Acetyl Coenzyme A
Acyltransferases
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase
Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase
An enzyme secreted from the liver into the plasma of many mammalian species. It catalyzes the esterification of the hydroxyl group of lipoprotein cholesterol by the transfer of a fatty acid from the C-2 position of lecithin. In familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency disease, the absence of the enzyme results in an excess of unesterified cholesterol in plasma. EC 2.3.1.43.
Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase
Sterol O-Acyltransferase
Lecithin Acyltransferase Deficiency
An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that facilitates the esterification of lipoprotein cholesterol and subsequent removal from peripheral tissues to the liver. This defect results in low HDL-cholesterol level in blood and accumulation of free cholesterol in tissue leading to a triad of CORNEAL OPACITY, hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC), and PROTEINURIA.
1-Acylglycerophosphocholine O-Acyltransferase
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Acyl Coenzyme A
Acetates
Acetate-CoA Ligase
ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase
Ligases
Biotin
Fatty Acids
Malonyl Coenzyme A
1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase
Acetylcarnitine
Liver
Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase
Acetyltransferases
Esterification
The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes.
Cholesterol Esters
Lipid Metabolism
Fatty Acid Synthases
Caprylates
Cholesterol
Palmitoyl Coenzyme A
Lipids
A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Microsomes
Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Apolipoprotein A-I
The most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. This protein serves as an acceptor for CHOLESTEROL released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to HDL then to the LIVER for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). It also acts as a cofactor for LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that forms CHOLESTEROL ESTERS on the HDL particles. Mutations of this gene APOA1 cause HDL deficiency, such as in FAMILIAL ALPHA LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE and in some patients with TANGIER DISEASE.
Substrate Specificity
Carbon Isotopes
Mitochondria, Liver
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Retinol O-Fatty-Acyltransferase
Multienzyme Complexes
Acetylesterase
Phosphatidylcholines
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.
Phospholipids
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.
Carbon Radioisotopes
Carnitine Acyltransferases
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases
Rats, Inbred Strains
Lipoproteins, HDL
A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. HDL lipoproteins, synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). Their major protein component is APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I. HDL also shuttle APOLIPOPROTEINS C and APOLIPOPROTEINS E to and from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during their catabolism. HDL plasma level has been inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Citric Acid Cycle
Microsomes, Liver
Adipose Tissue
Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.
Amino Acid Sequence
Glucose
Cytosol
Lysophosphatidylcholines
Waxes
A plastic substance deposited by insects or obtained from plants. Waxes are esters of various fatty acids with higher, usually monohydric alcohols. The wax of pharmacy is principally yellow wax (beeswax), the material of which honeycomb is made. It consists chiefly of cerotic acid and myricin and is used in making ointments, cerates, etc. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Organophosphates
Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Lipoproteins
Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.
Dietary Fats
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Hypolipoproteinemias
Catalysis
Adenosine Triphosphate
Enzyme Activation
Lysophospholipase
Corneal Opacity
Phosphate Acetyltransferase
Oleic Acids
Coenzyme A-Transferases
Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase
Apolipoproteins
Protein components on the surface of LIPOPROTEINS. They form a layer surrounding the hydrophobic lipid core. There are several classes of apolipoproteins with each playing a different role in lipid transport and LIPID METABOLISM. These proteins are synthesized mainly in the LIVER and the INTESTINES.
Dietary Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)
Cloning, Molecular
Acyl Carrier Protein
Palmitoyl-CoA Hydrolase
Apolipoproteins A
Structural proteins of the alpha-lipoproteins (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS), including APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I and APOLIPOPROTEIN A-II. They can modulate the activity of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. These apolipoproteins are low in atherosclerotic patients. They are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in TANGIER DISEASE.
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid
Insulin
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
Oleic Acid
Mutation
Base Sequence
Carnitine
Microbodies
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Acetate Kinase
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Energy Metabolism
Lipoproteins, LDL
A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and light (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and smaller amounts of TRIGLYCERIDES. The surface monolayer consists mostly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS, a single copy of APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main LDL function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues.
Vitamin A
Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Lysophospholipids
Polyketide Synthases
Phosphorylation
Molecular Structure
Phosphatidic Acids
Sterol Esterase
Subcellular Fractions
Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)
Seeds
Sterols
Muscle, Skeletal
Phenylacetates
Derivatives of phenylacetic acid. Included under this heading are a variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the benzeneacetic acid structure. Note that this class of compounds should not be confused with derivatives of phenyl acetate, which contain the PHENOL ester of ACETIC ACID.
Lipoprotein-X
An abnormal lipoprotein present in large amounts in patients with obstructive liver diseases such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS. LP-X derives from the reflux of BILE lipoproteins into the bloodstream. LP-X is a low-density lipoprotein rich in free CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS but poor in TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; and protein.
Phosphatidate Phosphatase
Palmitic Acid
Structure-Activity Relationship
Octoxynol
Enzyme Assays
Methods used to measure the relative activity of a specific enzyme or its concentration in solution. Typically an enzyme substrate is added to a buffer solution containing enzyme and the rate of conversion of substrate to product is measured under controlled conditions. Many classical enzymatic assay methods involve the use of synthetic colorimetric substrates and measuring the reaction rates using a spectrophotometer.
Phospholipases
Membrane Lipids
Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.
Lipid A
Penicillium
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Apolipoprotein A-II
The second most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. It has a high lipid affinity and is known to displace APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I from HDL particles and generates a stable HDL complex. ApoA-II can modulate the activation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE in the presence of APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I, thus affecting HDL metabolism.
DNA, Complementary
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Pantetheine
Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins
Arachis hypogaea
Lipase
Binding Sites
Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Acetyl-CoA C-Acyltransferase
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Plasmalogens
Chromatography, Gel
Lipoproteins, VLDL
A class of lipoproteins of very light (0.93-1.006 g/ml) large size (30-80 nm) particles with a core composed mainly of TRIGLYCERIDES and a surface monolayer of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitates the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. As triglycerides and Apo C are removed, VLDL is converted to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS from which cholesterol is delivered to the extrahepatic tissues.
Deoxycholic Acid
Pantothenic Acid
Cricetinae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Clofibrate
Mortierella
Fatty Alcohols
Usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4 carbons, derived from natural fats and oils, including lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, and linoleyl alcohols. They are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, plastics, and lube oils and in textile manufacture. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Glycerol
Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic
An autosomal recessive form of CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA characterized by defective plasmalogen biosynthesis and impaired peroxisomes. Patients have shortened proximal limbs and severely disturbed endochondral bone formation. The metabolic defects associated with the impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form of chondrodysplasia punctata. (From Scriver et al, Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th ed, p1497)
Enzyme Inhibitors
Polyethylene Glycols
Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Cell Membrane
Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular
Carrier Proteins
Rabbits
Cells, Cultured
Harderian Gland
Cardiolipins
Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS.
Diacylglycerol Cholinephosphotransferase
Cholesterol, HDL
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Synthase
Animal Population Groups
Mass Spectrometry
Gene Expression
Phospholipases A
Receptors, LDL
Receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind LDL. The receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. Hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1, receptors do not bind to LDL; 2, there is reduced binding of LDL; and 3, there is normal binding but no internalization of LDL. In consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase is lacking.
Phosphatidylethanolamines
Glycerylphosphorylcholine
Temperature
Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases
Peroxisomes
Isoenzymes
Radioisotope Dilution Technique
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Genetic Complementation Test
Fatty Acids, Nonesterified
Apolipoproteins B
Major structural proteins of triacylglycerol-rich LIPOPROTEINS. There are two forms, apolipoprotein B-100 and apolipoprotein B-48, both derived from a single gene. ApoB-100 expressed in the liver is found in low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). ApoB-48 expressed in the intestine is found in CHYLOMICRONS. They are important in the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Plasma Apo-B levels are high in atherosclerotic patients but non-detectable in ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.
Comparison of the stability and substrate specificity of purified peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolases A and B from rat liver. (1/166)
The specific activities and substrate specificities of 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase A (thiolase A) purified from normal rat liver peroxisomes and 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase B (thiolase B) isolated from livers of rats treated with the peroxisome proliferator clofibrate were virtually identical. The enzymes could be distinguished by their N-terminal amino acid sequences, their isoelectric points and their stability, the latter being higher for thiolase A. Contrary to thiolase B, which showed a marked cold lability in the presence of KCl by dissociating into monomers with poor activity, thiolase A retained its full activity and its homodimeric structure under these conditions. (+info)Expression and intracellular processing of the 58 kDa sterol carrier protein-2/3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase in transfected mouse L-cell fibroblasts. (2/166)
Although the sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP-2) gene encodes for two proteins, almost nothing is known of the function and potential processing of the larger transcript corresponding to the 58 kDa sterol carrier protein-2/3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (SCP-x), in intact cells. L-cell fibroblasts transfected with cDNA encoding for the 58 kDa SCP-x protein had a 4.5-fold increase in SCP-x mRNA transcript levels. Western blot analysis showed SCP-x protein expression reached 0.011% of total protein, representing a 4.1-fold increase over basal levels. Surprisingly, the 13.2 kDa SCP-2 protein also increased 2-fold in the transfected cells. This was consistent with part of the 58 kDa SCP-x being proteolytically processed to 13.2 kDa SCP-2 as there was no evidence of an mRNA transcript corresponding to a 13.2/15.2 kDa gene product in the transfected L-cell clones. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy of transfected L-cells showed that SCP-x/SCP-2 co-localized in highest concentration with catalase in peroxisomes, but significant amounts appeared extra-peroxisomal. Overexpression of SCP-x significantly altered cholesterol uptake and metabolism. Uptake of exogenous [3H]cholesterol and total cholesterol mass were increased 1.9- and 1.4-fold, respectively, in SCP-x expressors. Although cholesterol ester mass was unaltered, incorporation of exogenous [3H]cholesterol and [3H]oleic acid into cholesteryl esters increased 2.3- and 2.5-fold, respectively. These results from intact cells suggest the 13.2 kDa SCP-2 can arise from the larger SCP-2 gene product and indicate a role for the 58 kDa SCP-x protein in cholesterol uptake and intracellular cycling. (+info)Oxidation of medium-chain acyl-CoA esters by extracts of Aspergillus niger: enzymology and characterization of intermediates by HPLC. (3/166)
The activities of beta-oxidation enzymes were measured in extracts of glucose- and triolein-grown cells of Aspergillus niger. Growth on triolein stimulated increased enzyme activity, especially for acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. No acyl-CoA oxidase activity was detected. HPLC analysis after incubation of triolein-grown cell extracts with decanoyl-CoA showed that beta-oxidation was limited to one cycle. Octanoyl-CoA accumulated as the decanoyl-CoA was oxidized. Beta-oxidation enzymes in isolated mitochondrial fractions were also studied. The results are discussed in the context of methyl ketone production by fungi. (+info)Identification and characterization of an intracellular protein complex that binds fibroblast growth factor-2 in bovine brain. (4/166)
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of polypeptides with sequence identity which signal through transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors. We report here the purification from bovine brain microsomes of an FGF-2-binding complex composed of three proteins of apparent molecular masses 150 kDa, 79 kDa and 46 kDa. Only the 150 kDa and 79 kDa proteins bound FGF-2 in cross-linking and ligand-blotting experiments. Binding of FGF-2 to p79 is enhanced in the presence of calcium. Peptide sequences allowed the identification of p150 and the cloning of the cDNAs encoding p79 and p46. The deduced amino acid sequence of p79 reveals high similarity to those of gastrin-binding protein and mitochondrial enoyl-CoA hydratase/hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. p46 is similar to mitochondrial ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. Stable transfection of FR3T3 rat fibroblast cells with p79 cDNA analysed by electron microscopy following immunolabelling of ultra-thin cryosections revealed a localization of p79 in the secretory pathway, mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi region, where it is specifically associated with the molecular chaperone calnexin. In vivo a protein similar to the Golgi protein MG-160 forms a complex with FGF-2 and p79. (+info)Type-II 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is located in peroxisomes, highly expressed during larval stages and induced by clofibrate. (5/166)
We examined the expression and localization of type-II 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Type-II thiolase acts on 3-oxoacyl-CoA esters with a methyl group at the alpha carbon, whereas conventional thiolases do not. Mammalian type-II thiolase, which is also termed sterol carrier protein x (SCPx) or SCP2/3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase, is located in the peroxisomes and involved in phytanic acid degradation and most probably in bile acid synthesis. The nematode enzyme lacks the SCP2 domain, which carries the peroxisomal-targeting signal, but produces bile acids in a cell-free system. Northern and Western blot analyses demonstrated that C. elegans expressed type-II thiolase throughout its life cycle, especially during the larval stages, and that the expression was significantly enhanced by the addition of clofibrate at 5 mM or more to the culture medium. Whole-mount in situ hybridization and immunostaining of L4 larvae revealed that the enzyme was mainly expressed in intestinal cells, which are multifunctional like many of the cell types in C. elegans. Subcellular fractionation and indirect immunoelectron microscopy of the nematode detected the enzyme in the matrix of peroxisomes. These results indicate the fundamental homology between mammalian SCPx and the nematode enzyme regardless of whether the SCP2 part is fused, suggesting their common physiological roles. (+info)Biochemical and genetic analyses of ferulic acid catabolism in Pseudomonas sp. Strain HR199. (6/166)
The gene loci fcs, encoding feruloyl coenzyme A (feruloyl-CoA) synthetase, ech, encoding enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase, and aat, encoding beta-ketothiolase, which are involved in the catabolism of ferulic acid and eugenol in Pseudomonas sp. strain HR199 (DSM7063), were localized on a DNA region covered by two EcoRI fragments (E230 and E94), which were recently cloned from a Pseudomonas sp. strain HR199 genomic library in the cosmid pVK100. The nucleotide sequences of parts of fragments E230 and E94 were determined, revealing the arrangement of the aforementioned genes. To confirm the function of the structural genes fcs and ech, they were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant strains harboring both genes were able to transform ferulic acid to vanillin. The feruloyl-CoA synthetase and enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase activities of the fcs and ech gene products, respectively, were confirmed by photometric assays and by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. To prove the essential involvement of the fcs, ech, and aat genes in the catabolism of ferulic acid and eugenol in Pseudomonas sp. strain HR199, these genes were inactivated separately by the insertion of omega elements. The corresponding mutants Pseudomonas sp. strain HRfcsOmegaGm and Pseudomonas sp. strain HRechOmegaKm were not able to grow on ferulic acid or on eugenol, whereas the mutant Pseudomonas sp. strain HRaatOmegaKm exhibited a ferulic acid- and eugenol-positive phenotype like the wild type. In conclusion, the degradation pathway of eugenol via ferulic acid and the necessity of the activation of ferulic acid to the corresponding CoA ester was confirmed. The aat gene product was shown not to be involved in this catabolism, thus excluding a beta-oxidation analogous degradation pathway for ferulic acid. Moreover, the function of the ech gene product as an enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase suggests that ferulic acid degradation in Pseudomonas sp. strain HR199 proceeds via a similar pathway to that recently described for Pseudomonas fluorescens AN103. (+info)Peroxisome degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent on machinery of macroautophagy and the Cvt pathway. (7/166)
Organelle biogenesis and turnover are necessary to maintain biochemical processes that are appropriate to the needs of the eukaryotic cell. Specific degradation of organelles in response to changing environmental cues is one aspect of achieving proper metabolic function. For example, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae adjusts the level of peroxisomes in response to differing nutritional sources. When cells are grown on oleic acid as the sole carbon source, peroxisome biogenesis is induced. Conversely, a subsequent shift to glucose-rich or nitrogen-limiting conditions results in peroxisome degradation. The degradation process, pexophagy, requires the activity of vacuolar hydrolases. In addition, peroxisome degradation is specific. Analyses of cellular marker proteins indicate that peroxisome degradation under these conditions occurs more rapidly and to a greater extent than mitochondrial, Golgi, or cytosolic protein delivery to the vacuole by the non-selective autophagy pathway. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of selective peroxisome degradation, we examined pexophagy in mutants that are defective in autophagy (apg) and the selective targeting of aminopeptidase I to the vacuole by the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway. Inhibition of peroxisome degradation in cvt and apg mutants indicates that these pathways overlap and that peroxisomes are delivered to the vacuole by a mechanism that utilizes protein components of the Cvt/autophagy pathways. (+info)Anaerobic toluene catabolism of Thauera aromatica: the bbs operon codes for enzymes of beta oxidation of the intermediate benzylsuccinate. (8/166)
The pathway of anaerobic toluene oxidation to benzoyl coenzyme A (benzoyl-CoA) consists of an initial reaction catalyzed by benzylsuccinate synthase, a glycyl radical enzyme adding the methyl group of toluene to the double bond of a fumarate cosubstrate, and a subsequent beta-oxidation pathway of benzylsuccinate. Benzylsuccinate synthase has been studied in some detail, whereas the enzymes participating in beta oxidation of benzylsuccinate are unknown. We have investigated these enzymes by analyzing substrate-induced proteins in toluene-grown cells. Toluene-induced proteins were identified and N-terminally sequenced. Nine of these proteins are encoded by an 8.5-kb operon consisting of bbs (beta-oxidation of benzylsuccinate) genes whose products are apparently involved in the beta-oxidation pathway of benzylsuccinate. Two of the genes, bbsE and bbsF, code for the subunits of a succinyl-CoA:benzylsuccinate CoA-transferase whose activity was previously detected in toluene-grown Thauera aromatica. The bbsG gene codes for a specific benzylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase, as confirmed by overexpression of the gene in Escherichia coli and detection of enzyme activity. The further enzymes of the pathway are probably encoded by bbsH (enoyl-CoA hydratase), bbsCD (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase), and bbsB (3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase). The operon contains two additional genes, bbsA and bbsI, for which no obvious function could be derived. The bbs operon is expressed only in toluene-grown cells and is regulated at the transcriptional level. Promoter mapping revealed a transcription start site upstream of the bbsA gene. This represents the first known promoter site in Thauera spp. (+info)Beta ketothiolase deficiency
Beta ketothiolase deficiency | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program
Lirias: Isolation and subunit composition of native sterol carrier protein 2/3-oxoacyl-coenzyme a thiolase from normal rat...
Beta-ketothiolase elisa and antibody
Gene | ACAT1
Complete β-oxidation of valproate: cleavage of 3-oxovalproyl-CoA by a mitochondrial 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase | Biochemical...
Beta ketothiolase deficiency - CheckOrphan
PEX7 - Peroxisomal targeting signal 2 receptor - Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) (Bakers yeast) - PEX7...
fadA - 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase FadA - Escherichia coli (strain K12) - fadA gene & protein
3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, peroxisomal (P27796) - Yeast Metabolome Database
UniProtKB/SwissProt variant VAR 007499
The promiscuous enzyme medium-chain 3-keto-acyl-CoA thiolase triggers a vicious cycle in fatty-acid beta-oxidation - Research...
EMBL: CP000859.PE558
3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase | definition of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase by Medical dictionary
Differential regulation of two thiolase genes from Clostridium acetobutylicum DSM 792. -
Lancaster EPrints
PRIME PubMed | Identification of three novel frameshift mutations (83delAT, 754insCT, and 435 + 1G to A) of mitochondrial...
Expression and Automated Purification of Acetoacetyl CoA Thiolase from Sunflower Cotyledon<...
Mutation analysis of a family with 2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]. - Semantic Scholar
Das aktive Zentrum der Thiolase blockieren | EurekAlert! Science News
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Nose and Sinuses - Phaa.com
For the first time fossil fuel companies face national human rights complaint on climate change | Greenpeace Philippines
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ACAA1
Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 is an acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase enzyme. This gene encodes an enzyme operative in the ... 3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, peroxisomal also known as acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded ... "Entrez Gene: acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1". Bout A, Hoovers JM, Bakker E, Mannens MM, Geurts van Kessel A, Westerveld A ... 1995). "Refined localization of human peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (ACAA) to 3p22". Hum. Hered. 45 (2): 75-9. doi:10.1159 ...
ACAA2
Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 2 is an acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase enzyme. The ACAA2 gene encodes a 41.9 kDa protein that ... 3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, mitochondrial also known as acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded ... "Entrez Gene: acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 2". Abe H, Ohtake A, Yamamoto S, Satoh Y, Takayanagi M, Amaya Y, Takiguchi M, ... Cao W, Liu N, Tang S, Bao L, Shen L, Yuan H, Zhao X, Lu H (Jun 2008). "Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 2 attenuates the ...
Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III
The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:malonyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] C-acyltransferase. Other names in common ... CoA + CO2 Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and malonyl-[acyl-carrier-protein], whereas its 3 products are ... CoA, malonyl CoA, degraded CoA). Specific inhibitors developed using rational design have recently been reported. In 2005, the ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + malonyl-[acyl carrier protein] ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ...
Serine O-acetyltransferase
CoA + O-acetyl-L-serine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and L-serine, whereas its two products are CoA ... and O-acetyl-L-serine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring ... More specifically, its role is to catalyse the activation of L-serine by acetyl-CoA.This entry refers to the N-terminus of the ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:L-serine O-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include SATase, ...
Ribosomal-protein-alanine N-acetyltransferase
CoA + ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-alanine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and ribosomal-protein L- ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:ribosomal-protein-L-alanine N-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + ribosomal-protein L-alanine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons ...
Monoterpenol O-acetyltransferase
CoA + a monoterpenol acetate ester Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and monoterpenol, whereas its two ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... In enzymology, a monoterpenol O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.69) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:monoterpenol O-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also called menthol ...
Glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase
CoA + N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and alpha-D-glucosamine 1 ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:alpha-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase. This enzyme ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ...
D-tryptophan N-acetyltransferase
N-acetyl-D-tryptophan Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and D-tryptophan, whereas its two products are CoA ... and N-acetyl-D-tryptophan. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + D-tryptophan ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:D-tryptophan N-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include D- ...
N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase
CoA + N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and N-acetylneuraminate, whereas ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also called ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + N-acetylneuraminate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ...
Homoserine O-acetyltransferase
O-acetyl-L-homoserine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and L-homoserine, whereas its two products are CoA ... and O-acetyl-L-homoserine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + L-homoserine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:L-homoserine O-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include ...
Imidazole N-acetyltransferase
CoA + N-acetylimidazole Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and imidazole, whereas its two products are CoA ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... In enzymology, an imidazole N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:imidazole N-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include ...
Histidine N-acetyltransferase
N-acetyl-L-histidine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and L-histidine, whereas its two products are CoA ... and N-acetyl-L-histidine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + L-histidine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:L-histidine N-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include ...
Phenylalanine N-acetyltransferase
CoA + N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and L-phenylalanine, whereas its two ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:L-phenylalanine N-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also called acetyl- ... In enzymology, a phenylalanine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.53) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA ...
Glucosamine N-acetyltransferase
CoA + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and D-glucosamine, whereas its two products ... are CoA and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases ... In enzymology, a glucosamine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + D- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:D-glucosamine N-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include ...
Gentamicin 2'-N-acetyltransferase
... the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and gentamicin C1a, whereas its two products are CoA and N2'-acetyl gentamicin ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + gentamicin C1a ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + N2'- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:gentamicin-C1a N2'-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include ...
Hydrogen-sulfide S-acetyltransferase
CoA + thioacetate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and hydrogen sulfide, whereas its two products are CoA ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:hydrogen-sulfide S-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also called ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + hydrogen sulfide ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ...
Phosphate acetyltransferase
CoA + acetyl phosphate The substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and phosphate, whereas its two products are CoA and acetyl ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... In enzymology, a phosphate acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.8) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:phosphate acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include ...
N6-hydroxylysine O-acetyltransferase
Other names in common use include N6-hydroxylysine:acetyl CoA N6-transacetylase, N6-hydroxylysine acetylase, and acetyl-CoA:6-N ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... CoA + N6-acetyl-N6-hydroxy-L-lysine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and N6-hydroxy-L-lysine, whereas its ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:N6-hydroxy-L-lysine 6-acetyltransferase. ...
Salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase
CoA + 7-O-acetylsalutaridinol Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and salutaridinol, whereas its two ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + salutaridinol ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ...
Peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase
CoA Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and peptide, whereas its two products are Nalpha-acetylpeptide and ... CoA. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than ... In enzymology, a peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.88) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:peptide Nalpha-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include beta ...
N-hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferase
CoA + an N-acetoxyarylamine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and N-hydroxyarylamine, whereas its two ... products are CoA and N-acetoxyarylamine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:N-hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + an N-hydroxyarylamine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ...
D-amino-acid N-acetyltransferase
CoA + an N-acetyl-D-amino acid Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and D-amino acid, whereas its two ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:D-amino-acid N-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include D- ... In enzymology, a D-amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.36) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + ...
Maltose O-acetyltransferase
CoA + 6-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-glucose Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and maltose, ... specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class ... In enzymology, a maltose O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.79) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + ... whereas its two products are CoA and [[6-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-glucose]]. This enzyme belongs to the family ...
Diamine N-acetyltransferase
CoA + an N-acetyldiamine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and alkane-alpha,omega-diamine, whereas its two ... products are CoA and N-acetyldiamine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases ... In enzymology, a diamine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.57) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + an ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:alkane-alpha,omega-diamine N-acetyltransferase. Other names in common ...
Leucine N-acetyltransferase
CoA + N-acetyl-L-leucine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and L-leucine, whereas its two products are CoA ... and N-acetyl-L-leucine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring ... In enzymology, a leucine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.66) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + L- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:L-leucine N-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also called leucine ...
Alpha-tubulin N-acetyltransferase
... acetyl-CoA:alpha-tubulin-L-lysine N-acetyltransferase, and acetyl-CoA:[alpha-tubulin]-L-lysine 6-N-acetyltransferase. This ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... Acetyl-CoA + [alpha-tubulin]-L-lysine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + [alpha-tubulin]-N6-acetyl-L-lysine Several ... This catalysis occurs when the Acetyl-CoA molecule attached to the enzyme transfers its Acetyl group to the lysine. This is the ...
Aminoglycoside N3'-acetyltransferase
CoA + N3'-acetyl-2-deoxystreptamine antibiotic Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 2-deoxystreptamine ... acetyl-2-deoxystreptamine antibiotic. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:2-deoxystreptamine-antibiotic N3'-acetyltransferase. Other names in ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + a 2-deoxystreptamine antibiotic ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ...
Alkylglycerophosphate 2-O-acetyltransferase
CoA + 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3- ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate 2-O-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is ... Biochemical characterization of 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-P:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase in rat spleen". J. Biol. Chem. 261 ( ...
Homocitrate synthase
CoA The 3 substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, H2O, and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are (R)-2-hydroxybutane-1 ... 2,4-tricarboxylate and CoA. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases that convert ... CoA-acetylating), acetyl-coenzyme A:2-ketoglutarate C-acetyl transferase, and homocitrate synthetase. This enzyme participates ... In enzymology, a homocitrate synthase (EC 2.3.3.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + H2O + 2- ...
2-ethylmalate synthase
CoA The 3 substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, H2O, and 2-oxobutanoate, whereas its two products are (R)-2-ethylmalate and ... CoA. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases that convert acyl groups into alkyl ... In enzymology, a 2-ethylmalate synthase (EC 2.3.3.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + H2O + 2- ... Strassman M, Ceci LN (1967). "A study of acetyl-CoA condensation with alpha-keto acids". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 119 (1): 420-8 ...
HGSNAT
... "acetyl-CoA:heparan-α-D-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase" and "acetyl-CoA:alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase") is an ... In enzymology, this enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other ... acetyl-CoA + heparan sulfate α-D-glucosaminide ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + heparan sulfate N-acetyl-α-D- ... Klein U, Kresse H, von Figura K (1978). "Sanfilippo syndrome type C: deficiency of acetyl-CoA:alpha-glucosaminide N- ...
SCP2
... and Escherichia coli acetyl-CoA acyltransferase: evidence for a gene fusion in SCPx". DNA Cell Biol. 10 (9): 695-8. doi:10.1089 ... Non-specific lipid-transfer protein also known as sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP-2) or propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase is a ...
Polysialic-acid O-acetyltransferase
CoA + polysialic acid acetylated on O-7 or O-9 Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and alpha-2,8-linked ... Other names in common use include lecithin:retinol acyltransferase, lecithin-retinol acyltransferase, retinyl ester synthase, ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:polysialic-acid O-acetyltransferase. ... The enzyme responsible for the O-acetyl plus phenotype and for O-acetyl form variation". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (18): 8872-8. PMID ...
Mupirocin
One of the AT domains from MmpC may transfer an activated acetyl group from acetyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) to the first ACP domain. ... The mupirocin cluster exhibits an atypical acyltransferase (AT) organization, in that there are only two AT domains, and both ... The chain is extended by malonyl-CoA, followed by a SAM-dependent methylation at C12 (see Figure 2 for PA-A numbering) and ... Two more rounds of extension with malonyl-CoA units are achieved by module 5 and 6. Module 5 also contains a KR domain. The ...
ACAT2
... acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2) gene Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 is an acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase enzyme. ... Ohta T, Takata K, Katsuren K, Fukuyama S (Jun 2004). "The influence of the acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 gene (−77G→A ... Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, cytosolic, also known as cytosolic acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, is an enzyme that in humans is ... He X, Lu Y, Saha N, Yang H, Heng CK (Dec 2005). "Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase-2 gene polymorphisms and their ...
HADHB
Trifunctional enzyme subunit beta, mitochondrial (TP-beta) also known as 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase, ... which yields an acetyl CoA molecule and an acyl CoA molecule, which is two carbons shorter. The encoded protein can also bind ... Middleton B (1994). "The mitochondrial long-chain trifunctional enzyme: 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase ... The HADHB protein catalyzes the final step of beta-oxidation, in which 3-ketoacyl CoA is cleaved by the thiol group of another ...
ACAT1 mRNA
Human acetyl-coA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT1) gene produces a chimeric mRNA through the interchromosomal processing of ... cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (acat1) sequences located in two different chromosomes (7 and 1) are required to produce a novel ...
Glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase
... is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the primary amine in glucosamide-6-phosphate, ... in this case acetyl, from a donor to a receptor. Specifically, this enzyme can be characterized as part of the acyltransferases ... The Acetyl-CoA bounded to the enzyme is shown in light pink, and the product still bound to the catalytic site is shown in ... The reaction proceeds with the restoration of the carbonyl by removing the CoA as a leaving group, such that now the acetyl ...
N-acetylneuraminate 7-O(or 9-O)-acetyltransferase
CoA + N-acetyl-7-O(or 9-O)-acetylneuraminate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and N-acetylneuraminate, ... and N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases ... acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate-7- or 8-O-acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate-7- and/or 8-O-acetyltransferase, ... acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate-9(7)-O-acetyltransferase, N-acetylneuraminate O7-(or O9-)acetyltransferase, and acetyl-CoA:N- ...
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase
CoA + an N-acetylarylamine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and arylamine, whereas its two products are ... CoA and N-acetylarylamine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring ... In enzymology, an arylamine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + an ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include ...
Long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase
... and AWAT2 prefers C16 and C18 alcohols while using oleoyl-CoA as the acyl donor. However, when using acetyl alcohol as the acyl ... "Identification of two novel human acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferases: members of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2 ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:long-chain-alcohol O-acyltransferase. Other names in common use include ... Kalscheuer, R; Steinbuchel A (2003). "A novel bifunctional wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase mediates ...
Beta oxidation
The final cycle produces two separate acetyl CoAs, instead of one acyl CoA and one acetyl CoA. For every cycle, the Acyl CoA ... β-oxidation in the peroxisome requires the use of a peroxisomal carnitine acyltransferase (instead of carnitine acyltransferase ... CoA → Cn-2-acyl-CoA + FADH 2 + NADH + H+ + acetyl-CoA Free fatty acids cannot penetrate any biological membrane due to their ... acetyl-CoA), occurs in a sequence of four reactions: This process continues until the entire chain is cleaved into acetyl CoA ...
Antimycin
3. Anthranilate is activated by the acyl-CoA ligase protein, AntF and loaded onto its cognate carrier protein, AntG, for ... and acyltransferase homologue, AntB, catalyze the installation of the N-formyl group and the transesterification of the C-8 ... condensation between the aminoacyl thioester attached to AntC T2 domain and the 2-carboxy-acyl moiety attached to AntD Acetyl ...
DTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose acyltransferase
This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactose ⇌ {\displaystyle ... is an enzyme with systematic name acetyl-CoA:dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactose N-acetyltransferase. ... DTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose+acyltransferase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... DTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.210, TDP-fucosamine acetyltransferase, WECD, RFFC) ...
10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase
The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:taxan-10beta-ol O-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also called acetyl ... specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. ... CoA + taxuyunnanin C Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 10-desacetyltaxuyunnanin C, whereas its two ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + 10-desacetyltaxuyunnanin C ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons ...
Tetrahydrodipicolinate N-acetyltransferase
... acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA:L-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate N2-acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA:(S)-2,3,4,5- ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... CoA + L-2-acetamido-6-oxoheptanedioate The 3 substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:(S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N2-acetyltransferase. ...
Glycine C-acetyltransferase
CoA + 2-amino-3-oxobutanoate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and glycine, whereas its two products are ... CoA and 2-amino-3-oxobutanoate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include 2-amino-3 ... In enzymology, a glycine C-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.29) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: acetyl-CoA + ...
Lovastatin nonaketide synthase
9 CoA + 8 CO2 + 11 NADP+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 6 H2O The 5 substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, NADPH ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating, oxoacyl- and enoyl- ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + 8 malonyl-CoA + 11 NADPH + 10 H+ + S-adenosyl-L-methionine ⇌ {\ ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ...
Cyclopiazonic acid
... work together to form acetoacetyl-CoA from the precursors acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. The acetoacetyl-CoA is then acted on by ... The catalytically important acyl carrier protein domain (ACP), acyl transferase domain (AT), and ketosynthase domain (KS) ... It uses the precursors acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and tryptophan to produce cyclo-acetoaceytl-L-tryptophan (cAATrp). The ...
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
... new fatty acids and can inhibit the transfer of the fatty acyl group from acyl CoA to carnitine with carnitine acyltransferase ... Crystallographic structures of E. coli acetyl-CoA carboxylase Biotin carboxylase subunit of E. coli acetyl-CoA carboxylase ... coli acetyl-CoA carboxylase Carboxyl transferase subunit of E. coli acetyl-CoA carboxylase The polypeptides composing the multi ... Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a biotin-dependent enzyme (EC 6.4.1.2) that catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl- ...
Acyl-CoA
Acyl-CoA's are susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, ... Acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) plays an important role in energy metabolism on account of key enzyme in ... During one cycle of beta oxidation, Acyl-CoA creates one molecule of Acetyl-CoA, FADH2, and NADH. Acetyl-CoA is then used in ... The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase" acyl-P + HS-CoA → acyl-S-CoA + Pi + H+ Three types of acyl-CoA ...
Platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase
1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3- ... Lee TC, Uemura Y, Snyder F (1992). "A novel CoA-independent transacetylase produces the ethanolamine plasmalogen and acyl ... This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-organyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3- ...
ACAA1 - Wikipedia
Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 is an acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase enzyme. This gene encodes an enzyme operative in the ... 3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, peroxisomal also known as acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded ... "Entrez Gene: acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1". Bout A, Hoovers JM, Bakker E, Mannens MM, Geurts van Kessel A, Westerveld A ... 1995). "Refined localization of human peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (ACAA) to 3p22". Hum. Hered. 45 (2): 75-9. doi:10.1159 ...
Frontiers | Metabolic Engineering of Microalgal Based Biofuel Production: Prospects and Challenges
DAG, diacylglycerol; DGAT,diacylglycerol acyl transferase; G-3-P, glycerol-3-phosphate;. ACCase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ACP, ... ACCase, carboxylate Acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA and FAS elongate the fatty acid chain by two units (Post-Beittenmiller et al ... Two different key conserved enzymes namely, type-II fatty acid synthase (FAS) and Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACCase) are found to ... Lipid biogenesis is governed by three steps namely Acetyl CoA carboxylation, Chain elongation followed by TAG formation. ...
Frontiers | Calorie Restriction Rescues Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Adck2-Deficient Skeletal Muscle
Data represent the mean ± SD (N = 3). (D) Acetyl-CoA Acyltransferase 2 (ACAA2) protein levels in skeletal muscle. Data ... protein levels of Acetyl-CoA Acyltransferase 2 (ACAA2), which catalyzes the last step of β-oxidation, were elevated only in ... Malate was added to facilitate the metabolization of extra acetyl-CoA generated in fatty acids β-oxidation. Fatty acids β- ... is also activated by AMPK inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Additionally, the rise in fatty acids oxidation induces ...
Acetyl-CoA: lyso-platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase activity in neutrophils from asthmatic and normal subjects -...
mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization - Ontology Report - Rat Genome Database
Development of a stable semi-continuous lipid production system of an oleaginous Chlamydomonas sp. mutant using multi-omics...
atpE Mutation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Not Always Predictive of Bedaquiline Treatment Failure - Volume 28, Number 5-May...
KEGG PATHWAY: rn00362
succinyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase. R01295 benzoate,[reduced NADPH---hemoprotein reductase]:oxygen oxidoreductase (4- ... benzoyl-CoA,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2,3-epoxydizing). R09556 2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoyl-CoA (3Z)-6-oxohex-3-enoyl-CoA- ... Benzoyl-CoA degradation, benzoyl-CoA =, 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA [PATH:rn00362]. M00547 Benzene/toluene degradation, benzene =, ... Catechol meta-cleavage, catechol =, acetyl-CoA / 4-methylcatechol =, propanoyl-CoA [PATH:rn00362]. ...
US Patent Application for 2-PYRIDYLOXY-3-ESTER-4-ETHER OREXIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS Patent Application (Application #20160304490...
... diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1) inhibitors; (40) DGAT2 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2) inhibitors; (41) ACC2 (acetyl-CoA ... acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)) inhibitors such as avasimibe, and melinamide, (v) antioxidants, such as probucol ... 44(3):643-48 (1999)); (51) Neuropeptide Y2 (NPY2) receptor agonists such NPY3-36, N acetyl [Leu(28,31)] NPY 24-36, TASP-V, and ... HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; NSAIDs including ibuprofen; vitamin E; anti-amyloid antibodies; CB-1 receptor antagonists or CB- ...
HOMD :: SEQF2867
KEGG ENZYME: 2.3.1.5
Acyltransferases;. Transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. BRITE hierarchy. Sysname. acetyl-CoA:arylamine N- ... acetyl CoA-arylamine N-acetyltransferase;. 2-naphthylamine N-acetyltransferase;. arylamine acetyltransferase;. indoleamine N- ... Wide specificity for aromatic amines, including serotonin; also catalyses acetyl-transfer between arylamines without CoA.. ...
BiGG Reaction ACACT8r in iECB 1328
The Role of PPAR
Activation in Liver and Muscle
3-ketoacyl-CoA is then cleaved by acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 (ACAA1) to produce acetyl-CoA [41]. All the above-mentioned ... In addition, the expression of the gene encoding the enzyme acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2 (ACAA2) involved in the final step of ... activation, such as acyl-CoA synthetase (Acs) coding for an enzyme responsible for activation of FA to their fatty acyl-CoA ... After ACOX1 has introduced a double bond to generate enoyl-CoA and H2O2, the bifunctional protein/enoyl-CoA hydratase (BIEN), ...
Pfizer Investor Day Features Significant Number of Pipeline Advances for COVID-19 Programs and Across Numerous Therapeutic...
Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal Alterations Contribute to Energy Dysmetabolism in Riboflavin Transporter Deficiency
... β-oxidation pathway Acyl-CoA Oxidase (ACOX-1), and the peroxisomal thiolase acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 (ACAA1), which ... We addressed the involvement of acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX-1) and 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (ACAA-1, thiolase), catalyzing the first ... 250 acyl-CoA oxidase (anti-ACOX, ab184032, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), 1 : 200 PMP70 (P0497, Sigma-Aldrich), and 1 : 200 ACAA1 ( ... there are the RF-responsive multiple Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, the Fazio-Londe syndrome, and the riboflavin ...
Abbreviations of some of the enzymes involveld in the degradation of 3CBA
BiGG Reaction ACACT7r in iECBD 1354
Code System Concept
Acetyl coenzyme A acyltransferase Current Synonym true false 134800013 Acetyl-CoA acyltransferase Current Synonym true false ... Acetyl-coenzyme A acyltransferase (substance). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Acetyl-coenzyme A acyltransferase (substance ... 3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase Current Synonym true false 2971673019 Acetyl-coenzyme A acyltransferase Current Synonym true false ...
YAGI AML WITH INV 16 TRANSLOCATION
JCI -
Mitochondrial dysfunction in pathophysiology of heart failure
... such as acetyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, etc., produced by intermediary metabolism (73). The most studied modification is ... It has been shown that protein acylation can either be mediated by an acyltransferase or occur nonenzymatically (73, 84), and ... Kolwicz SC, Olson DP, Marney LC, Garcia-Menendez L, Synovec RE, Tian R. Cardiac-specific deletion of acetyl CoA carboxylase 2 ... a mismatch in the supply and oxidation of acetyl-CoA may lead to increased protein acetylation (Figure 3). ...
Curated BLAST
THIM_RAT / P13437: 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, mitochondrial; Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; Acetyl-CoA acyltransferase; Acyl-CoA ... PGA1_c03400: acetyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase / acetyl-CoA:propanoyl-CoA 2-C-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9; EC 2.3. ... PGA1_c03400: acetyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase / acetyl-CoA:propanoyl-CoA 2-C-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9; EC 2.3. ... PGA1_c03400: acetyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase / acetyl-CoA:propanoyl-CoA 2-C-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9; EC 2.3. ...
List of EC numbers (EC 2)
glycine N-acyltransferase. *: glutamine N-phenylacetyltransferase. *: glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. *: acetyl-CoA C- ... anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase. *: propionyl-CoA C2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase. *: acetyl-CoA C- ... EC 2.8.3: CoA-transferases. *: propionate CoA-transferase. *: oxalate CoA-transferase. *: malonate CoA-transferase. *: deleted ... acetate CoA-transferase. *: butyrate-acetoacetate CoA-transferase. *: citrate CoA-transferase. *: citramalate CoA-transferase. ...
Atlas Antibodies Anti-ACAA1 Antibody | 캐시바이
... acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 Recommended Applications -δ(2)-enoyl-CoA isomerase; pex, ... Peroxin; PMP and PXMP, Peroxisomal membrane protein; PTE, Acyl-CoA thioesterase; SCPX, Sterol carrier protein; SOD, Superoxide ...
GSE22886 NAIVE VS IGG IGA MEMORY BCELL DN
36742 (KCT2) thiolaseThalassiosira pseudonana | Diatom Portal
acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase activity. Details: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA = CoA + 3-oxoacyl-CoA. ... acetyl-CoA acetyltransferases; This model represents a large family of enzymes which catalyze the... - 423.566 3.66E-146 13 - ... Thiolase are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the reversible thiolytic cleavage of 3-ketoacyl-CoA... cl09938 476.971 4.30E-167 ...
YOR184W 2167.216480 INESSENTIAL SER1 phosphoserine transaminase,phosphoserine aminotransferase
YIL160C 85.558934 INESSENTIAL POT1 peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl CoA thiolase, fatty acid beta-oxidation, acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase ... 2.440591 INESSENTIAL ACH1 acetyl CoA hydrolase, acetate metabolism*, acetyl-CoA hydrolase, cytoplasm YPR051W -2.441352 ... 2.975832 INESSENTIAL ACS1 inducible acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase,acetate--CoA ligase, YNR063W -2.979831 INESSENTIAL biological_ ... d2-Enoyl-CoA Isomerase, fatty acid beta-oxidation, delta(3)-cis-delta(2)-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase, peroxisome YCL023C - ...
AcetyltransferaseCarboxylaseTransferaseDiacylglycerol O-acyltransferaEnzymeThiolaseReductaseMitochondriaSynthetaseProteinStearoyl CoA desatuReactionLipidEnzymesCitratePathwayCATALYTIC ACTIVITYCytosolicSubfamilySubstratesPyruvateCoenzymeSynthaseTriacylglycerolFatty acid syntProteinsMalonateDecarboxylaseBiosynthesisAcidSourSynthesisTransacylaseActivity
Acetyltransferase2
- acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 [So. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- LPCAT2 is a lipid acyltransferase and acetyltransferase [ 6 ]. (portlandpress.com)
Carboxylase10
- This switch is activated by the energy sensor adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), in response to the increase in the AMP/ATP ratio, while carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) is also activated by AMPK inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). (frontiersin.org)
- This occurs by CO 2 fixation, catalyzed by the enzyme Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, using energy from ATP. (online-sciences.com)
- Acetyl CoA carboxylase is the regulatory enzyme in this process. (online-sciences.com)
- The key regulatory enzyme of fatty acid synthesis is acetyl CoA carboxylase. (online-sciences.com)
- Glucagon and catecholamines inhibit acetyl CoA carboxylase by phosphorylation. (online-sciences.com)
- of fatty acidity amounts and induction of apoptosis had been renewed by inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) activity, recommending an deposition of malonyl-CoA level could end up being the main trigger of apoptotic induction of [6]-gingerol in HepG2 cells. (plant-finder.com)
- fatty acidity activity uses cytosolic citrate exported from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, which is certainly after that transformed to acetyl-CoA by ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) implemented by carboxylation to type malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). (plant-finder.com)
- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (to get mutant alleles carrying an isoleucine-to-leucine substitution in codon 1781 that endows herbicide level of resistance. (cancer-colorectal.com)
- Evaluation from PHT-427 the pleiotropic ramifications of herbicide level of resistance alleles over the complete life-cycle of the weed varieties offers only been completed to day for three mutant alleles from the nuclear gene encoding acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) that endow level of resistance to herbicides focusing on this enzyme in the diploid (2n = 14 [9]) lawn weed Huds. (cancer-colorectal.com)
- Polymerization regulates the catalytic activity of CTPS (10C12), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (13), and glutamine synthetase (14), but its function is definitely less clear for many enzymes, including IMPDH. (bioinbrief.com)
Transferase4
- Carnitine acetyl-CoA transferase present in both mitochondria and peroxisomes, transfers activated a. (yeastrc.org)
- AF525684_1 putative mitochondrial/peroxisomal carnitine acetyl transferase. (yeastrc.org)
- The FERULOYL-CoA MONOLIGNOL TRANSFERASE (FMT) enzyme, which may be naturally found in many plants, uses feruloyl-CoA and monolignols to synthesize the ester-linked monolignol ferulate conjugates. (biomedcentral.com)
- Esculeogenin A also inhibited CE formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-coenzymeA (CoA): cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that esculeogenin A suppresses the activity of both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2. (sojo-u.ac.jp)
Diacylglycerol O-acyltransfera4
- Last, the enzyme diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase synthesizes triacylglycerol from diacylglycerol and a fatty acyl-CoA. (smpdb.ca)
- Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase" by people in this website by year, and whether "Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (jefferson.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase" by people in Profiles. (jefferson.edu)
Enzyme19
- 3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, peroxisomal also known as acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACAA1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 is an acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
- Second, the mitochondrial outer membrane enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase esterifies an acyl-group to the sn-1 position of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA). (smpdb.ca)
- The enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase converts LPA into phosphatidic acid (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) by esterifying an acyl-group to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. (smpdb.ca)
- An enzyme that, in the presence of ATP and COENZYME A, catalyzes the cleavage of citrate to yield acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate, ADP, and ORTHOPHOSPHATE. (umassmed.edu)
- Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, whereas its two products are CoA and 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-3-acyl-sn-glycerol. (alchetron.com)
- This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. (alchetron.com)
- The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol O-acyltransferase . (alchetron.com)
- This enzyme is also called 1-hexadecyl-2-acetylglycerol acyltransferase . (alchetron.com)
- Cholesterol inhibits enzyme synthesis (gene expression of HMG-CoA reductase). (online-sciences.com)
- Steady-state kinetic experiments demonstrate that the enzyme utilizes a ping-pong kinetic mechanism in which the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is initially transferred to an enzyme nucleophile before subsequent transfer to homoserine to form the final product, O-acetylhomoserine. (rhea-db.org)
- Direct evidence for the formation of an acetyl-enzyme intermediate was obtained using rapid-quench labeling studies. (rhea-db.org)
- An enzyme that catalyses the last step of the TRIACYLGLYCEROL synthesis reaction in which diacylglycerol is covalently joined to LONG-CHAIN ACYL COA to form triglyceride. (jefferson.edu)
- An enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway to LEUCINE, forming isopropyl malate from acetyl-CoA and alpha-ketoisovaleric acid. (ouhsc.edu)
- A mutation in the first lignin-specific biosynthetic enzyme, CINNAMOYL-CoA REDUCTASE (CCR), results in an increase in the intracellular pool of feruloyl-CoA. (biomedcentral.com)
- Maize ( Zea mays ) has a native putative FMT enzyme, and its ccr mutants produce an increased pool of feruloyl-CoA that can be used for conversion to monolignol ferulate conjugates. (biomedcentral.com)
- In the enzyme from Klebsiella pneumoniae , methylmalonyl-CoA can also act as a substrate but acetyl-CoA cannot [10] whereas the enzyme from Pseudomonas putida can use both as substrates [11]. (qmul.ac.uk)
- 10. Hoenke, S. and Dimroth, P. Formation of catalytically active acetyl- S- malonate decarboxylase requires malonyl-coenzyme A:acyl carrier protein transacylase as auxiliary enzyme. (qmul.ac.uk)
- To produce energy G-6-PO 4 (derived from monosaccharides from dietary CHO or produced from glycogen degradation by glycogenolysis) is converted by a series of enzyme reactions in the glycolytic pathway to form pyruvate or lactic acid, then to acetyl-CoA, which is also produced from fatty acid oxidation and degradation of the carbon skeleton of glucogenic amino acids ( Table 17.1 ). (oncohemakey.com)
Thiolase3
- Characterization of the gene encoding human peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase (ACAA). (wikipedia.org)
- Thiolase are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the reversible thiolytic cleavage of 3-ketoacyl-CoA. (systemsbiology.net)
- Beta-ketoadipyl CoA thiolase (EC 2.3.1. (lbl.gov)
Reductase7
- Dietary cholesterol inactivates HMG-CoA reductase. (online-sciences.com)
- Insulin increases the activity of HMG-CoA reductase activity by dephosphorylation. (online-sciences.com)
- Glucagon decreases HMG-CoA reductase activity by phosphorylation. (online-sciences.com)
- Drugs used to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase example statins. (online-sciences.com)
- Fatty alcohols, a fatty acid derivative widely used in the production of detergents and surfactants, can be produced microbially with the expression of a heterologous fatty acyl-CoA reductase. (biomedcentral.com)
- Fatty acyl-CoA reductase from Marinobacter aqueolei was co-expressed with SpCas9 in R. toruloides IFO0880 and a panel of gene overexpressions and Cas9-mediated gene deletions were explored to increase the fatty alcohol production. (biomedcentral.com)
- The fatty alcohol titer of fatty acyl-CoA reductase-expressing R. toruloides was significantly improved through the deletion of LRO1 , or the deletion of DGA1 combined with overexpression of ACC1 and ACL1 . (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondria3
- Citrate shuttle is responsible for the transport of acetyl COA from mitochondria. (online-sciences.com)
- Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid or tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle, within the mitochondria. (oncohemakey.com)
- Fatty acids enter the mitochondria via the carnitine transport cycle (medium chain fatty acids enter independently of carnitine) into the β-oxidation spiral in which fatty acids, via a series of enzymes, produce acetyl-CoA and electron carriers. (oncohemakey.com)
Synthetase1
- Even longer chain fatty acids are derived from either dietary sources or from elongation of C16-CoA or C18-CoA formed by the cytoplasmic fatty acid synthetase system. (smpdb.ca)
Protein4
- In addition, direct spraying of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeting an acetyl-CoA acyltransferase (ATC), a 40S ribosomal protein S16 (RP_S16), and a glycine cleavage system H protein (GCS_H) on soybean leaves also demonstrated effectiveness in reducing rust accumulation on the detached leaves compared to controls. (lsu.edu)
- Cells were harvested and then analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in order to measure the quantity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α ( AMPK-α ), CCAAT enhancer binding protein-β ( C/EBPβ ), G protein-coupled receptor 41 ( GPR41 ), GPR43 , peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ( PPARγ ), and stearoyl CoA desaturase ( SCD ) mRNA relative to ribosomal protein subunit 9 ( RPS9 ). (animbiosci.org)
- 4. Qiu N, Abegg D, Guidi M, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH, Adibekian A. (2021) Artemisinin inhibits NRas palmitoylation by targeting the protein acyltransferase ZDHHC6. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
- Preparation and general properties of acetyl coenzyme A and malonyl coenzyme A-acyl carrier protein transacylases. (qmul.ac.uk)
Stearoyl CoA desatu1
- Fatty acidity synthase (FASN) uses acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and NADPH to intricate lengthy string soaked fatty acids (LCFAs), 16-C palmitate especially, which is certainly desaturated to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) by stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1). (plant-finder.com)
Reaction2
- Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA = CoA + 3-oxoacyl-CoA. (systemsbiology.net)
- Solvent kinetic isotope effect studies yielded inverse effects of 0.75 on V and 0.74 on V/K(CoA) on the reverse reaction and effects of 1.2 on V and 1.7 on V/K(homoserine) on the forward reaction. (rhea-db.org)
Lipid1
- Attempts to manipulate DGATs for increased lipid production have had little success [54], suggesting that the acyl-CoA-independent route may deserve more consideration as a contributor than previously thought. (wee1-receptor.com)
Enzymes1
- Within the Krebs cycle acetyl-CoA, combined with oxaloacetate, undergoes cycles involving eight enzymes, in which reducing equivalents are produced which then enter the electron transfer chain for the production of energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (oncohemakey.com)
Citrate1
- Cholesterol can be derived from the diet or synthesized de novo in all tissues especially in the liver, intestine, adrenal cortex, and reproductive organs, All the carbon atoms in cholesterol are provided by active acetate (acetyl CoA) derived from the citric acid cycle by citrate shuttle and NADPH provides the reducing equivalents. (online-sciences.com)
Pathway3
- The free palmitate, the end product of denovo synthesis of fatty acids, must be activated to palmitoyl CoA before it can proceed via any metabolic pathway. (online-sciences.com)
- Monolignol ferulates (ML-FAs) are derived from FMT-catalyzed acylation of lignin monomeric units, monolignols (ML), at the γ-hydroxy position by ferulate (FA), via feruloyl-CoA, an intermediate in the lignin biosynthetic pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
- TAG) is produced from diacylglycerol (DAG) in microalgae through two major routes: the Kennedy Pathway involving transfer of acyl-CoA units onto DAG, catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), and an acyl-CoA-independent pathway in which acyl groups are transferred from phospholipids, catalyzed by phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) [52]. (wee1-receptor.com)
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY1
- CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: Acetyl-CoA + choline = CoA + O-acetylcholine. (osenses.com)
Cytosolic1
- Two overexpression targets ( ACL1 and ACC1 , improving cytosolic acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA production, respectively) and two deletion targets (the acyltransferases DGA1 and LRO1 ) resulted in significant (1.8 to 4.4-fold) increases to the fatty alcohol titer in culture tubes. (biomedcentral.com)
Subfamily1
- An ER-localized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter subfamily A, ABCA9, was described to transport FA/acyl-CoA to the ER [ 8 ]. (researchsquare.com)
Substrates1
- Besides the creation of ATP, improved glycolysis in tumor cells is certainly required for offering substrates, including malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA meant for this lipogenesis path [22]. (plant-finder.com)
Pyruvate2
- The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial multienzymecomplex that catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), andprovides the primary link between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (exemestane.info)
- Glycerol is then oxidised to acetyl-CoA via pyruvate. (oncohemakey.com)
Coenzyme2
- Fatty acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (ambiguous), Acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (ambiguous), Acyl dehydrogenase (ambiguous), Fatty-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ambiguous), Acyl CoA dehydrogenase (ambiguous), General acyl CoA dehydrogenase (ambiguous), Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, Acyl-CoA:(acceptor) 2,3-oxidoreductase (ambiguous), ACADM (gene name). (umassmed.edu)
- the resulting glut of acetyl-coenzyme A drives ketone body production and also provokes a thermogenic response. (bmj.com)
Synthase1
- fatty acidity activity/fatty acidity synthase (FASN)/[6]-gingerol/malonyl-CoA Launch Diet plans wealthy in vegetables and fruits supplemented with seasonings give security against malignancies [1,2]. (plant-finder.com)
Triacylglycerol1
- Conversion of diacylglycerol and fatty acyl CoA to triacylglycerol. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
Fatty acid synt1
- Acetyl-CoA needs to be activated to malonyl-CoA to be used as the elongating unit during fatty acid synthesis. (online-sciences.com)
Proteins1
- After acyl-CoA transported to cytosol, it bound to acyl-CoA binding proteins (ACBPs), which might contribute to drive plastid FA-export [ 7 ]. (researchsquare.com)
Malonate2
- Malonylation of ACP is immediately followed by decarboxylation within the malonate-decarboxylase complex to yield acetyl-ACP, the catalytically active species of the decarboxylase [12]. (qmul.ac.uk)
- that from malonate decarboxylase also contains pantetheine-4'-phosphate but in the form of a 2'-(5-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA prosthetic group. (qmul.ac.uk)
Decarboxylase2
Biosynthesis1
- It is essential for the biosynthesis of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) from L-aspartate and acetyl-CoA. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
Acid1
- Fatty alcohols are natively produced in many organisms as a component of natural waxes by reduction of fatty acids or fatty acyl-CoA by carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) or fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs), respectively [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Sour1
- acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2 [Sour. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Synthesis1
- Choline acetylase catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic synapses. (osenses.com)
Transacylase1
- 7. Szafranska, A.E., Hitchman, T.S., Cox, R.J., Crosby, J. and Simpson, T.J. Kinetic and mechanistic analysis of the malonyl CoA:ACP transacylase from Streptomyces coelicolor indicates a single catalytically competent serine nucleophile at the active site. (qmul.ac.uk)
Activity2
- Substitutions from the valine and arginine residues or of most 3 residues from the VRG site to alanine considerably decreased the binding capability of PB2 to acetyl-CoA and its own RNA polymerase activity. (healthappsopenday.com)
- These outcomes indicate which the PB2 VRG series is an operating site that's needed for acetyl-CoA connection, RNA polymerase activity, and viral replication. (healthappsopenday.com)