Acetylcholine. Medical search

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.

A member of the NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR subfamily of the LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNEL family. It consists entirely of pentameric a7 subunits expressed in the CNS, autonomic nervous system, vascular system, lymphocytes and spleen.

Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-Bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. Both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms.

A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.

Vesicular amine transporter proteins that transport the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE into small SECRETORY VESICLES. Proteins of this family contain 12 transmembrane domains and exchange vesicular PROTONS for cytoplasmic acetylcholine.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for MUSCARINE over NICOTINE. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology.

Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses.

Drugs that bind to and activate nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC). Nicotinic agonists act at postganglionic nicotinic receptors, at neuroeffector junctions in the peripheral nervous system, and at nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system. Agents that function as neuromuscular depolarizing blocking agents are included here because they activate nicotinic receptors, although they are used clinically to block nicotinic transmission.

In about 250 species of electric fishes, modified muscle fibers forming disklike multinucleate plates arranged in stacks like batteries in series and embedded in a gelatinous matrix. A large torpedo ray may have half a million plates. Muscles in different parts of the body may be modified, i.e., the trunk and tail in the electric eel, the hyobranchial apparatus in the electric ray, and extrinsic eye muscles in the stargazers. Powerful electric organs emit pulses in brief bursts several times a second. They serve to stun prey and ward off predators. A large torpedo ray can produce of shock of more than 200 volts, capable of stunning a human. (Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p672)

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.

A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.

The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.

A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.

A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.

Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of ACETYLCHOLINE, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of MUSCARINIC AGONISTS, although most modern texts discourage that usage.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system.

A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.

A specific subtype of muscarinic receptor found in the lower BRAIN, the HEART and in SMOOTH MUSCLE-containing organs. Although present in smooth muscle the M2 muscarinic receptor appears not to be involved in contractile responses.

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate.

A specific subtype of muscarinic receptor that has a high affinity for the drug PIRENZEPINE. It is found in the peripheral GANGLIA where it signals a variety of physiological functions such as GASTRIC ACID secretion and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION. This subtype of muscarinic receptor is also found in neuronal tissues including the CEREBRAL CORTEX and HIPPOCAMPUS where it mediates the process of MEMORY and LEARNING.

A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles. Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors damage the motor endplate portion of the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, impairing the transmission of impulses to skeletal muscles. Clinical manifestations may include diplopia, ptosis, and weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles. THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1459)

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

A subclass of muscarinic receptor that mediates cholinergic-induced contraction in a variety of SMOOTH MUSCLES.

Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.

The specialized postsynaptic region of a muscle cell. The motor endplate is immediately across the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic axon terminal. Among its anatomical specializations are junctional folds which harbor a high density of cholinergic receptors.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM plants. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has antiinflammatory and antineuralgic properties.

A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Peptide neurotoxins from the marine fish-hunting snails of the genus CONUS. They contain 13 to 29 amino acids which are strongly basic and are highly cross-linked by disulfide bonds. There are three types of conotoxins, omega-, alpha-, and mu-. OMEGA-CONOTOXINS inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane and therefore the release of ACETYLCHOLINE. Alpha-conotoxins inhibit the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor. Mu-conotoxins prevent the generation of muscle action potentials. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors.

Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.

A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.

Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

A high-affinity muscarinic antagonist commonly used as a tool in animal and tissue studies.

A protein component of the synaptic basal lamina. It has been shown to induce clustering of acetylcholine receptors on the surface of muscle fibers and other synaptic molecules in both synapse regeneration and development.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

Compounds containing the hexamethylenebis(trimethylammonium) cation. Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.

Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of ACETYLCHOLINE or cholinergic agonists.

The resection or removal of the innervation of a muscle or muscle tissue.

A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)

An alkaloid from SOLANACEAE, especially DATURA and SCOPOLIA. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like ATROPINE, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in URINARY INCONTINENCE, in MOTION SICKNESS, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.

A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.

A genus of fish, in the family GYMNOTIFORMES, capable of producing an electric shock that immobilizes fish and other prey. The species Electrophorus electricus is also known as the electric eel, though it is not a true eel.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)

A specific subtype of muscarinic receptor found in the CORPUS STRIATUM and the LUNG. It has similar receptor binding specificities to MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR M1 and MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR M2.

Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ION EXCHANGE; AIR IONIZATION nor PHONOPHORESIS, none of which requires current.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Compounds that contain the decamethylenebis(trimethyl)ammonium radical. These compounds frequently act as neuromuscular depolarizing agents.

An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin.

A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.

Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Plant extracts from several species, including genera STRYCHNOS and Chondodendron, which contain TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINES that produce PARALYSIS of skeletal muscle. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration.

A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.

That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.

A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a congenital defect in neuromuscular transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This includes presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic disorders (that are not of autoimmune origin). The majority of these diseases are caused by mutations of various subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) on the postsynaptic surface of the junction. (From Arch Neurol 1999 Feb;56(2):163-7)

A specific subtype of muscarinic receptor found in a variety of locations including the SALIVARY GLANDS and the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA of the BRAIN.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.

A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.

Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

Endogenously-synthesized compounds that influence biological processes not otherwise classified under ENZYMES; HORMONES or HORMONE ANTAGONISTS.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

Part of the arm in humans and primates extending from the ELBOW to the WRIST.

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

Chemically stimulated aggregation of cell surface receptors, which potentiates the action of the effector cell.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.

A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE.

An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6)

A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta-methylacetylcholine (methacholine).

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Agents that mimic neural transmission by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Drugs that indirectly augment ganglionic transmission by increasing the release or slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine or by non-nicotinic effects on postganglionic neurons are not included here nor are the nonspecific cholinergic agonists.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.

Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.

Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction by causing sustained depolarization of the motor end plate. These agents are primarily used as adjuvants in surgical anesthesia to cause skeletal muscle relaxation.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from KALLIDIN in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from MAST CELLS during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.

Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.

The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.

A piperidine botanical insecticide.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.

Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.

An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.

The neural systems which act on VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE to control blood vessel diameter. The major neural control is through the sympathetic nervous system.

The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).

Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery.

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.

An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide.

The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).

A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.

A highly variable species of the family Ranidae in Canada, the United States and Central America. It is the most widely used Anuran in biomedical research.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.

The veins and arteries of the HEART.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

Drugs that interrupt transmission of nerve impulses at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. They can be of two types, competitive, stabilizing blockers (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS) or noncompetitive, depolarizing agents (NEUROMUSCULAR DEPOLARIZING AGENTS). Both prevent acetylcholine from triggering the muscle contraction and they are used as anesthesia adjuvants, as relaxants during electroshock, in convulsive states, etc.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

The modification of the reactivity of ENZYMES by the binding of effectors to sites (ALLOSTERIC SITES) on the enzymes other than the substrate BINDING SITES.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.

Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the DERMIS. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

Any autoimmune animal disease model used in the study of MYASTHENIA GRAVIS. Injection with purified neuromuscular junction acetylcholine receptor (AChR) (see RECEPTORS, CHOLINERGIC) components results in a myasthenic syndrome that has acute and chronic phases. The motor endplate pathology, loss of acetylcholine receptors, presence of circulating anti-AChR antibodies, and electrophysiologic changes make this condition virtually identical to human myasthenia gravis. Passive transfer of AChR antibodies or lymphocytes from afflicted animals to normals induces passive transfer experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch 54, p3)

Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.

Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.

Compounds containing the PhCH= radical.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.

A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.

Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.

A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.

A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias. These drugs act by a variety of mechanisms. While no potent nootropic drugs have yet been accepted for general use, several are being actively investigated.

A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.

Inhibitory innervation of cat sphincter of Oddi. (1/8871)

1 Electrical stimulation with trains of 0.1-0.2 ms pulses of the cat isolated sphincter of Oddi inhibited the spontaneous contractile activity and lowered base-line tension considerably. A contraction usually followed the period of stimulation. 2 These inhibitory effects were prevented by tetrodotoxin 0.1-0.5 mug/ml but were not reduced by hexamethonilm, morphine, or blockade of alpha- or beta-adrenoreceptors of cholinoceptors with phenoxy-benzamine propranolol or atropine, respectively. 3 Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) inhibited the spontaneous sphincter activity and caused relaxation thus mimicking the effects of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (C8-CCK), isoprenaline and prostaglandin E1 and E2. 4 ATP alone (greater than 100 mug/ml) or ATP (greater than 10 mug/ml) plus dipyridamole (1 mug/ml), relaxed the sphincter to the same degrees as did the field stimulation. 5 In sphincter maximally contracted by acetylcholine, the effect of stimulation was more marked than that recorded in uncontracted preparations. 6 The present findings suggest that the sphincter of Oddi receives inhibitory nerves that are neither cholinergic nor adrenergic. (+info)

A comparison of affinity constants for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in guinea-pig atrial pacemaker cells at 29 degrees C and in ileum at 29 degrees C and 37 degrees C. (2/8871)

1 The affinity of 17 compounds for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in atrial pacemaker cells and ileum of the guinea-pig has been measured at 29 degrees C in Ringer-Locke solution. Measurements were also made at 37 degrees C with 7 of them. 2 Some of the compounds had much higher affinity for the receptors in the ileum than for those in the atria. For the most selective compound, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, the difference was approximately 20-fold. The receptors in the atria are therefore different the structure from those in the ileum. 3 The effect of temperature on affinity are not the same for all the compounds, tested indicating different enthalpies and entropies of adsorption and accounting for some of the difficulty experienced in predicting the affinity of new compounds. (+info)

Modulation of long-term synaptic depression in visual cortex by acetylcholine and norepinephrine. (3/8871)

In a slice preparation of rat visual cortex, we discovered that paired-pulse stimulation (PPS) elicits a form of homosynaptic long-term depression (LTD) in the superficial layers when carbachol (CCh) or norepinephrine (NE) is applied concurrently. PPS by itself, or CCh and NE in the absence of synaptic stimulation, produced no lasting change. The LTD induced by PPS in the presence of NE or CCh is of comparable magnitude with that obtained with prolonged low-frequency stimulation (LFS) but requires far fewer stimulation pulses (40 vs 900). The cholinergic facilitation of LTD was blocked by atropine and pirenzepine, suggesting involvement of M1 receptors. The noradrenergic facilitation of LTD was blocked by urapidil and was mimicked by methoxamine, suggesting involvement of alpha1 receptors. beta receptor agonists and antagonists were without effect. Induction of LTD by PPS was inhibited by NMDA receptor blockers (completely in the case of NE; partially in the case of CCh), suggesting that one action of the modulators is to control the gain of NMDA receptor-dependent homosynaptic LTD in visual cortex. We propose that this is a mechanism by which cholinergic and noradrenergic inputs to the neocortex modulate naturally occurring receptive field plasticity. (+info)

Endothelial function in Marfan syndrome: selective impairment of flow-mediated vasodilation. (4/8871)

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular complications of Marfan syndrome arise due to alterations in the structural and functional properties of fibrillin, a constituent of vascular connective tissues. Fibrillin-containing microfibrils are closely associated with arterial endothelial cells, indicating a possible functional role for fibrillin in the endothelium. Plasma concentrations of endothelial cell products are elevated in Marfan subjects, which indirectly indicates endothelial dysfunction. This study directly assessed flow- and agonist-mediated endothelium-dependent brachial artery reactivity in Marfan subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 20 Marfan and 20 control subjects, brachial artery diameter, blood flow, and blood pressure were measured by ultrasonic wall tracking, Doppler ultrasound, and photoplethysmography, respectively. Measurements were taken during hand hyperemia (a stimulus for endothelium-derived nitric oxide [NO] release in the upstream brachial artery) and after sublingual administration of the endothelium-independent vasodilator nitroglycerin. In 9 Marfan and 6 control subjects, the above parameters were also assessed during intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine and bradykinin (agonists that stimulate NO production) and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, an inhibitor of NO production). Flow-mediated responses differed markedly between Marfan and control subjects (-1.6+/-3.5% versus 6. 50+/-4.1%, respectively; P<0.0001), whereas nitroglycerin produced similar vasodilation (14.2+/-5.7% versus 15.2+/-7.8%; P=NS). Agonist-induced vasodilation to incremental intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine and bradykinin were not significantly different between Marfan and control subjects, and intra-arterial L-NMMA produced similar reductions in brachial artery diameter in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate impaired flow-mediated but preserved agonist-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation in Marfan subjects and suggest preservation of basal NO release. Selective loss of flow-mediated dilation suggests a role for fibrillin in endothelial cell mechanotransduction. (+info)

Adrenoreceptors of the guinea-pig urinary bladder. (5/8871)

1 Adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline (5 mug/ml) did not affect the resting tone of the isolated urinary bladder of the guinea-pig. 2 The catecholamines (1-2 mug/ml) inhibited neuronally evoked contractions at various stimulation frequencies; the inhibition was maximum at 2 Hz and minimum at 50 Hz. Isoprenaline produced maximum inhibition. 3 Propranolol (0.5 mug/ml) completely blocked the catecholamine-induced inhibition at all the frequencies employed. The concentration-response curves of isoprenaline at 2, 10 and 50 Hz were characteristically shifted by propranolol (50 ng/ml). Phenoxybenzamine (0.2 mug/ml) was totally ineffective. 4 In some experiments adrenaline significantly raised the tone of the bladder exposed to propranolol; this effect could be blocked by phenoxybenzamine. 5 Acetylcholine-induced bladder contractions were inhibited by adrenaline (2 mug/ml); the inhibition was completely blocked by propranolol (0.5 mug/ml). 6 The results indicate the presence of an inhibitory beta-adrenoceptor and suggest the possibility of an excitatory alpha-adrenoceptor in guinea-pig urinary bladder. (+info)

Calcium responses induced by acetylcholine in submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. (6/8871)

1. Calcium responses induced by brief stimulation with acetylcholine (ACh) were assessed from the fluorescence changes in fura-2 loaded submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. 2. Initially, 1-1.5 h after loading with fura-2 (fresh tissues), ACh increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. This response diminished with time, and finally disappeared in 2-3 h (old tissues). 3. Ba2+ elevated [Ca2+]i to a similar extent in both fresh and old tissues. ACh further increased the Ba2+-elevated [Ca2+]i in fresh tissues, but reduced it in old tissues. Responses were not affected by either indomethacin or nitroarginine. 4. In fresh mesenteric arteries, mechanical removal of endothelial cells abolished the ACh-induced increase in [Ca2+]i, with no alteration of [Ca2+]i at rest and during elevation with Ba2+. 5. In the presence of indomethacin and nitroarginine, high-K+ solution elevated [Ca2+]i in both fresh and old tissues. Subsequent addition of ACh further increased [Ca2+]i in fresh tissues without changing it in old tissues. 6. Proadifen, an inhibitor of the enzyme cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase, inhibited the ACh-induced changes in [Ca2+]i in both fresh and Ba2+-stimulated old tissues. It also inhibited the ACh-induced hyperpolarization. 7. In fresh tissues, the ACh-induced Ca2+ response was not changed by apamin, charybdotoxin (CTX), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) or glibenclamide. In old tissues in which [Ca2+]i had previously been elevated with Ba2+, the ACh-induced Ca2+ response was inhibited by CTX but not by apamin, 4-AP or glibenclamide. 8. It is concluded that in submucosal arterioles, ACh elevates endothelial [Ca2+]i and reduces muscular [Ca2+]i, probably through the hyperpolarization of endothelial or smooth muscle membrane by activating CTX-sensitive K+ channels. (+info)

Somatostatin induces hyperpolarization in pancreatic islet alpha cells by activating a G protein-gated K+ channel. (7/8871)

Somatostatin inhibits glucagon-secretion from pancreatic alpha cells but its underlying mechanism is unknown. In mouse alpha cells, we found that somatostatin induced prominent hyperpolarization by activating a K+ channel, which was unaffected by tolbutamide but prevented by pre-treating the cells with pertussis toxin. The K+ channel was activated by intracellular GTP (with somatostatin), GTPgammaS or Gbetagamma subunits. It was thus identified as a G protein-gated K+ (K(G)) channel. RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses suggested the K(G) channel to be composed of Kir3.2c and Kir3.4. This study identified a novel ionic mechanism involved in somatostatin-inhibition of glucagon-secretion from pancreatic alpha cells. (+info)

Inhibition of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization by endothelial prostanoids in guinea-pig coronary artery. (8/8871)

1. In smooth muscle of the circumflex coronary artery of guinea-pig, acetylcholine (ACh, 10(-6) M) produced an endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization consisting of two components. An initial component that occurs in the presence of ACh and a slow component that developed after ACh had been withdrawn. Each component of the hyperpolarization was accompanied by an increase in membrane conductance. 2. Indomethacin (5 x 10(-6) M) or diclofenac (10(-6) M), both inhibitors of cyclooxygenase, abolished only the slow hyperpolarization. The initial hyperpolarization was not inhibited by diclofenac nor by nitroarginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. 3. Both components of the ACh-induced hyperpolarization were abolished in the presence of atropine (10(-6) M) or high-K solution ([K+]0 = 29.4 mM). 4. The interval between ACh-stimulation required to generate an initial hyperpolarization of reproducible amplitude was 20 min or greater, but it was reduced to less than 5 min after inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity. Conditioning stimulation of the artery with substance P (10(-7) M) also caused a long duration (about 20 min) inhibition of the ACh-response. 5. The amplitude of the hyperpolarization generated by Y-26763, a K+-channel opener, was reproducible within 10 min after withdrawal of ACh. 6. Exogenously applied prostacyclin (PGI2) hyperpolarized the membrane and reduced membrane resistance in concentrations over 2.8 x 10(-9)M. 7. At concentrations below threshold for hyperpolarization and when no alteration of membrane resistance occurred, PGI2 inhibited the initial component of the ACh-induced hyperpolarization. 8. It is concluded that endothelial prostanoids, possibly PGI2, have an inhibitory action on the release of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. (+info)

Whaddaya mean 'pure acetylcholine'?[edit]. If there is all this other stuff, B-complex vitamins and whatnot, in royal jelly, ... You can only say, in royal jelly there is also acetylcholine. --Fackel 01:03, 1 June 2006 (UTC) ... how in the heck is the acetylcholine 'pure'? eritain 23:12, 2 December 2005 (UTC) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Royal_jelly

The hemisphere exhibiting SWS is marked by the minimal release of acetylcholine. This model of acetylcholine release has been ... Role of acetylcholine[edit]. Due to the origin of USWS in the brain, neurotransmitters are believed to be involved in its ... The neurotransmitter acetylcholine has been linked to hemispheric activation in northern fur seals. Researchers studied seals ... Unique physiology, including the differential release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, has been linked to the phenomenon. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unihemispheric_slow-wave_sleep

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Acetylcholine metabolism/transport ... See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Acetylcholine metabolism/transport ... Acetylcholine receptor modulators,state=autocollapse}}. *shows the template collapsed to the title bar if there is a {{navbar}} ... Acetylcholine receptor modulators,state=collapsed}}. to show the template collapsed, i.e., hidden apart from its title bar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cholinergics

The protein encoded by this gene synthesizes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine acts at two classes of receptors ... The role of acetylcholine at the nicotinic receptor is still under investigation. It is likely implicated in the reward/ ... Choline Acetylcholine It is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for motor neurons (motoneurons). Mutants of ChAT have ... The concentrations of acetylcholine and ChAT are remarkably reduced in the cerebral neocortex and hippocampus. Although the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline_acetyltransferase

For example, mutants with fewer acetylcholine receptors may paralyze slower than wild type. It has also been studied as a ... Levamisole works as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist that causes continued stimulation of the parasitic worm muscles ... Schedl Lab Protocol for gonad dissections Rand JB (January 2007). "Acetylcholine". WormBook: 1-21. doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.131.1 ... Levamisole acts as an acetylcholine receptor agonist, which leads to muscle contraction. Continuing activation leads to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levamisole

Acetylcholine Carbachol Suxamethonium α-Bungarotoxin α-Conotoxin Hexamethonium Pancuronium Tubocurarine Nicotinic acetylcholine ... "Acetylcholine". Neurosci.pharm, MBC 3320. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. v t e. ... The muscle-type nicotinic receptor is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor consisting of the subunit combination (α1)2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle-type_nicotinic_receptor

Acetylcholine (ACh) is an excitatory, small-molecule neurotransmitter involved in synaptic transmission at neuromuscular ... Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) J. Rand (2007). "Acetylcholine". Stephen Gislason (1995). "Neurotransmitter - Serotonin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitatory_synapse

This article needs attention from an expert in Chemistry. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject Chemistry may be able to help recruit an expert. (November 2014) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysophosphatidylinositol

... is a sulfinic acid that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of taurine. Like taurine, it also acts as an endogenous neurotransmitter via action on the glycine receptors.[1] Hypotaurine is derived from cysteine (and homocysteine). In mammals, the biosynthesis of hypotaurine from cysteine occurs in the pancreas. In the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine. Hypotaurine is enzymatically oxidized to yield taurine by hypotaurine dehydrogenase.[2] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotaurine

Cholinergic system: Acetylcholine. Miscellaneous. *Gasotransmitters: Carbon monoxide (CO). *Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide

Besides the nervous system, GABA is also produced at relatively high levels in the insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreas. The β-cells secrete GABA along with insulin and the GABA binds to GABA receptors on the neighboring islet α-cells and inhibits them from secreting glucagon (which would counteract insulin's effects).[25] GABA can promote the replication and survival of β-cells[26][27][28] and also promote the conversion of α-cells to β-cells, which may lead to new treatments for diabetes.[29] GABA has also been detected in other peripheral tissues including intestines, stomach, Fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries, testes, kidneys, urinary bladder, the lungs and liver, albeit at much lower levels than in neurons or β-cells. GABAergic mechanisms have been demonstrated in various peripheral tissues and organs, which include the intestines, the stomach, the pancreas, the Fallopian tubes, the uterus, the ovaries, the testes, the kidneys, the urinary bladder, the lungs, and the liver.[30] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid

... (symbol Gly or G;[5] /ˈɡlaɪsiːn/)[6] is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. It is the simplest amino acid (since carbamic acid is unstable), with the chemical formula NH2‐CH2‐COOH. Glycine is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. It is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG). Glycine is integral to the formation of alpha-helices in secondary protein structure due to its compact form. For the same reason, it is the most abundant amino acid in collagen triple-helices. Glycine is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter - interference with its release within the spinal cord (such as during a Clostridium tetani infection) can cause spastic paralysis due to uninhibited muscle contraction. Glycine is a colorless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid. It is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid. It can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom. The acyl radical is glycyl. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine

Acetylcholine: Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators. *Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators. *Nicotinic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_modulator

In diabetic rats, taurine supplementation slightly reduced abdominal body fat while improving glucose tolerance.[48] Taurine is effective in removing fatty liver deposits in rats, preventing liver disease, and reducing cirrhosis in tested animals.[49][50] Evidence indicates taurine may be beneficial for blood pressure in male rats. A single intravenous taurine supplementation resulted in measurable decreases in blood pressure. However, when rats were supplemented with taurine in their drinking water, only female rats showed an increase in blood pressure. Both genders showed significant tachycardia.[51] Likewise, taurine administration to diabetic rabbits resulted in 30% decrease in serum glucose levels.[52] Cats lack the enzymatic machinery (sulfinoalanine decarboxylase) to produce taurine and must therefore acquire it from their diet.[53] A taurine deficiency in cats can lead to retinal degeneration and eventually blindness. Other effects of a diet lacking in this essential amino acid are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine

Cholinergic system: Acetylcholine. Miscellaneous. *Gasotransmitters: Carbon monoxide (CO). *Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaglumic_acid

Cholinergic system: Acetylcholine. Miscellaneous. *Gasotransmitters: Carbon monoxide (CO). *Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_amino_butyric_acid

Small: Acetylcholine. Acetylcholine. Ach. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Small: ... Acetylcholine system. [24][26][27][28][37]. Cholinergic pathways: Forebrain cholinergic nuclei (FCN):. Nucleus basalis of ... "Acetylcholine Receptors". Ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 August 2014.. *^ Schacter, Gilbert and Weger. Psychology.United States of ... Others: acetylcholine (ACh), anandamide, etc.. In addition, over 50 neuroactive peptides have been found, and new ones are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro_transmitter

Acetylcholine also operates in many regions of the brain, but using different types of receptors, including nicotinic and ... "Acetylcholine Receptors". Ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 August 2014. Schacter, Gilbert and Weger. Psychology.United States of America ... Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter discovered in the peripheral and central nervous systems. It activates skeletal ... Nicotine, a compound found in tobacco, is a direct agonist of most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, mainly located in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter systems: 5-HT: serotonin; DA: dopamine; NE: noradrenalin; ACh: acetylcholine; Glu: glutamate; GH: Growth ... acetylcholine and neuropeptide systems, whereas the three emotionality-related traits emerge as a dysregulation of opioid ... This neurochemical component of the FET hypothesis was upgraded in 2015 by underlying a key role of acetylcholine and ... Differential regulation of fronto-executive function by the monoamines and acetylcholine. Cerebral Cortex 17 (Suppl 1):151-160 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Ensemble_of_Temperament

Atropine blocks a subset of acetylcholine receptors known as muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchRs), so that the buildup ... When acetylcholine is taken up by the muscle cell, it stimulates muscle contraction. To avoid a state of constant muscle ... Accumulation of acetylcholine in the brain also causes neuronal excitotoxicity, due to activation of nicotinic receptors and ... VX blocks the action of AChE, resulting in an accumulation of acetylcholine in the space between the neuron and muscle cell. On ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)

Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA4 gene.[5][6] GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride channels. Chloride conductance of these channels can be modulated by agents such as benzodiazepines that bind to the GABA-A receptor. At least 16 distinct subunits of GABA-A receptors have been identified.[6] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRA4

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLRA4

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel found in neurons. The NMDA receptor is one of three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors, the other two being AMPA and kainate receptors. Depending on its subunit composition, its ligands are glutamate and glycine (or D-serine). However, the binding of the ligands is typically not sufficient to open the channel as it may be blocked by Mg2+ ions which are only removed when the neuron is sufficiently depolarized. Thus, the channel acts as a "coincidence detector" and only once both of these conditions are met, the channel opens and it allows positively charged ions (cations) to flow through the cell membrane.[2] The NMDA receptor is thought to be very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and mediating learning and memory functions.[3] The NMDA receptor is ionotropic, meaning it is a protein which allows the passage of ions through the cell membrane.[4] The NMDA receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor

Each AMPAR has four sites to which an agonist (such as glutamate) can bind, one for each subunit.[5] The binding site is believed to be formed by the N-terminal tail and the extracellular loop between transmembrane domains three and four.[16] When an agonist binds, these two loops move towards each other, opening the pore. The channel opens when two sites are occupied,[17] and increases its current as more binding sites are occupied.[18] Once open, the channel may undergo rapid desensitization, stopping the current. The mechanism of desensitization is believed to be due to a small change in angle of one of the parts of the binding site, closing the pore.[19] AMPARs open and close quickly (1ms), and are thus responsible for most of the fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system.[17] The AMPAR's permeability to calcium and other cations, such as sodium and potassium, is governed by the GluA2 subunit. If an AMPAR lacks a GluA2 subunit, then it will be permeable to sodium, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPAR

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Acetylcholine metabolism/transport ... See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Acetylcholine metabolism/transport ... Acetylcholine synthesis: *Acetyl-CoA is also an important component in the biogenic synthesis of the neurotransmitter ... Choline, in combination with acetyl-CoA, is catalyzed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase to produce acetylcholine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_coa

Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIK3 gene.[5][6]. This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the ligand-gated ionic channel family. It can coassemble with either GRIK4 or GRIK5 to form heteromeric receptors and acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. RNA editing in the mRNA has been reported.[6]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRIK3

As muscarine works on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, the best comparison can be made with acetylcholine, which normally ... Muscarine mimics the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by agonising muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. These ... Figure 3. Acetylcholine for comparison. The scheme below represents a very efficient way of the synthesis of (+)-muscarine ... Pure muscarine compared to pure acetylcholine is stated in most cases to be more potent, its action is always slower but longer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarine

... acetylcholine (muscarinic effect); chemokines; lipid mediators of inflammation (e.g., prostaglandins, prostanoids, platelet- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor

Cholinergic neurons-acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is released from presynaptic neurons into the synaptic cleft. It acts as a ... Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A. Adrenergic neurons-noradrenaline. Noradrenaline ( ... Weakness is typically caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular ... motor neurons in the spinal cord that release acetylcholine, and "inhibitory" spinal neurons that release glycine. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron

High levels of Acetylcholine would thus allow for very rapid learning and remodelling of synaptic connections, with the ... Acetylcholine is proposed to facilitate the balance between memory storage and memory renewal, finding an optimal balance ... Acetylcholine thus modulates plasticity in the Hippocampus, Cerebral Cortex and Striatum to facilitate ideal learning ... Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Hasselmo, Michael (1993). "Acetylcholine and memory". Trends in Neurosciences. 16 (6): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalearning_(neuroscience)

acetylcholine (countable and uncountable, plural acetylcholines) *(biochemistry) A neurotransmitter in humans and other animals ... Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=acetylcholine&oldid=61547668" ...

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acetylcholine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cholinergics

Acetylcholine receptors: Acetylcholine receptors are ion channels that span the postsynaptic membrane, and they have ... Other articles where Acetylcholine receptor is discussed: muscle: ... In muscle: Acetylcholine receptors. Acetylcholine receptors are ion channels that span the postsynaptic membrane, and they have ... ligand-gated ion channel: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is an example of a ligand- ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/acetylcholine-receptor

Media in category "Acetylcholine receptor". The following 16 files are in this category, out of 16 total. ... Receptor de acetilcolina (es); receptor dacetilcolina (ca); Acetylcholinrezeptoren (de); Acetylcholine receptor (en-gb); ... Acetylcholine receptor (en-ca); acetylcholinový receptor (cs); Recettore colinergico (it); récepteur cholinergique (fr); ... acetylcholine receptor (en); مستقبل الأستيل كولين (ar); Υποδοχέας ακετυλοχολίνης (el); Ацетилхолински рецептор (mk) ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Acetylcholine_receptor

Acetylcholine is a compound produced naturally by the bodys nervous system. ... Miochol-E solution for intraocular use contains the active ingredient acetylcholine. ... Miochol-E (acetylcholine). Miochol-E solution for intraocular use contains the active ingredient acetylcholine. Acetylcholine ... Acetylcholine is a compound produced naturally by the bodys nervous system.. When applied to the eye, acetylcholine stimulates ...

https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/eye-care/a7128/miochol-e-acetylcholine/

acetylcholine (Ach). Source:. The Oxford Companion to the Mind. Author(s):. Richard L. Gregory. An important neurotransmitter, ...

https://www.oxfordreference.com/abstract/10.1093/acref/9780198662242.001.0001/acref-9780198662242-e-8?rskey=HHOoon&result=8

Acetylcholine receptor antibody is a protein found in the blood of many people with myasthenia gravis. The antibody affects a ... Acetylcholine receptor antibody is a protein found in the blood of many people with myasthenia gravis. The antibody affects a ... An abnormal result means acetylcholine receptor antibody has been found in your blood. It confirms the diagnosis of myasthenia ... Normally, there is no acetylcholine receptor antibody (or less than 0.05 nmol/L) in the bloodstream. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003576.htm

ACETYLCHOLINE THERAPY IN EPILEPSY. Br Med J 1933; 1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.3779.999 (Published 10 June 1933) Cite ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/1/3779/999.1

Synaptic Release of Acetylcholine Rapidly Suppresses Cortical Activity by Recruiting Muscarinic Receptors in Layer 4 Rajan ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/keyword/acetylcholine

AChR antibodies are autoantibodies that mistakenly target proteins called acetylcholine receptors that are located on skeletal ... An acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody test is used to help diagnose myasthenia gravis (MG), an autoimmune disease that ... Acetylcholine receptors function as "docking stations" for acetylcholine, a chemical substance (neurotransmitter) that ... where it stimulates the release of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine travels across a microscopic gap between the nerve ending and a ...

https://labtestsonline.org/tests/acetylcholine-receptor-achr-antibody

Acetylcholine definition is - a neurotransmitter [C7H16NO2]+ released at autonomic synapses and neuromuscular junctions and ... Share acetylcholine Post the Definition of acetylcholine to Facebook Share the Definition of acetylcholine on Twitter ... Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about acetylcholine. Comments on acetylcholine What made you want to look up acetylcholine ... Examples of acetylcholine in a Sentence. Recent Examples on the Web This ends up leaving more acetylcholine intact, Dr. Tan ...

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acetylcholine?pronunciation&lang=en_us&dir=a&file=acetyl07

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family (IPR000995) *Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (IPR002228). *Muscarinic ... Classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.. Pharmacol. Rev. 50 279-90 1998. Bonner TI. The molecular basis of ... Classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.. Pharmacol. Rev. 50 279-90 1998. Wess J. Molecular biology of muscarinic ... Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: mutant mice provide new insights for drug development.. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6 721-33 2007 ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR000995

InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites. We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their individual strengths to produce a powerful integrated database and diagnostic tool.

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P04758

The acetylcholine nicotinic receptor is an ionic channel whose aperture is directly controlled by acetylcholine. It is a key ... The acetylcholine nicotinic receptor is an ionic channel whose aperture is directly controlled by acetylcholine. It is a key ... Regulation of Neuronal Acetylcholine Receptors by Cell-Cell Interactions Darwin K. Berg, R. Thomas Boyd, Stanley W. Halvorsen, ... Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Insect Ganglia and Mammalian Brain: Some Comparisons David R. E. Macallan, Susan Wonnacott ...

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-74167-8

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor was functionally defined, based on the actions of specific drugs on specific cells or ... The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor was functionally defined, based on the actions of specific drugs on specific cells or ... Haga, T., Molecular size of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors of rat brain, FEBS Lett. 113, 68-72 (1980).CrossRefGoogle ... Nathanson, N.M., Molecular properties of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 195-236 (1987).CrossRef ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-5971-6_19

Help us teach kids of all ages how to prevent traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries! The ThinkFirst Foundation is a 501c3 nonprofit organization. Donate ...

http://www.thinkfirst.org/acetylcholine

Acetylcholine. Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals, ... Acetylcholine is now used by bacteria, fungi, and a variety of other animals. Interestingly, many of the uses of acetylcholine ... 3) Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft. (4) Acetylcholine binds to postsynaptic receptors. (5) This binding ... Acetylcholine processing in a synapse. After release acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine

Alleged Effect of Acetylcholine on Immobilized Joints Br Med J 1938; 1 :835 ... Alleged Effect of Acetylcholine on Immobilized Joints. Br Med J 1938; 1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.4032.835 (Published ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/1/4032/835

Make research projects and school reports about acetylcholine easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia ... Acetylcholine Chemistry: Foundations and Applications COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group, Inc.. Acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is the ... ACETYLCHOLINE. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a major Neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is the ester ... Acetylcholine receptors (cholinoceptors) fall into two main classes: muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Once acetylcholine has ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biochemistry/biochemistry/acetylcholine

Easy-to-read patient leaflet for Acetylcholine. Includes indications, proper use, special instructions, precautions, and ... Acetylcholine. Generic Name: Acetylcholine (a se teel KOE leen). Brand Name: Miochol-E ... What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Acetylcholine?. *If you have an allergy to acetylcholine or any other part of ... How do I store and/or throw out Acetylcholine?. *If you need to store acetylcholine at home, talk with your doctor, nurse, or ...

https://www.drugs.com/cdi/acetylcholine.html

... Yue Zhao Center of Cell biology and Cancer Research, Albany ... Yue Zhao, "The Oncogenic Functions of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors," Journal of Oncology, vol. 2016, Article ID 9650481, 9 ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jo/2016/9650481/cta/

In the present study, we investigated the positive effects of the vagal neurotransmitter acetylcholine by suppressing CaSR ... Additionally, acetylcholine reduced CaSR mRNA expression and activity when the rings were subjected to 4 h of hypoxia and 12 h ... Acetylcholine protects mesenteric arteries against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via inhibiting calcium-sensing receptor. *Zhao ... Zhao, M., He, X., Yang, Y. H., Yu, X. J., Bi, X. Y., Yang, Y., … Zang, W. J. (2015). Acetylcholine protects mesenteric arteries ...

https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/acetylcholine-protects-mesenteric-arteries-against-hypoxiareoxygenation-injury-via-inhibiting-calciu/

... Masaharu Hayashi,1 Keisuke Nakajima,1 Rie Miyata,1 Naoyuki Tanuma,1 ... In addition, we performed a preliminary quantification of the levels of acetylcholine, neuropeptides, and monoamine metabolites ... and disruption of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors can lead to epilepsy. In order to investigate the involvement of ... while CwG patients showed increased levels of acetylcholine and decreased levels of serotonin metabolites. These data suggest ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/404263/abs/

Zhao, Y., Liu, S., Zhou, Y. et al. Structural basis of human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation. Cell Res 31, 713- ... Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a class of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) widely expressed in ... Structural basis of human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation. *Yue Zhao1 na1, ... nAChRs function as neurotransmitter receptors that respond to endogenous acetylcholine and choline, modulating neuronal ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-021-00509-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=0eb26f32-71b8-4fed-81a8-f5bf226e69c0

Summary: A new transgenic Drosophila melanogaster line for the cell-type-specific identification of cholinergic release sites expands the available methods toolbox for discerning the neurotransmitter systems in the fly nervous system. ...

https://jeb.biologists.org/keyword/acetylcholine

Acetylcholine Receptor Binding Antibody; Acetylcholine Receptor Blocking Antibody; Acetylcholine Receptor Modulating Antibody ... Acetylcholine receptors function as "docking stations" for acetylcholine, a chemical substance (neurotransmitter) that ... where it stimulates the release of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine travels across a microscopic gap between the nerve ending and a ... Should everyone have an acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody test? It is not intended for general screening purposes and most ...

https://www.labcorp.com/help/patient-test-info/acetylcholine-receptor-achr-antibody

... play a key role in the regulation of signal transduction in the central and peripheral ... Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors play a key role in the regulation of signal transduction in the central and peripheral ... Classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Pharmacological Reviews 50: 279-290. DiChiara G, Morelli M and Consolo S ... 2003) Dysregulated hippocampal acetylcholine neurotransmission and impaired cognition in M2, M4 and M2/M4 muscarinic receptor ...

http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0000193.html

Halothane shortens acetylcholine receptor channel kinetics without affecting conductance Message Subject (Your Name) has sent ... Halothane shortens acetylcholine receptor channel kinetics without affecting conductance. J Lechleiter and R Gruener ... affects the properties of single nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels of embryonic Xenopus skeletal muscle cells grown in ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/81/9/2929

Control of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor biosynthesis in Xenopus oocytes Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message ... Control of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor biosynthesis in Xenopus oocytes. A L Buller and M M White ... The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) of Torpedo electroplax is a multisubunit transmembrane glycoprotein complex with ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/85/22/8717

Acetylcholine is used by bacteria, fungi, and a variety of other animals. Many of the uses of acetylcholine rely on its action ... Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. In the brain, acetylcholine functions as a ... In 1926, Loewi and E. Navratil deduced that the compound is probably acetylcholine, as vagusstoff and synthetic acetylcholine ... Nicotine binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, mimicking the effect of acetylcholine at these receptors. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine

These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria , mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. (encyclopedia.com)
Here acetylcholine is again used as a neurotransmitter, and muscarinic receptors form the principal receptors on the innervated tissue. (wikipedia.org)
In the heart, acetylcholine activation of muscarinic receptors causes channels in the muscle membrane to let potassium pass. (livestrong.com)
Muscarinic receptors mediate many of the effects of acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system. (wikidoc.org)
Identify the key physiological effects that result from stimulation of muscarinic receptors by excessive amounts of acetylcholine. (cdc.gov)

Acetylcholine is a choline molecule that has been acetylated at the oxygen atom. (wikipedia.org)
Acetylcholine is synthesized in certain neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the compounds choline and acetyl-CoA. (wikipedia.org)
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase converts acetylcholine into the inactive metabolites choline and acetate. (wikipedia.org)
nAChRs function as neurotransmitter receptors that respond to endogenous acetylcholine and choline, modulating neuronal excitability and synaptic communication. (nature.com)
Acetylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline with chemical formula CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 2 N + (CH 3 ) 3 . (bionity.com)
but only at ~ 1/3 the rate of ACh and it is resistant to BChE Pharmacological Properties of the Choline Esters 1 AChE2 CVS Acetylcholine Methacholine Carbachol Bethanechol 1 2 Muscarinic Effects GIT ++ ++ +++ +++ GUS ++ ++ +++ +++ Eye + + ++ ++ 3 Atropine +++ +++ + +++ 4 Nicotinic ++ + +++ - +++ + th ++ +++ + ± Goodman & Gilman 7 Ed. some substitutions result in resistance to hydrolysis carbachol. (scribd.com)
Dimethylaminoethanol slows the breakdown of choline, providing the body with a greater opportunity to turn the choline into acetylcholine. (livestrong.com)
The acetylcholine stores of the cholinergic amacrine cells were labelled by incubation in the presence of [3H]choline. (nih.gov)
Other retinas were labelled with [3H]choline, then incubated for 10-80 min in the presence of flashing light (to promote acetylcholine release) and either control medium or medium containing 100 micron APB (to prevent release from cells activated by stimulus onset). (nih.gov)
Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl coenzyme A and choline by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In addition to its synthesis in the liver, choline employed in acetylcholine production is derived from dietary sources. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Hydrolysis of choline-containing phospholipids may also liberate choline that is used in acetylcholine synthesis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
As choline acetyltransferase is not saturated by concentrations of acetyl coenzyme A and choline that are estimated to be present in the nerve terminal, it appears that the rate of acetylcholine synthesis is dependent on precursor availability. (sigmaaldrich.com)
by binding at an allosteric site on choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine inhibits its activity. (sigmaaldrich.com)
There are no very specific and potent inhibitors of the enzyme and it should be noted that pharmacological blockade of this step (e.g. with naphthylvinylpyridine) in the life-cycle of acetylcholine produces a less profound effect on the transmitter than does inhibition of choline transport. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The genes for choline acetyltransferase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter are organized in a single gene locus, and transcription of the two genes is typically co-regulated. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Choline, which is liberated from acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase, is taken back up into cholinergic terminals by a high-affinity transporter, and reused in transmitter synthesis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Hemicholinium-3 potently and reversibly inhibits choline transport, and this results in a profound decrease in acetylcholine formation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Choline/Acetylcholine Assay Kit (ab65345) provides a simple and sensitive means for quantifying Choline and Acetylcholine by either a colorimetric or fluorometric method in samples such as blood, cells, culture media, fermentation media, etc. (abcam.com)
In the choline / acetylcholine assay protocol, free choline is oxidized to betaine, via the intermediate betaine aldehyde. (abcam.com)
Acetylcholine can be converted to choline by adding acetylcholinesterase to the reaction to measure total choline (choline + acetyl choline). (abcam.com)
The kit can detect ~10 pmol-5 nmol of choline or acetylcholine. (abcam.com)
Choline and acetylcholine (often abbreviated ACh) play important roles in many biological processes. (abcam.com)
Choline is also the precursor molecule for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which is involved in many functions both in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and in the central nervous system (CNS). (abcam.com)
Eggs are rich in choline, a B vitamin that is a key component in the brain transmitter acetylcholine , which is crucial for memory. (wordnik.com)
These electrodes are based on the detection of H 2 O 2 generated by the actions of acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase, and reliably respond to ACh in a concentration-dependent manner. (rsc.org)

Acetylcholine receptors (also called cholinergic receptors) appear in clusters on muscle-cell membranes opposite the active zones of presynaptic terminals. (britannica.com)
Cholinergic receptors (receptors binding acetylcholine) also are found in the sympathetic system (as well as the parasympathetic system). (britannica.com)
Parts in the body that use or are affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic. (wikipedia.org)
In the CNS, acetylcholine and the associated neurons form a neurotransmitter system , the cholinergic system, which tends to cause excitatory actions. (bionity.com)
Acetylcholine and the associated neurons form a neurotransmitter system , the cholinergic system. (bionity.com)
Peripheral autonomic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers) are categorized anatomically as either preganglionic or postganglionic fibers, then further generalized as either adrenergic fibers, releasing noradrenaline, or cholinergic fibers, both releasing acetylcholine and expressing acetylcholine receptors. (wikipedia.org)
The adrenal medulla is considered a sympathetic ganglion and, like other sympathetic ganglia, is supplied by cholinergic preganglionic sympathetic fibers: acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter utilized at this synapse. (wikipedia.org)
all are cholinergic fibers, and use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
Fixation with cold 2% paraformaldehyde was compared to cold alkaline allyl alcohol plus glutaraldehyde for immobilization of acetylcholine in situ and appeared to enable detection of greater numbers of cholinergic cells, although differences in levels of differentiation may have been a factor as well. (bioone.org)
FIGURE 3 OMITTED] [FIGURE 4 OMITTED] An important role of parasympathetic cholinergic neurons and postsynaptic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the contraction of gastric smooth muscle has been provided in functional studies (Makhlouf and Murthy, 2006). (acronymfinder.com)
We conclude that the displaced cholinergic amacrine cells release acetylcholine at the transient when light appears, and the conventionally placed cholinergic amacrine cells release acetylcholine at the transient when light is extinguished. (nih.gov)
It is proposed that the dense plexus of cholinergic dendrites and the transient nature of acetylcholine release combine to create the local subunit that enables detection of motion within regions smaller than those ganglion cells' receptive fields. (nih.gov)
Sir Bernard Katz 'discoveries concerning the mechanism for the release of the transmitter acetylcholine from the nerve terminals at the nerve-muscle junction, under the influence of the nerve impulses, are fundamental not only for the understanding of the so-called cholinergic transmission, but are also of primary importance for our knowledge about the synaptic transmission between the nerve cells in the central nervous system. (wordnik.com)
Dani JA, Bertrand D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms of the central nervous system. (springer.com)

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a class of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) widely expressed in nervous system. (nature.com)
[2] Their counterparts are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), receptor ion channels that are also important in the autonomic nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) constitute a family of ligand-gated channels, originally classified on the basis of their activation by the alkaloid nicotine, with acetylcholine (ACh) being the endogenous ligand. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Cone snail venom comprises of a rich and diverse cocktail of peptide toxins which act on a wide variety of ion channels such as voltage-gated sodium- (Na V ), potassium- (K V ), and calcium- (Ca V ) channels as well as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) which are classified as ligand-gated ion channels. (mdpi.com)
E)-5-(Pyrimidin-5-yl)-1,2,3,4,7,8-hexahydroazocine (TC299423) is a novel agonist for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). (frontiersin.org)
2009 ). The attempts to isolate the physiologic effect of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) using the Torpedo organism have been traced back as far as 1885 (Paul Ehrlich) and 1857 (Claude Bernard). (springer.com)

Acetylcholinergic neurons (AchNs) in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) are involved in mental development, and disruption of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors can lead to epilepsy. (hindawi.com)
Nakayama H, Shimoke K, Isosaki M, Satoh H, Yoshizumi M, Ikeuchi T. Subtypes of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors involved in nicotine-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase in PC12h cells. (springer.com)

Acetylcholine receptor antibody is a protein found in the blood of many people with myasthenia gravis . (medlineplus.gov)
This article discusses the blood test for acetylcholine receptor antibody. (medlineplus.gov)
Normally, there is no acetylcholine receptor antibody (or less than 0.05 nmol/L) in the bloodstream. (medlineplus.gov)
An abnormal result means acetylcholine receptor antibody has been found in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
An acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody test is used to help diagnose myasthenia gravis (MG) and to distinguish it from other conditions that may cause similar symptoms, such as chronic muscle fatigue and weakness. (labcorp.com)
Each Acetylcholine Antibody is fully covered by our Guarantee+, to give you complete peace of mind and the support when you need it. (novusbio.com)
pointed out that ophthalmoplegia and acetylcholine receptor antibody are correlated with mitochondrial myopathies. (diabetesjournals.org)
Therefore, in this case, the association of cranial nerve palsies and positive acetylcholine receptor antibody may not be a fortuitous coincidence. (diabetesjournals.org)
It was speculated that mitochondrial DNA abnormality causes not only diabetes but also the immune destruction associated with acetylcholine receptor antibody, which develops bilateral facial nerve palsy and ophthalmoplegia. (diabetesjournals.org)

Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals (including humans) as a neurotransmitter-a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells, such as neurons, muscle cells and gland cells. (wikipedia.org)
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction-in other words, it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release in order to activate muscles. (wikipedia.org)
Acetylcholine also has other effects on excitability of neurons. (bionity.com)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors , or mAChRs , are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons [1] and other cells . (wikipedia.org)
It is known that muscarinic acetylcholine receptors also appear on the pre-synaptic membrane of somatic neurons in the neuro-muscular junction, where they are involved in the regulation of acetylcholine release. (wikipedia.org)
Diversity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat hippocampal neurons. (cambridge.org)
neuroscience ) A feature of neurons that detects the presence of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine as part of neural activity. (allwords.com)

This enzyme is abundant in the synaptic cleft, and its role in rapidly clearing free acetylcholine from the synapse is essential for proper muscle function. (wikipedia.org)
In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. (encyclopedia.com)
Acetylcholine has been shown to enhance the amplitude of synaptic potentials following long-term potentiation in many regions, including the dentate gyrus, CA1 , piriform cortex , and neocortex . (bionity.com)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are also present and distributed throughout the local nervous system, in post-synaptic and pre-synaptic positions. (wikipedia.org)
A number of reversible (e.g. physostigmine, BW284C51) and irreversible (e.g. iso-OMPA) inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase are known, and these drugs have the effect of prolonging the synaptic effects of acetylcholine. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Acetylcholine is held in synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals until an electrical signal causes its release onto a specialized portion of a muscle cell membrane equipped with receptors that recognize the neurotransmitter. (livestrong.com)
In a sympathetic ganglion, the synaptic junctions, at which the acetylcholine is released by the incident preganglionic impulses, form a large part of the small amount of tissue perfused. (wordnik.com)
Figure 1: Left: Schematic representation of the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, view from the synaptic cleft (upper view) and laterally (membrane represented in blue). (scholarpedia.org)

Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies are autoantibodies produced by the immune system that mistakenly target proteins called acetylcholine receptors that are located on skeletal muscle fibers. (labtestsonline.org)
AChR antibodies impede communication between nerves and skeletal muscles, inhibit muscle contraction, and cause rapid muscle fatigue by preventing activation of the acetylcholine receptors. (labtestsonline.org)
AChR antibodies hinder the action of acetylcholine, a chemical (neurotransmitter) that transmits messages between nerve cells. (labcorp.com)
AChR antibodies may also be positive with some thymomas, in people who are being treated with drugs such as penicillamine, with some small cell lung cancers, with autoimmune liver disease, and with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (a condition associated with interference with the release of acetylcholine from the nerve ending). (labcorp.com)
An acetylcholine receptor (abbreviated AChR) is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
085933: Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR)-modulating. (labcorp.com)
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder manifested by muscle weakness caused by the loss or dysfunction of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) of skeletal muscle. (labcorp.com)
How are the subunits in the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) organized in myasthenia gravis (MG)? (medscape.com)
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. (abcam.com)

There are five muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes, designated M1-5 [ PMID: 3443095 , PMID: 3272174 , PMID: 3037705 , PMID: 9647869 , PMID: 2470172 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
Acetylcholine receptor modulators can be classified by which receptor subtypes they act on: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors can be blocked by curare, hexamethonium and toxins present in the venoms of snakes and shellfishes, like α-bungarotoxin. (wikipedia.org)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. (acronymfinder.com)
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein contains a binding site(s) for the neurotransmitter ACh and an intrinsic cationic channel specific for Na + , K + and Ca 2+ ions (in some brain subtypes) together with the physical mechanism that links the binding of ACh to the opening of the ion channel. (scholarpedia.org)

Acetylcholine is also a neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system, both as an internal transmitter for the sympathetic nervous system and as the final product released by the parasympathetic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
They play several roles, including acting as the main end-receptor stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
Acetylcholine receptors function throughout the nervous system including the parasympathetic nervous system and are "cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. (citizendium.org)

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is an example of a ligand-gated ion channel. (britannica.com)

they mediate many of the effects of acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system and modulate a variety of physiological functions, such as airway, eye and intestinal smooth muscle contraction, heart rate and glandular secretions. (ebi.ac.uk)
What are some other side effects of Acetylcholine? (drugs.com)
The effects of acetylcholine were blocked by atropine, indicating that they are of the muscarinic type. (labome.org)

Acetylcholine processing in a synapse. (wikipedia.org)
When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction ( synapse ) between the nerve terminal and the 'effector' cell which the nerve activates. (encyclopedia.com)
it is activated by acetylcholine release across the synapse. (wikipedia.org)
Neuronal acetylcholinesterase very rapidly inactivates the majority of acetylcholine released in brain, although butyrylcholinesterase contained in glial cells may hydrolyze a small proportion of acetylcholine in the synapse. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Researchers are developing a drug that enhances the function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (neurosciencenews.com)

Calcitonin gene-related peptide regulates muscle acetylcholine receptor synthesis. (nih.gov)
Purchase a supplement that contains vitamin B1, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12, all of which are critical to the synthesis of acetylcholine. (livestrong.com)
2014). "Discovery, Synthesis and Characterization of a Highly Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor (mAChR)-Selective M5 -Orthosteric Antagonist, VU0488130 (ML381): A Novel Molecular Probe" . (wikidoc.org)

Acetylcholine travels across a microscopic gap between the nerve ending and a muscle fiber at the "neuromuscular junction. (labtestsonline.org)
Certain neurotoxins work by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, thus leading to excess acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis of the muscles needed for breathing and stopping the beating of the heart. (wikipedia.org)
The somatic nervous system uses a nicotinic receptor to acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. (wikipedia.org)
Innervation of muscle by motoneurones induces the development of a characteristic, high density cluster of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at the neuromuscular junction. (nih.gov)
Agrin causes acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on chick myotubes in culture to aggregate, forming specializations that resemble the postsynaptic apparatus at the vertebrate skeletal neuromuscular junction. (nih.gov)
Palma A, Muchnik S, Losavio A. Excitatory effect of the A2A adenosine receptor agonist CGS-21680 on spontaneous and K+-evoked acetylcholine release at the mouse neuromuscular junction. (labome.org)
Veggetti M, Muchnik S, Losavio A. Effect of purines on calcium-independent acetylcholine release at the mouse neuromuscular junction. (labome.org)

The extracellular patch-clamp technique was used to examine how halothane, a general anesthetic, affects the properties of single nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels of embryonic Xenopus skeletal muscle cells grown in culture. (pnas.org)

San Diego Union-Tribune , "USC and UC San Diego try to move on after painful fight over Alzheimer's institute," 18 Aug. 2019 Anticholinergics work by blocking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine , which helps regulate a variety of organ systems. (merriam-webster.com)
Some diseases can also cause acetylcholine deficiency, including Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis . (wisegeek.com)
Lack of acetylcholine has been linked to Alzheimer's disease, according to "Foundations of Nursing," which is one reason you may want to increase your levels of acetylcholine. (livestrong.com)
Eat an apple or two: Apples stimulate production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine , which is what the Alzheimer's drug Aricept also does, say University of Massachusetts researchers. (wordnik.com)
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), reduced brain acetylcholine (Ach) neurotransmitter is seen. (rainbow.coop)
A joint study on the Lynx1 protein has revealed that the protein competes with human nicotinic acetylcholine receptors for binding to amyloids, which are the main cause of Alzheimer's development. (medicalxpress.com)

When it reaches the muscle fiber, it binds to one of many acetylcholine receptors and activates it, initiating muscle contraction. (labtestsonline.org)
When acetylcholine binds to acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle fibers, it opens ligand gated sodium channels in the cell membrane . (bionity.com)
This means that when acetylcholine, the ligand, binds to a receptor, the receptor changes its shape in a way that lets sodium enter the muscle cell. (livestrong.com)
When this receptor binds acetylcholine, one result is the release of calcium ions from internal stores. (livestrong.com)
A new study reports small fragments of the rabies virus binds to, and inhibits, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, inducing frenzied behaviors. (neurosciencenews.com)

Acetylcholine molecule, scale is 1 cm = .4nm. (shapeways.com)

Agents like Novichok can enter the body by being eaten or inhaled, or through the skin, and block the action of cholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down a nervous-system protein called acetylcholine . (merriam-webster.com)
After release acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase . (wikipedia.org)
Sequences from rounds 5 and 8 were screened by colorimetric enzyme-based microtiter plate assays and found to bind acetylcholine and related compounds, but not unrelated compounds. (bioone.org)
These treatments work to increase acetylcholine in the brain by blocking activity of an enzyme that degrades it. (thefreedictionary.com)
The channel opening in the nicotinic receptor normally lasts less than a millisecond because the enzyme, cholinesterase, rapidly breaks down acetylcholine. (cdc.gov)

Tarren J.R., Holgate J.Y., Bartlett S.E. (2018) Acetylcholine (Nicotinic) Receptor. (springer.com)

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR, also known as "metabotropic" acetylcholine receptors) are particularly responsive to muscarine. (wikipedia.org)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) have critical roles in the central nervous system and produce many of their effects by activating heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. (sciencemag.org)
Normal mice were anesthetized with thiopental sodium at 20minutes after the end of electroacupuncture (EA) treatment to determine levels of ACh (Figure A). Immunohistochemical staining mAChR (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor) M3 in mouse cerebral cortex tissue 20 minutes after the end of EA treatment (Image B). (abcam.com)

Identify the key physiological effects that result from stimulation of nicotinic receptors by excessive amounts of acetylcholine. (cdc.gov)

Drugs that act on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, such as atropine, can be poisonous in large quantities, but in smaller doses they are commonly used to treat certain heart conditions and eye problems. (wikipedia.org)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors can be blocked by the drugs atropine and scopolamine. (wikipedia.org)
Then, tissue was exposed to atropine (10 [micro]M) for 2 min, and subsequently, recordings were obtained after exposure to acetylcholine (100 [micro]M) again at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 min. (thefreedictionary.com)

On the one hand, acetylcholinesterase, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are efficacious in different preclinical and clinical pain models, can cause profound cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and even central side effects and death [7]. (thefreedictionary.com)

Our results showed that acetylcholine (10-6 mol/L) significantly reduced the contractions induced by KCl and phenylephrine and enhanced the endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by acetylcholine. (mendeley.com)
Little did I suspect then what I was able to show many years later - namely, that relaxation of arteries by acetylcholine is strictly endothelium-dependent, and that my method of preparing the strips inadvertently resulted in the mechanical removal of all the endothelial cells. (wordnik.com)
The present study investigated the role of arachidonic acid and acetylcholine in mediating endothelium-dependent relaxations of rabbit aorta. (ahajournals.org)
Therefore, these data suggest that in rabbit aorta, arachidonic acid-induced relaxations are mediated by an endothelium-dependent factor (or factors) that differs from the factor (or factors) released by acetylcholine. (ahajournals.org)

The addictive qualities of nicotine are derived from its effects on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR, also known as "ionotropic" acetylcholine receptors) are particularly responsive to nicotine. (wikipedia.org)
Although pain, memory and nicotine addiction may not seem to be related, they actually share a common player: the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (medicalxpress.com)
A detailed 3D structure of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors could help pave the way to developing new treatments for nicotine addiction, researchers report. (neurosciencenews.com)

Miochol ® -E (acetylcholine chloride intraocular solution) is a parasympathomimetic preparation for intraocular use. (rxlist.com)
The vial contains 20 mg acetylcholine chloride and 56 mg mannitol. (rxlist.com)
The reconstituted liquid will be a sterile isotonic solution (275-330 milliosmoles/Kg) containing 20 mg acetylcholine chloride (1:100 solution) and 2.8% mannitol. (rxlist.com)
Mannitol is used in the process of lyophilizing acetylcholine chloride, and is not considered an active ingredient. (rxlist.com)
Miochol ® -E ( acetylcholine chloride intraocular solution) is instilled into the anterior chamber before or after securing one or more sutures. (rxlist.com)
Aqueous solutions of acetylcholine chloride are unstable. (rxlist.com)
Acetylcholine Chloride and breastfeeding. (e-lactancia.org)
We do not have alternatives for Acetylcholine Chloride . (e-lactancia.org)

In the presence of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), an agent known to eliminate selectively the transmission of ON responses to the proximal retina, steady light caused acetylcholine release only at stimulus cessation. (nih.gov)

The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster Inc., https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acetylcholine?pronunciation〈=en_us&dir=a&file=acetyl07. (merriam-webster.com)

In the PNS, acetylcholine activates muscles and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Acetylcholine is one of many neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the only neurotransmitter used in the somatic nervous system . (bionity.com)
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter found in the brain , neuromuscular junctions and the autonomic ganglia . (wikipedia.org)
The National Dysautonomia Research Foundation states that the most important transmitters in the autonomic nervous system are acetylcholine and norepinephrine. (reference.com)
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine can be seen as two sides of the same coin, as they are both chemical messengers used for communication within the body's autonomic nervous system, which is the part of the nervous system that controls the body's involuntary actions. (reference.com)

The presence of antibodies in the blood to acetylcholine receptor. (rightdiagnosis.com)

The Karuna drug, called KarXT, works by targeting muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. (merriam-webster.com)
Adam Feuerstein, STAT , "A new approach to treating schizophrenia delivers positive results in mid-stage trial," 18 Nov. 2019 This is apparently caused by stimulating receptors in the brain that are also targeted by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . (merriam-webster.com)
Katherine Ellen Foley, Quartz , "A new study that ties common medications to dementia highlights the need for early detection," 27 June 2019 Anticholinergic drugs work by blocking a brain chemical called acetylcholine , which is critical for regulating muscles and for controlling messages sent to the nervous system. (merriam-webster.com)
In the brain, acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. (wikipedia.org)
Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. (encyclopedia.com)
Complications of dementia can also become permanent, as the patient's brain will lose functionality even if acetylcholine levels return to normal. (wisegeek.com)
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that functions primarily in the hippocampus of the brain, assisting the nerves to communicate with one another and form memories. (livestrong.com)
Ginkgo biloba purportedly stimulates the brain to absorb acetylcholine. (livestrong.com)
Acetylcholine levels from mouse brain tissue was measured using Acetylcholine assay kit (ab65345). (abcam.com)
Rosemary contains chemicals called acetylcholine strase inhibitors, which prevent the breakdown of a chemical produced by the brain, called acetylcholine. (wordnik.com)
As a research fellow in my UCSF laboratory, Dr. Kilgard studied the conditions under which acetycholine enables brain plasticity-showing among other findings that large scale and highly useful plasticity can be achieved by pairing sensory […]The post Acetylcholine Release Amps Up Brain's Plasticity appeared first on 'On the Brain' with Dr. Michael Merzenich. (medworm.com)
Acetylcholine gives the brain speed (measured in alpha waves) of processing information and accessing stored information Too much speed: causes panic-disorders, anxiety, hysteria, sometimes manic episodes. (ei-resource.org)
Dopamine and acetylcholine are the ON switches for the brain, GABA and serotonin are the OFF switches. (ei-resource.org)
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, or a chemical that transmits signals throughout the brain and body. (reference.com)
Acetylcholine has prominent functions in the brain. (thefreedictionary.com)

In addition, we performed a preliminary quantification of the levels of acetylcholine, neuropeptides, and monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with WS and benign convulsions associated with mild gastroenteritis (CwG). (hindawi.com)
In the CSF analysis, WS patients demonstrated a reduction in the levels of inhibitory neuropeptides, while CwG patients showed increased levels of acetylcholine and decreased levels of serotonin metabolites. (hindawi.com)
A variety of vitamins, herbal supplements and medications can be used to raise your levels of acetylcholine. (livestrong.com)

The effect of acetylcholine on cardiac muscle, however, is very different from its effects on skeletal or smooth muscle. (livestrong.com)
What is the effect of acetylcholine on heart rate and blood pressure? (reference.com)

Autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptor. (medscape.com)
METHODS: Contractile response to acetylcholine (ACh 10-6 M) in terminal ileal segments (including mucosa) from Wistar rats was measured before and after incubation (15, 30, 60 or 90 min) with IL-8 (1 ng/mL), and after 60 min of incubation with different doses of IL-8 (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10 and 100 ng/mL). (biomedsearch.com)

Binding of acetylcholine to the N termini of each of the two alpha subunits results in the 15° rotation of all M2 helices. (wikipedia.org)
Out of all mutations associated with CMS, more than half are mutations in one of the four genes encoding the adult acetylcholine receptor subunits. (wikipedia.org)
We prepared concatamers of α4 and β2 subunits for human nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), in which the C terminus of α4 was linked to the N terminus of β2, or vice versa, via a tripeptide sequence repeated 6 or 12 times, and expressed them in Xenopus oocytes. (jneurosci.org)
The muscle/electric organ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is composed of four different types of subunits, named α1, β1, γ1 and δ1 according to their apparent molecular weight, that associate into a pentamer with an α2βγδ stoichiometry and a (αγαδβ) organisation. (scholarpedia.org)
Furthermore, this developmental knock-out of alpha10, but not alpha9, supports the hypothesis that functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in hair cells are heteromers containing both these subunits. (labome.org)

Acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies are not typically found in congenital myasthenia gravis. (labcorp.com)
Clinical correlations of antibodies that bind, block, or modulate human acetylcholine receptors in myasthenia gravis. (labcorp.com)
I was wondering if there was anyone else on this forum who has experienced acetylcholine dysregulation who does not have myasthenia gravis? (wisegeek.com)

Molecular biology of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. (ebi.ac.uk)
Liu J, Blin N, Conklin BR and Wess J (1996) Molecular mechanisms involved in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor‐mediated G protein activation studied by insertion mutagenesis. (els.net)

Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. (encyclopedia.com)
However, in some cells, punctate staining along neurite outgrowths and near the termini of cellular processes suggested detection of acetylcholine in discrete vesicles. (bioone.org)
A specific low-affinity acetylcholine transporter is responsible for uptake of the transmitter from the cytoplasm into vesicles. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Once packaged in vesicles, acetylcholine is subject to stimulus-induced release by exocytosis. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Like other transmembrane receptors, acetylcholine receptors are classified according to their "pharmacology," or according to their relative affinities and sensitivities to different molecules. (wikipedia.org)

α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is a subtype of nAChR and has been reported to be involved in hypertension end-organ damage. (ingentaconnect.com)
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), a key player in neuronal communication, converts neurotransmitter binding into membrane electrical depolarization. (scholarpedia.org)

Distinct primary structures, ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. (ebi.ac.uk)
The human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M 5 , encoded by the CHRM5 gene, is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins . (wikidoc.org)

Alice Park, Time , "Despite the Headlines, We Don't Yet Know If Anticholinergic Drugs Contribute to Dementia Risk," 26 June 2019 For example, in the heart, the vagus nerve releases a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine . (merriam-webster.com)
Nicotinic receptors use a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine , too. (wordnik.com)
Reduces the natural relaxation and anti-inflammatory calming, memory-enhancing neurotransmitter called acetylcholine . (wordnik.com)

Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions . (encyclopedia.com)
However, factors that regulate release of another key transmitter in these pathways, acetylcholine (ACh), are unresolved, in part because of limited temporal and spatial resolution of current detection methods. (rsc.org)

Toxic levels of cholinesterase inhibitors prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine. (cdc.gov)

M2 muscarinic autoreceptors modulate acetylcholine release in prefrontal cortex of C57BL/6J mouse. (ebi.ac.uk)

Acetylcholine receptors function as "docking stations" for acetylcholine, a chemical substance (neurotransmitter) that transmits messages between nerve cells. (labtestsonline.org)
On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. (encyclopedia.com)
The chemical compound acetylcholine (often abbreviated ACh ) is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) in many organisms including humans. (bionity.com)
Acetylcholine is a chemical which is found in human nerves which are used to carry information regarding sense of touch, sense of smell, etc. (wikipedia.org)
Acetylcholine is a chemical messenger, a neurotransmitter, released by nerve cells in many parts of the peripheral nervous system. (livestrong.com)
We stay awake because the hypothalamus secretes a chemical called acetylcholine that dams up the onslaught of GABA. (wordnik.com)
While acetylcholine slows heart rate and blood pressure, another chemical messenger, norepinephrine, has the opposite effect. (reference.com)
Since channel opening is triggered by the attachment of a chemical (or "ligand") - in this case, acetylcholine - these channels are called chemical- or ligand-gated channels . (cdc.gov)
As long as the chemical (in this case acetylcholine) is attached, the channel stays open. (cdc.gov)

2003) Dysregulated hippocampal acetylcholine neurotransmission and impaired cognition in M2, M4 and M2/M4 muscarinic receptor knockout mice. (els.net)

[1] Binding of the endogenous ligand acetylcholine to the M 5 receptor triggers a number of cellular responses such as adenylate cyclase inhibition, phosphoinositide degradation, and potassium channel modulation. (wikidoc.org)

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) of Torpedo electroplax is a multisubunit transmembrane glycoprotein complex with a subunit stoichiometry of alpha 2 beta gamma delta. (pnas.org)
This protein combines binding sites for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and a cationic transmembrane ion channel . (scholarpedia.org)

Acetylcholine deficiency is an abnormally low level of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter that plays a role in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. (wisegeek.com)
Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter. (wikipathways.org)

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are members of rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor family. (ebi.ac.uk)
1996). "Phosphorylation of human m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and protein kinase C. (wikidoc.org)

Substances that interfere with acetylcholine activity are called anticholinergics . (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy47

Organisms19

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs133

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes31

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science2

Inhibitory innervation of cat sphincter of Oddi. (1/8871)

A comparison of affinity constants for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in guinea-pig atrial pacemaker cells at 29 degrees C and in ileum at 29 degrees C and 37 degrees C. (2/8871)

Modulation of long-term synaptic depression in visual cortex by acetylcholine and norepinephrine. (3/8871)

Endothelial function in Marfan syndrome: selective impairment of flow-mediated vasodilation. (4/8871)

Adrenoreceptors of the guinea-pig urinary bladder. (5/8871)

Calcium responses induced by acetylcholine in submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. (6/8871)

Somatostatin induces hyperpolarization in pancreatic islet alpha cells by activating a G protein-gated K+ channel. (7/8871)

Inhibition of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization by endothelial prostanoids in guinea-pig coronary artery. (8/8871)

Acetylcholine

Receptors, Nicotinic

Receptors, Cholinergic

alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

Bungarotoxins

Torpedo

Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins

Receptors, Muscarinic

Nicotinic Antagonists

Nicotinic Agonists

Electric Organ

Atropine

Nicotine

Physostigmine

Neuromuscular Junction

Carbachol

Tubocurarine

Cholinergic Agents

Muscarinic Antagonists

Choline

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Acetylcholinesterase

Receptor, Muscarinic M2

Vasodilation

Muscarinic Agonists

Receptor, Muscarinic M1

Myasthenia Gravis

Vasodilator Agents

Receptor, Muscarinic M3

Parasympathomimetics

Motor Endplate

Muscles

Mecamylamine

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

Aconitine

Nitroprusside

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Conotoxins

Cholinergic Agonists

Azocines

Parasympatholytics

Oxotremorine

Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins

Guinea Pigs

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Endothelium, Vascular

Quinuclidinyl Benzilate

Agrin

Membrane Potentials

Cholinergic Fibers

Hexamethonium Compounds

Muscle Contraction

N-Methylscopolamine

Electric Stimulation

Hemicholinium 3

Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine

Cholinergic Antagonists

Muscle Denervation

Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic

Scopolamine Hydrobromide

Neostigmine

Electrophorus

Synaptic Transmission

Muscle, Smooth

Quinolizines

Gallamine Triethiodide

Receptor, Muscarinic M4

Iontophoresis

Nitric Oxide

Neurons

Decamethonium Compounds

Pirenzepine

Calcium

Norepinephrine

Amphibian Venoms

Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide

Synaptic Membranes

Xenopus laevis

Ion Channels

Ileum