Effects of glucagon and insulin on lipolysis and ketogenesis in sheep. (1/381)
The hepatic and portal productions of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate and lipolysis were studied in normal and insulin-controlled alloxan-diabetic sheep. Since hyperinsulinemia is associated with glucagon administration, the latter group of sheep were used to maintain constant plasma insulin levels. After control values were obtained glucagon was infused intraportally at 90 mug/hr for two hours. The ketone body production by portal drained viscera was not significantly affected by glucagon. In alloxanized sheep, glucagon significantly (P less than 0.01) increased net hepatic production of acetoacetate (from -0.54 +/- 0.08 to 0.46 +/- 0.07 g/hr). Lipolysis also increased. However, in the normal sheep, hyperinsulinemia prevented any stimulatory effect of glucagon on hepatic ketogenesis and lipolysis. Therefore, while glucagon appears capable of stimulating ketogenesis andlipolysis, these effects are readily suppressed by insulin. (+info)Evidence for an inducible nucleotide-dependent acetone carboxylase in Rhodococcus rhodochrous B276. (2/381)
The metabolism of acetone was investigated in the actinomycete Rhodococcus rhodochrous (formerly Nocardia corallina) B276. Suspensions of acetone- and isopropanol-grown R. rhodochrous readily metabolized acetone. In contrast, R. rhodochrous cells cultured with glucose as the carbon source lacked the ability to metabolize acetone at the onset of the assay but gained the ability to do so in a time-dependent fashion. Chloramphenicol and rifampin prevented the time-dependent increase in this activity. Acetone metabolism by R. rhodochrous was CO2 dependent, and 14CO2 fixation occurred concomitant with this process. A nucleotide-dependent acetone carboxylase was partially purified from cell extracts of acetone-grown R. rhodochrous by DEAE-Sepharose chromatography. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that the acetone carboxylase was composed of three subunits with apparent molecular masses of 85, 74, and 16 kDa. Acetone metabolism by the partially purified enzyme was dependent on the presence of a divalent metal and a nucleoside triphosphate. GTP and ITP supported the highest rates of acetone carboxylation, while CTP, UTP, and XTP supported carboxylation at 10 to 50% of these rates. ATP did not support acetone carboxylation. Acetoacetate was determined to be the stoichiometric product of acetone carboxylation. The longer-chain ketones butanone, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, and 2-hexanone were substrates. This work has identified an acetone carboxylase with a novel nucleotide usage and broader substrate specificity compared to other such enzymes studied to date. These results strengthen the proposal that carboxylation is a common strategy used for acetone catabolism in aerobic acetone-oxidizing bacteria. (+info)Comparison of metabolism of free fatty acid by isolated perfused livers from male and female rats. (3/381)
Livers from normal, fed male and female rats were perfused with different amounts of [1-14C]oleate under steady state conditions, and the rates of uptake and utilization of free fatty acid (FFA) were measured. The uptake of FFA by livers from either male or female rats was proportional to the concentration of FFA in the medium. The rate of uptake of FFA, per g of liver, by livers from female rats exceeded that of the males for the same amount of FFA infused. The incorporation by the liver of exogenous oleic acid into triglyceride, phospholipid, and oxidation products was proportional to the uptake of FFA. Livers from female rats incorporated more oleate into triglyceride (TG) and less into phospholipid (PL) and oxidation products than did livers from male animals. Livers from female rats secreted more TG than did livers from male animals when infused with equal quantities of oleate. The incorporation of endogenous fatty acid into TG of the perfusate was inhibite) by exogenous oleate. At low concentrations of perfusate FFA, however, endogenous fatty acids contributed substantially to the increased output of TG by livers from female animals. Production of 14CO2 and radioactive ketone bodies increased with increasing uptake of FFA. The partition of oleate between oxidative pathways (CO2 production and ketogenesis) was modified by the availability of the fatty acid substrate with livers from either sex. The percent incorporation of radioactivity into CO2 reached a maximum, whereas incorporation into ketone bodies continued to increase. The output of ketone bodies was dependent on the uptake of FFA, and output by livers from female animals was less than by livers from male rats. The increase in rate of ketogenesis was dependent on the influx of exogenous FFA, while ketogenesis from endogenous sources remained relatively stable. The output of glucose by the liver increased with the uptake of FFA, but no difference due to sex was observed. The output of urea by livers from male rats was unaffected by oleate, while the output of urea by livers from females decreased as the uptake of FFA increased. A major conclusion to be derived from this work is that oleate is not metabolized identically by livers from the two sexes, but rather, per gram of liver, livers from female rats take up and esterify more fatty acid to TG and oxidize less than do livers from male animals; livers from female animals synthesize and secrete more triglyceride than do livers from male animals when provided with equal quantities of free fatty acid. (+info)Metabolic effect of alpha-and the beta-adrenergic stimulation of rat submaxillary gland in vitro. (4/381)
1. Incubation of submaxillary-gland slices with isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, stimulated glucose removal by 41% and decreased tissue [glucose 6-phosphate] by 50%. Propranolol blocked these effects of isoproterenol. 2. Phenylephrine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, stimulated glucose removal by 35% and decreased tissue [glucose 6-phosphate] by 75%. In addition, phenylephrine also completely overcame the inhibition of pyruvate removal caused by acetoacetate metabolism and decreased tissue [atp] by 45%. Phentolamine blocked the effects of phenylephrine. 3. In contrast with beta-adrenergic stimulation, alpha-adrenergic stimulation required exogenous Ca2+. 4. These results explain the different metabolic responses of the submaxillary gland to adrenaline in the presence and absence of exogenous Ca2+. (+info)Effect of hyperketonemia on plasma lipid peroxidation levels in diabetic patients. (5/381)
OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to examine the effect of ketosis on plasma lipid peroxidation levels in diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma levels of lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde) and ketone bodies (acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate) were determined in diabetic patients (n = 70) and age-matched normal volunteers (n = 25). Diabetic patients with total ketone body levels > 1.0 mmol/l were considered hyperketonemic, and those with levels < or = 1.0 mmol/l were considered normoketonemic. RESULTS: After normalization versus total lipids, levels of lipid peroxidation were significantly higher in the plasma of hyperketonemic diabetic patients (P < 0.05), but not in normoketonemic diabetic patients, compared with age-matched normal volunteers. In addition, low ketonemia was associated with lower lipid peroxidation levels when lipid peroxidation and ketonemia were determined in the same patient (n = 7) at two different clinic visits. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated an association between hyperketonemia and increased lipid peroxidation levels in diabetic patients, which suggests that ketosis is a risk factor in the elevated lipid peroxidation levels associated with diabetes. Further investigation is needed to determine whether antioxidant supplementation can be particularly beneficial in reducing lipid peroxidation and complications in type 1 diabetic patients who frequently encounter ketosis. (+info)The metabolic effects of estriol in female rat liver. (6/381)
The effects of estriol on oxygen uptake, glucose release, lactate and pyruvate production, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate production in perfused rat liver as well as, carbon uptake in rat liver and intracellular calcium in isolated Kupffer cells were investigated. Basal oxygen consumption of perfused liver increased significantly in estriol or ethanol-treated rats. But these increased effects were blocked by gadolinium chloride pretreatment. In a metabolic study, pretreatment with estriol resulted in a decrease in glucose production and in glycolysis while an increase in ketogenesis. A more oxidized redox state of the mitochondria was indicated by increased ratios of perfusate [lactate]/[pyruvate] and decreased ratios of perfusate [beta-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate]. Carbon uptake of Kupffer-cell increased significantly in estriol-treated rats. But these increased uptake were not shown in rats pre-treated by gadolinium chloride blocking phagocytosis. In isolated Kupffer cells from estriol-treated rats, intracellular calcium was more significantly increased after addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) than in controls. These findings suggest that the metabolic effects of estriol (two mg per 100 mg body wt) can be summarized to be highly toxic in rat liver, and these findings suggest that oral administration of estrogens may induce hepatic dysfunctions and play a role in the development of liver disease. (+info)Hyperketonemia can increase lipid peroxidation and lower glutathione levels in human erythrocytes in vitro and in type 1 diabetic patients. (7/381)
Recent studies have suggested that elevated cellular lipid peroxidation may play a role in the development of cellular dysfunction and other complications of diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes frequently encounter elevated levels of the ketone bodies acetoacetate (AA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and acetone (ACE). This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that ketosis might increase lipid peroxidation and lower glutathione (GSH) levels of red blood cells (RBCs) in diabetic patients. This study demonstrates that incubation of AA with normal RBCs in phosphate-buffered saline (37 degrees C for 24 h) resulted in marked GSH depletion, oxidized glutathione accumulation, hydroxyl radical generation, and increased membrane lipid peroxidation. Increases in oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation and depletion of GSH in RBCs were not observed with BHB or ACE treatments. Similarly, there was a significant generation of superoxide ion radicals even in a cell-free buffer solution of AA, but not in that of BHB. The presence of BHB together with AA did not influence the capacity of AA to generate oxygen radicals in a cell-free solution or the increase in lipid peroxidation of RBCs incubated with AA. The antioxidants vitamin E and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) blocked increase in lipid peroxidation in AA-treated RBCs. To examine the effects of ketone bodies in vivo, studies were performed that showed a significant decrease in GSH and an increase in lipid peroxidation levels in RBCs of hyperketonemic diabetic patients, but not in normoketonemic type 1 diabetic patients, when compared with age-matched normal subjects. This study demonstrates that elevated levels of the ketone body AA can increase lipid peroxidation and lower GSH levels of RBCs in people with type 1 diabetes. (+info)In vivo suppressor mutations correct a murine model of hereditary tyrosinemia type I. (8/381)
Hereditary tyrosinemia type I and alkaptonuria are disorders of tyrosine catabolism caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) and homogentisic acid dioxygenase (HGD), respectively. Tyrosinemia is a severe childhood disease that affects the liver and kidneys, but alkaptonuria is a more benign adult disorder in comparison. Because HGD is upstream of FAH in the tyrosine pathway, mice doubly mutant in both enzymes were found to be protected from the liver and renal damage of tyrosinemia as hypothesized. Mice mutant at the tyrosinemic locus but heterozygous for alkaptonuria spontaneously developed clonal nodules of functionally normal hepatocytes that were able to rescue the livers of some mice with this genotype. This phenotypic rescue was a result of an inactivating mutation of the wild-type homogentisic acid dioxygenase gene, thus presenting an example of an in vivo suppressor mutation in a mammalian model. (+info)
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Acetoacetate decarboxylase - Wikipedia
Entry of Acetoacetate decarboxylase KEGG: Entry of Acetoacetate decarboxylase InterPro: IPR010451 Acetoacetate decarboxylase ... Acetoacetate decarboxylase has a KM for acetoacetate of 7×10−3 M whereas the enzyme has a KI for benzoylacetone of 1.9×10−6 M. ... Acetoacetate decarboxylase plays a key role in solvent production by catalyzing the decarboxylation of acetoacetate, yielding ... Acetoacetate decarboxylase from Clostridium acetobutylicum catalyzes the decarboxylation of acetoacetate to yield acetone and ...
Methyl acetoacetate
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Acetoacetate: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels
... although nonspecific for acetoacetate, are frequently used to determine the presence of ketone bodies (acetone and acetoacetate ... The normal reference range for quantitative acetoacetate assays (Gas chromatography) are as follows: Normal range (plasma/serum ... encoded search term (Acetoacetate) and Acetoacetate What to Read Next on Medscape ... There are three ketone bodies produced by the body: acetone, acetoacetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate. Acetoacetate, also termed ...
Acetoacetate: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels
... although nonspecific for acetoacetate, are frequently used to determine the presence of ketone bodies (acetone and acetoacetate ... The normal reference range for quantitative acetoacetate assays (Gas chromatography) are as follows: Normal range (plasma/serum ... encoded search term (Acetoacetate) and Acetoacetate What to Read Next on Medscape ... There are three ketone bodies produced by the body: acetone, acetoacetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate. Acetoacetate, also termed ...
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Ethyl acetoacetate
... ImageFile = Ethyl acetoacetate.png ImageName = Ethyl acetoacetate ImageFile1 = Ethyl acetoacetate 3d.png ... Ethyl acetoacetate. Chembox new. Name = Ethyl acetoacetate. ImageFile = Ethyl_acetoacetate.png. ImageName = Ethyl acetoacetate ... ethyl acetoacetate - etilacetilacetatas statusas T sritis chemija formulė CH₃COCH₂COOC₂H₅ atitikmenys: angl. ethyl acetoacetate ... ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) is the ethyl. ester. of acetoacetic acid. . It is a solvent. , and is used as a chemical intermediate ...
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2] Acetoacetate is produced by acetyl-CoA metabolism, β-hydroxybutyrate is the result of acetoacetate reduction, and acetone is ... The ratio of acetoacetate to 3-β-hydroxybutyrate depends on the redox status in the liver mitochondria (ie, the NAD+/NADH ratio ... 8] Concern has been expressed about the effects of serum acetoacetate on serum β-hydroxybutyrate determination [13] ; however, ... Urinary acetoacetate or capillary beta-hydroxybutyrate for the diagnosis of ketoacidosis in the Emergency Department setting. ...
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A clean arylation protocol of ethyl acetoacetate was developed using hypervalent diaryliodonium salts under mild and metal-free ... Metal-Free Arylation of Ethyl Acetoacetate with Hypervalent Diaryliodonium Salts: An Immediate Access to Diverse 3-Aryl-4(1H)- ... A clean arylation protocol of ethyl acetoacetate was developed using hypervalent diaryliodonium salts under mild and metal-free ... Monastyrskyi, Andrii; Namelikonda, Niranjan K.; and Manetsch, Roman, "Metal-Free Arylation of Ethyl Acetoacetate with ...
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In this study, the effects of an acetoacetate (EtOAc) extract of P. bulbocodioides on the cell viability and apoptosis of THP-1 ... Acetoacetate extract of Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) rolfe induces apoptosis of human leukemia thp-1cells through a ... Acetoacetate extract of Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) rolfe induces apoptosis of human leukemia thp-1cells through a ... cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3 increased with increasing concentration of acetoacetate extract of P. bulbocodioides, while ...
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Figure 1. Ketone bodies: acetoacetate (AcAc) is the principle ketone body. It is produced and utilized during intermediary ... Figure 1. Ketone bodies: acetoacetate (AcAc) is the principle ketone body. It is produced and utilized during intermediary ... Even though the main ketone body produced in the liver is acetoacetate, the primary circulating ketone is β-hydroxybutyrate ... Acetone is produced by the spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate and is important from the clinical point of view because ...
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Beta-hydroxybutyrate12
- First off, there are three different types of ketones: acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate. (menshealth.com)
- Ketosis is associated with an increased concentration of ketone bodies (acetoacetate, acetone and beta-hydroxybutyrate [BHB]) in the biofluid (milk, plasma, serum and urine) [ 7 ]. (ejast.org)
- The two primary circulating ketones are Beta Hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and acetoacetate. (hdiac.org)
- Ketosis is the elevation of the ketone bodies: D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, (R-3hydroxybutyrate) and acetoacetate. (ketogenicinfo.com)
- acetone -acetoacetate -beta-hydroxybutyrate. (ketogenicinfo.com)
- During ketosis, Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels may increase more than levels of acetone and acetoacetate, clearly indicating the patient's trend in metabolic status. (ekfusa.com)
- Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state associated with pathologically high serum and urine concentrations of ketone bodies, namely acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate. (statpearls.com)
- These include beta hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone. (ganjagarden.org)
- Ketones acetoacetate and Beta-Hydroxybutyrate are two of the most well-known in ketosis. (getinkspired.com)
- Ketosis produces three types of ketones that are byproducts of fat: acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. (todaysrdh.com)
- Acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate are the three forms that commonly encountered ketone compounds can take. (oapublishinglondon.com)
- Acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are two examples of compounds that can give off a fruity and pleasant odor when present in the breath. (oapublishinglondon.com)
Ketones9
- Semiquantitative methods, although nonspecific for acetoacetate, are frequently used to determine the presence of ketone bodies (acetone and acetoacetate) in urine and blood and are discussed in Ketones . (medscape.com)
- Extreme accumulation of acetoacetate and other ketones can lead to metabolic acidosis defined as ketoacidosis. (medscape.com)
- There are three types of ketones that our body produces when it enters ketosis - BHB, acetoacetate, and acetone. (runnerstribe.com)
- Urine tests for ketones detect acetoacetate but not other ketone bodies. (picmonic.com)
- Ketones (Acetone and Acetoacetate) can be tested or monitored in either urine or blood. (ekfusa.com)
- This nitroprusside urine and serum method produces a qualitative assessment of ketosis by detecting the ketones acetoacetate and acetone - it does not detect BHB. (ekfusa.com)
- These ketones, specifically β -hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acetoacetate, and acetone, flow from the liver to the bloodstream and are taken up by organs around the body. (drcolbert.com)
- Along with the ketones acetone and acetoacetate, BHB serves as a source of cellular energy. (foundmyfitness.com)
- This class of ketone bodies refers to the three water-soluble ketones (acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate [β-HB], and acetone). (empireshealh.com)
Acetone and acetoacetate2
- During ketosis, BHB levels increase more than levels of acetone and acetoacetate, clearly indicating the patients trend in metabolic status. (ekfusa.com)
- During ketosis, B-HB levels increase more than levels of acetone and acetoacetate, clearly indicating the patient's trend in metabolic status. (ekfdiagnostics.com)
Ketosis2
- Diabetic ketoacidosis and alcoholic ketoacidosis are by far the most common forms of elevated acetoacetate level and ketosis. (medscape.com)
- This nitroprusside urine method produces a qualitative assessment of ketosis and ketoacidosis by detecting both acetoacetate and acetone. (ekfdiagnostics.com)
Methyl acetoacetate2
- The former were readily prepared in four steps from methyl acetoacetate. (ubc.ca)
- Thus, the alkylation of the dianion of methyl acetoacetate with (E)-5-bromo-1,3-pentadiene, (E)-5-bromo-2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, (2E,4E)- and (2E,4Z)-1-bromo-2-methyl-2,4-hexadiene led to a series of β-keto esters. (ubc.ca)
Urine7
- Keto beginners should start with a urine-testing strip, the most common and affordable option that identifies acetoacetate in pee. (menshealth.com)
- Urine test sticks measure acetoacetate and not 3-hydroxybutyrate (β-hydroxybutyrate) although 3-hydroxybutyrate is the predominant ketone. (citizendium.org)
- It is not detected by urine ketone tests (while acetoacetate is). (picmonic.com)
- They also have pee (urine) strips that measure acetoacetate levels filtered out of your kidneys. (ketogenicinfo.com)
- Note that the urine dip stick method for acetoacetate does not detect β-hydroxybutyric acid. (ekfusa.com)
- His diagnosis of hereditary tyrosinemia was established on findings of raised serum and urine succinylacetone and a deficient activity of fumaryl acetoacetate hydroxylase enzyme. (who.int)
- The ketone may finish in the urine with acetoacetate. (bariatricstation.com)
Decarboxylation7
- Acetoacetate decarboxylase plays a key role in solvent production by catalyzing the decarboxylation of acetoacetate, yielding acetone and carbon dioxide. (wikipedia.org)
- Acetoacetate decarboxylase from Clostridium acetobutylicum catalyzes the decarboxylation of acetoacetate to yield acetone and carbon dioxide (Figure 1). (wikipedia.org)
- The first line of support for this mechanism came from a radiolabeling experiment in which researchers labeled the carbonyl group of acetoacetate with 18O and observed that oxygen exchange to water, used as the solvent, is a necessary part of decarboxylation step. (wikipedia.org)
- [ 2 ] Acetoacetate is produced by acetyl-CoA metabolism, β-hydroxybutyrate is the result of acetoacetate reduction, and acetone is produced by the spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate. (medscape.com)
- Acetone is formed from acetoacetate by spontaneous decarboxylation and is generally considered of little metabolic significance. (biomedcentral.com)
- Acetone can also be produced via non-enzymatic decarboxylation of acetoacetate. (picmonic.com)
- Acetone is produced via the spontaneous non-enzymatic decarboxylation of acetoacetate and is excreted in the breath. (picmonic.com)
Acetoacetic4
- Acetoacetate, also termed acetoacetic acid, is a weak β-keto acid produced from acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix of hepatocytes. (medscape.com)
- The organic compound ethyl acetoacetate ( EAA ) is the ethyl ester of acetoacetic acid . (en-academic.com)
- Ethyl acetoacetate is often used in the acetoacetic ester synthesis similar to diethyl malonate in the Malonic ester synthesis or the Knoevenagel condensation . (en-academic.com)
- ethyl acetoacetate - ▪ chemical compound also called acetoacetic ester an ester widely used as an intermediate in the synthesis of many varieties of organic chemical compounds. (en-academic.com)
Serum acetoacetate1
- Testing of serum acetoacetate is indicated in the diagnosis of ketoacidosis, mainly in suspected diabetic ketoacidosis and alcohol-induced ketoacidosis. (medscape.com)
Succinyl-CoA3
- Peripheral tissues can utilize these ketone bodies via ketogenolysis: first, acetoacetate and succinyl-CoA are combined via the enzyme thiophorase into acetoacetyl-CoA. (picmonic.com)
- In peripheral tissues, it begins when succinyl-CoA and acetoacetate are combined via the enzyme thiophorase. (picmonic.com)
- Acetoacetyl-CoA is formed from succinyl-CoA and Acetoacetate in all tissues except the liver. (picmonic.com)
Reaction5
- Reaction of 5-NSA with acetoacetate decarboxylase and subsequent reduction of the resulting Schiff base with sodium borohydride led to the incorporation of a 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylamino reporter molecule in the active site (Figure 2). (wikipedia.org)
- This paper aims at the introduction of azomethine group by the condensation reaction of N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane with different compounds containing carbonyl group such as 2'-hydroxyacetophenone, salicylaldehyde, pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, acetylacetone and ethyl acetoacetate. (ias.ac.in)
- Solution For Ethyl acetoacetate when reacts with one mole methyl magnesium iodide then product of reaction will be : Are you ready to take control of your learning? (masminaturalcotton.eu)
- The tetrahydrodipyrazolopyridine derivatives were synthesized in water through a catalyst-free pseudo-six-component reaction of hydrazine hydrate, ethyl acetoacetate, ammonium acetate and aldehyde at room temperature. (biomedcentral.com)
- A common protocol for the synthesis of THDPP is the reaction of aldehydes, hydrazine hydrate, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate in a multi-component manner with the presence of a catalyst. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolic1
- [ 3 ] which represents the main metabolic contribution of acetoacetate. (medscape.com)
Acetate3
- Ethyl acetoacetate may be prepared via the Claisen condensation of ethyl acetate . (en-academic.com)
- Two moles of ethyl acetate condense to form one mole each of ethyl acetoacetate and ethanol. (en-academic.com)
- Preliminary results show that short chain compounds (ethyl alcohol, acetate, acetone, acetoacetate) may be rapidly utilized in the synthesis of fat. (caltech.edu)
Ethylene glycol1
- You can also make apple scent fructone from ethyl acetoacetate with ethylene glycol. (sciencemadness.org)
Pyruvate2
- Lactate/pyruvate and 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios were also increased. (soton.ac.uk)
- The latter is important to understand, as deamination (the process by which the amino group is removed) creates two products: Ammonia and a carbon skeleton (Acetyl CoA/acetoacetate or pyruvate). (completehumanperformance.com)
Ketone bodies produced2
- There are three ketone bodies produced by the body: acetone, acetoacetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate. (medscape.com)
- Acetoacetate is one of the three ketone bodies produced via ketogenesis, and can leave hepatocytes. (picmonic.com)
Bacteria4
- Acetoacetate decarboxylase (AAD or ADC) is an enzyme (EC 4.1.1.4) involved in both the ketone body production pathway in humans and other mammals, and solventogenesis in bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1916, biochemist and future first president of Israel Chaim Weizmann was the first to isolate Clostridium acetobutylicum, a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria in which acetoacetate decarboxylase is found. (wikipedia.org)
- The production of acetone by acetoacetate decarboxylase-containing or clostridial bacteria was utilized in large-scale industrial syntheses in the first half of the twentieth century. (wikipedia.org)
- However, there has been a growing interest in acetone production that is more environmentally friendly, causing a resurgence in utilizing acetoacetate decarboxylase-containing bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Allyl2
- The estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) for allyl acetoacetate is 3.2 which does not exceed the bioconcentration threshold of 1000. (europa.eu)
- Thus it is concluded that allyl acetoacetate is not expected to bioaccumulate in the food chain because it does not exceed the BCF criteria of being bioacummulative in nature. (europa.eu)
Isopropyl1
- 2-(3-nitrobenzylidene)acetoacetate;Isopropyl_Changzhou Longo Chemical Co., Ltd. (longochem.com)
Decarboxylase2
- Acetoacetate decarboxylase is an enzyme with major historical implications, specifically in World War I and in establishing the state of Israel. (wikipedia.org)
- Acetoacetate decarboxylase is a 365 kDa complex with a homododecameric structure. (wikipedia.org)
Water soluble1
- Since acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate are water soluble, they can circulate from the liver to other tissues, where both compounds are reconverted to acetyl-CoA to produce energy through the citric acid cycle. (medscape.com)
Diethyl1
- Our main products are all kinds of fine chemical intermediates: Alkyl carbonates (including dimethyl carbonate, dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, ethyl acetoacetate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc. (chemnet.com)
Esters1
- The synthetic protocols developed for them are based on the electrophylic properties of alkylidene acetoacetates, malonates, acetoacetamide esters and malonamides. (unibo.it)
Ligase1
- En biochimie , une ligase est une enzyme qui catalyse la jonction de deux molécules (en anglais ligation ) par de nouvelles liaisons covalentes avec hydrolyse concomitante de l' ATP ou d'autres molécules similaires. (wikipedia.org)
Hydroxybutyrate8
- When there is decreased availability of glucose or impaired glucose metabolism, such as in diabetes mellitus, the acetyl-CoA is diverted to produce more acetoacetate, from which acetone and β-hydroxybutyrate are formed. (medscape.com)
- The term ketone body describes any of 3 molecules: acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, or acetone. (medscape.com)
- The classic ketogenic diet is a high-fat and low-carbohydrate dietetic approach raising levels of serum ketone bodies, i.e. acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate (from less than 0.1 mM to 0.2-1.8 mM and 2-5 mM, respectively) and acetone, and lowering brain glucose uptake [ 6 - 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are almost exclusively synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA that results from the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. (biomedcentral.com)
- These acids, which contain acetone, hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate, can accumulate in the blood and guide to a diabetic coma and demise. (sluiz-ibiza.com)
- A ketogenic diet, a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet that elevates circulating levels of ketone bodies ( i.e. , acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone), serves as an alternative energy source. (biomedcentral.com)
- When the body begins to break down its stored fats in response to a low supply of energy (glucose) it produces the ketone B -Hydroxybutyrate, which is further catabolised into acetoacetate and then into acetone. (ekfdiagnostics.com)
- Firstly define the name of ketone bodies such as acetone, acetoacetate, and B- hydroxybutyrate in healthy subjects. (ketoproclub.net)
Liver3
- BHB is synthesized from your liver from acetoacetate. (bonoszinkia.com)
- Ketogenic diets , defined as a carbohydrate intake low enough (typically 5 to 10 percent of caloric intake) to induce ketone (BHB, acetone, acetoacetate) production by the liver. (foundmyfitness.com)
- Both BHB and acetoacetate are directly responsible for moving energy from the liver into other tissues in the body. (ketonenergy.com)
Acid1
- Ethyl acetoacetate is an ester of a β- keto carbonic acid and therefore has a strong Keto-enol tautomerism . (en-academic.com)
Fatty1
- Acetoacetate - Through the breakdown of long- and medium-chain fatty acids for energy, acetoacetate is produced first. (bonoszinkia.com)
Yield2
- They directly form ethyl acetoacetate, and the yield is good, so this method is widely used in industry, but acetyl ketene is very dangerous. (en-academic.com)
- Catalyzes the cleavage of 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) to yield acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate. (string-db.org)
Ketoacidosis1
- Osmotonicity of acetoacetate: possible implications for cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis. (medscicaserep.com)
Converts2
- The brain loves BHB and uses it for fuel after it converts this into acetoacetate then finally into acetone. (pureprescriptions.com)
- HMG-CoA lyase converts HMG-CoA into acetoacetate. (picmonic.com)
Molecular1
- Polypropylene glycol) oligomers with molecular weights ranging from 1000 to 8000 g·mol -1 were endfunctionalized with acetoacetate groups and subsequently crosslinked using carbon-Michael addition with PEG diacrylate. (elsevier.com)
Produces1
- This process produces the ketone BHB, which is further catabolised into acetoacetate and then into acetone. (ekfdiagnostics.com)
Concentration1
- When the rate of synthesis of acetoacetate and other ketone bodies exceeds the rate of utilization, their concentration in blood increases, a phenomenon known as ketonemia. (medscape.com)
Organic1
- Ethyl Acetoacetate can be used as a ligand for the formation of an organic metal. (powerpatent.com)
Increases1
- In addition, BAIBA supplementation also led to statistically significant increases of acetoacetate, another ketone body. (nutritionfaktory.com)