Acetyl coenzyme a. Medical search

Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of CoA derivatives from ATP, acetate, and CoA to form AMP, pyrophosphate, and acetyl CoA. It acts also on propionates and acrylates. EC 6.2.1.1.

Small molecules that are required for the catalytic function of ENZYMES. Many VITAMINS are coenzymes.

A carboxylating enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, acetyl-CoA, and HCO3- to ADP, orthophosphate, and malonyl-CoA. It is a biotinyl-protein that also catalyzes transcarboxylation. The plant enzyme also carboxylates propanoyl-CoA and butanoyl-CoA (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.4.1.2.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of acetate in the presence of a divalent cation and ATP with the formation of acetylphosphate and ADP. It is important in the glycolysis process. EC 2.7.2.1.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of acetylphosphate from acetyl-CoA and inorganic phosphate. Acetylphosphate serves as a high-energy phosphate compound. EC 2.3.1.8.

Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA to yield CoA and acetate. The enzyme is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids. EC 3.1.2.1.

A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL-COA to arylamines. It can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without COENZYME A and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including SEROTONIN. However, arylamine N-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme ARYLALKYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE which is also referred to as SEROTONIN ACETYLTRANSFERASE.

A group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of carboxyl- or carbamoyl- groups. EC 2.1.3.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the formation of a bond between two substrate molecules, coupled with the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond in ATP or a similar energy donor. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 6.

Oxidoreductases that are specific for ALDEHYDES.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of ACETYL COA. Some enzymes called thiolase or thiolase-I have referred to this activity or to the activity of ACETYL-COA C-ACYLTRANSFERASE.

Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond of a 3-hydroxy acid. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.3.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of O-acetylcarnitine from acetyl-CoA plus carnitine. EC 2.3.1.7.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.

An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.

The conformation, properties, reaction processes, and the properties of the reactions of carbon compounds.

Derivatives of adipic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,6-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

An enzyme that, in the presence of ATP and COENZYME A, catalyzes the cleavage of citrate to yield acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate, ADP, and ORTHOPHOSPHATE. This reaction represents an important step in fatty acid biosynthesis. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.8.

Enzymes which transfer coenzyme A moieties from acyl- or acetyl-CoA to various carboxylic acceptors forming a thiol ester. Enzymes in this group are instrumental in ketone body metabolism and utilization of acetoacetate in mitochondria. EC 2.8.3.

Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetate esters and water to alcohols and acetate. EC 3.1.1.6.

A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.

Enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of alpha-carboxyl group of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to yield MEVALONIC ACID.

S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.

Enzymes that catalyze acyl group transfer from ACETYL-CoA to HISTONES forming CoA and acetyl-histones.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A phylum of ARCHAEA comprising at least seven classes: Methanobacteria, Methanococci, Halobacteria (extreme halophiles), Archaeoglobi (sulfate-reducing species), Methanopyri, and the thermophiles: Thermoplasmata, and Thermococci.

Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

An enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration of 1,2-propanediol to propionaldehyde. EC 4.2.1.28.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

A species of halophilic archaea whose organisms are nonmotile. Habitats include freshwater and marine mud, animal-waste lagoons, and the rumens of ungulates.

An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.

A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Compounds that inhibit HMG-CoA reductases. They have been shown to directly lower cholesterol synthesis.

Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE and FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Derivatives of phenylacetic acid. Included under this heading are a variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the benzeneacetic acid structure. Note that this class of compounds should not be confused with derivatives of phenyl acetate, which contain the PHENOL ester of ACETIC ACID.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.

A genus of anaerobic, rod-shaped METHANOBACTERIACEAE. Its organisms are nonmotile and use ammonia as the sole source of nitrogen. These methanogens are found in aquatic sediments, soil, sewage, and the gastrointestinal tract of animals.

A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

A genus of anaerobic, irregular spheroid-shaped METHANOSARCINALES whose organisms are nonmotile. Endospores are not formed. These archaea derive energy via formation of methane from acetate, methanol, mono-, di-, and trimethylamine, and possibly, carbon monoxide. Organisms are isolated from freshwater and marine environments.

The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).

Specific hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases that utilize the cofactor NAD. In liver enzymes of this class are involved in cholesterol biosynthesis.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA by transfer of the carbonyl group. It requires a cobamide coenzyme. A block in this enzymatic conversion leads to the metabolic disease, methylmalonic aciduria. EC 5.4.99.2.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA from acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA. This is a key enzyme in steroid biosynthesis. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.5.

A constituent of STRIATED MUSCLE and LIVER. It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism.

Melatonin biosynthesis: the structure of serotonin N-acetyltransferase at 2.5 A resolution suggests a catalytic mechanism. (1/885)

Conversion of serotonin to N-acetylserotonin, the precursor of the circadian neurohormone melatonin, is catalyzed by serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) in a reaction requiring acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA). AANAT is a globular protein consisting of an eight-stranded beta sheet flanked by five alpha helices; a conserved motif in the center of the beta sheet forms the cofactor binding site. Three polypeptide loops converge above the AcCoA binding site, creating a hydrophobic funnel leading toward the cofactor and serotonin binding sites in the protein interior. Two conserved histidines not found in other NATs are located at the bottom of the funnel in the active site, suggesting a catalytic mechanism for acetylation involving imidazole groups acting as general acid/base catalysts. (+info)

Pyruvate dehydrogenase activation in inactive muscle during and after maximal exercise in men. (2/885)

Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (PDHa) and acetyl-group accumulation were examined in the inactive deltoid muscle in response to maximal leg exercise in men. Seven subjects completed three consecutive 30-s bouts of maximal isokinetic cycling, with 4-min rest intervals between bouts. Biopsies of the deltoid were obtained before exercise, after bouts 1 and 3, and after 15 min of rest recovery. Inactive muscle lactate (LA) and pyruvate (PYR) contents increased more than twofold (P < 0.05) after exercise (bout 3) and remained elevated after 15 min of recovery (P < 0.05). Increased PYR accumulation secondary to LA uptake by the inactive deltoid was associated with greater PDHa, which progressively increased from 0.71 +/- 0.23 mmol. min-1. kg wet wt-1 at rest to a maximum of 1.83 +/- 0.30 mmol. min-1. kg wet wt-1 after bout 3 (P < 0.05) and remained elevated after 15 min of recovery (1.63 +/- 0.24 mmol. min-1. kg wet wt-1; P < 0.05). Acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine accumulations were unaltered. Increased PDHa allowed and did not limit the oxidation of LA and PYR in inactive human skeletal muscle after maximal exercise. (+info)

Replenishment and depletion of citric acid cycle intermediates in skeletal muscle. Indication of pyruvate carboxylation. (3/885)

The effects of various substrates on the concentrations of free amino acids, citric acid cycle intermediates and acylcarnitines were studies in perfused hindquarter of rat in presence of glucose and insulin in order to assess regulatory mechanisms of the level of citric acid cycle intermediates in skeletal muscle. 1. Acetate and acetoacetate effected a significant increase in the level of citrate cycle intermediates and accumulation of acetylcarnitine. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in the level of alanine. The concentration of AMP was significantly elevated. 2. Muscle mitochondria fixed 14CO2 in the presence of pyruvate. The products were identified as malate or citrate when whole and disintegrated mitochondria were used respectively. The fixation was greatly stimulated by acetylcarnitine. 3. Acetylcarnitine inhibited the production of pyruvate from malate by muscle mitochondria. 4. Perfusion with 2-oxoisocaproate and 2-oxoisovalerate promoted increases in the level of citric cycle intermediates, a drop in both alanine and glutamate, and accumulation of branched-chain acylcarnitines. 2-Oxoisocaproate also caused a reduction of alanine released from the muscle. 5. Perfusion with leucine and valine did not change the concentration of citric acid cycle intermediates, but elevated glutamate and still more the concentration of alanine. 6. It is concluded that citric cycle intermediate level in the perfused resting muscle is modified by a) conditions which change the concentration of acetyl-CoA and thereby modify the rate of pyruvate carboxylation and decarboxylation of malate via malic enzyme b) conditions which change the concentration of pyruvate cause changes in alanine and cycle intermediates in the same direction via transamination reactions c) conditions which change the concentrations of 2-oxoacids which are converted to cycle intermediates via oxidation. (+info)

The role of an iron-sulfur cluster in an enzymatic methylation reaction. Methylation of CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase by the methylated corrinoid iron-sulfur protein. (4/885)

This paper focuses on how a methyl group is transferred from a methyl-cobalt(III) species on one protein (the corrinoid iron-sulfur protein (CFeSP)) to a nickel iron-sulfur cluster on another protein (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase). This is an essential step in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of anaerobic CO and CO2 fixation. The results described here strongly indicate that transfer of methyl group to carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase occurs by an SN2 pathway. They also provide convincing evidence that oxidative inactivation of Co(I) competes with methylation. Under the conditions of our anaerobic assay, Co(I) escapes from the catalytic cycle one in every 100 turnover cycles. Reductive activation of the CFeSP is required to regenerate Co(I) and recruit the protein back into the catalytic cycle. Our results strongly indicate that the [4Fe-4S] cluster of the CFeSP is required for reductive activation. They support the hypothesis that the [4Fe-4S] cluster of the CFeSP does not participate directly in the methyl transfer step but provides a conduit for electron flow from physiological reductants to the cobalt center. (+info)

The structural basis of ordered substrate binding by serotonin N-acetyltransferase: enzyme complex at 1.8 A resolution with a bisubstrate analog. (5/885)

Serotonin N-acetyltransferase, a member of the GNAT acetyltransferase superfamily, is the penultimate enzyme in the conversion of serotonin to melatonin, the circadian neurohormone. Comparison of the structures of the substrate-free enzyme and the complex with a bisubstrate analog, coenzyme A-S-acetyltryptamine, demonstrates that acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) binding is accompanied by a large conformational change that in turn leads to the formation of the serotonin-binding site. The structure of the complex also provides insight into how the enzyme may facilitate acetyl transfer. A water-filled channel leading from the active site to the surface provides a pathway for proton removal following amine deprotonation. Furthermore, structural and mutagenesis results indicate an important role for Tyr-168 in catalysis. (+info)

Amino acid biosynthesis in the halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica. (6/885)

Biosynthesis of proteinogenic amino acids in the extremely halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica was explored by using biosynthetically directed fractional 13C labeling with a mixture of 90% unlabeled and 10% uniformly 13C-labeled glycerol. The resulting 13C-labeling patterns in the amino acids were analyzed by two-dimensional 13C,1H correlation spectroscopy. The experimental data provided evidence for a split pathway for isoleucine biosynthesis, with 56% of the total Ile originating from threonine and pyruvate via the threonine pathway and 44% originating from pyruvate and acetyl coenzyme A via the pyruvate pathway. In addition, the diaminopimelate pathway involving diaminopimelate dehydrogenase was shown to lead to lysine biosynthesis and an analysis of the 13C-labeling pattern in tyrosine indicated novel biosynthetic pathways that have so far not been further characterized. For the 17 other proteinogenic amino acids, the data were consistent with data for commonly found biosynthetic pathways. A comparison of our data with the amino acid metabolisms of eucarya and bacteria supports the theory that pathways for synthesis of proteinogenic amino acids were established before ancient cells diverged into archaea, bacteria, and eucarya. (+info)

Melatonin, its precursors, and synthesizing enzyme activities in the human ovary. (7/885)

The presence of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) and its precursors, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and N-acetylserotonin, was demonstrated in extracts of human ovary using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorometric detection. In addition, activities of two melatonin-synthesizing enzymes, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), were found in human ovary homogenates. The apparent Michaelis constants for the substrates of NAT and HIOMT in the human ovary were similar to those reported for the pineal glands of humans and other mammals. These findings strongly suggest that the human ovary, like the pineal gland, may synthesize melatonin from serotonin by the sequential action of NAT and HIOMT. (+info)

Characterization of a novel spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase, BltD, from Bacillus subtilis. (8/885)

Overexpression of the BltD gene in Bacillus subtilis causes acetylation of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. BltD is co-regulated with another gene, Blt, which encodes a multidrug export protein whose overexpression facilitates spermidine export [Woolridge, Vazquez-Laslop, Markham, Chevalier, Gerner and Neyfakh (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 8864-8866]. Here we show that BltD acetylates both spermidine and spermine at primary propyl amine moieties, with spermine being the preferred substrate. In the presence of saturating concentrations of acetyl CoA, BltD rapidly acetylates spermine at both the N1 and N12 positions. The Km (app) values for spermine, spermidine and N1-acetylspermine are +info)

Goodridge AG (November 1972). "Regulation of the activity of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase by palmitoyl coenzyme A and citrate ... Numa S, Ringelmann E, Lynen F (December 1965). "[On inhibition of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase by fatty acid-coenzyme A compounds]". ... Majerus PW, Kilburn E (November 1969). "Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase. The roles of synthesis and degradation in regulation of ... Coenzyme A now enters the enzyme and another intermediate is formed which consists of AMP-long chain fatty acid-Coenzyme A. ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA_ligase

Gergely J, Hele P, Ramakrishnan CV (1952). "Succinyl and acetyl coenzyme A deacylases". J. Biol. Chem. 198 (1): 323-334. PMID ... Other names in common use include succinyl-CoA acylase, succinyl coenzyme A hydrolase, and succinyl coenzyme A deacylase. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinyl-CoA_hydrolase

... acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2) gene Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 is an acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase enzyme. ... "Entrez Gene: acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2". Human ACAT2 genome location and ACAT2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome ... Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, cytosolic, also known as cytosolic acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, is an enzyme that in humans is ... Matsumoto K, Fujiwara Y, Nagai R, Yoshida M, Ueda S (Feb 2008). "Expression of two isozymes of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACAT2

"Entrez Gene: acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase beta". Widmer J, Fassihi KS, Schlichter SC, Wheeler KS, Crute BE, King N, Nutile- ... Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 also known as ACC-beta or ACC2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACACB gene. Acetyl-CoA ... Diaz FJ, Meary A, Arranz MJ, Ruaño G, Windemuth A, de Leon J (December 2009). "Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha gene ... Rosa G, Manco M, Vega N, Greco AV, Castagneto M, Vidal H, Mingrone G (November 2003). "Decreased muscle acetyl-coenzyme A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACACB

... acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase alpha". Abu-Elheiga L, Jayakumar A, Baldini A, Chirala SS, Wakil SJ (April 1995). "Human acetyl- ... Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 also known as ACC-alpha or ACCa is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACACA gene. Acetyl-CoA ... Diaz FJ, Meary A, Arranz MJ, Ruaño G, Windemuth A, de Leon J (December 2009). "Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha gene ... Yoon S, Lee MY, Park SW, Moon JS, Koh YK, Ahn YH, Park BW, Kim KS (September 2007). "Up-regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACACA

Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 is an acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase enzyme. This gene encodes an enzyme operative in the ... "Entrez Gene: acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1". Bout A, Hoovers JM, Bakker E, Mannens MM, Geurts van Kessel A, Westerveld A ... 3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, peroxisomal also known as acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded ... 1987). "Human peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-coenzyme A thiolase deficiency". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (8): 2494-6. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACAA1

Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1) gene. Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 is an acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase enzyme ... "Entrez Gene: acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1". Abdelkreem E, Harijan RK, Yamaguchi S, Wierenga RK, Fukao T (October 2019 ... Ge J, Zhai W, Cheng B, He P, Qi B, Lu H, Zeng Y, Chen X (September 2013). "Insulin induces human acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol ... Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial, also known as acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACAT1

Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 2 is an acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase enzyme. The ACAA2 gene encodes a 41.9 kDa protein that ... "Entrez Gene: acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 2". Abe H, Ohtake A, Yamamoto S, Satoh Y, Takayanagi M, Amaya Y, Takiguchi M, ... Cao W, Liu N, Tang S, Bao L, Shen L, Yuan H, Zhao X, Lu H (Jun 2008). "Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 2 attenuates the ... Cao W, Liu N, Tang S, Bao L, Shen L, Yuan H, Zhao X, Lu H (Jun 2008). "Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 2 attenuates the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACAA2

Tan X, Loke HK, Fitch S, Lindahl PA (April 2005). "The tunnel of acetyl-coenzyme a synthase/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase ... S2CID 21633407.* Hegg EL (October 2004). "Unraveling the structure and mechanism of acetyl-coenzyme A synthase". Accounts of ... relying on CODH to produce CO by reduction of CO2 needed for the synthesis of Acetyl-CoA from a methyl, coenzyme a (CoA) and ... CODH can form a monofunctional enzyme, as is the case in Rhodospirillum rubrum, or can form a cluster with acetyl-CoA synthase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_dehydrogenase

Jetten MS; Stams AJ; Zehnder AJ (October 1989). "Isolation and characterization of acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanothrix_soehngenii

Pyruvate is then converted into to acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). The Citric acid cycle then takes acetyl-CoA and through a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghib_syndrome

Higa HH, Varki A (1988). "Acetyl-coenzyme A:polysialic acid O-acetyltransferase from K1-positive Escherichia coli. The enzyme ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:polysialic-acid O-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include ... In enzymology, a polysialic-acid O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.136) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl- ... responsible for the O-acetyl plus phenotype and for O-acetyl form variation". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (18): 8872-8. PMID 2897964. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysialic-acid_O-acetyltransferase

Pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl coenzyme A catalyzed by pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Two molecules of carbon dioxide ( ... coenzyme A → adenosine monophosphate + pyrophosphate + butyryl-CoA As a short-chain fatty acid, butyrate is metabolized by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyric_acid

At the end of glycolysis, PEP is converted to pyruvate, which is converted to acetyl-coenzyme-A (acetyl-CoA), which enters the ... Smith TE (April 1970). "Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: competitive regulation by acetyl-coenzyme A and ... The main allosteric activators of PEP carboxylase are acetyl-CoA and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-BP). Both molecules are ... It is also noteworthy that the negative effectors aspartate competes with the positive effector acetyl-CoA, suggesting that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvate_carboxylase

This enzyme is also called acetyl coenzyme A: 10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase. Menhard B, Zenk MH (1999). "Purification ... and characterization of acetyl coenzyme A: 10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase from cell suspension cultures of Taxus ... In enzymology, a 10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.163) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:taxan-10beta-ol O-acetyltransferase. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-hydroxytaxane_O-acetyltransferase

Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A. Adrenergic neurons - noradrenaline. Noradrenaline ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron

... acetyl coenzyme A:DAC acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA:DAC acetyltransferase, CPC acetylhydrolase, acetyl-CoA:DAC O- ... S; Matsumoto, H; Matsuda, A; Sugiura, H; Komatsu, K; Ichikawa, S (1992). "Purification of acetyl coenzyme A: ... "Cloning and disruption of the cefG gene encoding acetyl coenzyme A: deacetylcephalosporin C o-acetyltransferase from Acremonium ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:deacetylcephalosporin-C O-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacetylcephalosporin-C_acetyltransferase

... this cleaves the coenzyme and releases nicotinamide and O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. The sirtuins mainly seem to be involved in ... This means the coenzyme can continuously cycle between the NAD+ and NADH forms without being consumed. In appearance, all forms ... The coenzyme NAD+ was first discovered by the British biochemists Arthur Harden and William John Young in 1906. They noticed ... It acts as a coenzyme in redox reactions, as a donor of ADP-ribose moieties in ADP-ribosylation reactions, as a precursor of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide

... acetyl-L-carnitine, dexpramipexole, and olesoxime). Other drugs with a variety of mechanisms were tested in clinical trials and ... and coenzyme Q); anti-apoptotic drugs (pentoxyfilline, omigapil, and minocycline); and drugs to improve mitochondria function ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis_research

The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:malonate CoA-transferase. This enzyme is also called malonate coenzyme A ... In enzymology, a malonate CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + malonate ... displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } acetate + malonyl-CoA Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and malonate, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonate_CoA-transferase

It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) pathway. This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen ... When operating in the reverse direction, the acetyl-CoA synthase is sometimes called acetyl-CoA decarbonylase. Not to be ... the formyl group is reduced to a methyl group and then combined with the carbon monoxide and Coenzyme A to produce acetyl-CoA. ... The former catalyzes the reduction of the CO2 and the latter combines the resulting CO with a methyl group to give acetyl-CoA. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood–Ljungdahl_pathway

doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)76696-2. Lenz R, Zenk MH (1995). "Acetyl coenzyme A:salutaridinol-7-O-acetyltransferase from papaver ... In enzymology, a salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.150) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ... the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and salutaridinol, whereas its two products are CoA and 7-O- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salutaridinol_7-O-acetyltransferase

Tuboi S, Kikuchi G (1965). "Enzymic cleavage of malyl-Coenzyme A into acetyl-Coenzyme A and glyoxylic acid". Biochim. Biophys. ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is (3S)-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA glyoxylate-lyase (acetyl-CoA-forming). Other ... acetyl-CoA + glyoxylate This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the oxo-acid-lyases, which cleave carbon- ... names in common use include malyl-coenzyme A lyase, and (3S)-3-carboxy-3-hydroxypropanoyl-CoA glyoxylate-lyase. This enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malyl-CoA_lyase

... coenzyme A into acetyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH. The conversion is crucial because acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid ... In terms of details, biochemical and structural data for E1 revealed a mechanism of activation of TPP coenzyme by forming the ... To distinguish between this enzyme and the PDC, it is systematically called pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring). The ... After the cofactor TPP decarboxylates pyruvate, the acetyl portion becomes a hydroxyethyl derivative covalently attached to TPP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase

The molecule of colchicine appears finally after addition of acetyl-coenzyme A to deacetylcolchicine. Colchicine may be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicine

Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. This acetyl-CoA is then ... acetyl-CoA + phosphate → acetyl-phosphate + CoA acetyl-phosphate + ADP → acetate + ATP Acetic acid can also undergo a ... It is mainly utilized by organisms in the form of acetyl coenzyme A. Intraperitoneal injection of sodium acetate (20 or 60 mg ... as Ac is common symbol for acetyl group CH3CO).The pseudoelement symbol "Ac" is also sometimes encountered in chemical formulas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate

"Diversity of Acetyl-Coenzyme a Carboxylase Mutations in Resistant Lolium Populations: Evaluation Using Clethodim". Plant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clethodim

Acetyl-CoA Beta oxidation Coenzyme A Acyl CoA dehydrogenase Fatty acid metabolism Talley, Jacob T.; Mohiuddin, Shamim S. (2020 ... During one cycle of beta oxidation, Acyl-CoA creates one molecule of Acetyl-CoA, FADH2, and NADH. Acetyl-CoA is then used in ... Acyl-CoA's are susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, ... The enzyme acyl-CoA thioesterase takes of the acyl-CoA to form a free fatty acid and coenzyme A. The second step of fatty acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl-CoA

... is formed by carboxylating acetyl-CoA using the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. One molecule of acetyl-CoA joins ... Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid. It plays a key role in chain elongation in fatty acid biosynthesis and ... Malonyl-CoA is utilised in fatty acid biosynthesis by the enzyme malonyl coenzyme A:acyl carrier protein transacylase (MCAT). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonyl-CoA

They are amphipathic lipids synthesized from acetyl-coenzyme A via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. The overall molecule is quite ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol

... and into the matrix where they can either be oxidized and combined with coenzyme A to form CO2, acetyl-CoA, and NADH,[34] or ... The resulting acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle (or Krebs Cycle), where the acetyl group of the acetyl-CoA is converted ... To obtain cytosolic acetyl-CoA, citrate (produced by the condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate) is removed from the ... The cytosolic acetyl-CoA can be carboxylated by acetyl-CoA carboxylase into malonyl CoA, the first committed step in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

... a family of herbicides that inhibit an enzyme called acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase.[9] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeding

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR). *Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA). *Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_E

... s (EC 3.2.1.14, chitodextrinase, 1,4-β-poly-N-acetylglucosaminidase, poly-β-glucosaminidase, β-1,4-poly-N-acetyl ... Random endo-hydrolysis of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide (1→4)-β-linkages in chitin and chitodextrins. As chitin is a component of ... glucosamidinase, poly[1,4-(N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide)] glycanohydrolase, (1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan glycanohydrolase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitinase

EC 6.3.2.31 coenzyme F420-0:L-glutamate ligase EC 6.3.2.32 coenzyme γ-F420-2:α-L-glutamate ligase EC 6.3.2.33 ... EC 6.4.1.1 pyruvate carboxylase EC 6.4.1.2 acetyl-CoA carboxylase EC 6.4.1.3 propionyl-CoA carboxylase EC 6.4.1.4 ... N6-acetyl-N6-hydroxylysine synthase EC 6.3.2.39 aerobactine synthase EC 6.3.2.40 cyclopeptine synthase EC 6.3.2.41 N- ... acetyl-CoA synthase EC 6.2.1.39 [butirosin acyl-carrier protein]-L-glutamate ligase EC 6.2.1.40 4-hydroxybutyrate-CoA ligase ...

https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligase

They are amphipathic lipids synthesized from acetyl-coenzyme A via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. The overall molecule is quite ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol

... usually acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which releases some energy. Finally, the acetyl group on acetyl-CoA is oxidized to ... The electrons then flow through photosystem I and can then be used to reduce the coenzyme NADP+. This coenzyme can enter the ... These coenzymes are therefore continuously made, consumed and then recycled. One central coenzyme is adenosine triphosphate ( ... This reduced form of the coenzyme is then a substrate for any of the reductases in the cell that need to transfer hydrogen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-coenzyme A monooxygenase of Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17453". Applied and Environmental ... acetyl-CoA + NADP+ + H2O (2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA 1,5-monooxygenase is FAD dependent enzyme isolated ... 2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA+1,5-monooxygenase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject ... 2,2,3-Trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA 1,5-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.160, 2-oxo-Delta3-4,5,5- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(2,2,3-Trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA_1,5-monooxygenase

Coenzyme Q10 Anti-oxidants are substances that may protect cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free ... AHAs may irritate some skin, causing redness and flaking.[medical citation needed] Peptides, such as acetyl hexapeptide-3 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aging_product

MCPA forms non-metabolizable esters with coenzyme A (CoA) and carnitine, causing a decrease in their bioavailability and ... which leads to a decrease in the production of NADH and Acetyl-CoA. The cascading effect continues, as this decrease in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_cyclopropyl_acetic_acid

1994). "Sterol carrier protein X is peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl coenzyme A thiolase with intrinsic sterol carrier and lipid transfer ... and Escherichia coli acetyl-CoA acyltransferase: evidence for a gene fusion in SCPx". DNA Cell Biol. 10 (9): 695-8. doi:10.1089 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCP2

... acetyl CoA - acetylcholine - acetylcysteine - acid - acidic fibroblast growth factor - acrosin - actin - action potential - ... coenzyme - cofactor (biochemistry) - colchicine - collagen - colloid - colony-stimulating factor - colony stimulating factor 1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

One of the AT domains from MmpC may transfer an activated acetyl group from acetyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) to the first ACP domain. ... The alpha carbon of the resulting acetyl-ACP is linked to C3 of the polyketide chain by MupH. This intermediate is dehydrated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mupirocin

"Entrez Gene: hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional ... Trifunctional enzyme subunit beta, mitochondrial (TP-beta) also known as 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase, ... which yields an acetyl CoA molecule and an acyl CoA molecule, which is two carbons shorter. The encoded protein can also bind ... in which 3-ketoacyl CoA is cleaved by the thiol group of another molecule of Coenzyme A. The thiol is inserted between C-2 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADHB

Its main function is to catalyze the conversion of malonyl-CoA into acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide. It is involved in fatty acid ... Vagelos PR, Alberts AW (Oct 1960). "Malonyl coenzyme A-carbon dioxide exchange reaction". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. ... To some degree, it reverses the action of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase. MCD presents two isoforms which can be transcribed form one ... The enzyme malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD) functions as an indirect via of conversion from malonic semi aldehyde to acetyl-CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonyl-CoA_decarboxylase

The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase. Other names in common use include 5 ... CoA-transferase, and 5-hydroxyvalerate coenzyme A transferase. Eikmanns U, Buckel W (1990). "Properties of 5-hydroxyvalerate ... In enzymology, a 5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA ... the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 5-hydroxypentanoate, whereas its two products are acetate and 5- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-hydroxypentanoate_CoA-transferase

Proteins are typically acetylated on lysine residues and this reaction relies on acetyl-coenzyme A as the acetyl group donor. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H4K8ac

Deficiency of AspA lowers acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) expression in cells, which may be responsible for stabilization and correct ... an enzyme that hydrolyzes N-acetyl aspartic acid (NAA). In the absence of AspA, NAA accumulates and results in spongy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongy_degeneration_of_the_central_nervous_system

... and archaea that perform anaerobic respiration and carbon fixation simultaneously through the reductive acetyl coenzyme A ( ... Carbon dioxide reduction is carried out by the key enzyme acetyl-CoA synthase. Together with methane-forming archaea, acetogens ... acetyl-CoA) pathway (also known as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway). These genuine acetogens are also known as "homoacetogens" and ... they can produce acetyl-CoA (and from that, in most cases, acetate as the end product) from two molecules of carbon dioxide ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetogen

... oligodendrocytes and myelin and is synthesized in the mitochondria from the amino acid aspartic acid and acetyl-coenzyme A. The ... Patel TB, Clark JB (December 1979). "Synthesis of N-acetyl-L-aspartate by rat brain mitochondria and its involvement in ... Yan HD, Ishihara K, Serikawa T, Sasa M (September 2003). "Activation by N-acetyl-L-aspartate of acutely dissociated hippocampal ... Simmons ML, Frondoza CG, Coyle JT (1991). "Immunocytochemical localization of N-acetyl-aspartate with monoclonal antibodies". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acetylaspartic_acid

Rakheja D, Bennett MJ, Rogers BB (July 2002). "Long-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase deficiency: a molecular and ... and acetyl-CoA when NAD and CoASH are present. The alpha subunit catalyzes this reaction, and is attached to HADHB, which ... Rakheja D, Bennett MJ, Rogers BB (Jul 2002). "Long-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase deficiency: a molecular and ... Carpenter K, Pollitt RJ, Middleton B (Mar 1992). "Human liver long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADHA

Ribonucleotide moieties in many coenzymes, such as acetyl-CoA, NADH, FADH, and F420, may be surviving remnants of covalently ... Harper & Row White HB (Mar 1976). "Coenzymes as fossils of an earlier metabolic state". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 7 (2): ... bound coenzymes in an RNA world. Although RNA is fragile, some ancient RNAs may have evolved the ability to methylate other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

... which allows the lone pair on the amine to attack acetyl-CoA, forming a tetrahedral intermediate. The thiol from coenzyme A ... It has been proposed that histidine residue His122 of serotonin N-acetyl transferase is the catalytic residue that deprotonates ... Melatonin metabolites generated from redox reactions include cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine ... AFMK), and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK). While it is known that melatonin interacts with the immune system, the details ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin

... is one of five crucial coenzymes that are necessary in the reaction mechanism of the citric acid cycle. Its acetyl- ... Here, acetyl-CoA is generated for oxidation and energy production. In the citric acid cycle, coenzyme A works as an allosteric ... Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Stryer, Lubert (2002). "Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase Plays a Key Role in Controlling Fatty ... Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_A

The degradation of odd chain fatty acids releases Acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is then converted to succinyl-CoA ... The cobalt therefore donates an electron back to the methylmalonyl-CoA backbone in order to transfer the coenzyme A group. ... Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase "Methylmalonyl-Coenzyme A mutase deficiency". The Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. NIH. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA_mutase_deficiency

Cytosolic acetyl-CoA is crucial for lipid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and gene regulation. It is also a major factor in ... In metazoans, the predominant source of cytosolic acetyl-CoA is the essential enzyme ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY). This enzyme is a ... work uses a suite of biochemical and biophysical approaches to elucidate ACLY quaternary structure and the mechanisms of acetyl ... The metabolite acetyl-CoA is necessary in almost all organic life. ...

https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3492/

Resistant parasites generated in vitro showed mutations in acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase 11. ... Resistant parasites generated in vitro showed mutations in acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase 11. ... Resistant parasites generated in vitro showed mutations in acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase 11. ... Resistant parasites generated in vitro showed mutations in acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase 11. ...

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/antimalarial-pantothenamide-metabolites-target-acetyl-coenzyme-a-

JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...

https://digitalarchive.rit.edu/xmlui/handle/1850/12098

Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase - an attractive enzyme for biotechnology Journal title. BioTechnologia Yearbook. 2011 Issue. No 4 ... Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase - an attractive enzyme for biotechnology. Podkowiński, J.; Tworak, A. ...

https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/95569/edition/82329/content/biotechnologia-2011-no-4-acetyl-coenzyme-a-carboxylase-an-attractive-enzyme-for-biotechnology-podkowinski-j-tworak-a?language=en

N-acetyl transferase 1 is a xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme that uses acetyl coenzyme A as a cofactor for N-acetylation of many ... N-acetyl transferase 1 is a xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme that uses acetyl coenzyme A as a cofactor for N-acetylation of many ... The autophagy/acetyl/acetyl/u2010Snail axis autophagy/acetyl/u2010Snail axis was further demonstrated in tumor tissues and in ... Acetyl coenzyme A kinetic studies on N-acetylation of environmental carcinogens by human N-acetyltransferase 1 and its NAT1*14B ...

https://scholar.plex.page/Acetyl_Coenzyme-DOAJ

ACC1 (Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase 1) Is a Potential Immune Modulatory Target of Cerebral Ischemic Stroke.. CR, Th17. ... Correlation of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 1 with Th17 and Th1 cells, serving as a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ... The glossyhead1 allele of ACC1 reveals a principal role for multidomain acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in the biosynthesis of ... Regulator of fatty acid metabolism, acetyl coenzyme a carboxylase 1, controls T cell immunity.. FAs. ...

https://allie.dbcls.jp/pair/ACC1

acetoacetyl Coenzyme A thiolase. *acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1. *acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 (acetoacetyl ... The enzyme converts a molecule called acetoacetyl-CoA into two molecules of acetyl-CoA, which can be used to produce energy. In ... 2-methylacetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase (beta-ketothiolase) deficiency: one disease - two pathways. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2020 ... It converts a molecule called 2-methyl-acetoacetyl-CoA into two smaller molecules, propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA, that can be ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/acat1/

keywords = "acetyl-coenzyme A, acetyl-snail, ACLY, autophagy, CAMKK2, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, KRAS inhibitor, ... Results: We found that autophagy in KL cancer cells increased acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which facilitated the acetylation ... Results: We found that autophagy in KL cancer cells increased acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which facilitated the acetylation ... Results: We found that autophagy in KL cancer cells increased acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which facilitated the acetylation ...

https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/snail-acetylation-by-autophagy-derived-acetyl-coenzyme-a-promotes

Macular Degeneration Stabilized by Acetyl-L-carnitine, Omega-3 fatty acids, and Coenzyme Q10. Posted on August 16, 2016. by ... The post Macular Degeneration Stabilized by Acetyl-L-carnitine, Omega-3 fatty acids, and Coenzyme Q10 appeared first on Eye ... Study subjects who received the omega-3 fatty acids, acetyl-L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 had statistically significant fewer ... showed improvement when taking a combination of acetyl-L-carnitine, omega-3 fatty acids, and coenzyme Q10.1 ...

https://sigmaceutical.com/2016/08/16/macular-degeneration-stabilized-by-acetyl-l-carnitine-omega-3-fatty-acids-and-coenzyme-q10/

High levels of acetyl coenzyme A present in the cell inhibit the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, but pyruvate carboxylase is ... Ketone bodies are produced from acetyl coenzyme A mainly in the mitochondria within hepatocytes when carbohydrate utilization ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/118361-11060/in-which-types-of-diabetes-is-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-likely-to-occur

Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (AcCoA synthetase) (Acs) (EC 6.2.1.1) (Acetate--CoA ligase) (Acyl-activating enzyme) 17295914, ... MSMEG_6179 MSMEG_6179 Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (AcCoA synthetase) (Acs) (EC 6.2.1.1) (Acetate--CoA ligase) (Acyl-activating ... ATP + acetate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + acetyl-CoA. msg:MSMEI_6020, msm:MSMEG_6179 ...

http://networks.systemsbiology.net/cmnr/genes/msm/MSMEG_6179

activity, and inhibition of the Carboxyltransferase -subunit of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (AccD6) from Mycobacterium ... In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the carboxylation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to produce malonyl-CoA, a building block in ... Structure, activity, and inhibition of the Carboxyltransferase -subunit of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (AccD6) from ... AccD6 in complex with AccA3 can synthesize malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA. A series of 10 herbicides that target plant acetyl-CoA ...

https://vivo.library.tamu.edu/vivo/display/n74666SE

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE CARBOXYLTRANSFERASE DOMAIN OF ACETYL-COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE IN COMPLEX WITH COMPOUND 2 - 3H0J , ... CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE CARBOXYLTRANSFERASE DOMAIN OF ACETYL-COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE IN COMPLEX WITH COMPOUND 2 ... CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE CARBOXYLTRANSFERASE DOMAIN OF ACETYL-COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE IN COMPLEX WITH COMPOUND 2 ...

https://corona-1.cansar.icr.ac.uk/structure/3H0J/3d/3H0J_A

Two acetyl-CoA molecules are converted into acetoacetyl-CoA via the enzyme thiolase; this is also known as acetyl coenzyme A ... and acetoacetate is converted back to acetyl-CoA via the enzyme beta-ketoacyl-CoA transferase. Acetyl-CoA goes through the ... Fatty acids are brought into the mitochondria via carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1) and then broken down into acetyl CoA ... Acetone does not convert back to acetyl-CoA, so it is either excreted through urine or exhaled. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493179/

Acetyl-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; BBB, blood-brain barrier; Chol, cholesterol; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ... Acetyl-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A; AD, Alzheimers disease; Ang, angiotensin; AP, aminopeptidase; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; BBB, ... As shown in Figure 1, cholesterol is synthesized from Acetyl-CoA through reactions catalyzed by over 20 enzymes, including HMG- ... 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; HO-1, heme oxygenase 1; HSD3B7, 3β-hydroxy-C27-steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase; IR, ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2019.00556/full

Regulation of acetyl coenzyme A synthetase in Escherichia coli. Kumari, S., Beatty, C. M., Browning, D. F., Busby, S. J., Simel ...

https://research.aston.ac.uk/en/publications/?page=633&ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=true&showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=true&originalSearch=&improvedLayoutOrganisationUuid=&format=

Shop for Vitacost Synergy Targeted Wellness Acetyl L-Carnitine Alpha Lipoic Acid & CoQ10 Capsules (120 ct) at Frys Food Stores ... Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). CoQ10 is a fat-soluble, vitamin-like compound found in every human cell. Its used by the mitochondria (" ... Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALC). ALC is the acetyl ester of carnitine, an amino acid derivative, and is distributed throughout the ... Vitacost Synergy Targeted Wellness Acetyl L-Carnitine Alpha Lipoic Acid & CoQ10 Capsules. 4.79(. 38. )View All Reviews ...

https://www.frysfood.com/p/vitacost-synergy-targeted-wellness-acetyl-l-carnitine-alpha-lipoic-acid-coq10-capsules/0083500300497

Shop for Vitacost Synergy Targeted Wellness Acetyl L-Carnitine Alpha Lipoic Acid & CoQ10 Capsules (120 ct) at Smiths Food and ... Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). CoQ10 is a fat-soluble, vitamin-like compound found in every human cell. Its used by the mitochondria (" ... Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALC). ALC is the acetyl ester of carnitine, an amino acid derivative, and is distributed throughout the ... Vitacost Synergy Targeted Wellness Acetyl L-Carnitine Alpha Lipoic Acid & CoQ10 Capsules. 4.79(. 38. )View All Reviews ...

https://www.smithsfoodanddrug.com/p/vitacost-synergy-targeted-wellness-acetyl-l-carnitine-alpha-lipoic-acid-coq10-capsules/0083500300497

Co-Enzyme B-Complex. 60 Veg Capsules by NOW Foods. $14.99. Udos Choice Childrens Probiotic. 60 Capsules by Flora Health. $ ... NAC 600mg N-Acetyl Cysteine, Selenium, Molybdenum 250 Caps, NOW Foods. Our Price: $28.99. NAC N-Acetyl Cysteine 500mg 120 tabs ... N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) 600mg 60 tabs from Source Naturals. Our Price: $11.19. N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) 600mg 120 tabs from ... N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) 1000mg 30 tabs from Source Naturals. Our Price: $8.75. N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) 1000mg 60 tabs from ...

https://www.vitasprings.com/cysteine.html

18.1 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Forms Acetyl Coenzyme A from Pyruvate The Synthesis of Acetyl Coenzyme A from Pyruvate Requires ... The Branched-Chain Amino Acids Yield Acetyl Coenzyme A, Acetoacetate, or Succinyl Coenzyme A Oxygenases Are Required for the ... 29.2 Cholesterol Is Synthesized from Acetyl Coenzyme A in Three Stages The Synthesis of Mevalonate Initiates the Synthesis of ... Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Is Regulated by Conditions in the Cell Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Is Regulated by a Variety of Hormones. AMP ...

https://www.ecampus.com/biochemistry-short-course-4th-tymoczko/bk/9781319114633

acetyl-L-carnitine. important for transporting essential fats into the mitochondria for energy production. ... active form of coenzyme Q10, with greater bioavailability; important in mitochondrial energy production. ...

https://www.alive.com/immunity/support-for-long-covid/

Glycine max; acetyl coenzyme A; acidity; agronomy; citrates; malates; metabolism; nitrogen; nonprotein nitrogen; potassium. ... Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a ubiquitous molecule that plays crucial roles in plant growth and stress tolerance ...

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bsubject_facet%5D%5B%5D=Glycine+max&f%5Bsubject_facet%5D%5B%5D=citrates&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=citrates&per_page=100&search_field=author&sort=date-desc

Here, industry expert OLenick illustrates the difference between cofactors and coenzymes. ... Enzymes for DNA repair or Coenzyme Q10 for antioxidant and antiaging benefits have become typical ingredients in todays skin ... the acetyl group, carried by coenzyme A; formyl, methenyl or methyl groups, carried by folic acid; and the methyl group, ... Since coenzymes are chemically changed as a consequence of enzyme action, it is useful to consider coenzymes to be a special ...

https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/research/literature-data/article/21834499/comparatively-speaking-cofactors-vs-coenzymes

Distribution of herbicide-resistant acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alleles in Lolium rigidum across grain cropping areas of ... Resistance to the acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides in Lolium rigidum is widespread in grain ... Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A). PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D). 112. Lolium ... Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A). Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B). ...

https://weedscience.com/Details/case.aspx?ResistID=17137

N-Acetyl L-Cysteine 50mg / **. Coenzyme Q10 25mg / **. Bromelain (From Pineapple) 10mg / **. Alpha Lipoic Acid 1mg / **. Boron ...

https://www.pureformulas.com/energy-multi-vitamin-orange-30-packets-by-ola-loa.html

Structure of the coding sequence and primary amino acid sequence of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase ... Regulation of rat liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Regulation of phosphorylation and inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by the ... and a decrease in the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (C). The acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity started to recover at 40-60 ... and a decrease in the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (C). The acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity started to recover at 40-60 ...

https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/479/22/2327/232102/AMP-activated-protein-kinase-a-journey-from-1-to?searchresult=1

The pyruvate molecules are converted to a molecule known as acetyl coenzyme A and eventually made into carbon dioxide, water ... Users of topical n-acetyl-cysteine have reported hair regrowth. Emu Oil - The emu, dromaius nova hollandiae, is a flightless ... 8. Kalman DS, Colker CM, Swain MA, Torina GC, Shi Q. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study of 3-Acetyl-7-Oxo- ... The Use of 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone for Augmenting Immune Response in the Elderly, Abstract Presented at the ...

https://vitanetonline.com/forums/search/Costs/1

... forming malonyl coenzyme A, before participating in fatty acid synthesis. The carboxylation reaction is catalyzed by acetyl CoA ... Other articles where malonyl coenzyme A is discussed: metabolism: Fatty acids: …first undergoes a carboxylation, ... The carboxylation reaction is catalyzed by acetyl CoA carboxylase, an enzyme whose prosthetic group is the vitamin biotin. The ... first undergoes a carboxylation, forming malonyl coenzyme A, before participating in fatty acid synthesis. ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/malonyl-coenzyme-A

activity, and inhibition of the Carboxyltransferase -subunit of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (AccD6) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (tamu.edu)
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the carboxylation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to produce malonyl-CoA, a building block in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis, is catalyzed by two enzymes working sequentially: a biotin carboxylase (AccA) and a carboxyltransferase (AccD). (tamu.edu)
A casual decision made one evening in 1976, in a bar near the Biochemistry Department at the University of Dundee, led me to start my personal research journey by following up a paper that suggested that acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) (believed to be a key regulatory enzyme of fatty acid synthesis) was inactivated by phosphorylation by what appeared to be a novel, cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase. (portlandpress.com)
The carboxylation reaction is catalyzed by acetyl CoA carboxylase, an enzyme whose prosthetic group is the vitamin biotin. (britannica.com)
Acetyl-coenzyme carboxylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in this process. (snfge.org)
We evaluated the safety and efficacy of GS-0976, an inhibitor of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in liver, in a phase 2 randomized placebo-controlled trial of patients with NASH. (snfge.org)
Cette étude de phase 2, prospective, randomisée contrôlée a inclus 126 malades avec NASH et a montré que l'inhibiteur de l'acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase GS-0976 diminue la stéatose et peut-être la fibrose hépatique. (snfge.org)
Si l'effet de l'inhibiteur de l'acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase GS-0976 sur la stéatose est clair, l'effet sur la fibrose et l'activité hépatique reste à démontrer. (snfge.org)
A gene polymorphism in acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase beta may be associated with the C-reactive protein level in a prediabetic and diabetic population. (cdc.gov)
The acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase beta (ACACB) gene is associated with nephropathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. (cdc.gov)

In metazoans, the predominant source of cytosolic acetyl-CoA is the essential enzyme ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY). (upenn.edu)
N-acetyl transferase 1 is a xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme that uses acetyl coenzyme A as a cofactor for N-acetylation of many carcinogens, including aromatic amines and alkylanilines. (plex.page)
The enzyme converts a molecule called acetoacetyl-CoA into two molecules of acetyl-CoA, which can be used to produce energy. (medlineplus.gov)
Once they reach extrahepatic tissues, beta-hydroxybutyrate is converted to acetoacetate via the enzyme beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and acetoacetate is converted back to acetyl-CoA via the enzyme beta-ketoacyl-CoA transferase. (nih.gov)
Organic cofactors can either be prosthetic groups, which are tightly bound to an enzyme , or coenzymes, which are released from the enzyme's active site during the reaction. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
Coenzymes are small organic molecules that transport chemical groups from one enzyme to another. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
Since coenzymes are chemically changed as a consequence of enzyme action, it is useful to consider coenzymes to be a special class of substrates, or second substrates, which are common to many different enzymes. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl coenzyme A and choline by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Fukao T, Yamaguchi S, Orii T, Hashimoto T. Molecular basis of beta-ketothiolase deficiency: mutations and polymorphisms in the human mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase gene. (medlineplus.gov)

this is also known as acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase (ACAT). (nih.gov)

Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. (bvsalud.org)
One of the main functions for CoA is the formation of acetyl-CoA, vital for cellular respiration and the metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids through the Krebs cycle. (depkewellness.com)

N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), which contains cysteine, is more commonly used as a supplement. (vitasprings.com)
Natural Factors N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine - 600 mg - NAC is a free form amino acid and a vital part of the body's antioxidant defence system. (canadianvitaminshop.com)
N-Acetyl cysteine is a more stable form of the sulfur amino acid L-cysteine, and is a powerful antioxidant. (ayurvedicherbsdirect.com)
Lymph Support features N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) which helps liquify and move the lymph fluid. (tryunity.net)

Metabolomics revealed that coenzyme A biosynthetic enzymes converted pantothenamides into coenzyme A analogs that interfered with parasite acetyl-coenzyme A anabolism. (elsevier.com)
Editor's note: Enzymes for DNA repair or Coenzyme Q10 for antioxidant and antiaging benefits have become typical ingredients in today's skin care . (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
Will Coenzyme Q10 Elevate Liver Enzymes? (healthfully.com)

Resistant parasites generated in vitro showed mutations in acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase and acyl-coenzyme A synthetase 11. (elsevier.com)

NAC also helps boost cellular levels of Glutathione, along with hard to find S-Acetyl Glutathione and synergist Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate (P5P), the active coenzyme form of Vitamin B6. (tryunity.net)
It is an extraordinarily broad spectrum antioxidant able to quench a wide range of free radicals in both aqueous (water) and lipid (fat) domains.Moreover, it has the remarkable ability to recycle several other important antioxidants including vitamins C and E, glutathione and coenzyme Q10, as well as itself! (whiteningskin4u.com)

The autophagy/acetyl/acetyl/u2010Snail axis' autophagy/acetyl/u2010Snail axis was further demonstrated in tumor tissues and in autophagy-activated pancreatic cancer cells. (plex.page)
Results: We found that autophagy in KL cancer cells increased acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which facilitated the acetylation and stabilization of the EMT-inducing transcription factor Snail. (elsevier.com)
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that autophagy-derived acetyl-CoA promotes Snail acetylation and thereby facilitates invasion and metastasis of KRAS-LKB1 co-mutated lung cancer cells and that inhibition of the autophagy/acetyl-CoA/acetyl-Snail axis using CAMKK2 or ACLY inhibitors could be a potential therapeutic strategy to suppress metastasis of KL lung cancer. (elsevier.com)

first undergoes a carboxylation, forming malonyl coenzyme A, before participating in fatty acid synthesis. (britannica.com)

ChEBI: Donepezil hydrochloride is a centrally acting reversible acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor. (pharmaapis.com)

2-methylacetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase (beta-ketothiolase) deficiency: one disease - two pathways. (medlineplus.gov)

While the exact roles of the three different biotin carboxylases (AccA1 to -3) and the six carboxyltransferases (AccD1 to -6) in M. tuberculosis are still not clear, AccD6 in complex with AccA3 can synthesize malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA. (tamu.edu)

A small research study on patients with early Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) showed improvement when taking a combination of acetyl-L-carnitine, omega-3 fatty acids, and coenzyme Q10. (sigmaceutical.com)
Study subjects who received the omega-3 fatty acids, acetyl-L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10 had statistically significant fewer drusen-covered areas of the eye versus the controls. (sigmaceutical.com)
Acetyl-L-carnitine is an amino acid that helps the body produce energy. (sigmaceutical.com)
The post Macular Degeneration Stabilized by Acetyl-L-carnitine, Omega-3 fatty acids, and Coenzyme Q10 appeared first on Eye conditions, eye care, & how to support healthy vision naturally . (sigmaceutical.com)
Fatty acids are brought into the mitochondria via carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1) and then broken down into acetyl CoA via beta-oxidation. (nih.gov)
Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALC). (frysfood.com)
ALC is the acetyl ester of carnitine, an amino acid derivative, and is distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. (frysfood.com)

Cytosolic acetyl-CoA is crucial for lipid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and gene regulation. (upenn.edu)

This work uses a suite of biochemical and biophysical approaches to elucidate ACLY quaternary structure and the mechanisms of acetyl-CoA synthesis. (upenn.edu)
Lipoic acid is required for synthesis of acetyl CoA, a key metabolite in the cellular process that turns glucose (blood sugar) into energy. (pinterest.com)

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). (frysfood.com)

Pantothenic acid is a precursor of coenzyme A (CoA), an important cofactor and acyl group carrier in cells. (depkewellness.com)

The metabolite acetyl-CoA is necessary in almost all organic life. (upenn.edu)

It converts a molecule called 2-methyl-acetoacetyl-CoA into two smaller molecules, propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA, that can be used to produce energy. (medlineplus.gov)

Coenzymes include the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)

Coenzyme Q10, or CoQ-10, is a vitamin-like substance found in the internal organs of the human body, in small amounts in certain foods, and in nutritional supplements 1 . (healthfully.com)

NAD+ in these structures binds in a conformation different from that seen in previous structures, exposing the alpha face of the nicotinamide ribose to the carbonyl oxygen of the acetyl lysine substrate. (nih.gov)

A series of 10 herbicides that target plant acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACC) were tested for inhibition of AccD6 and for whole-cell activity against M. tuberculosis. (tamu.edu)

The NAD+ conformation is identical in both structures, suggesting that proper coenzyme orientation is not dependent on contacts with the catalytic histidine. (nih.gov)

It is often used in combination with other ingredients, including manganese ascorbate, glucosamine sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride, or N-acetyl glucosamine. (chondroitinpowder.com)

We also present the structure of Sir2Tm(H116A) bound to deacteylated peptide and 3'-O-acetyl ADP ribose. (nih.gov)

Anatomy2

Organisms7

Chemicals and Drugs76

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes26

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Melatonin biosynthesis: the structure of serotonin N-acetyltransferase at 2.5 A resolution suggests a catalytic mechanism. (1/885)

Pyruvate dehydrogenase activation in inactive muscle during and after maximal exercise in men. (2/885)

Replenishment and depletion of citric acid cycle intermediates in skeletal muscle. Indication of pyruvate carboxylation. (3/885)

The role of an iron-sulfur cluster in an enzymatic methylation reaction. Methylation of CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase by the methylated corrinoid iron-sulfur protein. (4/885)

The structural basis of ordered substrate binding by serotonin N-acetyltransferase: enzyme complex at 1.8 A resolution with a bisubstrate analog. (5/885)

Amino acid biosynthesis in the halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica. (6/885)

Melatonin, its precursors, and synthesizing enzyme activities in the human ovary. (7/885)

Characterization of a novel spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase, BltD, from Bacillus subtilis. (8/885)

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Acetate-CoA Ligase

Coenzyme A

Coenzymes

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

Acetate Kinase

Acetates

Phosphate Acetyltransferase

Acetyltransferases

Coenzyme A Ligases

Acetyl-CoA Hydrolase

Thebaine

Ubiquinone

Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases

Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase

Carboxyl and Carbamoyl Transferases

Ligases

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases

Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase

Acetylation

Kinetics

Oxo-Acid-Lyases

Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase

Molecular Sequence Data

Escherichia coli

Hydroxybutyrates

4-Aminobenzoic Acid

Organic Chemistry Phenomena

Adipates

NAD

Glyoxylates

Malonyl Coenzyme A

Pyruvates

Amino Acid Sequence

Substrate Specificity

Acetic Acid

Acyltransferases

Citric Acid Cycle

Bacterial Proteins

Carbon

ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase

Coenzyme A-Transferases

Polyesters

Genes, Bacterial

Cobamides

Cloning, Molecular

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Fatty Acids

Clostridium

Acetylesterase

Biotin

Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases

Acyl Coenzyme A

Citrates

Multienzyme Complexes

Oxidation-Reduction

Base Sequence

Mesna

Citrate (si)-Synthase

Operon

Genetic Complementation Test

Carbon Isotopes

Pyruvic Acid

Carbon Dioxide

Catalysis

Organophosphates

Culture Media

Anaerobiosis

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Mutation

Binding Sites

Liver

Molecular Structure

Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic

Fermentation

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Pantothenic Acid

Histone Acetyltransferases

Adenosine Triphosphate

Transcription, Genetic