Acetoacetates: Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid.Epoxy Compounds: Organic compounds that include a cyclic ether with three ring atoms in their structure. They are commonly used as precursors for POLYMERS such as EPOXY RESINS.United States Government Agencies: Agencies of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT of the United States.Nisin: A 34-amino acid polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus lactis. It has been used as a food preservative in canned fruits and vegetables, and cheese.Judgment: The process of discovering or asserting an objective or intrinsic relation between two objects or concepts; a faculty or power that enables a person to make judgments; the process of bringing to light and asserting the implicit meaning of a concept; a critical evaluation of a person or situation.Reference Standards: A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.Ketone Bodies: The metabolic substances ACETONE; 3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; and acetoacetic acid (ACETOACETATES). They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.Formularies as Topic: Works about lists of drugs or collections of recipes, formulas, and prescriptions for the compounding of medicinal preparations. Formularies differ from PHARMACOPOEIAS in that they are less complete, lacking full descriptions of the drugs, their formulations, analytic composition, chemical properties, etc. In hospitals, formularies list all drugs commonly stocked in the hospital pharmacy.Economics, Pharmaceutical: Economic aspects of the fields of pharmacy and pharmacology as they apply to the development and study of medical economics in rational drug therapy and the impact of pharmaceuticals on the cost of medical care. Pharmaceutical economics also includes the economic considerations of the pharmaceutical care delivery system and in drug prescribing, particularly of cost-benefit values. (From J Res Pharm Econ 1989;1(1); PharmacoEcon 1992;1(1))Drug Industry: That segment of commercial enterprise devoted to the design, development, and manufacture of chemical products for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, disability, or other dysfunction, or to improve function.Academies and Institutes: Organizations representing specialized fields which are accepted as authoritative; may be non-governmental, university or an independent research organization, e.g., National Academy of Sciences, Brookings Institution, etc.Security Measures: Regulations to assure protection of property and equipment.Legislation, Food: Laws and regulations concerned with industrial processing and marketing of foods.Agrochemicals: Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.Research Report: Detailed account or statement or formal record of data resulting from empirical inquiry.Chromonar: A coronary vasodilator agent.Hydroxybutyrates: Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.Marketing: Activity involved in transfer of goods from producer to consumer or in the exchange of services.Hydrocarbons, BrominatedCommerce: The interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale, between different countries or between populations within the same country. It includes trade (the buying, selling, or exchanging of commodities, whether wholesale or retail) and business (the purchase and sale of goods to make a profit). (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, p411, p2005 & p283)IndiaFraud: Exploitation through misrepresentation of the facts or concealment of the purposes of the exploiter.Counterfeit Drugs: Drugs manufactured and sold with the intent to misrepresent its origin, authenticity, chemical composition, and or efficacy. Counterfeit drugs may contain inappropriate quantities of ingredients not listed on the label or package. In order to further deceive the consumer, the packaging, container, or labeling, may be inaccurate, incorrect, or fake.Zirconium: Zirconium. A rather rare metallic element, atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.22, symbol Zr. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.Hafnium: Hafnium. A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Urate Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urate and unidentified products. It is a copper protein. The initial products decompose to form allantoin. EC 1.7.3.3.Ketosis: A condition characterized by an abnormally elevated concentration of KETONE BODIES in the blood (acetonemia) or urine (acetonuria). It is a sign of DIABETES COMPLICATION, starvation, alcoholism or a mitochondrial metabolic disturbance (e.g., MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE).Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria.Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4.Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.Directories as Topic: Lists of persons or organizations, systematically arranged, usually in alphabetic or classed order, giving address, affiliations, etc., for individuals, and giving address, officers, functions, and similar data for organizations. (ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Manufactured Materials: Substances and materials manufactured for use in various technologies and industries and for domestic use.Industry: Any enterprise centered on the processing, assembly, production, or marketing of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise, in a particular field often named after its principal product. Examples include the automobile, fishing, music, publishing, insurance, and textile industries.Industrial Oils: Oils which are used in industrial or commercial applications.Acetates: Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.Noise, Occupational: Noise present in occupational, industrial, and factory situations.Orthodontic Appliances: Devices used for influencing tooth position. Orthodontic appliances may be classified as fixed or removable, active or retaining, and intraoral or extraoral. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p19)Orthodontic Appliances, Removable: Dental devices such as RETAINERS, ORTHODONTIC used to improve gaps in teeth and structure of the jaws. These devices can be removed and reinserted at will.Orthodontic Appliance Design: The planning, calculation, and creation of an apparatus for the purpose of correcting the placement or straightening of teeth.Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Orthodontic Appliances, Functional: Loose, usually removable intra-oral devices which alter the muscle forces against the teeth and craniofacial skeleton. These are dynamic appliances which depend on altered neuromuscular action to effect bony growth and occlusal development. They are usually used in mixed dentition to treat pediatric malocclusions. (ADA, 1992)Chemical Phenomena: The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Vinyl CompoundsTissue Conditioning (Dental): The use of a treatment material (tissue conditioner) to re-establish tone and health to irritated oral soft tissue, usually applied to the edentulous alveolar ridge.Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.EstersPolyvinyls
Effects of glucagon and insulin on lipolysis and ketogenesis in sheep. (1/381)
The hepatic and portal productions of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate and lipolysis were studied in normal and insulin-controlled alloxan-diabetic sheep. Since hyperinsulinemia is associated with glucagon administration, the latter group of sheep were used to maintain constant plasma insulin levels. After control values were obtained glucagon was infused intraportally at 90 mug/hr for two hours. The ketone body production by portal drained viscera was not significantly affected by glucagon. In alloxanized sheep, glucagon significantly (P less than 0.01) increased net hepatic production of acetoacetate (from -0.54 +/- 0.08 to 0.46 +/- 0.07 g/hr). Lipolysis also increased. However, in the normal sheep, hyperinsulinemia prevented any stimulatory effect of glucagon on hepatic ketogenesis and lipolysis. Therefore, while glucagon appears capable of stimulating ketogenesis andlipolysis, these effects are readily suppressed by insulin. (+info)Evidence for an inducible nucleotide-dependent acetone carboxylase in Rhodococcus rhodochrous B276. (2/381)
The metabolism of acetone was investigated in the actinomycete Rhodococcus rhodochrous (formerly Nocardia corallina) B276. Suspensions of acetone- and isopropanol-grown R. rhodochrous readily metabolized acetone. In contrast, R. rhodochrous cells cultured with glucose as the carbon source lacked the ability to metabolize acetone at the onset of the assay but gained the ability to do so in a time-dependent fashion. Chloramphenicol and rifampin prevented the time-dependent increase in this activity. Acetone metabolism by R. rhodochrous was CO2 dependent, and 14CO2 fixation occurred concomitant with this process. A nucleotide-dependent acetone carboxylase was partially purified from cell extracts of acetone-grown R. rhodochrous by DEAE-Sepharose chromatography. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that the acetone carboxylase was composed of three subunits with apparent molecular masses of 85, 74, and 16 kDa. Acetone metabolism by the partially purified enzyme was dependent on the presence of a divalent metal and a nucleoside triphosphate. GTP and ITP supported the highest rates of acetone carboxylation, while CTP, UTP, and XTP supported carboxylation at 10 to 50% of these rates. ATP did not support acetone carboxylation. Acetoacetate was determined to be the stoichiometric product of acetone carboxylation. The longer-chain ketones butanone, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, and 2-hexanone were substrates. This work has identified an acetone carboxylase with a novel nucleotide usage and broader substrate specificity compared to other such enzymes studied to date. These results strengthen the proposal that carboxylation is a common strategy used for acetone catabolism in aerobic acetone-oxidizing bacteria. (+info)Comparison of metabolism of free fatty acid by isolated perfused livers from male and female rats. (3/381)
Livers from normal, fed male and female rats were perfused with different amounts of [1-14C]oleate under steady state conditions, and the rates of uptake and utilization of free fatty acid (FFA) were measured. The uptake of FFA by livers from either male or female rats was proportional to the concentration of FFA in the medium. The rate of uptake of FFA, per g of liver, by livers from female rats exceeded that of the males for the same amount of FFA infused. The incorporation by the liver of exogenous oleic acid into triglyceride, phospholipid, and oxidation products was proportional to the uptake of FFA. Livers from female rats incorporated more oleate into triglyceride (TG) and less into phospholipid (PL) and oxidation products than did livers from male animals. Livers from female rats secreted more TG than did livers from male animals when infused with equal quantities of oleate. The incorporation of endogenous fatty acid into TG of the perfusate was inhibite) by exogenous oleate. At low concentrations of perfusate FFA, however, endogenous fatty acids contributed substantially to the increased output of TG by livers from female animals. Production of 14CO2 and radioactive ketone bodies increased with increasing uptake of FFA. The partition of oleate between oxidative pathways (CO2 production and ketogenesis) was modified by the availability of the fatty acid substrate with livers from either sex. The percent incorporation of radioactivity into CO2 reached a maximum, whereas incorporation into ketone bodies continued to increase. The output of ketone bodies was dependent on the uptake of FFA, and output by livers from female animals was less than by livers from male rats. The increase in rate of ketogenesis was dependent on the influx of exogenous FFA, while ketogenesis from endogenous sources remained relatively stable. The output of glucose by the liver increased with the uptake of FFA, but no difference due to sex was observed. The output of urea by livers from male rats was unaffected by oleate, while the output of urea by livers from females decreased as the uptake of FFA increased. A major conclusion to be derived from this work is that oleate is not metabolized identically by livers from the two sexes, but rather, per gram of liver, livers from female rats take up and esterify more fatty acid to TG and oxidize less than do livers from male animals; livers from female animals synthesize and secrete more triglyceride than do livers from male animals when provided with equal quantities of free fatty acid. (+info)Metabolic effect of alpha-and the beta-adrenergic stimulation of rat submaxillary gland in vitro. (4/381)
1. Incubation of submaxillary-gland slices with isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, stimulated glucose removal by 41% and decreased tissue [glucose 6-phosphate] by 50%. Propranolol blocked these effects of isoproterenol. 2. Phenylephrine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, stimulated glucose removal by 35% and decreased tissue [glucose 6-phosphate] by 75%. In addition, phenylephrine also completely overcame the inhibition of pyruvate removal caused by acetoacetate metabolism and decreased tissue [atp] by 45%. Phentolamine blocked the effects of phenylephrine. 3. In contrast with beta-adrenergic stimulation, alpha-adrenergic stimulation required exogenous Ca2+. 4. These results explain the different metabolic responses of the submaxillary gland to adrenaline in the presence and absence of exogenous Ca2+. (+info)Effect of hyperketonemia on plasma lipid peroxidation levels in diabetic patients. (5/381)
OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to examine the effect of ketosis on plasma lipid peroxidation levels in diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma levels of lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde) and ketone bodies (acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate) were determined in diabetic patients (n = 70) and age-matched normal volunteers (n = 25). Diabetic patients with total ketone body levels > 1.0 mmol/l were considered hyperketonemic, and those with levels < or = 1.0 mmol/l were considered normoketonemic. RESULTS: After normalization versus total lipids, levels of lipid peroxidation were significantly higher in the plasma of hyperketonemic diabetic patients (P < 0.05), but not in normoketonemic diabetic patients, compared with age-matched normal volunteers. In addition, low ketonemia was associated with lower lipid peroxidation levels when lipid peroxidation and ketonemia were determined in the same patient (n = 7) at two different clinic visits. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated an association between hyperketonemia and increased lipid peroxidation levels in diabetic patients, which suggests that ketosis is a risk factor in the elevated lipid peroxidation levels associated with diabetes. Further investigation is needed to determine whether antioxidant supplementation can be particularly beneficial in reducing lipid peroxidation and complications in type 1 diabetic patients who frequently encounter ketosis. (+info)The metabolic effects of estriol in female rat liver. (6/381)
The effects of estriol on oxygen uptake, glucose release, lactate and pyruvate production, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate production in perfused rat liver as well as, carbon uptake in rat liver and intracellular calcium in isolated Kupffer cells were investigated. Basal oxygen consumption of perfused liver increased significantly in estriol or ethanol-treated rats. But these increased effects were blocked by gadolinium chloride pretreatment. In a metabolic study, pretreatment with estriol resulted in a decrease in glucose production and in glycolysis while an increase in ketogenesis. A more oxidized redox state of the mitochondria was indicated by increased ratios of perfusate [lactate]/[pyruvate] and decreased ratios of perfusate [beta-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate]. Carbon uptake of Kupffer-cell increased significantly in estriol-treated rats. But these increased uptake were not shown in rats pre-treated by gadolinium chloride blocking phagocytosis. In isolated Kupffer cells from estriol-treated rats, intracellular calcium was more significantly increased after addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) than in controls. These findings suggest that the metabolic effects of estriol (two mg per 100 mg body wt) can be summarized to be highly toxic in rat liver, and these findings suggest that oral administration of estrogens may induce hepatic dysfunctions and play a role in the development of liver disease. (+info)Hyperketonemia can increase lipid peroxidation and lower glutathione levels in human erythrocytes in vitro and in type 1 diabetic patients. (7/381)
Recent studies have suggested that elevated cellular lipid peroxidation may play a role in the development of cellular dysfunction and other complications of diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes frequently encounter elevated levels of the ketone bodies acetoacetate (AA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and acetone (ACE). This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that ketosis might increase lipid peroxidation and lower glutathione (GSH) levels of red blood cells (RBCs) in diabetic patients. This study demonstrates that incubation of AA with normal RBCs in phosphate-buffered saline (37 degrees C for 24 h) resulted in marked GSH depletion, oxidized glutathione accumulation, hydroxyl radical generation, and increased membrane lipid peroxidation. Increases in oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation and depletion of GSH in RBCs were not observed with BHB or ACE treatments. Similarly, there was a significant generation of superoxide ion radicals even in a cell-free buffer solution of AA, but not in that of BHB. The presence of BHB together with AA did not influence the capacity of AA to generate oxygen radicals in a cell-free solution or the increase in lipid peroxidation of RBCs incubated with AA. The antioxidants vitamin E and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) blocked increase in lipid peroxidation in AA-treated RBCs. To examine the effects of ketone bodies in vivo, studies were performed that showed a significant decrease in GSH and an increase in lipid peroxidation levels in RBCs of hyperketonemic diabetic patients, but not in normoketonemic type 1 diabetic patients, when compared with age-matched normal subjects. This study demonstrates that elevated levels of the ketone body AA can increase lipid peroxidation and lower GSH levels of RBCs in people with type 1 diabetes. (+info)In vivo suppressor mutations correct a murine model of hereditary tyrosinemia type I. (8/381)
Hereditary tyrosinemia type I and alkaptonuria are disorders of tyrosine catabolism caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) and homogentisic acid dioxygenase (HGD), respectively. Tyrosinemia is a severe childhood disease that affects the liver and kidneys, but alkaptonuria is a more benign adult disorder in comparison. Because HGD is upstream of FAH in the tyrosine pathway, mice doubly mutant in both enzymes were found to be protected from the liver and renal damage of tyrosinemia as hypothesized. Mice mutant at the tyrosinemic locus but heterozygous for alkaptonuria spontaneously developed clonal nodules of functionally normal hepatocytes that were able to rescue the livers of some mice with this genotype. This phenotypic rescue was a result of an inactivating mutation of the wild-type homogentisic acid dioxygenase gene, thus presenting an example of an in vivo suppressor mutation in a mammalian model. (+info)In addition, OXCT1 activity leads to the formation of acetoacetate, which serves as a precursor for short-chain acyl-CoAs and ... Zołnierowicz S, Scisłowski PW, Swierczyński J, Zelewski L (1985). "Acetoacetate utilization by human placental mitochondria". ... from succinyl-CoA to acetoacetate. The OXCT1 gene resides on chromosome 5 at the band 5p13. OXCT1 spans a length of over 100 kb ... acetoacetate transferase deficiency". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 15 (3): 371-3. doi:10.1007/BF02435979. PMID ...
However, the liver can use long-chain fatty acids to synthesise the three ketone bodies β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and ... He reported that three water-soluble compounds, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone (known collectively as ketone ... The ketone bodies are possibly anticonvulsant; in animal models, acetoacetate and acetone protect against seizures. The ... which change colour from buff-pink to maroon in the presence of acetoacetate (one of the three ketone bodies).[47] ...
Ho, M.C., Menetret, J.F., Tsuruta, H. and Allen, K.N. (2009). „The origin of the electrostatic perturbation in acetoacetate ... Zerner, B., Coutts, S.M., Lederer, F., Waters, H.H. and Westheimer, F.H. (1966). „Acetoacetate decarboxylase. Preparation of ...
Heart muscle and renal cortex prefer acetoacetate over glucose. The brain uses acetoacetate when glucose levels are low due to ... Under typical physiological conditions, acetoacetic acid exists as its conjugate base, acetoacetate. Acetoacetate is produced ... and then an acetyl CoA is lost from this yielding acetoacetate. The initial acetoacetate can come from the last cycle in the ... In mammals acetoacetate produced in the liver (along with the other two "ketone bodies") is released into the bloodstream as an ...
Properties of an acetoacetate-synthesizing enzyme prepared from ox liver". J. Biol. Chem. 235: 318-25. PMID 13818236. Molecular ... acetoacetate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetoacetyl-CoA and H2O, whereas its two products are CoA and ... acetoacetate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on thioester bonds. The systematic ...
Geuther spent most of his academic career at the University of Jena where he discovered ethyl acetoacetate, a key compound for ... Geuther is best known for his discovery of ethyl acetoacetate. Although he discovered the compound in 1863, it took him two ... The experimental work of his and others yielded puzzling results and induced debates on the nature of ethyl acetoacetate. The ... the true nature of ethyl acetoacetate was a tautomeric equilibrium between the both suggested structures. The Keto-enol ...
I. Purification of an acetoacetate-synthesizing enzyme from ox liver". J. Biol. Chem. 235: 313-317. PMID 13834445. Molecular ...
... lyase breaks it into acetyl CoA and acetoacetate. Steroidogenic enzyme Debi P. Sarkar (2015). "Classics in Indian ...
"The yeast mediated reduction of ethyl acetoacetate in petroleum ether". Tetrahedron Letters. 34 (24): 3949-3950. doi:10.1016/ ...
Part I. The action of ethyl acetoacetate on linalool and geraniol". J. Chem. Soc. 1940, 704-706. doi:10.1039/JR9400000704. ...
... is prepared quite simply by condensation of ethyl acetoacetate with thiourea. Further work in this series ...
Ketones can be measured in the urine (acetoacetate) and blood (β-hydroxybutyrate). When compared with urine acetoacetate ... acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate). β-Hydroxybutyrate can serve as an energy source in the absence of insulin-mediated glucose ...
The condensation of o-phenylenediamine with α-aryl and γ-aryl-acetoacetate]. Helvetica Chimica Acta (in German). 43 (4): 1046- ...
Aldol condensation of acetone and ethyl acetoacetate gave β-keto-ester 3. A Grignard reaction involving methylmagnesium bromide ...
In alcoholic solution it condenses with sodium acetoacetate to form 4-methylumbelliferone. In addition to electrophilic ...
Under these circumstances acetyl-CoA is diverted to the formation of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Acetoacetate, beta- ... However acetyl-CoA can be converted to acetoacetate, which can decarboxylate to acetone (either spontaneously, or by ... acetoacetate decarboxylase). It can then be further metabolized to isopropanol which is excreted in breath/urine, or by CYP2E1 ...
The results are reported as small, moderate, or large amounts of acetoacetate. A small amount of acetoacetate is a value under ... It is sensitive to acetoacetate only, and the ratio of beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate is shifted from a normal value of ... Measuring acetoacetate alone will thus underestimate the accompanying beta-hydroxybutyrate if the standard conversion factor is ... Ketone bodies that commonly appear in the urine when fats are burned for energy are acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. ...
It catalyzes the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + acetoacetate. and requires a divalent metal ion as ...
"Acetoacetyl coenzyme-a as intermediate in the enzymatic breakdown and synthesis of acetoacetate". J Am Chem Soc. 75: 1517-1518 ...
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA is cleaved into two molecules, acetoacetate and acetyl CoA. Point mutations and deletion events ... MCC performs a single step in the breakdown of leucine to eventually yield acetyl CoA and acetoacetate. MCC catalyzes the ...
The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate,acetoacetate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating). ... acetoacetate, and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 2-(2-oxopropylthio)ethanesulfonate, CO2, and NADPH. This enzyme belongs to ... acetoacetate + NADP+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 2-(2-oxopropylthio)ethanesulfonate + CO2 + NADPH The 3 substrates of ...
While at Würzburg, Wislicenus developed the use of ethyl aceto acetate in organic synthesis. However, he was also active in ...
This gene encodes the last enzyme in the subpathway that synthesizes acetoacetate and fumarate from L-phenylalanine, which is ... The fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 4-fumarylacetoacetate into fumarate and acetoacetate. ...
The conversion of B-OHB to acetoacetate catalyzed by the enzyme reduces the NAD+ to NADH, generating an electrical change, the ... In humans, D-3-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetoacetate, the first ketone produced in the fasting state. ... This elevated beta-hydroxybutyrate level is naturally expected, as beta-hydroxybutyrate is formed from acetoacetate. The ...
Under these circumstances acetyl-CoA is diverted to the formation of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Acetoacetate, beta- ... dimer called acetoacetate. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a reduced form of acetoacetate, in which the ketone group is converted into ... The smell of acetoacetate and/or acetone in breath is a common feature in ketosis. When a type 1 diabetic suffers a biological ... Acetoacetate has a highly characteristic smell, for the people who can detect this smell, which occurs in the breath and urine ...
ETHYL ACETOACETATE. ICSC. : 1024. Acetoacetic acid ethyl ester. Ethyl acetylacetate. 3-Oxobutanoic acid ethyl ester. 1- ...
Entry of Acetoacetate decarboxylase KEGG: Entry of Acetoacetate decarboxylase InterPro: IPR010451 Acetoacetate decarboxylase ... Acetoacetate decarboxylase has a KM for acetoacetate of 7×10−3 M whereas the enzyme has a KI for benzoylacetone of 1.9×10−6 M. ... Acetoacetate decarboxylase plays a key role in solvent production by catalyzing the decarboxylation of acetoacetate, yielding ... Acetoacetate decarboxylase from Clostridium acetobutylicum catalyzes the decarboxylation of acetoacetate to yield acetone and ...
Ethyl acetoacetate is produced industrially by treatment of diketene with ethanol. The preparation of ethyl acetoacetate is a ... Two moles of ethyl acetate condense to form one mole each of ethyl acetoacetate and ethanol. Ethyl acetoacetate is subject to ... Ethyl acetoacetate, when heated alone (uncatalyzed) with benzyl alcohol, forms synthetically useful benzyl acetoacetate (benzyl ... Ethyl acetoacetate is often used in the acetoacetic ester synthesis similar to diethyl malonate in the malonic ester synthesis ...
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Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice ...
Ethyl acetoacetate-4-13C 99 atom % 13C; CAS Number: 100548-44-5; Linear Formula: 13CC5H10O3; find Sigma-Aldrich-489298 MSDS, ... Ethyl acetoacetate-4-13C 99 atom % 13C * CAS Number 100548-44-5 ...
Ethyl acetoacetate-1,2-13C2 99 atom % 13C; Linear Formula: 13C2C4H10O3; find Sigma-Aldrich-682403 MSDS, related peer-reviewed ... Ethyl acetoacetate-1,2-13C2 99 atom % 13C * Linear Formula CH3CO13CH213CO2CH2CH3 ...
Relationship of Blood Acetoacetate and 3-Hydroxybutyrate in Diabetes Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you ... The ratio of blood ketone bodies 3-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate, once thought to be fairly constant, has been shown to vary ... During the treatment of ketoacidosis there is usually an initial increase of the acetoacetate which may persist at a high ... insulin lowers the ratio because the fall of blood 3-hydroxybutyrate occurs earlier and more rapidly than that of acetoacetate ...
... agrochemicals and solvents among others.Methyl acetoacetate is used as a starting material in the production of cyclic ... The market for methyl acetoacetate was mainly driven by end-user industries such as pharmaceutical, ... Europe had the third-largest demand for methyl acetoacetate market in 2013. Increasing demand for methyl acetoacetate from ... Other raw material used in production includes acetyl ketene, methane and ethyl acetoacetate among others. Methyl acetoacetate ...
Further in the Methyl Acetoacetate Sales Market Industry Analysis report, the Methyl Acetoacetate Sales Market is examined for ... In this Methyl Acetoacetate Sales Market report analysis, traders and distributors analysis is given along with contact details ... Methyl Acetoacetate Sales market analysis report contains all study material about Market Overview, Growth, Demand and Forecast ... Also, the Methyl Acetoacetate Sales Market growth in various regions and R&D status are also covered. ...
Contact verified Ethyl Chloro Acetoacetate Manufacturers, Ethyl Chloro Acetoacetate suppliers, Ethyl Chloro Acetoacetate ... Find here information of Ethyl Chloro Acetoacetate selling companies for your buy requirements. ... Ethyl Acetoacetate / Methyl Acetoacetate The range is 100% quality checked and you can rest assured us for the same. We along ... Ethyl Acetoacetate Deals in Di Ethyl Sulphate, Napthenic Acid, Nn Diethyl Aniline, Ethyl Acetoacetate, Ortho Toludine Liquid, ...
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Zirconium, C16-18-fatty acid Et acetoacetate Pr alc. complexes Regulatory process names 1 Other identifiers 1 ...
The initial concentrations of methyl acetoacetate, chlorine dioxide, potassium iodide, and sulfuric acid and the pH value have ... In order to study the chemical oscillatory behavior and mechanism of a new chlorine dioxide-iodide ion-methyl acetoacetate ... A methyl acetoacetate (MAA) aqueous solution was prepared by dissolving 3.00 mL methyl acetoacetate in a 500 mL measuring flask ... and sodium chlorite-iodine-ethyl acetoacetate oscillation reaction [23]. As is known, methyl acetoacetate (MAA) and malonic ...
ethyl acetoacetate , C6H10O3 , CID 8868 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents ...
Gas-phase proton NMR studies of keto-enol tautomerism of acetylacetone, methyl acetoacetate, and ethyl acetoacetate.J. Phys. ... Methyl acetoacetate is used as a chemical reagent used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. It participates in the Biginelli ... The enantioselective hydrogenation of methyl acetoacetate over supported nickel catalysts: I. The modification procedure. ... reaction, forming molecules including dihydropyrimidinones.Methyl acetoacetate (MAA) is used for the synthesis of alpha- ...
Jain SK, Kannan K, Lim G: Ketosis (acetoacetate) can generate oxygen radicals and cause increased lipid peroxidation and growth ... To examine the effect of ketosis, U937 monocytes were cultured with ketone bodies (acetoacetate [AA], β-hydroxybutyrate [BHB]) ... Artuch R, Vilaseca MA, Farre C, Ramon F: Determination of lactate, pyruvate, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate with a ... Elevated Blood Interleukin-6 Levels in Hyperketonemic Type 1 Diabetic Patients and Secretion by Acetoacetate-Treated Cultured ...
The intra-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 0.7 to 4.1%, except with very low levels of pyruvate and acetoacetate ... Optimized methods to measure acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, alanine, pyruvate, lactate and glucose in human blood ... D-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate in perchloric acid extracts of human blood using the Cobas Bio centrifugal analyser. ...
Information about Acetoacetate (Ketones), Urine. Search our extensive database of medical/laboratory tests and review in-depth ... Acetoacetate (Ketones), Urine. a.k.a. Acetoacetate,Urine, Ketones [Presence] in Urine, Ketone ...
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Succinyl-CoA: acetoacetate transferase deficiency: identification of a new patient with a neonatal onset and review of the ...
The first stage of curing is a self-limiting click Michael addition between acetoacetate and acrylate groups at room ... The prepared materials are gelled after acetoacetate/acrylate Michael addition and show a wide range of properties at both ... A new family of poly(keto ester)-poly(methacrylate) thermosets based on off-stoichiometric acetoacetate-acrylate/methacrylate ... Sequential dual curing by selective Michael addition and free radical polymerization of acetoacetate-acrylate-methacrylate ...
Specimen Type: Serum. Container/Tube: Red. Specimen Volume: 3 mL. Draw blood in a plain, red-top tube(s). Serum gel tube is not acceptable. Spin down and send 3 mL of serum frozen in a plastic vial.. ...
The methods for lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate are kinetic and ratiometric, eliminating the need for specimen- ... and acetoacetate in plasma with the GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer. ... A kinetic spectrophotometric assay for rapid determination of acetoacetate in blood.. *Christopher P Price, B Llyod, Giampiero ... Kinetic measurement of the combined concentrations of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate in serum.. *N F Nuwayhid, George F ...
Creative-Proteomics offer cas 141-97-9 ETHYL ACETOACETATE (2,4-13C2, 99%). We are specialized in manufacturing Stabel Isotope ... Home > Products > Stable Isotope Labeled Analytical Standard > MRI/MRS Products > ETHYL ACETOACETATE (2,4-13C2, 99%) ...
DecarboxylaseAcetoacetic acidBeta-hydroxybutyrateEthyl Chloro AcetoacetatePyruvateKetonesBlood AcetoacetateAcetylacetoneKeto-enol tautomAcetoacetyl-CoAIntermediateEtherLiverPerfumeryMethacrylateAcetyl CoABenzyl alcoholOrganicsReactsEstersPropyleneAgrochemicalsFumarateDecarboxylationConcentrationsDeterminationCatalystsCompoundsBiologicalPreparationSynthesisDetails
- Acetoacetate decarboxylase (AAD or ADC) is an enzyme involved in both the ketone body production pathway in humans and other mammals, and solventogenesis in bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- Acetoacetate decarboxylase is an enzyme with major historical implications, specifically in World War I and in establishing the state of Israel. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1916, biochemist and future first president of Israel Chaim Weizmann was the first to isolate Clostridium acetobutylicum, a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria in which acetoacetate decarboxylase is found. (wikipedia.org)
- Acetoacetate decarboxylase is a 365 kDa complex with a homododecameric structure. (wikipedia.org)
- Reaction of 5-NSA with acetoacetate decarboxylase and subsequent reduction of the resulting Schiff base with sodium borohydride led to the incorporation of a 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylamino reporter molecule in the active site (Figure 2). (wikipedia.org)
- Westheimer's classical proposal that the decreased pKa of Lys115 in the active site of acetoacetate decarboxylase is the result of its unfavorable electrostatic juxtaposition with Lys116 has been evaluated by X-ray crystallography. (illinois.edu)
- The organic compound ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) is the ethyl ester of acetoacetic acid. (wikipedia.org)
- Albany, NY -- ( SBWIRE ) -- 05/19/2015 -- Methyl acetoacetate also known as acetoacetic methyl ester, methyl-3-ketobutyrateiron sulfate, acetoacetic acid or acetoacetic acid methyl is a methyl ester of acetoacetic acid. (sbwire.com)
- Acetoacetate is the conjugate base of Acetoacetic Acid (which is shown in the diagram above). (wordpress.com)
- Methods are described for direct assays of lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate in plasma with the GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer. (semanticscholar.org)
- The methods for lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate are kinetic and ratiometric, eliminating the need for specimen-blank assays. (semanticscholar.org)
- Kinetic measurement of the combined concentrations of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate in serum. (semanticscholar.org)
- Where to Get Ethyl Chloro Acetoacetate in Bahrain? (bahrainyellowpagesonline.com)
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- Optimized methods are described for the analysis of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glycerol, D-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate in perchloric acid extracts of human blood using the Cobas Bio centrifugal analyser. (hindawi.com)
- The intra-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 0.7 to 4.1%, except with very low levels of pyruvate and acetoacetate where the coefficients of variation were 7.1 and 12% respectively. (hindawi.com)
- 12. A hemodialysis solution prepared by the process of any of claims 4 to 10, wherein the anion gap is filled by at least one near-equilibrium couple being bicarbonate and carbon dioxide, l-lactate and pyruvate, and/or d- betahydroxybuturate (sic) and acetoacetate. (epo.org)
- Density of binary mixtures of ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) with straight chain aliphatic ketones butan-2-one, pentan-2-one, hexan-2-one, heptan-2-one, octan-2-one and nonan-2-one were measured at varying compositions of the ethyl acetoacetate at 298.15 K. The derived properties such as excess molar volumes, VmE, of the binary mixtures were calculated from the experimental density data of the mixtures. (nwu.ac.za)
- Diurnal variations in the concentrations of blood acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate and glucose in normal persons. (semanticscholar.org)
- Similar to the behavior of acetylacetone, the enolate of ethyl acetoacetate can also serve as a bidentate ligand. (wikipedia.org)
- Gas-phase proton NMR studies of keto-enol tautomerism of acetylacetone, methyl acetoacetate, and ethyl acetoacetate. (alfa.com)
- Based on the structure of the molecule, the hydrolysis products are predicted to be acetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate, 1,3-propanediol and hydrated titanium oxides. (europa.eu)
- The other hydrolysis products (acetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate, 1,3-propanediol) are low molecular weight and water-soluble, and are therefore likely to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to a significant extent. (europa.eu)
- Ethyl acetoacetate is subject to keto-enol tautomerism. (wikipedia.org)
- Crotonyl-CoA is reduced to butyryl-CoA by butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (6), which reacts with acetoacetate to form butyrate and acetoacetyl-CoA through the action of acetoacetate:butyrate CoA transferase (7). (nih.gov)
- Activates acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA. (uniprot.org)
- ATP + acetoacetate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + acetoacetyl-CoA. (uniprot.org)
- Additionally, methyl acetoacetate is also used in as an intermediate in manufacturing of dyestuffs and organic pigments. (sbwire.com)
- Methyl acetoacetate is primarily used as intermediate in manufacturing of polymers and other materials. (sbwire.com)
- Methyl acetoacetate is used as a pharmaceutical intermediate in formulations such as amoxyciline, dipyridamole and antipyrine among others. (sbwire.com)
- In agrochemicals, methyl acetoacetate is used as an intermediate for manufacturing primiphos, hymexazole and mevinphos among others. (sbwire.com)
- Succinylacetone was ultimately determined to be the decarboxylation product of succinyl acetoacetate, a compound derived from the tyrosine catabolic intermediate fumarylacetoacetate. (medscape.com)
- Methyl acetoacetate is soluble in water (44 wt %) and is completely soluble in alcohol, ether and ether acetate. (sbwire.com)
- In the body, Acetoacetate is derived from Acetyl CoA in the mitochondria in the liver. (wordpress.com)
- This limitation of the test can be especially problematic in patients with ketoacidosis who cannot convert BOH to acetoacetate because of severe shock or liver failure. (medscape.com)
- Only the chronic metformin-treated liver showed an altered mitochondrial redox via the [acetoacetate]:[β-hydroxybutyrate]. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Investigators inferred that the enzymatic defect might reside in deficiency of fumarylacetoacetase, which mediates production of fumaric acid and acetoacetate in both liver and kidney. (medscape.com)
- Increasing demand for methyl acetoacetate from perfumery products, pigments, dyestuff and pharmaceuticals has been driving the market for methyl acetoacetate in Europe. (sbwire.com)
- A new family of poly(keto ester)-poly(methacrylate) thermosets based on off-stoichiometric acetoacetate-acrylate/methacrylate formulations has been prepared and characterized. (upc.edu)
- The first stage of curing is a self-limiting click Michael addition between acetoacetate and acrylate groups at room temperature and the second stage is a methacrylate radical photopolymerization. (upc.edu)
- Ramis, X. Sequential dual curing by selective Michael addition and free radical polymerization of acetoacetate-acrylate-methacrylate mixtures. (upc.edu)
- It is further converted into 3-aminobutyryl-CoA and acetoacetate in the presence of acetyl-CoA by 3-keto-5-aminohexanoate cleavage enzyme (4). (nih.gov)
- Ethyl acetoacetate, when heated alone (uncatalyzed) with benzyl alcohol, forms synthetically useful benzyl acetoacetate (benzyl groups being easily removed later by catalytic hydrogenolysis over Pd/C under neutral conditions), via a mechanism involving acetylketene. (wikipedia.org)
- Some of the key manufacturers in the methyl acetoacetate market are Lonza Group, Laxmi Organics, Eastman Chemicals and TCI Development Co. Ltd. among others. (sbwire.com)
- An analysis of the reaction kinetics confirmed that acetoacetate reacts selectively with acrylates, leaving methacrylates completely unreacted after the first curing stage. (upc.edu)
- Ethyl (and other) acetoacetates nitrosate readily with equimolar sodium nitrite in acetic acid, to afford the corresponding oximinoacetoacetate esters. (wikipedia.org)
- Fructone, the ethylene glycol ketal of ethyl acetoacetate, an aroma compound Ethyl Acetoacetic ester synthesis Wilhelm Riemenschneider and Hermann M. Bolt "Esters, Organic" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. (wikipedia.org)
- It participates in the Biginelli reaction, forming molecules including dihydropyrimidinones.Methyl acetoacetate (MAA) is used for the synthesis of alpha-substituted aceto- acetic esters and cyclic compounds, e.g. pyrazole, pyrimidine and coumarin derivatives. (alfa.com)
- Etil Acetoacetate (EAA) mudah larut dalam etanol, etil eter, propylene glikol dan etil asetat, dan etil acetoacetate (EAA) yang larut dalam air ialah 1:12 dengan titik didih 181C. (zgshenyu.com)
- The market for methyl acetoacetate was mainly driven by end-user industries such as pharmaceutical, agrochemicals and solvents among others. (sbwire.com)
- Other Asia Pacific countries such as South Korea, India, and Japan are likely to provide better opportunity for methyl acetoacetate market owing to increasing consumption from agrochemicals and perfume end-user industry in these regions. (sbwire.com)
- Increasing demand from agrochemicals market is driving the demand for methyl acetoacetate in this region. (sbwire.com)
- U.S. had the largest demand for methyl acetoacetate owing to huge demand from agrochemicals industry. (sbwire.com)
- The normal catabolic pathway, which moves tyrosine to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, then to homogentisic acid, the ring then being cleaved to produce maleylacetoacetate (MAA) and fumarylacetoacetate (FAA), is interrupted at the next step, which would normally produce fumarate and acetoacetate. (medscape.com)
- The first line of support for this mechanism came from a radiolabeling experiment in which researchers labeled the carbonyl group of acetoacetate with 18O and observed that oxygen exchange to water, used as the solvent, is a necessary part of decarboxylation step. (wikipedia.org)
- The initial concentrations of methyl acetoacetate, chlorine dioxide, potassium iodide, and sulfuric acid and the pH value have great influence on the oscillation observed at wavelength of 289 nm. (hindawi.com)
- A kinetic spectrophotometric assay for rapid determination of acetoacetate in blood. (semanticscholar.org)
- The enantioselective hydrogenation of methyl acetoacetate over supported nickel catalysts: I. The modification procedure. (alfa.com)
- Methyl acetoacetate acts as a copromoter in resins and other compounds. (sbwire.com)
- Methyl acetoacetate is used as a starting material in the production of cyclic compounds such as coumarine and pyrazole. (sbwire.com)
- For sensitive colorimetric measurement of acetoacetate in various biological samples. (promocell.com)
- The preparation of ethyl acetoacetate is a classic laboratory procedure. (wikipedia.org)
- Ethyl acetoacetate is often used in the acetoacetic ester synthesis similar to diethyl malonate in the malonic ester synthesis or the Knoevenagel condensation. (wikipedia.org)
- Methyl acetoacetate is used as a chemical reagent used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. (alfa.com)
- In this Methyl Acetoacetate Sales Market report analysis, traders and distributors analysis is given along with contact details. (beforeitsnews.com)