille syndrome may have distinctive facial features, such as a small head, narrow eyes, and a prominent forehead.
7. Skeletal abnormalities: Some individuals with Alagille syndrome may have skeletal abnormalities, such as short stature or clubfoot.
8. Neurological problems: Alagille syndrome can cause neurological symptoms, such as seizures, developmental delay, and learning disabilities.

There is no cure for Alagille syndrome, but treatment is focused on managing the individual symptoms. Liver transplantation may be necessary in some cases. With proper management, many individuals with Alagille syndrome can lead active and fulfilling lives.

1. Vision loss or blindness
2. Developmental delays and intellectual disability
3. Speech and language difficulties
4. Poor coordination and balance
5. Skeletal abnormalities such as short stature, short arms, and curved spine
6. Kidney problems
7. Hearing loss
8. Increased risk of infections
9. Cleft palate or other facial defects
10. Delayed puberty or absent menstruation in females

The syndrome is caused by mutations in the Bardet-Biedl genes, which are responsible for the development and function of the body's sensory and motor systems. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a child must inherit two copies of the mutated gene - one from each parent - to develop the condition.

There is currently no cure for Bardet-Biedl Syndrome, but treatment and management options are available to help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include:

1. Vision aids such as glasses or contact lenses
2. Speech and language therapy
3. Physical therapy to improve coordination and balance
4. Occupational therapy to develop daily living skills
5. Medications to manage infections, seizures, or other complications
6. Surgery to correct physical abnormalities such as cleft palate or spinal deformities
7. Hormone replacement therapy for delayed puberty or absent menstruation in females.

The prognosis for individuals with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome varies depending on the severity of the symptoms and the presence of any additional health issues. With appropriate management and support, many individuals with the condition are able to lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals. However, the syndrome can be associated with a higher risk of certain health complications, such as kidney disease or respiratory infections, which can impact life expectancy.

A type of encephalitis caused by a virus that inflames the brain and spinal cord, leading to fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death. Viral encephalitis is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito or tick, but can also be spread through contact with infected blood or organs. Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and medication to manage fever and seizures, as well as antiviral medications in severe cases.

Synonyms: viral encephalitis

Antonyms: bacterial encephalitis

Similar term: meningitis

Symptoms of ectopic ACTH syndrome can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include:

* Weight gain and obesity
* High blood pressure
* Diabetes
* Cardiovascular problems such as heart disease and stroke
* Fatigue and weakness
* Muscle wasting and osteoporosis
* Sexual dysfunction
* Menstrual irregularities in women
* Breathing difficulties due to a large tumor pressing on the lungs or airways.

Ectopic ACTH syndrome is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as blood cortisol levels and imaging studies (e.g., CT scans, MRI). Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, as well as medications to control cortisol levels and manage symptoms. Radiation therapy may also be used in some cases.

Ectopic ACTH syndrome is a rare condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent long-term complications and improve quality of life.

The main features of PJS include:

* Multiple hamartomas in the gastrointestinal tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and rectal bleeding.
* Hamartomas in the lungs, which can cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
* Hamartomas in the sex organs, which can lead to infertility, irregular menstrual cycles, and breast tumors.
* An increased risk of developing various types of cancer, including colon, lung, pancreatic, and breast cancer.
* A characteristic "speckled" appearance of the skin, caused by the accumulation of pigmented cells.

PJS is usually diagnosed in children or young adults, and it affects approximately 1 in 250,000 to 1 in 500,000 individuals worldwide. There is no cure for PJS, but regular monitoring and surveillance can help detect and treat hamartomas and cancerous lesions early on. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, depending on the location and severity of the tumors.

There are several forms of HFRS, including:

1. Severe Hemorrhagic Fever (SHF): This form of the disease is characterized by rapid onset of severe symptoms, including fever, hemorrhaging, and renal failure.
2. Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF): This form of the disease is similar to SHF but has a milder course.
3. African Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF): This form of the disease is found primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and is characterized by a severe course with high mortality rates.
4. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF): This form of the disease is found in parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa and is transmitted through tick bites or contact with infected animals.

The symptoms of HFRS can include fever, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and hemorrhaging. In severe cases, the disease can lead to kidney failure, shock, and death.

Diagnosis of HFRS is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests (such as PCR and ELISA), and serology. Treatment is primarily supportive, with management of symptoms and fluid replacement. Antiviral medications may be used in some cases.

Prevention of HFRS includes tick control measures, protective clothing, and avoiding contact with potentially infected animals or ticks. Vaccines are available for some forms of the disease, particularly CCHF.

1. Eye abnormalities: The eyes may be small, rounded, or misshapen, and may have limited mobility. There may also be clouding of the lens (cataracts) or other abnormalities such as glaucoma.
2. Brain abnormalities: The brain may be affected, leading to developmental delays, intellectual disability, seizures, and/or other neurological problems.
3. Renal abnormalities: The kidneys may be small or absent, leading to chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
4. Other features: OCWR may also be associated with other abnormalities, such as hearing loss, facial dysmorphism, and/or skeletal abnormalities.

The exact prevalence of OCWR is not known, but it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 1 million individuals worldwide. It is important to note that OCWR is a spectrum disorder, meaning that the severity and expression of the disorder can vary widely among affected individuals. There is currently no cure for OCWR, but management of the disorder may involve a combination of medical interventions, such as medication for seizures or other neurological problems, and supportive care, such as physical therapy and occupational therapy, to help manage any developmental delays or physical limitations. In some cases, kidney transplantation may be necessary. Early diagnosis and intervention are key to improving outcomes for individuals with OCWR.

The symptoms of Cockayne syndrome can vary in severity and may include:

* Severe developmental delays and intellectual disability
* Poor muscle tone and coordination
* Vision and hearing loss
* Short stature
* Small head size (microcephaly)
* Abnormalities of the face and skull
* Increased risk of infections and cancer

There is no cure for Cockayne syndrome, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. This may include:

* Physical therapy to improve muscle tone and coordination
* Speech and language therapy to improve communication skills
* Occupational therapy to develop daily living skills
* Medications to manage seizures, if present
* Regular monitoring by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals

The prognosis for individuals with Cockayne syndrome is generally poor, and many do not survive beyond early childhood. However, with appropriate medical care and support, some individuals with this condition may live into their teenage years or even longer.

It's important to note that Cockayne syndrome is a rare disorder, and it can be challenging to diagnose and manage. A thorough evaluation by a team of healthcare professionals, including a geneticist, is necessary for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.

The symptoms of SLOS can vary in severity and may include:

1. Developmental delays and intellectual disability
2. Distinctive facial features, such as a prominent forehead, narrow eyes, and a short nose
3. Skeletal abnormalities, including short stature, joint deformities, and scoliosis
4. Heart defects, such as atrial septal defects or ventricular septal defects
5. Kidney problems, such as kidney stones or chronic kidney disease
6. Vision problems, such as cataracts or glaucoma
7. Hearing loss or deafness
8. Increased risk of infections
9. Poor muscle tone and coordination
10. Delayed motor milestones

SLOS is usually diagnosed by a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. This may include medications to control seizures, physical therapy to improve muscle tone and coordination, and speech and language therapy to address communication difficulties.

The prognosis for individuals with SLOS varies depending on the severity of the mutation and the presence of other health problems. Some individuals with mild forms of the disorder may have a relatively normal life expectancy, while others with more severe forms may have a shorter life span. Early diagnosis and intervention are critical to improving outcomes for individuals with SLOS.

Types of Craniofacial Abnormalities:

1. Cleft lip and palate: A congenital deformity that affects the upper jaw, nose, and mouth.
2. Premature fusion of skull bones: Can result in an abnormally shaped head or face.
3. Distraction osteogenesis: A condition where the bones fail to grow properly, leading to abnormal growth patterns.
4. Facial asymmetry: A condition where one side of the face is smaller or larger than the other.
5. Craniosynostosis: A condition where the skull bones fuse together too early, causing an abnormally shaped head.
6. Micrognathia: A condition where the lower jaw is smaller than normal, which can affect breathing and feeding.
7. Macroglossia: A condition where the tongue is larger than normal, which can cause difficulty swallowing and breathing.
8. Oculofacial dysostosis: A condition that affects the development of the eyes and face.
9. Treacher Collins syndrome: A rare genetic disorder that affects the development of the face, particularly the eyes, ears, and jaw.

Causes of Craniofacial Abnormalities:

1. Genetics: Many craniofacial abnormalities are inherited from one or both parents.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain drugs, alcohol, or infections during pregnancy can increase the risk of craniofacial abnormalities.
3. Premature birth: Babies born prematurely are at a higher risk for craniofacial abnormalities.
4. Trauma: Head injuries or other traumatic events can cause craniofacial abnormalities.
5. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can cause craniofacial abnormalities.

Treatment of Craniofacial Abnormalities:

1. Surgery: Many craniofacial abnormalities can be treated with surgery to correct the underlying deformity.
2. Orthodontic treatment: Braces or other orthodontic devices can be used to align teeth and improve the appearance of the face.
3. Speech therapy: Certain craniofacial abnormalities, such as micrognathia, can affect speech development. Speech therapy can help improve communication skills.
4. Medication: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to manage symptoms associated with craniofacial abnormalities, such as pain or breathing difficulties.
5. Rehabilitation: Physical therapy and occupational therapy can help individuals with craniofacial abnormalities regain function and mobility after surgery or other treatments.

It is important to note that the treatment of craniofacial abnormalities varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. A healthcare professional, such as a pediatrician, orthodontist, or plastic surgeon, should be consulted for proper diagnosis and treatment.

It is also important to remember that craniofacial abnormalities can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, affecting their self-esteem, social relationships, and ability to function in daily activities. Therefore, it is essential to provide appropriate support and resources for individuals with these conditions, including psychological counseling, social support groups, and education about the condition.

The exact cause of SPS is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder that results in the immune system attacking healthy brain cells, leading to inflammation and damage to the nervous system. Treatment options are limited, and current therapies focus on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

The definition of Stiff-Person Syndrome (SPS) in the medical field includes:

1. A rare and progressive neurological disorder characterized by muscle stiffness, rigidity, and spasms.
2. Associated with heightened sensitivity to external stimuli such as noise, touch, or emotional stress.
3. Cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression are common features.
4. Believed to be an autoimmune disorder, causing inflammation and damage to the nervous system.
5. Limited treatment options, with a focus on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

The condition is characterized by an exaggerated immune response, which can cause inflammation in various parts of the body, including the skin, eyes, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. IRIS can manifest as a range of symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, pain, and swelling in the affected areas.

The exact cause of IRIS is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the restoration of immune function after being suppressed by HIV. When ART is initiated, the immune system begins to recover, and the body mounts an immune response against previously latent viral reservoirs. This can lead to inflammation and tissue damage in some individuals.

The diagnosis of IRIS is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as antibiotics for bacterial infections, anti-inflammatory medications, and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention strategies for IRIS include careful monitoring of patients on ART, early detection and treatment of opportunistic infections, and the use of corticosteroids to prevent or treat inflammation. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the risk of IRIS and to monitor patients closely, particularly during the early stages of ART. With appropriate management, most cases of IRIS resolve without long-term complications.

The symptoms of short bowel syndrome can vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include:

* Diarrhea
* Abdominal pain
* Nausea and vomiting
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Dehydration
* Malnutrition

Treatment for short bowel syndrome typically involves a combination of dietary modifications, medications, and supplements to help manage symptoms and improve nutrient absorption. In some cases, intravenous feeding may be necessary to ensure adequate nutrition.

Short bowel syndrome can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Intestinal surgery
* Inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis)
* Infections (such as Clostridium difficile or viral infections)
* Radiation therapy
* Trauma to the abdomen
* Congenital conditions (such as short gut syndrome)

Overall, short bowel syndrome can have a significant impact on quality of life and can be challenging to manage. However, with proper treatment and support, it is possible for individuals with this condition to lead active and fulfilling lives.

The symptoms of Behcet syndrome can vary widely, but may include:

* Skin lesions, such as ulcers or rashes
* Eye inflammation (uveitis)
* Joint pain and swelling
* Digestive problems such as diarrhea and abdominal pain
* Nervous system problems such as seizures and headaches
* Inflammation of the blood vessels, which can lead to aneurysms or blood clots

The exact cause of Behcet syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no cure for the disease, but various treatments are available to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. These may include medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and antibiotics, as well as lifestyle modifications such as avoiding triggers like spicy foods or stress.

Behcet syndrome is rare in the United States, but it is more common in certain parts of the world, including Turkey, Japan, and other countries with high prevalence of autoimmune disorders. It affects both men and women equally, and typically begins during adulthood, although it can sometimes begin in childhood or adolescence.

Overall, Behcet syndrome is a complex and multifaceted disease that requires careful management by a healthcare team to prevent complications and improve quality of life for patients.

Symptoms of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine. Treatment options for the condition include surgery to remove the tumors, medications to reduce acid production in the stomach, and therapies to manage symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare disorder that affects approximately 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 people worldwide. It can occur at any age but is most commonly diagnosed in adults between the ages of 30 and 60 years old. The condition is more common in women than in men.

The exact cause of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations that occur in the tumors. In some cases, the condition may be inherited from a parent. Other risk factors for developing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome include having a family history of the condition, having other endocrine tumors, or taking certain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Overall, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare and complex condition that requires specialized medical care to diagnose and treat. With appropriate treatment, many people with the condition can experience significant improvement in symptoms and quality of life.

The symptoms of serotonin syndrome can vary in severity and may include:

* Agitation
* Confusion
* Restlessness
* Tremors
* Sweating
* Changes in blood pressure and heart rate
* Seizures
* Coma

Serotonin syndrome is typically diagnosed based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and medical history. Laboratory tests may include measurements of serotonin levels and other neurotransmitters in the body. Imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRI, may also be used to rule out other potential causes of symptoms.

Treatment of serotonin syndrome typically involves stopping any medications that may be contributing to the condition and providing supportive care to manage symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the condition. Medications that may be used to treat serotonin syndrome include:

* Cyproheptadine (a serotonin antagonist)
* Dantrolene (a muscle relaxant)
* Benzodiazepines (such as diazepam or lorazepam)
* Antipsychotic medications (such as haloperidol or risperidone)

Preventing serotonin syndrome involves being aware of the potential for interactions between medications and other substances that can increase serotonin levels. It is important to inform healthcare providers about all medications and supplements being taken, as well as any history of previous adverse reactions or medical conditions.

In conclusion, serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when excessive levels of serotonin are present in the body. It is important to be aware of the potential for interactions between medications and other substances that can increase serotonin levels, and to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms of serotonin syndrome develop. With prompt recognition and treatment, most cases of serotonin syndrome can be successfully managed and treated.

The exact prevalence of HPS is not well-established, but it is believed to affect approximately 30% to 50% of individuals with cirrhosis. Risk factors for developing HPS include alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

The diagnosis of HPS typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans, and laboratory tests to evaluate liver function. Treatment options for HPS depend on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications to manage portal hypertension, lung fibrosis, or other complications. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for individuals with HPS is generally poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 50%. However, early diagnosis and appropriate management can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

* Cleft lip and/or palate
* Abnormal facial features such as short or deformed ears, small jaw, or widely spaced eyes
* Missing or deformed teeth
* Short or absent fingers or toes
* Congenital heart defects or other physical abnormalities

The symptoms of OFD can vary in severity and may include one or more of these features. The exact cause of OFD is not known, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations that occur during fetal development. There is no cure for OFD, but treatment options may include surgery, dental care, and speech therapy to help manage the symptoms.

The term "orofaciodigital" refers to the oral (face and mouth) and digital (fingers and toes) aspects of the syndrome. The condition is usually diagnosed during infancy or childhood, and the prognosis can vary depending on the severity of the symptoms. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with OFD can lead active and fulfilling lives.

Benign CNS neoplasms include:

1. Meningiomas: These are the most common type of benign CNS tumor, arising from the meninges (the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord).
2. Acoustic neuromas: These tumors arise from the nerve cells that connect the inner ear to the brain.
3. Pineal gland tumors: These are rare tumors that occur in the pineal gland, a small gland located in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are rare tumors that arise from the remnants of the embryonic pituitary gland and can cause a variety of symptoms including headaches, vision loss, and hormonal imbalances.

Malignant CNS neoplasms include:

1. Gliomas: These are the most common type of malignant CNS tumor and arise from the supporting cells of the brain called glial cells. Examples of gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and medulloblastomas.
2. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can occur in the CNS.
3. Melanomas: These are rare tumors that arise from the pigment-producing cells of the skin and can spread to other parts of the body, including the CNS.
4. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the CNS from other parts of the body, such as the breast, lung, or colon.

The diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history. Treatment options can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.

The prognosis for CNS neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, gliomas have a poorer prognosis than other types of CNS tumors, with five-year survival rates ranging from 30% to 60%. Lymphomas and melanomas have better prognoses, with five-year survival rates of up to 80%. Metastatic tumors have a more guarded prognosis, with five-year survival rates depending on the primary site of the cancer.

In summary, central nervous system neoplasms are abnormal growths of tissue in the brain and spinal cord that can cause a variety of symptoms and can be benign or malignant. The diagnosis and treatment of these tumors depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history. The prognosis for CNS neoplasms varies depending on the type of tumor and the effectiveness of treatment, but in general, gliomas have a poorer prognosis than other types of CNS tumors.

The symptoms of microsporidiosis vary depending on the site of infection and the severity of the disease. In some cases, microsporidiosis may be asymptomatic or present with mild symptoms such as fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches. In more severe cases, microsporidiosis can cause significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those living with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy following an organ transplant.

Microsporidiosis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and histopathological examination of tissue samples. Treatment of microsporidiosis typically involves antimicrobial medications, such as azole antifungals or polyene macrolide antibiotics. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissues or repair damaged organs.

Preventive measures for microsporidiosis include avoiding exposure to contaminated water or food, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding close contact with individuals who are infected with microsporidia. Vaccines against microsporidia are not available, but research is ongoing to develop effective vaccine candidates.

In summary, microsporidiosis is a disease caused by microsporidia that can affect various parts of the body and cause a range of symptoms. Diagnosis and treatment of microsporidiosis are challenging due to the difficulty in identifying the parasite and the lack of effective treatments. Prevention of microsporidiosis primarily relies on avoiding exposure to contaminated sources and practicing good hygiene.

The main clinical features of Proteus syndrome include:

1. Asymmetry of body parts: Individuals with Proteus syndrome may have asymmetric growth of limbs, digits, or facial features, which can range from mild to severe.
2. Limb abnormalities: The condition can result in clubfoot, missing or deformed limbs, or other structural abnormalities that can affect the function and mobility of the affected limbs.
3. Digital abnormalities: Individuals with Proteus syndrome may have misshapen or fused digits, which can lead to functional limitations and difficulties with daily activities.
4. Facial abnormalities: The condition can result in facial asymmetry, eye abnormalities, or other structural defects that can affect the appearance and function of the face.
5. Intellectual disability: Some individuals with Proteus syndrome may have intellectual disability, which can range from mild to severe.
6. Other congenital anomalies: Proteus syndrome can also be associated with other congenital anomalies, such as heart defects, hearing loss, or other developmental abnormalities.

There is no cure for Proteus syndrome, and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy can help individuals with the condition to improve their function and mobility. Surgery may be necessary to correct physical abnormalities or to relieve pain and discomfort.

Proteus syndrome is a rare and complex condition that requires a multidisciplinary approach to management. Medical professionals, including geneticists, pediatricians, orthopedic surgeons, and other specialists, work together to provide comprehensive care and support for individuals with the condition. With appropriate management, many individuals with Proteus syndrome can lead active and fulfilling lives.

* Genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities
* Infections during pregnancy, such as rubella or toxoplasmosis
* Exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy
* Maternal malnutrition or poor nutrition during pregnancy
* Certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism or anemia.

Microcephaly can be diagnosed by measuring the baby's head circumference and comparing it to established norms for their age and gender. Other signs of microcephaly may include:

* A small, misshapen head
* Small eyes and ears
* Developmental delays or intellectual disability
* Seizures or other neurological problems
* Difficulty feeding or sucking

There is no cure for microcephaly, but early diagnosis and intervention can help manage the associated symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment may include:

* Monitoring growth and development
* Physical therapy to improve muscle tone and coordination
* Occupational therapy to develop fine motor skills and coordination
* Speech therapy to improve communication skills
* Medication to control seizures or other neurological problems.

In some cases, microcephaly may be associated with other medical conditions, such as intellectual disability, autism, or vision or hearing loss. It is important for individuals with microcephaly to receive regular monitoring and care from a team of healthcare professionals to address any related medical issues.

Duane's retraction syndrome is caused by an abnormality in the nerves that control eyelid movement. The condition may be treated with surgery to correct any underlying abnormalities or to improve the functioning of the affected eye(s).

Here are some key points to define sepsis:

1. Inflammatory response: Sepsis is characterized by an excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory response to an infection. This can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.
2. Systemic symptoms: Patients with sepsis often have systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and confusion. They may also experience nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
3. Organ dysfunction: Sepsis can cause dysfunction in multiple organs, including the lungs, kidneys, liver, and heart. This can lead to organ failure and death if not treated promptly.
4. Infection source: Sepsis is usually caused by a bacterial infection, but it can also be caused by fungal or viral infections. The infection can be localized or widespread, and it can affect different parts of the body.
5. Severe sepsis: Severe sepsis is a more severe form of sepsis that is characterized by severe organ dysfunction and a higher risk of death. Patients with severe sepsis may require intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation.
6. Septic shock: Septic shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is severe circulatory dysfunction due to sepsis. It is characterized by hypotension, vasopressor use, and organ failure.

Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are critical to preventing serious complications and improving outcomes. The Sepsis-3 definition is widely used in clinical practice to diagnose sepsis and severe sepsis.

1. Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV): This is a highly contagious virus that weakens the immune system, making cats more susceptible to other infections and cancer.
2. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV): Similar to HIV in humans, this virus attacks the immune system and can lead to a range of secondary infections and diseases.
3. Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP): A viral disease that causes fluid accumulation in the abdomen and chest, leading to difficulty breathing and abdominal pain.
4. Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD): A group of conditions that affect the bladder and urethra, including urinary tract infections and kidney stones.
5. Feline Diabetes: Cats can develop diabetes, which can lead to a range of complications if left untreated, including urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and blindness.
6. Feline Hyperthyroidism: An overactive thyroid gland that can cause weight loss, anxiety, and heart problems if left untreated.
7. Feline Cancer: Cats can develop various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, and skin cancer.
8. Dental disease: Cats are prone to dental problems, such as tartar buildup, gum disease, and tooth resorption.
9. Obesity: A common problem in cats, obesity can lead to a range of health issues, including diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease.
10. Behavioral disorders: Cats can develop behavioral disorders such as anxiety, stress, and aggression, which can impact their quality of life and relationships with humans.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or managed with proper care, including regular veterinary check-ups, vaccinations, parasite control, a balanced diet, exercise, and mental stimulation. Additionally, early detection and treatment can significantly improve the outcome for cats with health issues.

Example sentence: "After completing her antibiotic course for pneumonia, Mary experienced a superinfection with a fungal infection that required hospitalization."

Examples of X-linked genetic diseases include:

* Hemophilia A and B
* Duchenne muscular dystrophy
* Connexin 26 (GJB2) deafness
* Fragile X syndrome
* X-linked mental retardation
* Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis
* Myotonic dystrophy type 1

X-linked diseases can be caused by mutations in various genes, including those involved in blood clotting, muscle function, and hearing. These conditions often have a significant impact on quality of life and can be inherited from one generation to the next. However, advances in medical technology and research offer hope for improved treatments and potential cures.

Prevention of X-linked diseases is challenging but possible through various methods such as:

1. Genetic counseling: Providing information about the risks and inheritance patterns of X-linked conditions to families can help them make informed decisions about their reproductive options.
2. Prenatal testing: Testing the fetus during pregnancy can identify X-linked mutations and allow for appropriate planning and decision-making.
3. Carrier testing: Identifying carriers of X-linked conditions can help families understand their risk and make informed decisions about their reproductive options.
4. Gene therapy: Experimental treatments that correct or replace the faulty gene responsible for the condition offer hope for improved outcomes.
5. Treatment and management: Various therapeutic approaches, including medication, physical therapy, and surgery, can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

In conclusion, X-linked genetic diseases are a significant portion of inherited disorders that have a profound impact on families and individuals affected by them. While there is no cure for these conditions, advances in medical technology and research offer hope for improved treatments and potential cures. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention methods, families can make informed decisions about their reproductive options and receive appropriate care and support.

Some common effects of chromosomal deletions include:

1. Genetic disorders: Chromosomal deletions can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, which is caused by a deletion of a portion of chromosome 21. Other examples include Prader-Willi syndrome (deletion of chromosome 15), and Williams syndrome (deletion of chromosome 7).
2. Birth defects: Chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of birth defects, such as heart defects, cleft palate, and limb abnormalities.
3. Developmental delays: Children with chromosomal deletions may experience developmental delays, learning disabilities, and intellectual disability.
4. Increased cancer risk: Some chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and breast cancer.
5. Reproductive problems: Chromosomal deletions can lead to reproductive problems, such as infertility or recurrent miscarriage.

Chromosomal deletions can be diagnosed through a variety of techniques, including karyotyping (examination of the chromosomes), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and microarray analysis. Treatment options for chromosomal deletions depend on the specific effects of the deletion and may include medication, surgery, or other forms of therapy.

The Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (DAIDS) is a division of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious ...
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"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis". Pediatric Neurology. 47 (5): 379-81. doi:10.1016/ ... Measles had not been seen on the islands for 60 years, so almost no residents had any acquired immunity. Three-quarters of the ... Reye's Syndrome at NINDS "Epidemiologic evidence indicates that aspirin (salicylate) is the major preventable risk factor for ... The suggestion of a defined cause-effect relationship between aspirin intake and Reye syndrome in children is not supported by ...
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection". Texas Legislature. Retrieved 28 August 2018. " ... "15-716 - Instruction on acquired immune deficiency syndrome; department assistance". www.azleg.gov. "Arizona Governor Signs ... Title 59 that relates to sex education or instruction in acquired immune deficiency syndrome education or any instruction ... gay propaganda law LGBT sex education Education and the LGBT community 2022 Hungarian LGBTQ in education referendum Acquired ...
Gail MH, Brookmeyer R (August 1988). "Methods for projecting course of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic". Journal of ...
"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Epidemiologic, Clinical, Immunologic, and Therapeutic Considerations". Annals of Internal ... He has been director of the NIAID since 1984 and has made contributions to HIV/AIDS research and other immunodeficiency ... Wikidata () Fauci, AS (February 5, 1988). "The human immunodeficiency virus: infectivity and mechanisms of pathogenesis". ... "The Immunopathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection". New England Journal of Medicine. 328 (5): 327-335. doi: ...
"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in a Heterosexual Population in Zaire". The Lancet. 324 (8394): 65-69. doi:10.1016/S0140- ...
1984-07-14). "ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME IN A HETEROSEXUAL POPULATION IN ZAIRE." The Lancet. Mann, Jonathan M., et al ... "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in a Heterosexual Population in Zaire". The Lancet. Originally published as Volume 2, Issue ... 1986-09-27). "NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION IN ZAIRE." The Lancet. Colebunders, Robert, et al. ( ... 1988-10-27). "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Employees in an African Hospital." New England Journal of Medicine. ...
"Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory ... Patients experiencing this particular syndrome may report a skin lesion (often similar to those caused by MRSA), which does not ...
"Current Trends First 100,000 Cases of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome". Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. ... To ensure that the United States acquired the maximum benefit from automated innovation, Reagan, during his second term, had an ... he acquired the lifelong nickname "the Gipper". In 1941, exhibitors voted him the fifth most popular star from the younger ...
Horsburgh CR (May 1991). "Mycobacterium avium complex infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". N. Engl. J. Med. ... They proposed this syndrome be named Lady Windermere syndrome, after the character Lady Windermere in Oscar Wilde's play Lady ... "Lady Windermere syndrome" is one term to describe infection in the lungs due to MAC. It is named after a character in Oscar ... Immunodeficiency is not a requirement for MAI. MAC usually affects patients with abnormal lungs or bronchi. However, Jerome ...
"Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory ... Pure granulomatous lesions are rare in patients with AIDS and other related immunodeficiency states, as the patients do not ... A perivascular cuffing with amoebae in necrotic tissue is usual finding in the AIDS and related T-cell immunodeficiency ... Infection is generally associated with underlying conditions such as immunodeficiency, diabetes, malignancies, malnutrition, ...
"Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". International Journal of Dermatology. ... Fearfield, LA; Rowe, A; Francis, N; Bunker, CB; Staughton, RC (1999). "Itchy folliculitis and human immunodeficiency virus ... "Metronidazole for eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive patients". Archives of ...
Endocrinology Strauss K. Endocrine complications of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1991 ... However, on a visit to Colombia with Fernando, the guerrilla group, the FARC, kidnaps them, thereby acquiring the strain. With ... In Janossy G, Autran B. Miedema F (eds): Immunodeficiency in HIV Infection and AIDS, Karger Publishers, Basel, 1992:185-194. ... 1999;38:231-7. Immunology Strauss K, Gonzalez H. El syndrome de anticardiolipina. Acta Med Col 1988;13:46-49. Strauss KW, ...
"Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome". Massachusetts General Hospital ...
"Infection by the retrovirus associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". Annals of Internal Medicine. 103 (5): 694- ... "Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)". Science. 220 ( ... "Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)". Science. 220 (4599): 865-867. Bibcode: ...
... ; Steven S Witkin; David T Purtilo (6 May 1983). "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, opportunistic infections ...
"Rapidly Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 110 ( ... Researchers have also looked at two cases of ARN in patients who have been diagnosed with an immunodeficiency virus. The ... Researchers are now wondering if this type of ARN is specific to those who have the immunodeficiency virus. Cytomegalovirus ...
Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system ... "Infection by the retrovirus associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". Annals of Internal Medicine. 103 (5): 694- ... Centers for Disease Control (1982). "Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-United States". Morbidity and ... Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 29 (2): 184-190. doi:10.1097/00042560-200202010-00013. PMID 11832690. S2CID ...
Onile, B. A. (2002). "SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs) AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) IN NIGERIA". African ... Down syndrome) miscarriage low birth weight ectopic pregnancy Adolescent health creates a major global burden and has a great ... human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), syphilis, and trichomoniasis. There are more than 600 million ... increasing the risk of acquiring HIV or other sexually transmitted infections, as well as the probability of pregnancy at an ...
HIV leads to a syndrome called Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, or AIDS. Treatments for HIV remained inaccessible to many ... A new viral disease, called the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, arose in Africa and subsequently killed millions of ...
The HVTN collaborates with the Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (DAIDS). Funding comes from the National ... Vaccine Trials Network Hope Takes Action Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ...
HIV leads to a syndrome called Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, or AIDS. Treatments for HIV remained inaccessible to many ... A new viral disease, called the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, arose in Africa and subsequently killed millions of ...
Mansour AM, Jampol LM, Logani S, Read J, Henderly D (August 1988). "Cotton-wool spots in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ... Mansour AM, Rodenko G, Dutt R (March 1990). "Half-life of cotton-wool spots in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". ... Terelak-Borys B, Skonieczna K, Grabska-Liberek I (August 2012). "Ocular ischemic syndrome - a systematic review". Medical ... the study postulates that vasospastic syndromes common in those with chronic migraines may lead to ischemia in the eyes leading ...
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2 (2): 163-9. PMID 2649653. Walker BD, Kowalski M, Goh WC, Kozarsky K, Krieger ... Land A, Braakman I (Aug 2001). "Folding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein in the endoplasmic ... Dedera DA, Gu RL, Ratner L (Mar 1992). "Role of asparagine-linked glycosylation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ... Dewar RL, Vasudevachari MB, Natarajan V, Salzman NP (Jun 1989). "Biosynthesis and processing of human immunodeficiency virus ...
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice models demonstrate that these precursors may be transmitted to recipients with ... Carrasco, Yolanda R.; Batista, Facundo D. (July 2007). "B Cells Acquire Particulate Antigen in a Macrophage-Rich Area at the ... salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome, and the skin of patients with pseudo B cells lymphoma. Follicular ...
"Differences in histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States and Brazil". The Journal ... Recently and remarkably, a cluster of four indigenously acquired cases of histoplasmosis was shown to be associated with a golf ... Hajjeh, RA (1995). "Disseminated histoplasmosis in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus". Clinical Infectious ...
Kaposi has now become a household name because "his" sarcoma is a common lesion in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In a ...
The global human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic has been an important factor in ... candidiasis-endocrinopathy syndrome and candidiasis thymoma syndrome. About 90% of people with chronic mucocutaneous ... Candida species are acquired from the mother's vaginal canal during birth. At very young ages, the immune system is yet to ... Immunodeficiency is a state of reduced function of the immune system, which can be caused by medical conditions or treatments. ...
... which was later acquired by Schering-Plough and now a part of Merck. She was the principal investigator of the first clinical ... "Gene therapy for immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency". The New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (5): 447-458 ... "Lentiviral Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy in Patients with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome". Science. 341 (6148). doi:10.1126/ ... stem cell transplants given before birth to treat inherited diseases of the immune system such as Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome She ...
... and aims to increase awareness of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in the Hispanic/ ...
... histology in human immunodeficiency virus-1-seropositive drug addicts without apparent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". Hum ...
One would expect acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) encephalitis to present in pregnancy or the puerperium, because ... name="Cambridge 2017, p56-58." Shoib S, Dar M M, Arif T, Bashir H, Bhat M H, Ahmed J (2013) Sheehan's syndrome presenting as ... This has been available for treatment and prevention since 1936, so the occurrence of this syndrome in pregnancy should be ... In the past, some experts regarded this as pathognomonic (specific) for puerperal psychosis, but this syndrome is found in ...
Kramer witnessed the spread of the disease later known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among his friends in 1980 ... before the nature of how the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was transmitted was understood. When doctors suggested men stop ... the primary organization to raise funds for and provide services to people stricken with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( ...
... as many Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients presented with severe brain infections in their immune compromised ...
IUIS-PID table 3 immunodeficiencies, Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related cutaneous conditions, Syndromes affecting the lung) ... "Human tyrosine kinase 2 deficiency reveals its requisite roles in multiple cytokine signals involved in innate and acquired ... Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome (HIES), of which the autosomal dominant form is called Job's syndrome or Buckley syndrome, ... Genetic testing is available for STAT3 (Job's Syndrome), DOCK8 (DOCK8 Immunodeficiency or DIDS), PGM3 (PGM3 deficiency), SPINK5 ...
... as can occur in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or when being treated with immunosuppressive drugs, as in cancer treatment ... Immunodeficiency or immunosuppression are characterized by the absence of or disruption in components of the immune system, ... It is frequently associated with cystic fibrosis and hospital-acquired infections. Salmonella is a genus of bacteria, known to ... Mu A, Shein TT, Jayachandran P, Paul S (2017-09-14). "Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in Patients with AIDS and ...
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, or X-linked agammaglobulinemia. CVID is the most common form of primary immunodeficiency. SCID is ... It is more often that hypogammaglobulinemia develops as a result of another condition, which are called secondary or acquired ... Hypogammaglobulinemia can be caused by either a primary or secondary immunodeficiency. Primary immunodeficiencies are caused by ... and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, but has been extended to secondary immunodeficiencies over the last two decades. Another emerging ...
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 78 (4): 406-412. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001688. ISSN 1944-7884. PMID ... the early detection of anal cancer and the control of human immunodeficiency virus.' As a medical researcher Read has since ...
Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) can cause a related salivary gland ... Primary Sjögren's syndrome is the combination of dry eyes and xerostomia. Secondary Sjögren's syndrome is identical to primary ... Sicca syndrome is not a specific condition, and there are varying definitions, but the term can describe oral and eye dryness ... Sjögren's syndrome is one such disease, and it is associated with symptoms including fatigue, myalgia and arthralgia. The ...
Since patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have a progressive decline in the number of CD4 cells, they also ...
In the mid-1980s, Day began hearing about the emerging acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. Initially, reports ... In 1987, Day learned of two people she knew who had acquired HIV. She first encountered Carol LaFavor, an Ojibwe woman who ...
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia, The treatment of primary immunodeficiencies depends ... antibodies to routine immunisations and commonly acquired infections, quantification of IgG subclasses Tests for phagocyte ... Some of the more frequently seen forms of PID include common variable immunodeficiency, severe combined immunodeficiency, X- ... Representing PAGID (Pan-American Group for Immunodeficiency) and ESID (European Society for Immunodeficiencies)". Clin. Immunol ...
Dream work with people who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (1996), Holistic Nursing Practice 10(4):69-87. Siivola, M. ...
... the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 2004, she proposed the establishment of male brothels for ... She personally performed HIV testing anonymously to detect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), ...
While a medical student, he became interested in a new disease - acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).[citation needed] ... He is one of the first physicians to study the neurologic complications caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and is ... A novel clinical syndrome distinct from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy". Annals of Neurology. 57 (4): 576-80. doi: ... "A fatal case of JC virus meningitis presenting with hydrocephalus in a human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative patient". ...
A CD4 count less than 200 is a diagnosis of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Oral manifestations of human ... Arthralgia and Arthritis and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Arthralgia and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome both have an impact on a patients' ... The normal CD4 count is 500-1500 per mm3, and patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection often have a CD4 count less ... Patients who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus positive have an increased risk of developing infections and ...
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes UNAIDS (2016) 'Get on the Fast-Track' [pdf] Cori, A. et al (2014) 'HPTN 071 ( ... The term is often used to talk about treating people that are currently living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and ... Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 71 (1): e16-23. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000863. ISSN 1525-4135. PMID ... acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) to prevent illness, death and transmission. Although some experts narrow this to ...
The qualifying conditions include cancer, glaucoma, positive status for human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immune ... cachexia or wasting syndrome severe, debilitating chronic pain severe nausea seizures, including but not limited to those ... deficiency syndrome, and hepatitis C, as well as the treatment of a chronic or debilitating disease or medical condition or its ...
... the terms human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are abbreviated to HIV and AIDS, respectively. ... Turner syndrome Ulnar-mammary syndrome Van Der Woude syndrome Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome Watson syndrome Werner syndrome (adult ... Job syndrome) Immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM Immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome (ICF syndrome ... Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, Windmill-Vane-Hand syndrome) Wilson-Turner syndrome Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (4p- syndrome) X-linked ...
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome -- Europe As of September 30, 1985, 1,573 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS ...
1989)‎. SEA/RC42/R2 - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. https://apps.who.int/iris/ ...
... MMWR 35(37);587-90 Publication date: 09/19/1986. Table of ... Revision of the case definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome for national reporting--United States. MMWR 1985;34:373-5 ... led to an evaluation of data on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and tuberculosis. Four subgroups of persons were ... The radiographic appearance of tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pre-AIDS. Am ...
1987)‎. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (‎AIDS)‎ (‎Resolution)‎. WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. https:// ...
Full Text AI-93-04 NATIONAL COOPERATIVE VACCINE DEVELOPMENT GROUPS FOR ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME NIH GUIDE, Volume 22 ... to encourage investigators to collaborate on new approaches for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) vaccine research and ... the Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses (SIV)). The Group must possess the expertise necessary to conduct adequate evaluation of ...
Sino-orbital aspergillosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome T E Johnson 1 , R R Casiano, J W Kronish, D T Tse, M Meldrum, ... Sino-orbital aspergillosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome T E Johnson et al. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999 Jan. ... and outcome of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and sino-orbital aspergillosis. ...
... ... 1993)‎. Acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (‎AIDS)‎: a summary of GPA research initiatives and priorities. WHO Regional Office ...
1993)‎. ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (‎AIDS)‎ - DATA AS AT 31 DECEMBER 1992 = SYNDROME DIMMUNODÉFICIENCE ACQUISE (‎SIDA ... ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (‎AIDS)‎ - DATA AS AT 31 DECEMBER 1992 = SYNDROME DIMMUNODÉFICIENCE ACQUISE (‎SIDA)‎ - ...
... this lipid-soluble antifolate was used as an antipneumocystis agent in 49 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ... Trimetrexate for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome C J ... Trimetrexate for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome C J ... Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with trimetrexate in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Allegra CJ, Chabner ...
Improvement in human immunodeficiency virus-1/acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients’ well-being following ... Improvement in human immunodeficiency virus-1/acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients’ well-being following ... Improvement in human immunodeficiency virus-1/acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients well-being following administration ... Improvement in human immunodeficiency virus-1/acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients well-being following administration ...
Start Over You searched for: Profiles Collection National Commission on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 1989-1993 ✖ Remove ... National Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Porter, Karen. Allen, Scott. Osborn, June E., 1937-. Kessler, Larry ... National Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Pernick, Irwin. Allen, Jim. Allen, Scott. Neeme, Susan. Osborn, ... National Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Pernick, Irwin. Allen, Scott. Osborn, June E., 1937-. Rowland, J. ...
Start Over You searched for: Profiles Collection National Commission on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 1989-1993 ✖ Remove ... National Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Porter, Karen. Allen, Scott. Osborn, June E., 1937-. Kessler, Larry ... National Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Pernick, Irwin. Allen, Jim. Allen, Scott. Neeme, Susan. Osborn, ... National Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Pernick, Irwin. Allen, Scott. Osborn, June E., 1937-. Rowland, J. ...
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: The product is a generic version of Clinigen Healthcares Foscavir injection, 24 mg/mL. ... retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is also used for the treatment of acyclovir-resistant ...
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV Infections. United States. Genre(s):. Documentaries and Factual Films. Abstract:. ... AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Uniform Title(s):. AIDS (Fauci) Contributor(s):. Fauci, Anthony S., 1940 - presenter ... Presents current research, findings, and questions related to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The director of the ... and etiology as well as development in treatments and prevention of the syndrome. Despite a high fatality rate, Dr. Fauci ...
Access Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) case definitions; uniform criteria used to define a disease for public health ... Including Monitoring for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ... Guidelines for National Human Immunodeficiency Virus Case Surveillance, ...
Diane E. Griffin Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Panel Japanese Chair ... Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Panel. Japanese Chair. Dr. Akifumi Takaori-Kondo. Graduate School of Medicine. Kyoto ...
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome : International Conference on AIDS, Paris, 1986, June 23-25 / J. C. Gluckman and E. Vilmer. ... Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome -- congressesNLM classification: WC 503 Tags from this library: No tags from this library ...
AIDS is the acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. It is a monumental problem worldwide and spares no one, ... In very few cases, the mode of acquiring the HIV infection is unknown. However, certain factors are known risks. These are:. ... In 1982, high risk groups to acquire these new diseases were identified. This constellation of illnesses was soon to be ... When accidental needle sticks in healthcare workers were analyzed, it was found that the incidence to acquire the infection was ...
De Novo intracerebral aneurysm in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. De Novo intracerebral aneurysm in a child ... with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Bakhaidar, Mohamad G; Ahamed, Naushad A; Almekhlafi, Mohammed A; Baeesa, Saleh S. ... We present a case of a 7-year-old male child known to have a congenitally acquired HIV infection presenting with a ruptured ... Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection associated aneurysmal vasculopathy is a rare complication of HIV infection ...
Triple Vaxxed Developing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. by Admin · Published April 25, 2022. · Updated April 25, 2022. ... DeathsOfficial Government reports suggest the Triple Vaccinated have been developing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome since ... Its a common misconception that Acquired Immunodeficinecy Syndrome (AIDS) is only caused by the HIV virus. This simply isnt ...
VAIDS ( VACCINE ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME ). A new paper published in The Lancet suggests that the more "vaccines" a ... Vaccine Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome begins immediately following the first round of injections. And experts worry that ... the faster his or her body succumbs to an AIDS-like immune wasting syndrome called VAIDS. ...
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lyme disease. Chromomycosis. Leishmaniasis. Cutaneous larva migrans. Echinococcosis. ... Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Shigellosis. *Images of skin lesions and X-rays have been added for some diseases: HazMap ... Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Dengue fever. Haz-Map is an occupational health database designed for health and safety ...
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). NIAID conducts and supports research on all areas of HIV infection, including ... 1986 - An Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Program was established in January to coordinate the institutes extramural ... Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; and Extramural Activities.. 1990 - At Rocky Mountain Laboratories, a section of the ... Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). More than 15 million Americans each year acquire infectious diseases other than AIDS ...
Dive into the research topics of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
ClinicalTrials.gov: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: HIV Infections ( ... AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is the final stage of infection with HIV. It happens when the bodys ... HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. HIV harms your immune system by destroying a type of white blood cell that helps ...
  • As of September 30, 1985, 1,573 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) European Collaborating Centre on AIDS by the 21 countries corresponding with the Centre (Table 1). (cdc.gov)
  • Concern about a possible association between human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV)* infection and increased tuberculosis morbidity (1,2) led to an evaluation of data on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • On the basis of this evidence, this lipid-soluble antifolate was used as an antipneumocystis agent in 49 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pneumocystis pneumonia. (nih.gov)
  • Presents current research, findings, and questions related to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). (nih.gov)
  • It addresses AIDS' history, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and etiology as well as development in treatments and prevention of the syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • AIDS is the acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. (forpeoplewhothink.org)
  • AIDS specifically refers to the type of immunosuppression resulting from infection with a virus, which is now known as The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (forpeoplewhothink.org)
  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome : International Conference on AIDS, Paris, 1986, June 23-25 / J. C. Gluckman and E. Vilmer. (who.int)
  • A 6-year-old boy with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) developed aphasia and quadriplegia 3 months before his death. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) weekly surveillance report AIDS Activity, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control. (pitt.edu)
  • To establish the real localization of rifabutin-related corneal deposits in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by in vivo HRT II confocal microscopy with related clinicopathologic implications. (unicatt.it)
  • After Siena University Institutional Review Board approval in May 2008 and specific informed consent, a 54-year-old patient with HIV infection under rifabutin treatment for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Mycobacterium avium complex prevention who developed diffuse corneal deposits was examined at the Department of Ophthalmology of Siena University. (unicatt.it)
  • Mortality among injection drug users (IDUs) is high from overdose, suicide, violence, and medical complications from injecting contaminated materials (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection, hepatitis, bacterial endocarditis, chronic glomerulonephritis, and pulmonary emboli) in some cities, up to 40% of IDUs are infected with HIV. (uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
  • The initially tested dose of zidovudine for the treatment of patients with advanced disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV ) was 1500 mg. (bvsalud.org)
  • HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody (anti-gp41) to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) demonstrated positively stained cells in the arterial wall of the circle of Willis and in the cerebral parenchyma. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A randomized controlled trial of a reduced daily dose of zidovudine in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (bvsalud.org)
  • A 34‐year‐old man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presented with multiple skin lesions clinically suggestive of molluscum contagiosum. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • So if you take a booster shot, these figures show that you are giving yourself an even faster progressive form of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (after a couple of months of effectiveness). (expose-news.com)
  • These people will then effectively have full blown acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and destroy the NHS. (expose-news.com)
  • Previously, we reported that chronic binge alcohol (CBA)-administered male rhesus macaques had a higher percentage of gut CD4 + T cells expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) co-receptor CXCR4. (nih.gov)