Acetyl coa c acetyltransferase. Medical search

Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.

A carboxylating enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, acetyl-CoA, and HCO3- to ADP, orthophosphate, and malonyl-CoA. It is a biotinyl-protein that also catalyzes transcarboxylation. The plant enzyme also carboxylates propanoyl-CoA and butanoyl-CoA (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.4.1.2.

Enzymes that catalyze acyl group transfer from ACETYL-CoA to HISTONES forming CoA and acetyl-histones.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

A biotin-dependent enzyme belonging to the ligase family that catalyzes the addition of CARBON DIOXIDE to pyruvate. It is occurs in both plants and animals. Deficiency of this enzyme causes severe psychomotor retardation and ACIDOSIS, LACTIC in infants. EC 6.4.1.1.

Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of CoA derivatives from ATP, acetate, and CoA to form AMP, pyrophosphate, and acetyl CoA. It acts also on propionates and acrylates. EC 6.2.1.1.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

An enzyme that, in the presence of ATP and COENZYME A, catalyzes the cleavage of citrate to yield acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate, ADP, and ORTHOPHOSPHATE. This reaction represents an important step in fatty acid biosynthesis. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.8.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of O-acetylcarnitine from acetyl-CoA plus carnitine. EC 2.3.1.7.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the formation of a bond between two substrate molecules, coupled with the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond in ATP or a similar energy donor. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 6.

A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.

A family of histone acetyltransferases that is structurally-related to CREB-BINDING PROTEIN and to E1A-ASSOCIATED P300 PROTEIN. They function as transcriptional coactivators by bridging between DNA-binding TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and the basal transcription machinery. They also modify transcription factors and CHROMATIN through ACETYLATION.

An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of ACETYL COA. Some enzymes called thiolase or thiolase-I have referred to this activity or to the activity of ACETYL-COA C-ACYLTRANSFERASE.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-SERINE to COENZYME A and O-acetyl-L-serine, using ACETYL-COA as a donor.

An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa10p catalytic subunit and the Naa15p auxiliary subunit. The structure of this enzyme is conserved between lower and higher eukaryotes. It has specificity for N-terminal SERINE; ALANINE; THREONINE; GLYCINE; VALINE; and CYSTINE residues and acts on nascent peptide chains after the removal of the initiator METHIONINE by METHIONYL AMINOPEPTIDASES.

Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule.

An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa50p catalytic subunit, and the Naa10p and Naa15p auxiliary subunits. It has specificity for the N-terminal METHIONINE of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is hydrophobic.

A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetyltransferase reaction using ACETYL CoA as an acetyl donor and dihydrolipoamide as acceptor to produce COENZYME A (CoA) and S-acetyldihydrolipoamide. It forms the (E2) subunit of the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA derivatives.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A species of gram-negative bacteria and nitrogen innoculant of PHASEOLUS VULGARIS.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetate esters and water to alcohols and acetate. EC 3.1.1.6.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of acetylphosphate from acetyl-CoA and inorganic phosphate. Acetylphosphate serves as a high-energy phosphate compound. EC 2.3.1.8.

A multienzyme complex responsible for the formation of ACETYL COENZYME A from pyruvate. The enzyme components are PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; and LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is subject to three types of control: inhibited by acetyl-CoA and NADH; influenced by the energy state of the cell; and inhibited when a specific serine residue in the pyruvate decarboxylase is phosphorylated by ATP. PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE (LIPOAMIDE)-PHOSPHATASE catalyzes reactivation of the complex. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A member of the p300-CBP transcription factor family that was initially identified as a binding partner for CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN. Mutations in CREB-binding protein are associated with RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from ACETYL COENZYME A, to the N-terminus of a peptide chain.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A member of the p300-CBP transcription factors that was originally identified as a binding partner for ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.

Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa20p catalytic subunit and the Naa25p auxiliary subunit. The structure of this enzyme is conserved between YEASTS and HUMAN. It has specificity for the N-terminal METHIONINE of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is either ASPARTATE; GLUTAMATE; ASPARAGINE; OR GLUTAMINE.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A constituent of STRIATED MUSCLE and LIVER. It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Vesicular amine transporter proteins that transport the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE into small SECRETORY VESICLES. Proteins of this family contain 12 transmembrane domains and exchange vesicular PROTONS for cytoplasmic acetylcholine.

A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine.

Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

Enzymes which transfer coenzyme A moieties from acyl- or acetyl-CoA to various carboxylic acceptors forming a thiol ester. Enzymes in this group are instrumental in ketone body metabolism and utilization of acetoacetate in mitochondria. EC 2.8.3.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

An enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of cysteine in microorganisms and plants from O-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.2.99.8.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ACETYLCHOLINE to CHOLINE and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7.

Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An enzyme that catalyses the reaction of D-glucosamine 6-phosphate with ACETYL-COA to form N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate.

A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of alpha-carboxyl group of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to yield MEVALONIC ACID.

A mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of L-GLUTAMATE to N-acetyl-L-glutamate in the presence of ACETYL-COA.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of acetate in the presence of a divalent cation and ATP with the formation of acetylphosphate and ADP. It is important in the glycolysis process. EC 2.7.2.1.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Deacetylases that remove N-acetyl groups from amino side chains of the amino acids of HISTONES. The enzyme family can be divided into at least three structurally-defined subclasses. Class I and class II deacetylases utilize a zinc-dependent mechanism. The sirtuin histone deacetylases belong to class III and are NAD-dependent enzymes.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

A group of 6-alkyl SALICYLIC ACIDS that are found in ANACARDIUM and known for causing CONTACT DERMATITIS.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of CHLORAMPHENICOL, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in the 50S ribosomal subunit where amino acids are added to nascent bacterial polypeptides.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from ACETYL-COA to arylamines. It can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without COENZYME A and has a wide specificity for aromatic amines, including SEROTONIN. However, arylamine N-acetyltransferase should not be confused with the enzyme ARYLALKYLAMINE N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE which is also referred to as SEROTONIN ACETYLTRANSFERASE.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Derivatives of phenylacetic acid. Included under this heading are a variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the benzeneacetic acid structure. Note that this class of compounds should not be confused with derivatives of phenyl acetate, which contain the PHENOL ester of ACETIC ACID.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Biogenic amines having more than one amine group. These are long-chain aliphatic compounds that contain multiple amino and/or imino groups. Because of the linear arrangement of positive charge on these molecules, polyamines bind electrostatically to ribosomes, DNA, and RNA.

The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

Tissue in the BASAL FOREBRAIN inferior to the anterior perforated substance, and anterior to the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and ansa lenticularis. It contains the BASAL NUCLEUS OF MEYNERT.

A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine.

A species of GRAM-POSITIVE ENDOSPORE-FORMING BACTERIA in the family BACILLACEAE, found in soil, hot springs, Arctic waters, ocean sediments, and spoiled food products.

A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Enzyme that catalyzes the final step of fatty acid oxidation in which ACETYL COA is released and the CoA ester of a fatty acid two carbons shorter is formed.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to form spermidine.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

A class of weak acids with the general formula R-CONHOH.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The mechanisms effecting establishment, maintenance, and modification of that specific physical conformation of CHROMATIN determining the transcriptional accessibility or inaccessibility of the DNA.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

An N-terminal acetyltransferase subtype that consists of the Naa60p catalytic subunit. It is found in higher eukayotes and displays a substrate specificity for the N-terminal METHIONINE of peptides where the next amino acid in the chain is either LEUCINE; LYSINE; PHENYALANINE; ISOLEUCINE; or TRYPTOPHANE.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A homologous family of regulatory enzymes that are structurally related to the protein silent mating type information regulator 2 (Sir2) found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sirtuins contain a central catalytic core region which binds NAD. Several of the sirtuins utilize NAD to deacetylate proteins such as HISTONES and are categorized as GROUP III HISTONE DEACETYLASES. Several other sirtuin members utilize NAD to transfer ADP-RIBOSE to proteins and are categorized as MONO ADP-RIBOSE TRANSFERASES, while a third group of sirtuins appears to have both deacetylase and ADP ribose transferase activities.

Acyltransferases in the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyze the reversible transfer of acyl groups from acyl-CoA to L-carnitine and thereby mediate the transport of activated fatty acids through that membrane. EC 2.3.1.

Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

Derivatives of propionic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxyethane structure.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

A plant family of the order Plumbaginales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida of shrubs and herbs. Some members contain ANTHOCYANINS and naphthaquinones.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A class of enzymes that inactivate aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotics (AMINOGLYCOSIDES) by regiospecific PHOSPHORYLATION of the 3' and/or 5' hydroxyl.

Metabolic engineering of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates): from DNA to plastic. (1/222)

Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) are a class of microbially produced polyesters that have potential applications as conventional plastics, specifically thermoplastic elastomers. A wealth of biological diversity in PHA formation exists, with at least 100 different PHA constituents and at least five different dedicated PHA biosynthetic pathways. This diversity, in combination with classical microbial physiology and modern molecular biology, has now opened up this area for genetic and metabolic engineering to develop optimal PHA-producing organisms. Commercial processes for PHA production were initially developed by W. R. Grace in the 1960s and later developed by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., in the United Kingdom in the 1970s and 1980s. Since the early 1990s, Metabolix Inc. and Monsanto have been the driving forces behind the commercial exploitation of PHA polymers in the United States. The gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia eutropha, formerly known as Alcaligenes eutrophus, has generally been used as the production organism of choice, and intracellular accumulation of PHA of over 90% of the cell dry weight have been reported. The advent of molecular biological techniques and a developing environmental awareness initiated a renewed scientific interest in PHAs, and the biosynthetic machinery for PHA metabolism has been studied in great detail over the last two decades. Because the structure and monomeric composition of PHAs determine the applications for each type of polymer, a variety of polymers have been synthesized by cofeeding of various substrates or by metabolic engineering of the production organism. Classical microbiology and modern molecular bacterial physiology have been brought together to decipher the intricacies of PHA metabolism both for production purposes and for the unraveling of the natural role of PHAs. This review provides an overview of the different PHA biosynthetic systems and their genetic background, followed by a detailed summation of how this natural diversity is being used to develop commercially attractive, recombinant processes for the large-scale production of PHAs. (+info)

Pregnenolone esterification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A potential detoxification mechanism. (2/222)

While studying the effect of steroids on the growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we found that pregnenolone was converted into the acetate ester. This reaction was identified as a transfer of the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the 3beta-hydroxyl group of pregnenolone. The corresponding enzyme, acetyl-CoA:pregnenolone acetyltransferase (APAT) is specific for Delta5- or Delta4-3beta-hydroxysteroids and short-chain acyl-CoAs. The apparent Km for pregnenolone is approximately 0.5 microm. The protein associated with APAT activity was partially purified and finally isolated from an SDS/polyacrylamide gel. Tryptic peptides were generated and N-terminally sequenced. Two peptide sequences allowed the identification of an open reading frame (YGR177c, in the S. cerevisiae genome database) translating into a 62-kDa protein of hitherto unknown function. This protein encoded by a gene known as ATF2 displays 37% identity with an alcohol acetyltransferase encoded by the yeast gene ATF1. Disruption of ATF2 led to the complete elimination of APAT activity and consequently abolished the esterification of pregnenolone. In addition, a toxic effect of pregnenolone linked to the disruption of ATF2 was observed. Pregnenolone toxicity is more pronounced when the atf2-Delta mutation is introduced in a yeast strain devoid of the ATP-binding cassette transporters, PDR5 and SNQ2. Our results suggest that Atf2p (APAT) plays an active role in the detoxification of 3beta-hydroxysteroids in association with the efflux pumps Pdr5p and Snq2p. (+info)

A functional 4-hydroxysalicylate/hydroxyquinol degradative pathway gene cluster is linked to the initial dibenzo-p-dioxin pathway genes in Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1. (3/222)

The bacterium Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1 is able to use dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and several hydroxylated derivatives as sole sources of carbon and energy. We have determined and analyzed the nucleic acid sequence of a 9,997-bp HindIII fragment downstream of cistrons dxnA1A2, which encode the dioxygenase component of the initial dioxygenase system of the corresponding catabolic pathways. This fragment contains 10 colinear open reading frames (ORFs), apparently organized in one compact operon. The enzymatic activities of some proteins encoded by these genes were analyzed in the strain RW1 and, after hyperexpression, in Escherichia coli. The first three ORFs of the locus, designated dxnC, ORF2, and fdx3, specify a protein with a low homology to bacterial siderophore receptors, a polypeptide representing no significant homology to known proteins, and a putative ferredoxin, respectively. dxnD encodes a 69-kDa phenol monooxygenase-like protein with activity for the turnover of 4-hydroxysalicylate, and dxnE codes for a 37-kDa protein whose sequence and activity are similar to those of known maleylacetate reductases. The following gene, dxnF, encodes a 33-kDa intradiol dioxygenase which efficiently cleaves hydroxyquinol, yielding maleylacetate, the ketoform of 3-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconate. The heteromeric protein encoded by dxnGH is a 3-oxoadipate succinyl coenzyme A (succinyl-CoA) transferase, whereas dxnI specifies a protein exhibiting marked homology to acetyl-CoA acetyltransferases (thiolases). The last ORF of the sequenced fragment codes for a putative transposase. DxnD, DxnF, DxnE, DxnGH, and DxnI (the activities of most of them have also been detected in strain RW1) thus form a complete 4-hydroxysalicylate/hydroxyquinol degradative pathway. A route for the mineralization of the growth substrates 3-hydroxydibenzofuran and 2-hydroxydibenzo-p-dioxin in Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1 thus suggests itself. (+info)

Origin of gene overlap: the case of TCP1 and ACAT2. (4/222)

The human acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 2 gene, ACAT2, codes for a thiolase, an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism. The human T-complex protein 1 gene, TCP1, encodes a molecular chaperone of the chaperonin family. The two genes overlap by their 3'-untranslated regions, their coding sequences being located on opposite DNA strands in a tail-to-tail orientation. To find out how the overlap might have arisen in evolution, the homologous genes of the zebrafish, the African toad, caiman, platypus, opossum, and wallaby were identified. In each species, standard or long polymerase chain reactions were used to determine whether the ACAT2 and TCP1 homologs are closely linked and, if so, whether they overlap. The results reveal that the overlap apparently arose during the transition from therapsid reptiles to mammals and has been retained for >200 million years. Part of the overlapping untranslated region shows remarkable sequence conservation. The overlap presumably arose during the chromosomal rearrangement that brought the two unrelated and previously separated genes together. One or both of the transposed genes found by chance signals that are necessary for the processing of their transcripts to be present on the noncoding strand of the partner gene. (+info)

Development and characterization of a gene expression reporter system for Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. (5/222)

A gene expression reporter system (pHT3) for Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was developed by using the lacZ gene from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurogenes EM1 as the reporter gene. In order to test the reporter system, promoters of three key metabolic pathway genes, ptb (coding for phosphotransbutyrylase), thl (coding for thiolase), and adc (coding for acetoacetate decarboxylase), were cloned upstream of the reporter gene in pHT3 in order to construct vectors pHT4, pHT5, and pHTA, respectively. Detection of beta-galactosidase activity in time course studies performed with strains ATCC 824(pHT4), ATCC 824(pHT5), and ATCC 824(pHTA) demonstrated that the reporter gene produced a functional beta-galactosidase in C. acetobutylicum. In addition, time course studies revealed differences in the beta-galactosidase specific activity profiles of strains ATCC 824(pHT4), ATCC 824(pHT5), and ATCC 824(pHTA), suggesting that the reporter system developed in this study is able to effectively distinguish between different promoters. The stability of the beta-galactosidase produced by the reporter gene was also examined with strains ATCC 824(pHT4) and ATCC 824(pHT5) by using chloramphenicol treatment to inhibit protein synthesis. The data indicated that the beta-galactosidase produced by the lacZ gene from T. thermosulfurogenes EM1 was stable in the exponential phase of growth. In pH-controlled fermentations of ATCC 824(pHT4), the kinetics of beta-galactosidase formation from the ptb promoter and phosphotransbutyrylase formation from its own autologous promoter were found to be similar. (+info)

A biosynthetic thiolase in complex with a reaction intermediate: the crystal structure provides new insights into the catalytic mechanism. (6/222)

BACKGROUND: Thiolases are ubiquitous and form a large family of dimeric or tetrameric enzymes with a conserved, five-layered alphabetaalphabetaalpha catalytic domain. Thiolases can function either degradatively, in the beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids, or biosynthetically. Biosynthetic thiolases catalyze the biological Claisen condensation of two molecules of acetyl-CoA to form acetoacetyl-CoA. This is one of the fundamental categories of carbon skeletal assembly patterns in biological systems and is the first step in a wide range of biosynthetic pathways, including those that generate cholesterol, steroid hormones, and various energy-storage molecules. RESULTS: The crystal structure of the tetrameric biosynthetic thiolase from Zoogloea ramigera has been determined at 2.0 A resolution. The structure contains a striking and novel 'cage-like' tetramerization motif, which allows for some hinge motion of the two tight dimers with respect to each other. The protein crystals were flash-frozen after a short soak with the enzyme's substrate, acetoacetyl-CoA. A reaction intermediate was thus trapped: the enzyme tetramer is acetylated at Cys89 and has a CoA molecule bound in each of its active-site pockets. CONCLUSIONS: The shape of the substrate-binding pocket reveals the basis for the short-chain substrate specificity of the enzyme. The active-site architecture, and in particular the position of the covalently attached acetyl group, allow a more detailed reaction mechanism to be proposed in which Cys378 is involved in both steps of the reaction. The structure also suggests an important role for the thioester oxygen atom of the acetylated enzyme in catalysis. (+info)

Aberrant oxidation of the cholesterol side chain in bile acid synthesis of sterol carrier protein-2/sterol carrier protein-x knockout mice. (7/222)

Peroxisomal beta-oxidation plays an important role in the metabolism of a wide range of substrates, including various fatty acids and the steroid side chain in bile acid synthesis. Two distinct thiolases have been implicated to function in peroxisomal beta-oxidation: the long known 41-kDa beta-ketothiolase identified by Hashimoto and co-workers (Hijikata, M., Ishii, N., Kagamiyama, H., Osumi, T., and Hashimoto, T. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8151-8158) and the recently discovered 60-kDa SCPx thiolase, that consists of an N-terminal domain with beta-ketothiolase activity and a C-terminal moiety of sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP2, a lipid carrier or transfer protein). Recently, gene targeting of the SCP2/SCPx gene has shown in mice that the SCPx beta-ketothiolase is involved in peroxisomal beta-oxidation of 2-methyl-branched chain fatty acids like pristanic acid. In our present work we have investigated bile acid synthesis in the SCP2/SCPx knockout mice. Specific inhibition of beta-oxidation at the thiolytic cleavage step in bile acid synthesis is supported by our finding of pronounced accumulation in bile and serum from the knockout mice of 3alpha,7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-27-nor-5beta-cholestane-24-one (which is a known bile alcohol derivative of the cholic acid synthetic intermediate 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-keto-cholestano yl-coenzyme A). Moreover, these mice have elevated concentrations of bile acids with shortened side chains (i.e. 23-norcholic acid and 23-norchenodeoxycholic acid), which may be produced via alpha- rather than beta-oxidation. Our results demonstrate that the SCPx thiolase is critical for beta-oxidation of the steroid side chain in conversion of cholesterol into bile acids. (+info)

Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation disorders and 58 kDa sterol carrier protein X (SCPx). Activity measurements in liver and fibroblasts using a newly developed method. (8/222)

Sterol carrier protein X (SCPx) plays a crucial role in the peroxisomal oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids. To investigate whether patients with an unresolved defect in peroxisomal beta-oxidation are deficient for SCPx, we developed a novel and specific assay to measure the activity of SCPx in both liver and fibroblast homogenates. The substrate used in the assay, 3alpha, 7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-keto-5beta-cholestanoy l-CoA (24-keto-THC-CoA), is produced by preincubating the enoyl-CoA of the bile acid intermediate THCA with a lysate from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing human D-bifunctional protein. After the preincubation period, liver or fibroblast homogenate is added plus CoASH, and the production of choloyl-CoA is determined by HPLC. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by the finding of a full deficiency in fibroblasts from an SCPx knock-out mouse. In addition to SCPx activity measurements in fibroblasts from patients with a defect in peroxisomal beta-oxidation of unresolved etiology, we studied the stability and activity of SCPx in fibroblasts from patients with Zellweger syndrome, which lack functional peroxisomes. We found that SCPx is not only stable in the cytosol, but displays a higher activity in fibroblasts from patients with Zellweger syndrome than in control fibroblasts. Furthermore, in all patients studied with a defect in peroxisomal beta-oxidation of unknown origin, SCPx was found to be normally active, indicating that human SCPx deficiency remains to be identified. (+info)

... acetyl CoA:alpha-glucosaminide acetyltransferase (type C; MIM 252930); and N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase (type D; MIM 252940 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGSH

Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1) gene. Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 is an acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase enzyme ... Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial, also known as acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by ... "Entrez Gene: acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1". Kano, M; Fukao, T; Yamaguchi, S; Orii, T; Osumi, T; Hashimoto, T (30 ... a mitochondrially localized enzyme that catalyzes the reversible formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of acetyl-CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACAT1

... formation requires two enzymes: phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase. acetyl-CoA + phosphate → acetyl- ... Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. This acetyl-CoA is then ... phosphate + CoA acetyl-phosphate + ADP → acetate + ATP Acetic acid can also undergo a dismutation reaction to produce methane ... It is mainly utilized by organisms in the form of acetyl coenzyme A. Intraperitoneal injection of sodium acetate (20 or 60 mg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetate

... "acetyl-CoA:heparan-α-D-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase" and "acetyl-CoA:alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase") is an ... acetyl-CoA + heparan sulfate α-D-glucosaminide ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + heparan sulfate N-acetyl-α-D- ... Pohlmann R, Klein U, Fromme HG, von Figura K (1981). "Localisation of acetyl-CoA: alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase in ... deficiency of acetyl-CoA:alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase in skin fibroblasts". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75 (10): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGSNAT

... lysine S-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include: acetyl-CoA:dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA: ... acetyl-CoA S-acetyltransferase, lipoate acetyltransferase, lipoate transacetylase, lipoic acetyltransferase, lipoic acid ... dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase) gene. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl) ... This involves the transformation of pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl-CoA which is then used in the citric acid cycle to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrolipoyl_transacetylase

... (EC 2.3.1.189, MshD) is an enzyme with systematic name acetyl-CoA:desacetylmycothiol O-acetyltransferase. ... This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction desacetylmycothiol + acetyl-CoA ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA ... encoding the acetyltransferase producing mycothiol in actinomycetes". Archives of Microbiology. 178 (5): 331-7. doi:10.1007/ ... from Mycobacterium tuberculosis shows structural homology to the GNAT family of N-acetyltransferases". Protein Science. 12 (9 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycothiol_synthase

Acetyl-CoA:benzylalcohol acetyltransferase - an enzyme involved in floral scent production in Clarkia breweri. Plant J 14: 297- ... They are CoA-dependent enzymes that transfer acylated moieties (RC(O)R') of an acyl-activated CoA thioester donor to an ... B: Benzyl alcohol O-acetyltransferase (BEAT), an acetyltransferase from the California wild flower Clarkia breweri, also known ... These are benzoyl-CoA:benzyl alcohol O-benzoyltransferase (PtBEBT) that produces benzyl benzoate from benzoyl-CoA and benzyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAHD_acyltransferase

Biochemical characterization of 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-P:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase in rat spleen". J. Biol. Chem. 261 ( ... Other names in common use include 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-P:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, and alkylacetylglycerophosphate ... 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol + phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate ... Lee TC, Malone B, Snyder F (1986). "A new de novo pathway for the formation of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerols, precursors of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylacetylglycerophosphatase

N-acetyltransferases modify proteins by transferring acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA to the N-termini of protein substrates. The ... N-acetyltransferase 80 (also known as NAT6 or FUS2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NAA80 gene. It acetylates the ... "Entrez Gene: N-acetyltransferase 6 (GCN5-related)". Drazic, A.; Aksnes, H.; Marie, M.; Boczkowska, M.; Varland, S.; Timmerman, ... Naa80 is a member of the GNAT family of acetyltransferases. It has an overall fold similar to the other N-terminal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naa80

... is synthesized in certain neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the compounds choline and acetyl-CoA. ... which causes dysfunction of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. This inhibition may lead to acetylcholine deficiency, and can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine

Acetate formation requires two enzymes: phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase. acetyl-CoA + phosphate → acetyl- ... NAD+ Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. This acetyl-CoA is then ... pyruvate + CoA → acetyl-CoA + formate Succinate is formed in E. coli in several steps. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), a glycolysis ... This two-step reaction requires the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHE). acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+ → acetaldehyde + NAD+ + CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_acid_fermentation

The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:2-oxoglutarate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl ... CoA The 3 substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, H2O, and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are (R)-2-hydroxybutane-1 ... In enzymology, a homocitrate synthase (EC 2.3.3.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + H2O + 2- ... acetyl-coenzyme A:2-ketoglutarate C-acetyl transferase, and homocitrate synthetase. This enzyme participates in lysine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocitrate_synthase

Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and a donated acetyl group from acetyl-CoA, by the action of choline ... acetyltransferase (ChAT). Thus, decreasing the amount of choline available to a neuron will decrease the amount of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemicholinium-3

"Acetyl coenzyme A: salutaridinol-7-O-acetyltransferase from Papaver somniferum plant cell cultures: The enzyme catalyzing the ... an esterification of the hydroxyl group previously reduced in the conversion of salutaridine to salutaridinol with acetyl-CoA. ... This step is mediated by the enzyme salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase. The second step is a ring closure achieved by a ... "Molecular characterization of the salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase involved in morphine biosynthesis in opium poppy Papaver ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salutaridinol

N-Acetyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA to arylamines and aromatic amines ... These studies claim that ABT is a more potent inhibitor of N-acetyltransferase 2 compared with N-acetyltransferase 1. Strong JM ... This reaction is known as an acetylation reaction, that refers to the process of introducing an acetyl group (resulting in an ... Procainamide is metabolized in the liver to acecainide by N-acetyltransferase, an enzyme that is genetically determined. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acecainide

Ashworth A (1994). "Two acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase genes located in the t-complex region of mouse chromosome 17 partially ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-complex_1

... acetyltransferase) EC 1.2.4.1. It catalyzes the following reaction: Pyruvate + Coenzyme A + NADP+ ⇒ acetyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ + ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_(NADP )

Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) catalyze the addition of acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA onto certain lysine residues of ... There are multiple forms of acetyllysine - this article refers to N-ε-acetyl-L-lysine. The other form is N-α-acetyl-L-lysine. ... Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from acetylated lysines. Acetyllysine can be synthesized ... Acetyllysine (or acetylated lysine) is an acetyl-derivative of the amino acid lysine. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyllysine

HATs acetylate by converting the lysine side group of amino acids with the addition of an acetyl group from an acetyl CoA ... Swank MW, Sweatt JD (May 2001). "Increased histone acetyltransferase and lysine acetyltransferase activity and biphasic ... Acetylation involves the replacement of a hydrogen with an acetyl group. In a biological context, acetylation is most often ... The acetylation reaction is most often catalyzed by enzymes that contain histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. HATs are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_in_learning_and_memory

... by the pre-synaptic neuron and ACh is synthesized by combining with acetyl-CoA through the action of choline acetyltransferase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase

... also known as acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferases (ACAT), are enzymes which convert two units of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl CoA ... preferentially catalyze the degradation of 3-ketoacyl-CoA to form acetyl-CoA and a shortened acyl-CoA species, but are also ... Acetyl-CoA+C-Acetyltransferase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Overview of all the ... In the second step, the addition of CoA (in the degradative reaction) or acetyl-CoA (in the biosynthetic reaction) to the acyl- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolase

The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, ... CoA The three substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate, and H2O, and its products are (2S)-2- ... In enzymology, a 2-isopropylmalate synthase (EC 2.3.3.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + 3- ... isopropylmalate and CoA. The enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases that convert ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-isopropylmalate_synthase

The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:glyoxylate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl- ... CoA The 3 substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, H2O, and glyoxylate, whereas its two products are (S)-malate and CoA. This ... it is thought to convert citramalyl-CoA into pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. Without this conversion, itaconyl-CoA, a precursor to ... Upon binding, the acetyl-CoA molecule forms a J-shape inserted into the binding pocket, by an intramolecular hydrogen bond ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate_synthase

... acetyl-CoA + L-glutamate → CoA + N-acetyl-L-glutamate NAGS, a member of the N-acetyltransferase family of enzymes, is present ... from glutamate and acetyl-CoA. Put simply NAGS catalyzes the following reaction: ... produce NAG through ornithine acetyltransferase (OAT), which is part of a 'cyclic' ornithine production pathway. NAGS is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acetylglutamate_synthase

... acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2) gene Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 is an acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase enzyme. ... Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, cytosolic, also known as cytosolic acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, is an enzyme that in humans is ... "Entrez Gene: acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2". Human ACAT2 genome location and ACAT2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome ... Ohta T, Takata K, Katsuren K, Fukuyama S (Jun 2004). "The influence of the acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 gene (−77G→A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACAT2

... is an enzyme with systematic name acetyl-CoA:dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactose N-acetyltransferase. This enzyme ... catalyses the following chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactose ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ... DTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.210, TDP-fucosamine acetyltransferase, WECD, RFFC) ... rightleftharpoons } CoA + dTDP-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactose TDP-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose takes part in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose_acyltransferase

... which converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA. Transferases are also utilized during translation. In this case, an amino acid chain is ... Choline acetyltransferase (also known as ChAT or CAT) is an important enzyme which produces the neurotransmitter acetylcholine ... Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase deficiency (or SCOT deficiency) leads to a buildup of ketones.Ketones are created upon ... ChAT functions to transfer an acetyl group from acetyl co-enzyme A to choline in the synapses of nerve cells and exists in two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase

Overall the complex catalyzes five reactions, with the overall reaction being: Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ → acetyl-CoA + CO2 There ... dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The E1 enzyme is a heterotetramer of two alpha and ... complex is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial multienzyme complex that catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA ... The E1 complex specifically uses the TPP cofactor to cleave the Calpha-C(=O) bond of pyruvate, and then transfer the acetyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_(lipoamide)_beta

CoA + vinorine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 16-epivellosimine, whereas its two products are CoA ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:16-epivellosimine O-acetyltransferase (cyclizing). This enzyme ... In enzymology, a vinorine synthase (EC 2.3.1.160) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + 16- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinorine_synthase

Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase. *Beta-galactoside transacetylase. *Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. *N-acetyltransferase * ... 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity. • RNA binding. • acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase activity. • long-chain-enoyl-CoA ... Trifunctional enzyme subunit beta, mitochondrial (TP-beta) also known as 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase, ... The thiol is inserted between C-2 and C-3, which yields an acetyl CoA molecule and an acyl CoA molecule, which is two carbons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADHB

Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ → acetyl-CoA + CO2. There are three different coenzymes required throughout the 5 steps that this complex ... "Recombinant expression and evaluation of the lipoyl domains of the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase component of the human ... acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate. • glucose metabolic process. • pyruvate metabolic process. • regulation of ... with the final product being Acetyl CoA. Overall the complex catalyzes five reactions, with the overall reaction being: ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_

... but is also converted into N-acetylserotonin by serotonin N-acetyltransferase and acetyl-CoA. Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase ... which allows the lone pair on the amine to attack acetyl-CoA, forming a tetrahedral intermediate. The thiol from coenzyme A ... N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK), and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK).[46][42] ... It has been proposed that histidine residue His122 of serotonin N-acetyl transferase is the catalytic residue that deprotonates ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin

... acetyl-CoA and histone) must bind to form a ternary complex with the enzyme before catalysis can occur. Acetyl-CoA binds first ... Acetyltransferase. References[edit]. *^ a b c d e f g h i Lee KK, Workman JL (April 2007). "Histone acetyltransferase complexes ... The basic mechanism catalyzed by HATs involves the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the ε-amino group of a target ... are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_acetyltransferase

Choline, in combination with acetyl-CoA, is catalyzed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase to produce acetylcholine and ... The cytosolic acetyl-CoA can also condense with acetoacetyl-CoA to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) which is the ... Acetyl-CoA can be carboxylated in the cytosol by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, giving rise to malonyl-CoA, a substrate required for ... "Acetyl CoA Crossroads". chemistry.elmhurst.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-08.. *^ "Fatty Acids -- Structure of Acetyl CoA". library.med ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_coa

Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase. *Beta-galactoside transacetylase. *Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. *N-acetyltransferase * ... The enzyme is inhibited by high ratios of ATP:ADP, acetyl-CoA:CoA, and NADH:NAD, as high concentrations of ATP, acetyl-CoA, and ... This induces the enzyme to change its conformation, and creates a binding site for the acetyl-CoA. Only when this citroyl-CoA ... It is also inhibited by succinyl-CoA, which resembles Acetyl-coA and acts as a uncompetitive inhibitor. Citrate inhibits the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate_synthase

Glucose is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), which produces acetyl-CoA from glucose-derived ... Histone acetyltransferase (HATs)[edit]. Histone Acetyltransferases, also known as HATs, are a family of enzymes that acetylate ... HAT molecules facilitate the transfer of an acetyl group from a molecule of acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) to the NH3+ group on ... Glucose availability affects the intracellular pool of acetyl-CoA, a central metabolic intermediate that is also the acetyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation

acetyl-CoA metabolic process. • Metabolaeth. • positive regulation of cellular metabolic process. • oxidation-reduction process ... S-acetyltransferase activity. • S-malonyltransferase activity. Cydrannau o'r gell. • Golgi apparatus. • membrane. • melanosome ... fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process. • ether lipid biosynthetic process. • histogenesis. • neutrophil differentiation. • ... acyl-carrier-protein S-acetyltransferase activity]. • hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds. • [acyl-carrier-protein S- ...

https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASN

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine

choline, acetyl-CoA. Biosynthesis. choline acetyltransferase. Metabolism. acetylcholinesterase. Identifiers. IUPAC name. *2- ...

https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine

EC 6.2.1.38: (2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA synthase ... Choline acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6. *Category:EC 2.3.2 *Factor XIII EC 2.3.2.13 ... EC 6.2.1.40: 4-hydroxybutyrate--CoA ligase. *EC 6.2.1.41: 3-((3aS,4S,7aS)-7a-methyl-1,5-dioxo-octahydro-1H-inden-4-yl) ... EC 6.2.1.28: 3-alpha,7-alpha-dihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanate--CoA ligase ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes

Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase. *Beta-galactoside transacetylase. *Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. *N-acetyltransferase * ... catalyzes the formation of triglycerides from diacylglycerol and Acyl-CoA. The reaction catalyzed by DGAT is considered the ... "Identification of a gene encoding an acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, a key enzyme in triacylglycerol synthesis" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglyceride_acyltransferase

Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase. *Beta-galactoside transacetylase. *Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. *N-acetyltransferase * ... They are synthesized by a series of decarboxylative Claisen condensation reactions from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. Following ... from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, in the presence of NADPH.[8] ... Malonyl-CoA synthesis. *ATP citrate lyase. *Acetyl-CoA ... acetyl-CoA metabolic process. • metabolism. • positive regulation of cellular metabolic process. • oxidation-reduction process ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthase

Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase. *Acetyl-CoA C-myristoyltransferase. *Acetyl-CoA carboxylase. *Aconitase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Protein_pages_needing_a_picture

"Differential expression and regulation of the high-affinity choline transporter CHT1 and choline acetyltransferase in neurons ... Acetyl-CoA transporter *SLC33A1. (34):. *type II Na+-phosphate cotransporter *SLC34A1. *SLC34A2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC44A1

... III 10-O-acetyltransferase converts 10-deacetylbaccatin to baccatin III: acetyl-CoA + 10-deacetylbaccatin ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-Deacetylbaccatin

He also demonstrated that generation of acetyl-CoA at the gene promoter regions by nuclear acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) ... which known as a histone acetyltransferase. KAT2A gains a new function and acts as a histone H3 succinyltransferase to regulate ... gene expression by locally catalyzing succinyl-CoA generated by α-KGDH. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhimin_Lu

CoA + O-acetyl-L-serine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and L-serine, whereas its two products are CoA ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:L-serine O-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include SATase, ... In enzymology, a serine O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.30) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + L- ... More specifically, its role is to catalyse the activation of L-serine by acetyl-CoA.This entry refers to the N-terminus of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine_O-acetyltransferase

The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:polysialic-acid O-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include ... CoA + polysialic acid acetylated on O-7 or O-9 Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and alpha-2,8-linked ... In enzymology, a polysialic-acid O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.136) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl- ... Higa HH, Varki A (1988). "Acetyl-coenzyme A:polysialic acid O-acetyltransferase from K1-positive Escherichia coli. The enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysialic-acid_O-acetyltransferase

Because oxaloacetate is crucial for entry of acetyl-CoA into the TCA cycle, the rapid production of acetyl-CoA from fatty acid ... 3-Hydroxyisovaleryl CoA is likely detoxified by carnitine acetyltransferase producing 3HIA-carnitine, which is transported ... This metabolic pathway is as follows: butyrate→butyryl-CoA→crotonyl-CoA→β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA→poly-β-hydroxybutyrate→D-β-(D-β- ... Metabolic impairment diverts methylcrotonyl CoA to 3-hydroxyisovaleryl CoA in a reaction catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase (22, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Hydroxybutyric_acid

CoA + ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-alanine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and ribosomal-protein L- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:ribosomal-protein-L-alanine N-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also ... alanine, whereas its two products are CoA and ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-alanine. This enzyme belongs to the family of ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + ribosomal-protein L-alanine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal-protein-alanine_N-acetyltransferase

The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:D-glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use ... is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the primary amine in glucosamide-6-phosphate, ... The Acetyl-CoA bounded to the enzyme is shown in light pink, and the product still bound to the catalytic site is shown in ... The reaction proceeds with the restoration of the carbonyl by removing the CoA as a leaving group, such that now the acetyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosamine-phosphate_N-acetyltransferase

... (NAT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA to arylamines, ... In reaction one acetyl-CoA initially binds to the enzyme and acetylates Cys68. In reaction two, after acetyl-CoA is released, ... and can also catalyze acetyl transfer between arylamines without CoA. N-acetyltransferases are cytosolic enzymes found in the ... The C-terminus helps bind acetyl CoA and differs among NATs including prokaryotic homologues. NAT1 and NAT2 have different but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetyltransferase

In enzymology, a monoterpenol O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.69) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:monoterpenol O-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also called menthol ... the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and monoterpenol, whereas its two products are CoA and monoterpenol acetate ... a monoterpenol ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + a monoterpenol acetate ester Thus, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoterpenol_O-acetyltransferase

8-O-acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate-7- or 8-O-acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate-7- and/or 8-O ... acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate-9(7)-O-acetyltransferase, N-acetylneuraminate O7-(or O9-)acetyltransferase, and acetyl-CoA:N- ... CoA + N-acetyl-7-O(or 9-O)-acetylneuraminate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and N-acetylneuraminate, ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate 7-O(or 9-O)-acetyltransferase. Other names in common ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylneuraminate_7-O(or_9-O)-acetyltransferase

CoA + acetoacetyl-CoA Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, acetyl-CoA, and two products, CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA C ... acetyl coenzyme A thiolase, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA:N-acetyltransferase, and thiolase II. This enzyme ... In enzymology, an acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 acetyl-CoA ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA_C-acetyltransferase

2 acetyl-CoA = CoA + acetoacetyl-CoA.PROSITE-ProRule annotation. ,p>Manual validated information which has been generated by ... mevalonate from acetyl-CoA.. Proteins known to be involved in the 3 steps of the subpathway in this organism are:. *Acetyl-CoA ... sp,P07097,THIL_ZOORA Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase OS=Zoogloea ramigera GN=phaA PE=1 SV=4 ... mevalonate from acetyl-CoA, the pathway (R)-mevalonate biosynthesis and in Metabolic intermediate biosynthesis. ...

http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P07097

Crystal structure of TDP-fucosamine acetyltransferase (WecD)- complex with acetyl-CoA. *DOI: 10.2210/pdb2FT0/pdb ... Based on this cocrystal structure, we have used flexible docking to generate a WecD-bound model of the acetyl-CoA-TDP- ... The final step in the synthesis of 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-d-galactose, the acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent acetylation of ... We have determined the crystal structure of WecD in apo form at a 1.95-Angstrom resolution and bound to acetyl-CoA at a 1.66- ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2ft0

Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty ... The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl ... an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. ... CoA. Thereby, it plays a major role in ketone body metabolism. ... "Identification of the CoA-modified forms of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase and of glutamate dehydrogenase as ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P17764

What is acetyl-CoA:N-acetyltransferase? Meaning of acetyl-CoA:N-acetyltransferase medical term. What does acetyl-CoA:N- ... N-acetyltransferase in the Medical Dictionary? acetyl-CoA:N-acetyltransferase explanation free. ... redirected from acetyl-CoA:N-acetyltransferase) a·ce·tyl-CoA a·ce·tyl·trans·fer·ase. an acetyltransferase forming acetoacetyl- ... Acetyl-CoA:N-acetyltransferase , definition of acetyl-CoA:N-acetyltransferase by Medical dictionary https://medical-dictionary. ...

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/acetyl-CoA%3AN-acetyltransferase

Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase-2 deficiency; ACAT2D disease page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of ... Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase-2 deficiency; ACAT2D. GtoPdb Disease Summaries. This section gives an overview of the disease, and ... No ligand related data available for Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase-2 deficiency; ACAT2D ...

http://guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/DiseaseDisplayForward?diseaseId=20

Cytosolic Carnitine Acetyltransferase as a Source of Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA: A Possible Mechanism for Regulation of Cardiac ... Cytosolic Carnitine Acetyltransferase as a Source of Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA: A Possible Mechanism for Regulation of Cardiac ... Cytosolic Carnitine Acetyltransferase as a Source of Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA: A Possible Mechanism for Regulation of Cardiac ... Cytosolic Carnitine Acetyltransferase as a Source of Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA: A Possible Mechanism for Regulation of Cardiac ...

http://www.biochemj.org/content/early/2018/02/07/BCJ20170823

In addition, the enzyme preferred acetyl-CoA to palmitoyl-CoA or oleoyl-CoA as substrate. ... acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase from rat spleen. J Gomez-Cambronero, S Velasco, M Sanchez-Crespo, F Vivanco, J M Mato ... The enzyme 1-O-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.67) was purified from rat ... Partial purification and characterization of 1-O-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase from rat ...

http://www.biochemj.org/content/237/2/439

Mouse Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase ELISA Kit-NP_659033.1 (MBS285428) product datasheet at MyBioSource, ELISA Kits ... Biological Process: acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process; acetyl-CoA catabolic process; coenzyme A biosynthetic process; coenzyme A ... Molecular Function: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase activity; carbon-carbon lyase activity; catalytic activity; coenzyme binding ... 1. Data show that microRNA miR-467b regulates the acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) expression via targeting ACAT1 3 ...

https://www.mybiosource.com/acat1-mouse-elisa-kits/acetyl-coa-acetyltransferase/285428

Definition of Acetyl CoA-deacetylcephalosporin C acetyltransferase with photos and pictures, translations, sample usage, and ... acetyl-CoA c-acyltransferase. acetyl-CoA carboxylase. acetyl-CoA deacylase. acetyl-CoA hydrolase. acetyl-CoA ligase. acetyl-CoA ... Lexicographical Neighbors of Acetyl CoA-deacetylcephalosporin C Acetyltransferase. acetyl-CoA acylase. acetyl-CoA ... acetyl CoA carboxylase phosphatase. acetyl chloride. acetyl group. acetyl methylcarbinol. acetyl phosphate. acetyl radical. ...

http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/acetyl_CoA-deacetylcephalosporin_C_acetyltransferase

... acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 stained with Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) in the Antibody Database ... acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) Antibodies. Antibodies in the Chromocyte database for ACAT1 / acetyl- ...

https://www.chromocyte.com/Antibody-Database/Antigen/ACAT1---acetyl-CoA-acetyltransferase-1_3626/Alkaline-Phosphatase--AP-_240

Here, we present the X-ray crystal structure of the human αTAT1/acetyl-CoA complex. Together with structure-based mutagenesis, ... Here we report the molecular characterization of the αTAT1 acetyltransferase.. Results. Overall Structure of the αTAT1/Acetyl- ... α-tubulin acetyltransferase (αTAT1) is the major α-tubulin lysine-40 (K40) acetyltransferase in mammals, nematodes, and ... Surface representation of the N-terminal acetyltransferase Naa50p bound to CoA (white cpk stick) and N-terminal substrate ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/109/48/19655.long

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA = CoA + 3-oxoacyl-CoA. ... Probable acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase FadA5 (EC 2.3.1.9) CDS 3985557 3986732 + 1 176 391 FALSE ... Rv3546 (Probable acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase FadA5 (EC 2.3.1.9)) is predicted to be co-regulated in modules bicluster_0166 ... Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase Reductive carboxylate cycle (CO2 fixation), Lysine degradation, Butanoate metabolism, Pyruvate ...

http://networks.systemsbiology.net/mtb/genes/Rv3546

Acetyl-CoA Acetyltransferase 1, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The ... ACAT1 (Acetyl-CoA Acetyltransferase 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with ACAT1 include Alpha-Methylacetoacetic ... 2 acetyl-CoA = CoA + acetoacetyl-CoA. *THIL_HUMAN,P24752. UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot EnzymeRegulation: Activated by potassium ions, ... a mitochondrially localized enzyme that catalyzes the reversible formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of acetyl-CoA ...

http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=ACAT1&keywords=hsa-mir-1260b

... consistent with the conclusion that OatA is an N-acetyltransferase, not an O-acetyltransferase. Binding of OAS to OatA appears ... at the expense of acetyl-CoA. We isolated OatA to homogeneity and performed its initial biochemical characterization. The ... at the expense of acetyl-CoA. We isolated OatA to homogeneity and performed its initial biochemical characterization. The ... consistent with the conclusion that OatA is an N-acetyltransferase, not an O-acetyltransferase. Binding of OAS to OatA appears ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02838/full

Atomic resolution structure of human alpha-tubulin acetyltransferase,br/, bound to acetyl-CoA ... Atomic resolution structure of human alpha-tubulin acetyltransferase bound to acetyl-CoA ... human alpha-tubulin acetyltransferase bound to acetyl-CoA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES ... we present the structure of the human alpha-tubulin acetyltransferase catalytic domain bound to its cosubstrate acetyl-CoA at ...

http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/faces/viewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=escidoc:1609330

... resources and questions answered by our Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Specialists for Acetyl CoA acetyltransferase 2 ... Acetyl CoA acetyltransferase 2 deficiency Title Other Names:. ACAT2; Acetocoenzyme A acetyltransferase 2; Acetoacetyl CoA ... PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Acetyl CoA acetyltransferase 2 ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/phgHome.action?action=forward&dbsource=cluster&id=27870

... tuberculosis with an partially acetylated cysteine in complex with acetyl-CoA and CoA ... Structure of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase FadA5 from M. ... Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase FadA5: AB. SMTL:PDB. SMTL Chain Id ... 2 x COA: COENZYME A(Non-covalent). COA.2: 10 residues within 4Å:*. Chain A: L.136, Q.159, F.160, Q.185, R.229, T.231, L.239, A. ... tuberculosis with an partially acetylated cysteine in complex with acetyl-CoA and CoA. Coordinates. PDB Format Method. X-RAY ...

https://swissmodel.expasy.org/templates/4ubv

Acetyl-CoA:alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase 50 - 171. nmol/h/mg prot.. ... Acetyl-CoA:alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (Sanfilippo syndrome type C), fibroblasts.. Fee code: 16025 ... Home > Test catalog > Acetyl-CoA:alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (Sanfilippo syndrome type C), fibroblasts. ...

http://cdb.hospitalclinic.org/en_catalogo-cdb/248578081/acetyl-coaalpha-glucosaminide-n-acetyltransferase-sanfilippo-syndrome-type-c-fibroblasts

Acetyl-CoA:4-Hydroxybutinylbithiophene O-Acetyltransferase Isoenzymes from Tagetes patula Seedlings. Metschulat, Gernot / ...

https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/znc.1987.42.issue-7-8/issue-files/znc.1987.42.issue-7-8.xml

... acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; HMGS, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase; HMGR, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase; MVK, ... 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase; CCoAOMT, caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase; CCR, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; CAD, cinnamyl alcohol ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28615048

acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript.. ... It converts a molecule called 2-methyl-acetoacetyl-CoA into two smaller molecules, propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA, that can be ... The enzyme converts a molecule called acetoacetyl-CoA into two molecules of acetyl-CoA, which can be used to produce energy. In ... Structure and expression of the human mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase-encoding gene. Gene. 1991 Dec 30;109(2):285-90. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/acat1/

The CHAT gene provides instructions for making a protein called choline acetyltransferase. Learn about this gene and related ... acetyl CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase. *CHOACTASE. *choline acetylase. *CLAT_HUMAN. *CMS1A. Additional Information & Resources ... The CHAT gene provides instructions for making a protein called choline acetyltransferase. This protein is located at the ends ... Choline acetyltransferase facilitates the production of a molecule called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is essential for normal ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/chat/

ACETYL-COA ACETYLTRANSFERASE. A, B, C, D. 392. Zoogloea ramigera. Mutation(s): 1 Gene Names: phaA, phbA. EC: 2.3.1.9. ... The latter intermediate is formed when the alpha-carbanion of acetyl-CoA enolate reacts with the carbonyl carbon of acetyl- ... COA. Query on COA. Download CCD File A, B, C, D. COENZYME A. C21 H36 N7 O16 P3 S. RGJOEKWQDUBAIZ-IBOSZNHHSA-N. Ligand ... The biosynthetic thiolase catalyzes a Claisen condensation reaction between acetyl-CoA and the enzyme acetylated at Cys89. Two ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2wkv

acetoacetyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, b-oxidation, ectomycorrhizae, Laccaria bicolor, Pinus resinosa, symbiosis ... Symbiosis-regulated expression of an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase gene in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. The ...

https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22symbiosis%22

Microsomal preparations containing lyso-PAF:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activity catalyzed the incorporation of [3H]acetyl-CoA ... Microsomal preparations containing lyso-PAF:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activity catalyzed the incorporation of [3H]acetyl-CoA ... Microsomal preparations containing lyso-PAF:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activity catalyzed the incorporation of [3H]acetyl-CoA ... Microsomal preparations containing lyso-PAF:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activity catalyzed the incorporation of [3H]acetyl-CoA ...

https://scholars.uthscsa.edu/en/publications/lyso-pafacetyl-coa-acetyltransferase-and-cdp-choline-cholinephosp

... an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, a beta-oxidation multi-enzyme, a crotonyl-CoA reductase, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a malonyl- ... an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, a beta-oxidation multi-enzyme, a crotonyl-CoA reductase, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a malonyl- ... an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, a beta-oxidation multi-enzyme, a crotonyl-CoA reductase, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a malonyl- ... an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, a beta-oxidation multi-enzyme, a crotonyl-CoA reductase, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a malonyl- ...

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2017/0096692.html

... acetyl CoA acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), which esterifies excess cholesterol, was significantly decreased. Strikingly, there was ... HMG-CoA synthase 1, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, lanosterol synthase, acetoacetyl CoA synthase, and mevalonate kinase were ... W. R. Lagor, R. Heller, E. D. De Groh, and G. C. Ness, "Functional analysis of the hepatic HMG-CoA reductase promoter by in ... J. M. Trzaskos, R. L. Magolda, M. F. Favata et al., "Modulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase by 15α- ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jl/2011/101242/

Acetyl-CoA: lyso-platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase activity in neutrophils from asthmatic and normal subjects. ... Dive into the research topics of Acetyl-CoA: lyso-platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase activity in neutrophils from ...

https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/acetyl-coa-lyso-platelet-activating-factor-acetyltransferase-acti/fingerprints/

... acetyl Coenzyme A hydrolysis by human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1/murine arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 2, open up ... no acetyl Coenzyme A hydrolysis was found when murine arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 or recombinant bacterial arylamine N ... revealing that the disappearance of acetyl CH3 from acetyl Coenzyme A occurred concomitantly with the appearance of a CH3 peak ... Furthermore, in silico docking of folate within the active site of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 suggests that ...

https://pharm.ox.ac.uk/publications/465131

MBS285428 is a ready-to-use microwell, strip plate ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) Kit for analyzing the presence of the Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ACAT1) ELISA Kit target analytes in biological samples. (mybiosource.com)
Antibodies in the Chromocyte database for ACAT1 / acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 and Alkaline Phosphatase (AP). (chromocyte.com)
ACAT1 (Acetyl-CoA Acetyltransferase 1) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
Abdelkreem E, Harijan RK, Yamaguchi S, Wierenga RK, Fukao T. Mutation update on ACAT1 variants associated with mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (T2) deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)

Other names in common use include acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, beta-acetoacetyl coenzyme A thiolase, 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase [misleading], 3-oxothiolase, acetyl coenzyme A thiolase, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA:N-acetyltransferase, and thiolase II. (wikipedia.org)
The final step in the synthesis of 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-d-galactose, the acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent acetylation of the 4-amino group, is carried out by TDP-fucosamine acetyltransferase (WecD). (rcsb.org)
Using free coenzyme A/CoA, catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of medium- to long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoAs into acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA shortened by two carbon atoms. (uniprot.org)
Acetyl Coenzyme A-dependent N-, O- and N,O-acetylation of aromatic amines and hydrazines by arylamine N-acetyltransferases is well characterised. (ox.ac.uk)
Here, we describe experiments demonstrating that human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 and its murine homologue (Type 2) can also catalyse the direct hydrolysis of acetyl Coenzyme A in the presence of folate. (ox.ac.uk)
no acetyl Coenzyme A hydrolysis was found when murine arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 or recombinant bacterial arylamine N-acetyltransferases were incubated with folate. (ox.ac.uk)
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy allowed chemical modifications occurring during the catalytic reaction to be analysed in real time, revealing that the disappearance of acetyl CH3 from acetyl Coenzyme A occurred concomitantly with the appearance of a CH3 peak corresponding to that of free acetate and suggesting that folate is not acetylated during the reaction. (ox.ac.uk)
Furthermore, in silico docking of folate within the active site of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 suggests that folate may bind at the enzyme's active site, and facilitate acetyl Coenzyme A hydrolysis. (ox.ac.uk)
These data, together with the characterisation of a naphthoquinone inhibitor of folate-dependent acetyl Coenzyme A hydrolysis by human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1/murine arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 2, open up a range of future avenues of exploration, both for elucidating the developmental role of these enzymes and for improving chemotherapeutic approaches to pathological conditions including estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. (ox.ac.uk)
Acetyl-CoA ( acetyl coenzyme A ) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism . (wikipedia.org)
Coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a β-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid through an amide linkage [2] and 3'-phosphorylated ADP. (wikipedia.org)
Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl coenzyme A and choline by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Coenzyme A is synthesized in mitochondria and accesses choline acetyltransferase following transport across the mitochondrial membrane into the cytoplasm. (sigmaaldrich.com)
As choline acetyltransferase is not saturated by concentrations of acetyl coenzyme A and choline that are estimated to be present in the nerve terminal, it appears that the rate of acetylcholine synthesis is dependent on precursor availability. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Cyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carbonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) hydratases of Geobacter metallireducens and Syntrophus aciditrophicus: Evidence for a common benzoyl-CoA degradation pathway in facultative and strict anaerobes. (genome.jp)
Other names in common use include acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase , beta-acetoacetyl coenzyme A thiolase , 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase , 3-oxothiolase , acetyl coenzyme A thiolase , acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase , acetyl-CoA:N-acetyltransferase , and thiolase II . (primidi.com)
an enzyme catalyzing the thioclastic cleavage by coenzyme A of β-ketoacyl-CoA, forming an acyl-CoA with a carbon chain shorter by two atoms, the missing two atoms appearing as acetyl-CoA. (thefreedictionary.com)

The CHAT gene provides instructions for making a protein called choline acetyltransferase. (medlineplus.gov)
Choline acetyltransferase facilitates the production of a molecule called acetylcholine. (medlineplus.gov)
The mutations lead to decreased production of choline acetyltransferase or the production of a protein with decreased ability to aid in the production of acetylcholine. (medlineplus.gov)
Kudolo, GB & Harper, MJK 1995, ' Lyso-PAF:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase and CDP-choline cholinephosphotransferase activities in the rabbit endometrium ', Journal of Lipid Mediators and Cell Signalling , vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 145-158. (uthscsa.edu)
by binding at an allosteric site on choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine inhibits its activity. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The genes for choline acetyltransferase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter are organized in a single gene locus, and transcription of the two genes is typically co-regulated. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The de novo pathway utilizes 1-alkyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycerol and CDP-choline as substrates of a DTT-insensitive phosphocholine transferase (PAF-PCT). (springer.com)
Its key biosynthetic enzymes are lyso-PAF acetyltransferases (lyso-PAF-AT), responsible for PAF synthesis through the remodeling route and a specific CDP-choline:1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol cholinephosphotransferase (PAF-CPT), responsible for its de novo biosynthesis. (chemweb.com)
Catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic synapses. (abcam.com)
Belongs to the carnitine/choline acetyltransferase family. (abcam.com)
Synthetic peptide corresponding to Rat Choline Acetyltransferase aa 600 to the C-terminus conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin. (abcam.com)
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. (bioportfolio.com)
Choline acetyltransferase mutations cause myasthenic syndrome associated with episodic apnea in humans. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The enzyme necessary for this synthesis ( choline acetyltransferase ) is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow , the slow movement of intracellular substance ( cytoplasm ). (encyclopedia.com)

Kano M, Fukao T, Yamaguchi S, Orii T, Osumi T, Hashimoto T. Structure and expression of the human mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase-encoding gene. (medlineplus.gov)

PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Acetyl CoA acetyltransferase 2 deficiency. (cdc.gov)

CrAT modulates mitochondrial acetyl-CoA/CoA ratios, thus regulating pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and glucose oxidation. (biochemj.org)
Ethanol also serves as a carbon source for acetylation of CoA utilizing the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase . (wikipedia.org)
These amino acids are converted to α-ketoacids by transamination and eventually to isovaleryl-CoA through oxidative decarboxylation by an α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. (wikipedia.org)
The oxidative conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA is referred to as the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction . (wikipedia.org)
This model represents one of several closely related clades of the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. (jcvi.org)
This enzyme, which belongs to the family of 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes, catalyses the oxidative-hydrolytic cleavage of acetoin to acetaldehyde and acetyl-CoA in many bacterial strains, both aerobic and anaerobic. (qmul.ac.uk)
The enzyme is composed of multiple copies of three enzymatic components:acetoin oxidoreductase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3). (qmul.ac.uk)
The 3 enzymes involved are long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (LCEH), long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD), and long-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (LCTH). (thefreedictionary.com)
Five enzymes/proteins were identified as being differentially expressed in the livers of ketotic cows: expression of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 (HCDH), acetylcoenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 ( ACAT ) and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) were down-regulated, whereas that of alpha-enolase and creatine kinase were up-regulated. (thefreedictionary.com)

Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is an intracellular membrane-bound enzyme that uses cholesterol and long chain fatty acyl-CoA as substrates to produce cholesteryl esters. (nih.gov)

Acyl_CoA_acyltransferase. (univ-lyon1.fr)

This gene encodes a mitochondrially localized enzyme that catalyzes the reversible formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of acetyl-CoA. (genecards.org)
This gene encodes a lysosomal acetyltransferase, which is one of several enzymes involved in the lysosomal degradation of heparin sulfate. (genecards.org)
HGSNAT (Heparan-Alpha-Glucosaminide N-Acetyltransferase) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
GO annotations related to this gene include transferase activity, transferring acyl groups and heparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase activity . (genecards.org)
The product of this gene is an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism and it encodes cytosolic acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase. (bio-rad.com)

To investigate the relationship between CrAT and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the cytosolic enzyme catalyzing malonyl-CoA production from acetyl-CoA, we studied ACC2 knockout mouse hearts which showed decreased CrAT protein levels and activity associated with increased palmitate oxidation and acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio compared to controls. (biochemj.org)

LCHAD activity resides in a membrane-bound multienzyme complex that also contains long-chain 3-enoyl-CoA hydratase and longchain 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activities (trifunctional protein) [10,11]. (thefreedictionary.com)
11. The recombinant cell of claim 9 or claim 10 wherein the cell exhibits increased activity compared to a wild-type control of one or more of: a thiolase, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl (HMG)-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, acyl-CoA ligase, or enoyl-CoA hydratase. (sumobrain.com)
22. The recombinant cell of claim 11 wherein the enoyl-CoA hydratase comprises SidH. (sumobrain.com)

WecD is a dimeric enzyme, with each monomer adopting the GNAT N-acetyltransferase fold, common to a number of enzymes involved in acetylation of histones, aminoglycoside antibiotics, serotonin, and sugars. (rcsb.org)
We find that αTAT1 has an overall fold similar to the Gcn5 histone acetyltransferase but contains a relatively wide substrate binding groove and unique structural elements that play important roles in α-tubulin-specific acetylation. (pnas.org)
Together, these studies provide general insights into distinguishing features between histone and tubulin acetyltransferases, and they have specific implications for understanding the molecular basis of tubulin acetylation and for developing small molecule modulators of microtubule acetylation for therapy. (pnas.org)
This modification is considered a hallmark of stable, long-lived microtubules ( 7 ) and α-tubulin acetyltransferase (αTAT1)/Mec-17 was recently identified to acetylate K40 on α-tubulin, with no detectable acetylation of histone substrates ( 9 , 10 ). (pnas.org)
Using acetylation assays with structure-guided mutants, we map residues important for acetylCoA binding, substrate binding, and catalysis. (mpg.de)

CoA is acetylated using acetate by acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), also coupled with ATP hydrolysis. (wikipedia.org)

In enzymology, an acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 acetyl-CoA ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + acetoacetyl-CoA Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, acetyl-CoA, and two products, CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA. (wikipedia.org)
An obsolete generic term for any enzyme (e.g., acetyl CoA acetyltransferase [EC 2.3.1.9]) which catalyses a reaction between a compound, R-R', and a thiol, R'-SH, forming R-S-R' and R'-H. (thefreedictionary.com)
This analysis reveals a basic patch implicated in substrate binding and a conserved glutamine residue required for catalysis, demonstrating that the family of alpha-tubulin acetyltransferases uses a reaction mechanism different from other lysine acetyltransferases characterized to date. (mpg.de)
The biosynthetic thiolase catalyzes a Claisen condensation reaction between acetyl-CoA and the enzyme acetylated at Cys89. (rcsb.org)
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone = CoA + acetyl-histone. (yeastgenome.org)

Endometrial platelet-activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phos-phorylcholine) levels change significantly during the pre-implantation period in the rabbit uterus, but under in vitro culture conditions, constitutive PAF biosynthesis by isolated endometrial tissues is not easily demonstrable. (uthscsa.edu)
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF, 1-alkyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine) was first identified as a lipid mediator of inflammation and immunological response. (springer.com)

The role of carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) in regulating cardiac energy metabolism is poorly understood. (biochemj.org)
These data support the presence of a cytosolic CrAT with a low K m for CoA favoring the formation of cytosolic acetyl-CoA providing an additional source to the classical ATP-citrate lyase pathway and that there is an inverse relation between CrAT and the ratio of acetyl-CoA/CoA as evident in conditions affecting the regulation of cardiac energy metabolism. (biochemj.org)
Rapid metabolism of PAF relative to its synthesis may account for this disparity because we have recently shown that in stromal cells there is a significant build-up of lyso-PAF suggesting that lyso-PAF:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase might be a limiting factor. (uthscsa.edu)
The evidence presented in this paper adds to our growing understanding of the endogenous roles of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase Type 1 and its mouse homologue and expands the catalytic repertoire of these enzymes, demonstrating that they are by no means just xenobiotic metabolising enzymes but probably also play an important role in cellular metabolism. (ox.ac.uk)
Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen were awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for their discoveries linking acetyl-CoA and fatty acid metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Butyryl-CoA is an intermediate in the metabolism of Butanoate. (hmdb.ca)
Acetoacetyl-CoA is an intermediate in the metabolism of Butanoate. (hmdb.ca)

The cysteine regulon contains the genes whose protein products are necessary to convert sulfate to sulfide, which is eventually reacted with O -acetyl-serine (OAS) to generate cysteine. (frontiersin.org)
OatA is the first Gcn5-related N- acetyltransferase (aka GNAT) involved in the regulation of amino acid biosynthetic genes in Salmonella . (frontiersin.org)

From arylamine N-acetyltransferase to folate-dependent acetyl CoA hydrolase: impact of folic acid on the activity of (HUMAN)NAT1 and its homologue (MOUSE)NAT2. (ox.ac.uk)

The Km for the substrate acetyl-CoA was 137 +/- 13 microM and the pH optimum was about 8. (biochemj.org)
In addition, the enzyme preferred acetyl-CoA to palmitoyl-CoA or oleoyl-CoA as substrate. (biochemj.org)
Lysosomal acetyltransferase that acetylates the non-reducing terminal alpha-glucosamine residue of intralysosomal heparin or heparan sulfate, converting it into a substrate for luminal alpha-N-acetyl glucosaminidase. (genecards.org)

2 acetyl-CoA = CoA + acetoacetyl-CoA. (uniprot.org)
The activity of the enzyme is reversible and it can also catalyze the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules into acetoacetyl-CoA. (uniprot.org)
an acetyltransferase forming acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of acetyl-CoA, releasing one CoA. (thefreedictionary.com)
It converts a molecule called 2-methyl-acetoacetyl-CoA into two smaller molecules, propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA, that can be used to produce energy. (medlineplus.gov)
The enzyme converts a molecule called acetoacetyl-CoA into two molecules of acetyl-CoA, which can be used to produce energy. (medlineplus.gov)

14. The recombinant cell of claim 11 wherein the HMG-CoA synthase comprises MvaS. (sumobrain.com)

9. A recombinant cell modified to exhibit increased biosynthesis of anhydromevalonyl-CoA compared to a wild-type control. (sumobrain.com)
16. The recombinant cell of claim 11 wherein the HMG-CoA reductase comprises MvaE. (sumobrain.com)
18. The recombinant cell of claim 11 wherein the acyl-CoA ligase comprises Sidl. (sumobrain.com)

Microsomal preparations containing lyso-PAF:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activity catalyzed the incorporation of [3H]acetyl-CoA lyso-PAF into two distinct lipid products. (uthscsa.edu)

Benzoyl-CoA can replace 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA ( cf . (qmul.ac.uk)

Whereas histone acetyltransferases have been extensively studied, there is no structural and mechanistic information available on alpha-tubulin acetyltransferases. (mpg.de)

This is one of the enzymes that catalyzes the last step of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA. (uniprot.org)

We show that murine heart cytosol has higher reverse CrAT activity (RCrAT, producing acetyl-CoA from acetylcarnitine) compared to liver, which primarily uses ATP-citrate lyase to produce cytosolic acetyl-CoA for lipogenesis. (biochemj.org)
This citrate is then exported to other organelles outside the mitochondria to be broken into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by the enzyme ATP citrate lyase (ACL). (wikipedia.org)

The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)

View all proteins of this organism that are known to be involved in the subpathway that synthesizes (R)-mevalonate from acetyl-CoA , the pathway (R)-mevalonate biosynthesis and in Metabolic intermediate biosynthesis . (uniprot.org)

S. enterica synthesizes L -Cys de novo using a pathway that reduces sulfate (oxidation state 6 + ) to sulfide (oxidation state 2 - ) and then condenses O -acetyl-serine (OAS) with sulfide to yield L -Cys and acetate (Figure 1 ) ( Kredich, 2008 ). (frontiersin.org)
[2] The abbreviation "Ac" (or "AC") is also sometimes encountered in chemical formulas to indicate the acetate ion (CH 3 CO 2 − ), or the acetyl group (CH 3 CO). This abbreviation is not to be confused with the symbol of actinium , the first element of the actinide series. (wikipedia.org)

The long-chain forms of hydratase, LCHAD, and the 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase exist as a multienzyme complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that is called the mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTFP) (3, 4). (thefreedictionary.com)

CoA is acetylated to acetyl-CoA by the breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis and by the breakdown of fatty acids through β-oxidation . (wikipedia.org)

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and alcohol , whereas its two products are CoA and acetyl ester . (wikidoc.org)

The purpose of this study is to determine whether Acetyl L-carnitine can prevent the development of nerve damage, known as neuropathy, in individuals taking anti-HIV drugs over a 48-week p. (bioportfolio.com)

α-tubulin acetyltransferase (αTAT1) is the major α-tubulin lysine-40 (K40) acetyltransferase in mammals, nematodes, and protozoa, and its activity plays a conserved role in several microtubule-based processes. (pnas.org)
Compared with other lysine acetyltransferases of known structure, alpha-tubulin acetyltransferase displays a relatively well-conserved cosubstrate binding pocket but is unique in its active site and putative alpha-tubulin binding site. (mpg.de)

Here, we present the X-ray crystal structure of the human αTAT1/acetyl-CoA complex. (pnas.org)

Anatomy21

Organisms12

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs134

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes67

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Metabolic engineering of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates): from DNA to plastic. (1/222)

Pregnenolone esterification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A potential detoxification mechanism. (2/222)

A functional 4-hydroxysalicylate/hydroxyquinol degradative pathway gene cluster is linked to the initial dibenzo-p-dioxin pathway genes in Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1. (3/222)

Origin of gene overlap: the case of TCP1 and ACAT2. (4/222)

Development and characterization of a gene expression reporter system for Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. (5/222)

A biosynthetic thiolase in complex with a reaction intermediate: the crystal structure provides new insights into the catalytic mechanism. (6/222)

Aberrant oxidation of the cholesterol side chain in bile acid synthesis of sterol carrier protein-2/sterol carrier protein-x knockout mice. (7/222)

Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation disorders and 58 kDa sterol carrier protein X (SCPx). Activity measurements in liver and fibroblasts using a newly developed method. (8/222)

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Acetyltransferases

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

Coenzyme A

Histone Acetyltransferases

Choline O-Acetyltransferase

Pyruvate Carboxylase

Acetylation

Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase

Acetate-CoA Ligase

Acetates

ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase

Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase

Ligases

Biotin

p300-CBP Transcription Factors

Acetylcarnitine

Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase

Molecular Sequence Data

Serine O-Acetyltransferase

N-Terminal Acetyltransferase A

Magnesium Compounds

N-Terminal Acetyltransferase E

Malonyl Coenzyme A

Dihydrolipoyllysine-Residue Acetyltransferase

Liver

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Fatty Acid Synthases

Base Sequence

Rhizobium etli

Transcription, Genetic

Fatty Acids

Kinetics

Carbon Isotopes

Citrates

Amino Acid Sequence

Mevalonic Acid

Histones

Caprylates

Acetylesterase

Escherichia coli

RNA, Messenger

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases

Phosphate Acetyltransferase

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Multienzyme Complexes

Lipid Metabolism

Acyl Coenzyme A

Plasmids

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

CREB-Binding Protein

Citric Acid Cycle

Transfection

Cloning, Molecular

N-Terminal Acetyltransferases

Transcription Factors

E1A-Associated p300 Protein

Glucose

Acyltransferases

Organophosphates

Gene Expression Regulation

Cytosol

Mitochondria, Liver

Spermine

Catalysis

Cell Line

N-Terminal Acetyltransferase B

Substrate Specificity

Binding Sites

Nuclear Proteins

Lysine

Carbon Radioisotopes

Adenosine Triphosphate

Carnitine

Rats, Inbred Strains

Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins

Spermidine

Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid

Mutation

Adipose Tissue