Acetic acid. Medical search

Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Acetic acid derivatives of the heterocyclic compound indole. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

A species of gram-negative bacteria of the family ACETOBACTERACEAE found in FLOWERS and FRUIT. Cells are ellipsoidal to rod-shaped and straight or slightly curved.

A family of gram-negative aerobic bacteria consisting of ellipsoidal to rod-shaped cells that occur singly, in pairs, or in chains.

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

A group of XANTHENES that contain a 9-keto OXYGEN.

Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.

Naphthalene derivatives containing the -CH2CCO2H radical at the 1-position, the 2-position, or both. Compounds are used as plant growth regulators to delay sprouting, exert weed control, thin fruit, etc.

A genus in the family ACETOBACTERACEAE comprised of acetate-oxidizing bacteria.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped to ellipsoidal bacteria occurring singly or in pairs and found in flowers, soil, honey bees, fruits, cider, beer, wine, and vinegar. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.

Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.

The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The imide of phthalic acids.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).

A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.

A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods.

New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and SEEDLINGS.

A rod-shaped to ellipsoidal, gram-negative bacterium which oxidizes ethanol to acetic acid and prefers sugar-enriched environments. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

5-Hydroxy-indole-3-ethanol.

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)

The directional growth of organisms in response to gravity. In plants, the main root is positively gravitropic (growing downwards) and a main stem is negatively gravitropic (growing upwards), irrespective of the positions in which they are placed. Plant gravitropism is thought to be controlled by auxin (AUXINS), a plant growth substance. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.

A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.

A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.

Very young plant after GERMINATION of SEEDS.

A tree of the family Sterculiaceae (or Byttneriaceae), usually Theobroma cacao, or its seeds, which after fermentation and roasting, yield cocoa and chocolate.

The region of the stem beneath the stalks of the seed leaves (cotyledons) and directly above the young root of the embryo plant. It grows rapidly in seedlings showing epigeal germination and lifts the cotyledons above the soil surface. In this region (the transition zone) the arrangement of vascular bundles in the root changes to that of the stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer amino group from L-TRYPTOPHAN to 2-oxoglutarate in order to generate indolepyruvate and L-GLUTAMATE.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Short-chain fatty acids of up to six carbon atoms in length. They are the major end products of microbial fermentation in the ruminant digestive tract and have also been implicated in the causation of neurological diseases in humans.

The second stomach of ruminants. It lies almost in the midline in the front of the abdomen, in contact with the liver and diaphragm and communicates freely with the RUMEN via the ruminoreticular orifice. The lining of the reticulum is raised into folds forming a honeycomb pattern over the surface. (From Concise Veterinary Dictionary, 1988)

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

Derivatives of propionic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxyethane structure.

The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

Derivatives of formic acids. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are formed with a single carbon carboxy group.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of CoA derivatives from ATP, acetate, and CoA to form AMP, pyrophosphate, and acetyl CoA. It acts also on propionates and acrylates. EC 6.2.1.1.

A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria associated with DENTAL CARIES.

A device used to detect airborne odors, gases, flavors, volatile substances or vapors.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria.

Derivatives of phenylacetic acid. Included under this heading are a variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the benzeneacetic acid structure. Note that this class of compounds should not be confused with derivatives of phenyl acetate, which contain the PHENOL ester of ACETIC ACID.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The examination, therapy or surgery of the cervix and vagina by means of a specially designed endoscope introduced vaginally.

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Fermented juice of fresh grapes or of other fruit or plant products used as a beverage.

Characterization of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ketorolac and its enantiomers in the rat. (1/1272)

The marked analgesic efficacy of ketorolac in humans, relative to other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), has lead to speculation as to whether additional non-NSAID mechanism(s) contribute to its analgesic actions. To evaluate this possibility, we characterized (R,S)-ketorolac's pharmacological properties in vivo and in vitro using the nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors [indomethacin (INDO) and diclofenac sodium (DS)] as well as the selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, as references. The potency of racemic (R,S)-ketorolac was similar in tests of acetic acid-induced writhing, carrageenan-induced paw hyperalgesia, and carrageenan-induced edema formation in rats; ID50 values = 0.24, 0. 29, and 0.08 mg/kg, respectively. (R,S)-ketorolac's actions were stereospecific, with (S)-ketorolac possessing the biological activity of the racemate in the above tests. The analgesic potencies for (R,S)-, (S)-, and (R)-ketorolac, INDO, and DS were highly correlated with their anti-inflammatory potencies, suggesting a common mechanism. (R,S)-ketorolac was significantly more potent than INDO or DS in vivo. Neither difference in relative potency of COX inhibition for (R,S)-ketorolac over INDO and DS nor activity of (S)-ketorolac at a number of other enzymes, channels, or receptors could account for the differences in observed potency. The distribution coefficient for (R,S)-ketorolac was approximately 30-fold less than for DS or INDO, indicating that (R,S)-ketorolac is much less lipophilic than these NSAIDs. Therefore, the physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties of (R,S)-ketorolac may optimize the concentrations of (S)-ketorolac at its biological target(s), resulting in greater efficacy and potency in vivo. (+info)

A new rapid technique for the fixation of thyroid gland surgical specimens. (2/1272)

One of the main diagnostic problems in thyroid pathology is to distinguish between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma. Thorough sampling of the nodule's capsule is recommended in order to identify capsular invasion. However, during the hardening of the tissue, by the usual fixatives the capsule shrinks and rolls downwards and sometimes the capsule separates from the remaining tissue. The present work evaluates the use of "Lymph Node Revealing Solution" (LNRS) for the rapid fixation (2h) of different thyroid lesions as compared to that of formalin. Fifty-one unselected consecutive cases of thyroid nodules, which included various benign and malignant lesions, were examined. Each specimen was cut in two equal parts; one was fixed in LNRS, the other in formalin. Fixation in LNRS for 2 hours gave adequate results in sectioning and staining of the tissue, and excellent immunostains. Its advantage over formalin is the conservation of the natural relationship between the capsule and the rest of the tissue, on the same plane, as well as the short time required for the final diagnosis. (+info)

Antinociceptive properties of the new alkaloid, cis-8, 10-di-N-propyllobelidiol hydrochloride dihydrate isolated from Siphocampylus verticillatus: evidence for the mechanism of action. (3/1272)

The antinociceptive action of the alkaloid cis-8, 10-di-n-propyllobelidiol hydrochloride dehydrate (DPHD), isolated from Siphocampylus verticillatus, given i.p., p.o., i.t., or i.c.v., was assessed in chemical and thermal models of nociception in mice, such as acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, formalin- and capsaicin-induced licking, and hot-plate and tail-flick tests. DPHD given by i.p., p.o., i.t., or i.c.v. elicited significant and dose-related antinociception. At the ID50 level, DPHD was about 2- to 39-fold more potent than aspirin and dipyrone, but it was about 14- to 119-fold less potent than morphine. Its analgesic action was reversed by treatment of animals with p-chlorophenylalanine, naloxone, cyprodime, naltrindole, nor-binaltrorphimine, L-arginine, or pertussis toxin. Its action was also modulated by adrenal-gland hormones but was not affected by gamma-aminobutyric acid type A or type B antagonist, bicuculine, or phaclofen, nor was it affected by glibenclamide. DPHD, given daily for up to 7 days, did not develop tolerance to itself nor did it induce cross-tolerance to morphine. However, animals rendered tolerant to morphine presented cross-tolerance to DPHD. The antinociception of DPHD was not secondary to its anti-inflammatory effect, nor was it associated with nonspecific effects such as muscle relaxation or sedation. DPHD, in contrast to morphine, did not decrease charcoal meal transit in mice, nor did it inhibit electrical field stimulation of the guinea pig ileum or mouse vas deferens in vitro. Thus, DPHD produces dose-dependent and pronounced systemic, spinal, and supraspinal antinociception in mice, including against the neurogenic nociception induced by formalin and capsaicin. Its antinociceptive effect involves multiple mechanisms of action, namely interaction with mu, delta, or kappa opioid systems, L-arginine-nitric oxide and serotonin pathways, activation of Gi protein sensitive to pertussis toxin, and modulation by endogenous glucocorticoids. (+info)

Immediate-early gene expression in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and colonic myenteric plexus of the guinea pig. (4/1272)

Activation of neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) was assessed using c-fos, JunB, and c-Jun expression in the guinea pig IMG and colonic myenteric plexus during mechanosensory stimulation and acute colitis in normal and capsaicin-treated animals. Intracolonic saline or 2% acetic acid was administered, and mechanosensory stimulation was performed by passage of a small (0.5 cm) balloon either 4 or 24 hr later. Lower doses of capsaicin or vehicle were used to activate primary afferent fibers during balloon passage. c-Jun did not respond to any of the stimuli in the study. c-fos and JunB were absent from the IMG and myenteric plexus of untreated and saline-treated animals. Acetic acid induced acute colitis by 4 hr, which persisted for 24 hr, but c-fos was found only in enteric glia in the myenteric plexus and was absent from the IMG. Balloon passage induced c-fos and JunB in only a small subset of IMG neurons and no myenteric neurons. However, balloon passage induced c-fos and JunB in IMG neurons (notably those containing somatostatin) and the myenteric plexus of acetic acid-treated animals. After capsaicin treatment, c-fos and JunB induction by balloon passage was inhibited in the IMG, but there was enhanced c-fos expression in the myenteric plexus. c-fos and JunB induction by balloon stimulation was also mimicked by acute activation of capsaicin-sensitive nerves. These data suggest that colitis enhances reflex activity of the IMG by a mechanism that involves activation of both primary afferent fibers and the myenteric plexus. (+info)

Short-chain fatty acids suppress cholesterol synthesis in rat liver and intestine. (5/1272)

We previously showed that plasma cholesterol levels decreased following ingestion of a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) mixture composed of sodium salts of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids simulating cecal fermentation products of sugar-beet fiber (SBF). In the present study, we investigated whether hepatic and small intestinal cholesterol synthesis is involved in the cholesterol-lowering effects of SCFA and SBF. In vitro (expt. 1) and in vivo (expt. 2) cholesterol synthesis rates and the diurnal pattern of SCFA concentrations in portal plasma (expt. 3) were studied in three separate experiments in rats fed diets containing the SCFA mixture, SBF (100 g/kg diet), or the fiber-free control diet. Cholesterol synthesis was measured using 3H2O as a tracer. The in vitro rate of cholesterol synthesis, measured using liver slices, was greater in the SBF group, but not in the SCFA group, than in the fiber-free control group. In contrast, the hepatic cholesterol synthesis rate in vivo was lower in the SCFA group, but not in the SBF group, than in the control group. The mucosal cholesterol synthesis rate for the whole small intestine was <50% of the hepatic rate. The rate in the proximal region was slightly but significantly lower in the SCFA group, and was significantly higher in the SBF group than in the fiber-free group. The rate in the distal small intestines was also significantly greater in the SBF group than in the fiber-free group. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations were lower in the SCFA and SBF groups than in the fiber-free group in both experiments 2 and 3. Diurnal changes in portal SCFA and cholesterol levels were studied in the experiment 3. SCFA concentrations increased rapidly after the start of feeding the SCFA diet, and changes in plasma cholesterol were the reciprocal of those observed in SCFA. These results show that a decrease in hepatic cholesterol synthesis rate mainly contributes to the lowering of plasma cholesterol in rats fed the SCFA mixture diet. Changes in portal SCFA and cholesterol concentrations support this conclusion. In SBF-fed rats, SCFA produced by cecal fermentation are possibly involved in lowering plasma cholesterol levels by negating the counteractive induction of hepatic cholesterol synthesis caused by an increase in bile acid excretion. (+info)

Interactions between carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Fibrobacter succinogenes S85: a 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and enzymatic study. (6/1272)

The effect of the presence of ammonia on [1-13C]glucose metabolism in the rumen fibrolytic bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 was studied by 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Ammonia halved the level of glycogen storage and increased the rate of glucose conversion into acetate and succinate 2.2-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively, reducing the succinate-to-acetate ratio. The 13C enrichment of succinate and acetate was precisely quantified by 13C-filtered spin-echo difference 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The presence of ammonia did not modify the 13C enrichment of succinate C-2 (without ammonia, 20.8%, and with ammonia, 21.6%), indicating that the isotopic dilution of metabolites due to utilization of endogenous glycogen was not affected. In contrast, the presence of ammonia markedly decreased the 13C enrichment of acetate C-2 (from 40 to 31%), reflecting enhanced reversal of the succinate synthesis pathway. The reversal of glycolysis was unaffected by the presence of ammonia as shown by 13C-NMR analysis. Study of cell extracts showed that the main pathways of ammonia assimilation in F. succinogenes were glutamate dehydrogenase and alanine dehydrogenase. Glutamine synthetase activity was not detected. Glutamate dehydrogenase was active with both NAD and NADP as cofactors and was not repressed under ammonia limitation in the culture. Glutamate-pyruvate and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase activities were evidenced by spectrophotometry and 1H NMR. When cells were incubated in vivo with [1-13C]glucose, only 13C-labeled aspartate, glutamate, alanine, and valine were detected. Their labelings were consistent with the proposed amino acid synthesis pathway and with the reversal of the succinate synthesis pathway. (+info)

Healing effects of heparin on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats. (7/1272)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether or not heparin can accelerate the healing process of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats and to identify the mechanisms for heparin to produce this effect, so that we can develop a new therapeutic application to heparin besides its traditional anticoagulant activity. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to produce acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers. Heparin in the doses of 100, 500, and 1000 U/kg were administered intravenously through the tail vein once daily, starting 1 day after ulcer induction for 7 days in the dose-response experiment or heparin 1000 U/kg at a time schedule of 3, 5, and 7 days in the time-response study, respectively. The gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) was measured using a laser Doppler flowmeter under ether anesthesia. The rats were then sacrificed and the ulcer areas were measured. The gastric mucosa was then scraped for the determinations of mucosal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level and myeloper-oxidase (MPO) activity. RESULTS: Heparin in the doses of 500 and 1000 U/kg accelerated the healing of acetic acid ulcers in a dose-dependent manner. The highest dose of heparin also reduced the ulcer areas in a time-dependent fashion. The effect was accompanied by an increase in gastric mucosal PGE2 levels. The same dose of heparin not only decreased the gastric mucosal MPO activity but also increased the GMBF in a time-related manner. CONCLUSIONS: Heparin with the doses used in the present study accelerated the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and this action was related to its effects to increase the levels of gastric mucosal PGE2 and GMBF as well as to decrease the gastric mucosal MPO activity. (+info)

Experimental colitis increases blood-brain barrier permeability in rabbits. (8/1272)

Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease are numerous. This study examined the effects of two models of acute colitis on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and permeability of the blood-brain barrier in rabbits. CBF (measured with radiolabeled microspheres), or the extraction ratio or permeability-surface area (PS) product of the blood-brain barrier to fluorescein and FITC-dextran, was measured 48 h after colitis induction with acetic acid (HAc) or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). PS product for fluorescein increased (P < 0.05) in TNBS colitis (1.33 x 10(-5) +/- 0.52 x 10(-5) ml/s and 0.48 x 10(-5) +/- 0.13 x 10(-5) ml/s (mean +/- SE) for treated (n = 14) and untreated (n = 10) animals, respectively. PS product for the larger FITC-dextran was not different in TNBS colitis (0.24 x 10(-5) +/- 0.09 x 10(-5) ml/s, n = 7) compared with untreated controls (0.19 x 10(-5) +/- 0.04 x 10(-5) ml/s, n = 8). PS product for fluorescein increased (P < 0.01) in HAc colitis compared with vehicle (2.66 x 10(-5) +/- 1.46 x 10(-5) ml/s and 0.33 x 10(-5) +/- 0.05 x 10(-5) ml/s, respectively; n = 6 in each group). The extraction of fluorescein from the blood to the brain increased by 75% during TNBS colitis when compared with vehicle (P < 0.05). CBF and cerebrovascular resistance did not change from the untreated control after TNBS colitis. Our data suggest that, irrespective of induction method, acute colitis increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to small molecules without changing CBF. (+info)

... or the carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, propionic, butyric acid) with a high-molecular-weight alcohol (e.g., hexanol, heptanol). ... such as carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, propionic, butyric acid), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone) ... Ketonization of acetic acid. B.S. student report.. *^ Bradley, M.W., Harris, N., Turner, K. 1982. Process for Hydrogenolysis of ... Acetic acid versus ethanol[edit]. Cellulosic-ethanol manufacturing plants are bound to be net exporters of electricity because ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels

Cheung, H.; Tanke, R. S.; Torrence, G. P. (2000). "Acetic acid". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. doi: ... Iridium compounds are used as catalysts in the Cativa process for carbonylation of methanol to produce acetic acid. The ... Hexachloroiridic(IV) acid, H 2IrCl 6, and its ammonium salt are the most important iridium compounds from an industrial ... The most important iridium compounds in use are the salts and acids it forms with chlorine, though iridium also forms a number ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium

He proved that glacial acetic acid and vinegar acetic acid were the same substance. In 1796, Adet was elected a member of the ... "Acetic Acid". "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-03-31. Tom Eblen (2017-03-19). "Kentucky invasion? ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Adet

... is produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with ammonium carbonate or by saturating glacial acetic acid ... As the salt of a weak acid and a weak base, ammonium acetate is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution. ... It is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid. It is available commercially ... "Acetic Acid". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_045.pub2. Coleman, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_acetate

Wagner, Frank S. (1978). "Acetic acid". In Grayson, Martin (ed.). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (3rd ed.). ... The British Government patented Henri Drefus's process for producing acetic acid anhydride. By 1918, Henri Dreyfus was managing ... methanol carbonylation long appeared to be attractive precursors to acetic acid. Henri Dreyfus developed a methanol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Dreyfus

One obtained thereby volitile fatty acids; acetic acid; normal and isobutyric acid; as well as the aromatic substances: phenol ... Tryptophan is converted to indoleacetic acid, which decarboxylates to give the methylindole. Skatole can be synthesized via the ... "Catabolic pathway for the production of skatole and indoleacetic acid by the acetogen Clostridium drakei, Clostridium ... Skatole is derived from the amino acid tryptophan in the digestive tract of mammals. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skatole

... acetic acid; sodium acetate; and sucrose. A putative sequence of the vaccine has been published on a forum for professional ... in which the protein includes two stabilizing mutations in which the original amino acids are replaced with prolines, developed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine

... and acetic acid with the presence of catalytic sulfuric acid under reflux conditions with this reaction: Apples, especially of ... ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0. Acetic acid, butyl ester in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, ... Acetic acid. (2003). In Ullman's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry (6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 170-171). Weinheim, Germany: Wiley- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyl_acetate

The smoke is actually small droplets of hydrochloric acid and acetic acid formed by hydrolysis. Acetyl chloride is used for ... the reaction of acetic anhydride with hydrogen chloride produces a mixture of acetyl chloride and acetic acid: (CH3CO)2O + HCl ... Acetic acid Acetyl bromide Acetyl fluoride Acetyl iodide Merck Index, 11th Edition, 79. Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : ... Acetyl chloride is a reagent for the preparation of esters and amides of acetic acid, used in the derivatization of alcohols ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_chloride

It is the simplest amide derived from acetic acid. It finds some use as a plasticizer and as an industrial solvent. The related ... It can also be made from anhydrous acetic acid, acetonitrile and very well dried hydrogen chloride gas, using an ice bath, ... "Acetic Acid". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_045.pub2. Coleman, ... similar to the essential bond between amino acids in proteins. This finding lends support to the theory that organic molecules ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetamide

doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)81474-6. Cheung, Hosea; Tanke, Robin S.; Torrence, G. Paul (2000). "Acetic acid". Ullmann's ... of organoiridium complexes is as catalyst in the Cativa process for carbonylation of methanol to produce acetic acid. Iridium ... compounds are relevant to many important processes including olefin hydrogenation and the industrial synthesis of acetic acid. ... Hydrido Complexes by Reaction with Acid". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 83 (12): 2784-2785. doi:10.1021/ja01473a054 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoiridium_compound

Acetic Acid. Water Eluent[edit]. The eluent or eluant is the "carrier" portion of the mobile phase. It moves the analytes ... For instance, a mixture of amino acids may be separated by ion-exchange chromatography. Under a particular set of conditions, ... the amino acids will elute in the same order and at the same elution volume. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eluant

... the free carboxylic acid), are agonists of the prostacyclin receptor, which leads to vasodilation in the pulmonary circulation. ... Salicylate (salicylic acid). *Salsalate. *Sodium salicylate. *Triflusal; Acetic acids: Aceclofenac. *Acemetacin. *Aclofenac ... Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate). *Vedaprofen; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): Etofenamic acid (etofenamate). *Floctafenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selexipag

Salicylic acid (salicylate). *Sodium salicylate. Acetic acid derivatives. and related substances. *Aceclofenac ... The risk of bleeding increases with the concurrent medications clopidogrel, cefoperazone, valproic acid, cefotetan, ... Chemically ketorolac functions as a carboxylic acid derivative serving non-selectively to block the prostaglandin synthesis by ... Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate). *Vedaprofen; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): Etofenamic acid (etofenamate). *Floctafenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketorolac

... , also known as mesalamine or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), is a medication used to treat inflammatory bowel disease ... Salicylate (salicylic acid). *Salsalate. *Sodium salicylate. *Triflusal; Acetic acids: Aceclofenac. *Acemetacin. *Aclofenac ... Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate). *Vedaprofen; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): Etofenamic acid (etofenamate). *Floctafenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asacol

Salicylic acid (salicylate). *Sodium salicylate. Acetic acid derivatives. and related substances. *Aceclofenac ... Simila S, Keinanen S, Kouvalainen K.Oral antipyretic therapy: evaluation of benorylate, an ester of acetylsalicylic acid and ... Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate). *Vedaprofen; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): Etofenamic acid (etofenamate). *Floctafenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benorilate

Salicylic acid (salicylate). *Sodium salicylate. Acetic acid derivatives. and related substances. *Aceclofenac ... Corey speculated that the cardiotoxicity may be associated with an organic acid anhydride formed when rofecoxib is exposed to ... Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate). *Vedaprofen; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): Etofenamic acid (etofenamate). *Floctafenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rofecoxib

Since diacylglycerol is synthesized via phosphatidic acid, it will usually contain a saturated fatty acid at the C-1 position ... or free fatty acids.(See Dietary sources of fatty acids, their digestion, absorption, transport in the blood and storage for ... to form lysophosphatidic acid, which is then acylated with another molecule of acyl-CoA to yield phosphatidic acid. ... A diglyceride, or diacylglycerol (DAG), is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglyceride

Acetic acid. Acrylonitrile (AN). Ammonia. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dioctyl phthalate). n-Butene. Cyclohexane. Dimethyl ... adipic acid - a 6-carbon dicarboxylic acid, which can be a precursor used as a co-monomer together with a diamine to form an ... Purified terephthalic acid (PTA). Styrene monomer (SM). Thermosetting Resin (Urea/Melamine). Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM). Vinyl ... "Surface chemistry of phase-pure M1 MoVTeNb oxide during operation in selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid". J. Catal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical

Polymorphism in the CysLTR2 gene resulting in a single amino acid substitution, M201V (i.e. amino acid methionine changed for ... CysLTR2 encodes a protein composed of 347 amino acids and shows only modest similarity to the CysLTR1 gene in that its protein ... shares only 31% amino acid identity with the CysLTR1 protein.[9][10][11] ... Salicylate (salicylic acid). *Salsalate. *Sodium salicylate. *Triflusal; Acetic acids: Aceclofenac. *Acemetacin. *Aclofenac ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_2

... they metabolize gamma-Linolenic acid, which has one less double bond than arachidonic acid, to series 1 prostanoids (PGD1, PGE1 ... Prostanoid receptors bind and respond principally to metabolites of the straight chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), ... However, the same enzymes that metabolize arachidonic acid to series 2 prostanoids similarly metabolize two other straight ... arachidonic acid. These metabolites contain two double bonds and are named series 2 prostanoids, i.e. PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_receptor

Acetic acid (40.1%) + Water. 30. 40.68 Acetic acid (10.0%) + Water. 30. 54.56 ... Non-monotonic change, most inorganic acids at water,air. *Decrease surface tension progressively, as with most amphiphiles, e.g ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension

Salicylic acid (salicylate). *Sodium salicylate. Acetic acid derivatives. and related substances. *Aceclofenac ... Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate). *Vedaprofen; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): Etofenamic acid (etofenamate). *Floctafenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COX_inhibitor

Capric acid,[1] n-Capric acid, n-Decanoic acid, Decylic acid, n-Decylic acid, C10:0 (Lipid numbers) ... Decanoic acid (capric acid, C10:0) is a saturated fatty acid. Its formula is CH3(CH2)8COOH. Salts and esters of decanoic acid ... Two other acids are named after goats: caproic (a C6:0 fatty acid) and caprylic (a C8:0 fatty acid). Along with decanoic acid, ... Nonanoic acid, a medium-chain fatty acid, also with antiseizure activity. References[edit]. *^ a b c d n-Decanoic acid in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decanoate

... composed of 472 amino acids. DP2, is related to members of the chemotactic factor class of GPCRs, sharing an amino acid ... DP2 has little or no such amino acid sequence relationship to the eight other Prostanoid receptors (see Eicosanoid receptor# ... Salicylate (salicylic acid). *Salsalate. *Sodium salicylate. *Triflusal; Acetic acids: Aceclofenac. *Acemetacin. *Aclofenac ... Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate). *Vedaprofen; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): Etofenamic acid (etofenamate). *Floctafenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR44

Z)-7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(E,3S)- 3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoic acid ... First, Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) facilitates the conversion of phospholipids to Arachidonic Acid, the framework from which all ... prostaglandins are formed.[8] The Arachidonic Acid then reacts with two Cyclooxygenase (COX) receptors, COX-1 and COX-2 to form ... Salicylate (salicylic acid). *Salsalate. *Sodium salicylate. *Triflusal; Acetic acids: Aceclofenac. *Acemetacin. *Aclofenac ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin_F2alpha

... acid is inactivated by beta oxidation to 1,2-dinortafluprost acid, 1,2,3,4-tetranortafluprost acid, and its lactone ... Tafluprost, as a lipophilic ester, easily penetrates the cornea and is then activated to the carboxylic acid, tafluprost acid. ... From left to right: tafluprost, tafluprost acid (the active metabolite), 1,2-dinortafluprost acid, 1,2,3,4-tetranortafluprost ... Tafluprost is a prodrug of the active substance, tafluprost acid, a structural and functional analogue of prostaglandin F2α ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafluprost

Omega-3 fatty acids are metabolized to produce higher levels of TxA,3 which is relatively less potent than TxA2 and PGI3; ... Thromboxane-A synthase, an enzyme found in platelets, converts the arachidonic acid derivative prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane ... Salicylate (salicylic acid). *Salsalate. *Sodium salicylate. *Triflusal; Acetic acids: Aceclofenac. *Acemetacin. *Aclofenac ... Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate). *Vedaprofen; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): Etofenamic acid (etofenamate). *Floctafenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane_inhibitors

Z)-5-[(4R,5R)-5-Hydroxy-4-((S,E)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl)hexahydro-2H-cyclopenta[b]furan-2-ylidene]pentanoic acid ... PGI2 is derived from the ω-6 arachidonic acid. PGI3 is derived from the ω-3 EPA. ... These convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), the immediate precursor of prostacyclin. Since thromboxane (an ... Fischer S, Weber PC (1985). "Thromboxane (TX)A3 and prostaglandin (PG)I3 are formed in man after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostacyclin

Salicylate (salicylic acid). *Salsalate. *Sodium salicylate. *Triflusal; Acetic acids: Aceclofenac. *Acemetacin. *Aclofenac ... Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate). *Vedaprofen; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): Etofenamic acid (etofenamate). *Floctafenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium_disulfide

An alternative method of disinfection is to use a 10% solution of acetic acid (vinegar) as an overnight soak, or to microwave ... Smears and biopsies are usually stained with periodic acid-Schiff, which stains carbohydrates in fungal cell walls in magenta. ... Malnutrition, whether by malabsorption, or poor diet, especially hematinic deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folic acid) can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis

... in which bee venom and acetic acid was injected into the lips of rainbow trout, resulted in fish rubbing their lips along the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling

Cefuroxime is not metabolized, Axetil is metabolized to acetaldehyde and acetic acid. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefuroxime_axetil

They soaked the gel in a dye solution containing methanol, acetic acid and water. As the dye stained the polyacrylamide gel as ... where the dye was dissolved in an acetic acid solution containing methanol.[12] It was subsequently discovered that the protein ... Subsequent publications reported that polyacrylamide gels could be successfully destained using an acetic acid solution. ... A protein sample is added to a solution of the dye in phosphoric acid and ethanol. Under the acid conditions the dye is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coomassie_Brilliant_Blue

Excretion of homovanillic acid and vanillylmandelic acid via urine is also reduced. There is also a temporary increase in ... 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylglycol as well as 5-HIAA. ... Substrates→Products: Histamine→Imidazole acetic acid. *Inhibitors: Pimagedine (aminoguanidine). See also: Receptor/signaling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moclobemide

... in glacial acetic acid. Unreacted iodine monobromide (or monochloride) is then allowed to react with potassium iodide, ... Iodine numbers are often used to determine the amount of unsaturation in fatty acids. This unsaturation is in the form of ... In a typical procedure, the fatty acid is treated with an excess of the Hanuš or Wijs solution, which are, respectively, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_value

They are made by reacting carboxylic acids like acetic acid with amines. There are many ways to make them. They are also used ... This is ammonia acting as an acid, although a very weak one. Amides made by deprotonating ammonia are very strong bases. Sodium ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide

... acetic acid or formic acid are used as alternative electron acceptors by methanogens. These reactions are common in gut- ... Acetic acid is also broken down into methane and carbon dioxide directly, by acetotrophic archaea. These acetotrophs are ... Deppenmeier, U. (2002). "The unique biochemistry of methanogenesis". Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. Progress in Nucleic Acid ... it lacks D-amino acids and N-acetylmuramic acid.[102]. Archaea flagella operate like bacterial flagella-their long stalks are ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

Ultrasound can degrade solutions of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid to relatively ... The Tawny crazy ant then exudes its own venom, formic acid, and self-grooms with it, an action which de-toxifies the Fire ant ... They can be functionalized to act as acids, bases, or ligands, and are precursors salts in the preparation of stable carbenes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_liquid

organic acids (monocarboxylic, e.g. formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and dicarboxylic, e.g. oxalic acid, malonic acid ... A mixture of organic acids (resin acids, predominantly abietic acid, with pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, neoabietic acid, ... Typical compounds used are carboxylic acids (e.g. fatty acids (most often oleic acid and stearic acid), dicarboxylic acids) and ... IA (Inorganic Acid) - rosin activated with inorganic acids (usually hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid), highest activities, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)

It is a colourless, pyrophoric, toxic gas with a sharp, repulsive smell, somewhat similar to that of acetic acid.[5] Silane is ... then pouring the mixture into hydrochloric acid. The magnesium silicide reacts with the acid to produce silane gas, which burns ... In all cases, these substances react with Brønsted-Lowry acids to produce some type of hydride of silicon that is dependent on ... In addition, contact with eyes may form silicic acid with resultant irritation.[24] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silane

... (also known as 2,4,5-T), a synthetic auxin, is a chlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicide used to ... 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). 2,4,5-T itself is toxic with a NOAEL of 3 mg/kg/day and a LOAEL of 10 mg/kg/day.[3][medical ... Intentional overdoses and unintentional high dose occupational exposures to chlorophenoxy acid herbicides have resulted in ... IARC considers the chlorophenoxyacetic acids group of chemicals as possibly carcinogenic to humans.[7] In 1963 a production ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic_acid

Analysis of nucleic acids structures[edit]. Psoralens can reversibly crosslink nucleic acids double helices, and therefore have ... the following synthesis of the coumarin system via a Gattermann-Koch reaction followed by a Perkin condensation using acetic ... such as ring opening by alkali to give a coumarinic acid or coumaric acid derivative. Potassium permanganate causes oxidation ... Cimino GD, Gamper HB, Isaacs ST, Hearst JE (1985). "Psoralens as Photoactive Probes of Nucleic Acid Structure and Function: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoralen

Troc (trichloroethyl chloroformate ) group - Removed by Zn insertion in the presence of acetic acid ... Acetyl (Ac) - Removed by acid or base (see Acetoxy group).. *Benzoyl (Bz) - Removed by acid or base, more stable than Ac group. ... Silyl esters - Removed by acid, base and organometallic reagents.. *Orthoesters - Removed by mild aqueous acid to form ester, ... Methylthiomethyl ether - Removed by acid.. *Pivaloyl (Piv) - Removed by acid, base or reductant agents. It is substantially ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_group

Salicylic acid (salicylate). *Sodium salicylate. Acetic acid derivatives. and related substances. *Aceclofenac ... as all ingested SOD is broken down into amino acids before being absorbed. However, ingestion of SOD bound to wheat proteins ... and their active sites contain the same type and arrangement of amino acid side-chains. They are usually dimers, but ... superoxide inactivates the citric acid cycle enzyme aconitase, can poison energy metabolism, and releases potentially toxic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgotein

Here the acetic acid is functioning as an acid. If a very strong acid such as perchloric acid is dissolved in acetic acid, the ... It is possible, therefore, to titrate a solution of a weak base in acetic acid with perchloric acid in acetic acid, and obtain ... a strong acid such as perchloric acid exhibits more strongly acidic properties than a weak acid such as acetic acid when ... Examples are acetic acid and the alcohols. They are dissociated to a slight extent. The dissociation of acetic acid, which is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonaqueous_titration

Acetic acid. *Aminoacetonitrile. *Cyanoallene. *Ethanimine. *Glycolaldehyde. *Heptatrienyl radical. *Hexapentaenylidene. * ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/پرتو_کیهانی?match=en

... pre-RNA nucleic acids have included peptide nucleic acid (PNA), threose nucleic acid (TNA) or glycol nucleic acid (GNA).[23][24 ... Amino acid-RNA ligation. The ability to conjugate an amino acid to the 3'-end of an RNA in order to use its chemical groups or ... A candidate nucleic acid is peptide nucleic acid (PNA), which uses simple peptide bonds to link nucleobases.[89] PNA is more ... Threose nucleic acid (TNA) has also been proposed as a starting point, as has glycol nucleic acid (GNA), and like PNA, also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

In a different way, the fermentation process can continue and turn the alcohol into vinegar i.e. acetic acid. ... Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. It happens in muscles of animals when they need lots of energy fast. The pain of ... Other cells make vinegar or lactic acid when they ferment sugar. ... a cramped muscle is caused by the build-up of lactic acid. The ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation

... it can be easily synthesized from anthranilic acid and acetic anhydride. N-Acetylanthranilic acid exhibits triboluminescence ... 2-Acetamidobenzoic acid; 2-Carboxyacetanilide; o-Acetoaminobenozic acid; Acetylanthranilic acid; 2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid ... N-Acetylanthranilic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H9NO3. It is an intermediate product in catabolism ... N-Acetylanthranilic acid can be synthesized from 2-bromoacetanilide via palladium-catalyzed carbonylation in tri-n-butylamine- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylanthranilic_acid

Other antimicrobials in wood smoke include formaldehyde, acetic acid, and other organic acids, which give wood smoke a low pH- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_

Sweetness was also observed with other acids such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C)[6] and acetic acid. ... Amino acid sequence of sweet protein curculin adapted from Swiss-Prot biological database of protein sequences.[3] ... Presence of Ca2+ and/or Mg2+, water and acids tune the binding of the active site of curculin to the receptor site and ... The mature monomers each consist of a sequence of 114 amino acids, weighing 12.5 kDa (curculin 1) and 12.7 kDa (curculin 2), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curculin

Conjugate acid Hydrocyanonium Conjugate base Cyanide Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide

Acetic acid), CH3COOH என்னும் வேதியியல் வாய்பாடு கொண்ட, ஒரு கரிமக் காடி (organic acid). இது எத்தனாயிக் காடி அல்லது அசிட்டிக் ... Wagner Jr., Frank S, Acetic Acid, Kirk‑Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, pp-115-136 ... காடி என்பதன் மறு பெயரான புளிமம் என்னும் சொல்லுக்கு ஈடான ஆசிட் (acid) என்னும் ஆங்கிலச் சொல்லும் இதே அசிட்டம் என்னும் இலத்தீன் ... கார்பாக்சைலிக் காடி (carboxylic acid) என்னும் வகையான காடிகளைச் சேர்ந்த இது அவற்றில் மிகவும் எளிய ஒரு காடி. இது தொழிலகங்களில்

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/அசிட்டிக்_காடி

... acetic acid, and alkaline fermentations; to enrich food substrates with protein, essential amino acids, and vitamins; to ... Fermentation in food processing is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms- ... Food fermentation is the conversion of sugars and other carbohydrates into alcohol or preservative organic acids and carbon ... The production of organic acids is exploited to preserve and flavor vegetables and dairy products.[13] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_

The formulated hydrochloride (Compound 3 in Scheme 3) was then reacted with 3-nitrophthalic anhydride in refluxing acetic acid ... Using a carboxylic acid as a starting point, an amide group has similar PDE4 inhibition activity but both groups were shown to ... This route uses L-glutamine rather than L-glutamic acid as a starting material and by letting it react with N- ... The thalidomide molecule is a synthetic derivative of glutamic acid and consists of a glutarimide ring and a phthaloyl ring ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_analogs_of_thalidomide

The enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase then converts the acetaldehyde into non-toxic acetic acid. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_alcohol_concentration

Typical Lewis acid catalysts are acids and aluminium trichloride. However, because the product ketone forms a rather stable ... Reaction of bromobenzene with acetic anhydride Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 1, p. 109 (1941); Vol. 5, p. 17 (1925). Article ... or a Brønsted acid catalyst using the anhydride or even the carboxylic acid itself as the acylation agent. ... For primary (and possibly secondary) alkyl halides, a carbocation-like complex with the Lewis acid, [R(+)---(X---MXn)(-)] is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedel-Crafts_reaction

... Names IUPAC name (Tetradecylsulfanyl)acetic acid. Other names 1-(Carboxymethylthio)tetradecane ... Tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) is a synthetic fatty acid used as a nutritional supplement. ... 2002). "Tetradecylthioacetic acid prevents high fat diet induced adiposity and insulin resistance". Journal of Lipid Research. ... One Phase I study showed no significant changes in the blood lipids or free fatty acids[4] and another showed that TTA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetradecylthioacetic_acid

... is first produced by using acetic acid as a solvent.. Food. A variety of plant and animal tissues contain natural acetic acid ... Acetic acid is a weak acid, so it will not cause a drastic decline in pH levels; but rather, bring it to an ideal neutral level ... Being a weak acid, the acetic acid keeps the different immiscible layers of compound in cream cosmetics together and prevents ... Acetic acid is an organic acid found in nature. The compound is formed when ethanol, another organic compound, undergoes ...

https://www.ehow.com/info_8690907_uses-acetic-acid.html

Acetic acid has 349 kcal per 100 g. Vinegar is typically no less than 4% acetic acid by mass. Legal limits on acetic acid ... It then can be titrated using a solution in glacial acetic acid of a very strong acid, such as perchloric acid. Acetic acid ... acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water. Acetic acid is the second simplest ... Acetic acid Calculation of vapor pressure, liquid density, dynamic liquid viscosity, surface tension of acetic acid Acetic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid

Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid that gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. ... The global demand of Acetic Acid is around 6.5 million tonnes per year. The name is derived from acetum, the Latin name for ... Glacial Acetic Acid. Glacial Acetic Acid. Glacial Acetic Acid is 99% pure acetic acid, (water-free) and is dangerously ... What is Acetic Acid?. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid that gives vinegar its sour taste and ...

https://hubpages.com/education/Acetic-Acid

Acetic acid. Acetic acid is one of the most versatile organic chemicals manufactured today with applications in almost every ... At BP Acetyls Europe, we produce acetic acid on two plants. We offer a range of grades, all of which have strict quality ...

https://www.bp.com/en/global/bp-acetyls/whatweoffer/aceticacid.html

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of Gram-negative bacteria which oxidize sugars or ethanol and produce acetic acid during ... Several species of acetic acid bacteria are used in industry for production of certain foods and chemicals. All acetic acid ... gluconic acid, and cellulose. Besides food industry, some acetic acid bacteria are used as biocatalysts for the industrial ... Acetic acid bacteria are airborne and are ubiquitous in nature. They are actively present in environments where ethanol is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid_bacteria

Decyl ester of acetic acid; Acetic acid, n-decyl ester; Decanol acetate; Decyl alcohol, acetate ... Yang, R.; Sugisawa, H.; Nakatani, H.; Tamura, H.; Takagi, N., Comparison of odor quality in peel oils of acid citrus, Nippon ... Tamura, H.; Yang, R.-H.; Sugisawa, H., Aroma profiles of peel oils of acid citrus, ACS Sym. Ser., 1993, 525, 121-136. [all data ... Mijin, D.; Antonovic, D.G., The temperature dependence of the retention index for n-alkyl esters of acetic, propionic, ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C112174&

How you can separate acetic acid from zinc methoxide? Zinc methoxide and acetic acid react together to form methanol and zinc ... If zinc is first added to dilute sulfuric acid then concentrated sulfuric acid and acetic acid in which case will the fizzing ... Answer The most fizzing will come from the concentrated sulfuric acid, then dilute sulfuric acid, then the acetic acid. The ... When zinc powder added to acetic acid? When zinc powder added to acetic acid?. ...

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/When_zinc_powder_added_to_acetic_acid

... *Formula: C18H28O2S ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C18H28O2S/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-12-15-20-18

acids. Formic acid. Propionic acid. Butyric acid. Related compounds. Acetamide. Ethyl acetate. Acetyl chloride. Acetic ... in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can be given off as an H+ ion (proton), giving them their acidic character. Acetic acid ... The volume of acetic acid used in vinegar is comparatively small.. Vinyl acetate monomer. The major use of acetic acid is for ... Glacial acetic acid is a trivial name for water-free acetic acid. Similar to the German name Eisessig (literally, ice-vinegar ...

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Acetic_acid

acetic acid synonyms, acetic acid pronunciation, acetic acid translation, English dictionary definition of acetic acid. n. A ... clear, colorless organic acid, C2H4O2, with a distinctive pungent odor, used as a solvent and in the manufacture of rubber, ... Related to acetic acid: Sodium acetate. acetic acid. n.. A clear, colorless organic acid, C2H4O2, with a distinctive pungent ... trichloracetic acid, trichloroacetic acid - a strong acid made by chlorinating acetic acid ...

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/acetic+acid

Retrieved from "https://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Acetic_acid/Approval&oldid=100230382" ...

https://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Acetic_acid/Approval&printable=yes

Acetic Acetic Acid BaC2 BaCO3 Zusammenfassung. Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, mit deren Hilfe sich aus BaCO3 Essigsäure ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02154559

Acetic Acid. Acetic acid (7CI, 8CI, 9CI). Acetic Acid 80%. Acetic Acid Glacial. Acetic acid, 100%. Acetic acid, glacial. Aci- ... Ethanoic acid. Ethanoic acid monomer. Ethylic acid. Glacial acetic acid. Ijs azijnzuur. Industrial acetic acid. Lenzing Acetic ... Albrite Acetic Acid 80%. CHINT: Acetic acid. Dilute acetic acid. ECO2200-A-BLACK(T) ECO2200-B. ED2800-A-BLACK(E). Essigsaeure. ... Acetic acid EC Number:. 200-580-7. EC Name:. Acetic acid. CAS Number:. 64-19-7 Molecular formula:. C2H4O2 IUPAC Name:. acetic ...

https://echa.europa.eu/de/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15549

ACETIC ACID, GLACIAL or ACETIC ACID SOLUTION, more than 80% acid, by mass ... acetic acid, of a concentration of more than 10 per cent, by weight, of acetic acid ... ACETIC ACID SOLUTION, not less than 50% but not more than 80% acid, by mass ... ACETIC ACID SOLUTION, more than 10% and less than 50% acid, by mass ...

https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.528

... phenyl Acetic Acid,5g (26XN72)? Graingers got your back. Price:$142.00. Easy ordering & convenient delivery. Log-in or ...

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ACETIC AND FATTY ACID ESTERS OF GLYCEROL. Synonyms:. ACETIC ACID ESTERS OF MONO- AND DIGLYCERIDES; ACETOGLYCERIDES; ACETYLATED ... As sum of total glycerol esters of fatty acids and acetic, citric, lactic and tartaric acids, provided that the total food ... See Also: Toxicological Abbreviations Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol (WHO Food Additives Series 5) ...

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https://www.livestrong.com/article/467468-what-are-the-health-benefits-of-acetic-acid/

What is the reaction when zinc acetic anhydride and glacial acetic acid are combine? (answers.com)
Acetic acid is a carboxylic acid, which is an important feedstock to manufacture various chemicals, such as vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), purified terephthalic acid (PTA), acetic anhydride, and ester solvents (ethyl acetate & butyl acetate) that are further used in various industries. (marketsandmarkets.com)
The Asia-Pacific market is expected to encompass upcoming production capacities of vinyl acetate monomer, purified terephthalic acid, ester solvents, and acetic anhydride, and this may ultimately drive the demand for acetic acid in the future. (marketsandmarkets.com)
It is mainly used in manufacturing of vinyl acetate , acetic anhydride, diketen, acetic ester, acetate , ethyl cellulose, and chloro acetic acid . (opencroquet.org)
of most important organic raw materials, it is mainly used in such products as Vinyl acetate , acetic anhydride, diketene, acetate ester, acetate , acetate fiber and chloroactic acid etc. (opencroquet.org)
The estimation of acetic anhydride in acetic acid," Journal of Chemical Society , pp. 983-985, 1927. (hindawi.com)
Research and Markets ( http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/2b22nm/acetic_acid ) has announced the addition of the 'Acetic Acid Market For VAM, PTA, Acetate Esters, Acetic Anhydride And Other Applications - Forecast to 2018' report to their offering. (prnewswire.co.uk)
It is used as a reaction promoter in terephthalic acid production and is also a raw material for cellulose acetate, acetate esters, acetic anhydride, chloroacetic acid and a wide range of industrial synthesis. (brenntag.com)
As one of the most important chemical companies in Shandong, we are professionally producing trifluoro acetic anhydride, ethyl trifluoroacetate and other Fluorochemical. (worldbid.com)

Acetic acid (aqueous), Ethanoic acid, Glacial acetic acid, Methanecarboxylic acid [Note: Can be found in concentrations of 5-8% in vinegar. (cdc.gov)
The acid is associated with vinegars, as it makes up 5 percent of the total vinegar solution. (ehow.com)
Vinegar is no less than 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water. (wikipedia.org)
Vinegar is mostly dilute acetic acid, often produced by fermentation and subsequent oxidation of ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
The name acetic acid derives from acetum, the Latin word for vinegar, and is related to the word acid itself. (wikipedia.org)
A 1.0 M solution (about the concentration of domestic vinegar) has a pH of 2.4, indicating that merely 0.4% of the acetic acid molecules are dissociated. (wikipedia.org)
Acetic acid , also known as ethanoic acid , is an organic acid that gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. (hubpages.com)
But vinegar is not the only use of acetic acid . (hubpages.com)
Vinegar is produced by fermentation through the oxidation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria. (hubpages.com)
Fruit flies or vinegar eels are considered common vectors in the propagation of acetic acid bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Vinegar is produced when acetic acid bacteria act on alcoholic beverages such as wine. (wikipedia.org)
Acetic acid , also known as ethanoic acid , is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Acetic acid-producing bacteria are present throughout the world, and any culture practicing the brewing of beer or wine inevitably discovered vinegar as the natural result of these alcoholic beverages being exposed to air. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
It is the chief acid of vinegar. (thefreedictionary.com)
A clear, pungent acid, C 2 H 4 O 2 , occurring naturally in vinegar and also produced commercially. (thefreedictionary.com)
Interestingly, combining acetic acid and ethanol with the wine-plus-vinegar blend worked best of all. (thefreedictionary.com)
Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar and is manufactured in bulk by factories. (livestrong.com)
According to the 'Magic Foods' series of books on the medicinal benefits of super-foods, acetic acid is 'the sour-tasting compound that gives that characteristic tang to vinegar, pickles, and sourdough bread. (livestrong.com)
A common misconception is that all acetic acid is vinegar. (livestrong.com)
Acetic acid is contained in vinegar, but you will also find it diluted in such things as pickles and eardrops. (livestrong.com)
Vinegar is a pungent solution of 4 to 7 percent acid in water, commonly prepared by fermentation of fruit or distillation of grain. (livestrong.com)
Diluted acetic acid lacks the piquant flavor, enzymes and vitamins specific to vinegar, but it also preserves food, has heath benefits and a sour taste. (livestrong.com)
MayoClinic.com recommends acetic acid for conditions ranging from acetic drops for ear infections to diluted vinegar for thrush, plantar warts, nail fungus and impetigo. (livestrong.com)
It should not, however, be used under conditions which result in consumer deception, such as may result from substitution of dilute acetic acid for vinegar in "pickled" foods. (fda.gov)
Acetic acid diluted - The product made by diluting acetic acid is not vinegar and when intended for food purposes must be free from harmful impurities and sold under its own name. (fda.gov)
This Administration, in the enforcement of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, has maintained the position that diluted acetic acid is not a vinegar of any kind and has advised against its use in food products customarily expected to contain vinegar. (fda.gov)
A GLC comparison was made in an FDA laboratory of distilled vinegar and five percent dilute acetic glacial acetic acid. (fda.gov)
This showed that distilled vinegar contains a number of volatile materials not present in dilute acetic acid. (fda.gov)
Organoleptic triangulation findings using distilled vinegar and five percent acetic acid samples showed that distilled vinegar is readily distinguishable from dilute acetic acid. (fda.gov)
These findings support our position that diluted acetic acid is not vinegar. (fda.gov)
Diluted acetic acid is not vinegar. (fda.gov)
The labeling of a food in which acetic acid is used is considered misleading if it implies or suggests that the article contains or was prepared with vinegar. (fda.gov)
Acetic acid should not be substituted for vinegar in pickled products which consumers customarily expect to be prepared with vinegar. (fda.gov)
CH 3 COOH, a short-chain, saturated fatty acid, the characteristic component of vinegar and one of the principal acids formed in the rumen by fermentation. (thefreedictionary.com)
It has the odor of vinegar and a sharp acid taste. (thefreedictionary.com)
Vinegar is roughly 4%-8% acetic acid by volume, and its characteristic smell and taste is due to acetic acid. (sciencemadness.org)
a sour , colorless, liquid organic acid, CH 3 COOH, having a sharp odor: it is contained in vinegar (3 to 8%) and is used with alcohols to produce esters , esp. (collinsdictionary.com)
Acetic acid it is a colorless acid that is the main component of vinegar and is also used as a solvent . (collinsdictionary.com)
Acetic acid with a molar concentration of 0.9 or approximately 1.0 M has a pH value of about 2.4, which is also the pH of vinegar that contains about 5 percent acetic acid. (toolwiz.com)
Depending on the concentration of Acetic Acid, the pH of Vinegar is typically in the range of 2 to 3.5. (toolwiz.com)
In its common form, vinegar, contains about 6% of the acid making this a unique ingredient used heavily in chemical processing and in every day life. (brenntag.com)
I posted a message a week or so ago asking about the reactions of acetic acid and vinegar (5%) acidity with limestone. (frostburg.edu)

Acetic acid /əˈsiːtɪk/, systematically named ethanoic acid /ˌɛθəˈnoʊɪk/, is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H, C2H4O2, or HC2H3O2). (wikipedia.org)
The systematic name ethanoic acid, a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the substitutive nomenclature. (wikipedia.org)
The synonym ethanoic acid is a systematic name that is sometimes used in introductions to chemical nomenclature. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Also called ethanoic acid . (thefreedictionary.com)
Acetic acid (Ethanoic acid) belongs to the family of carboxylic acids and is a colorless liquid which possesses a distinctive pungent smell and sour taste. (prnewswire.co.uk)
Acetic acid belongs to the alkanoic family, and it has the molecular formula of CH3COOH, it can as well be called ethanoic acid. (proprofs.com)
Aqueous ethanoic acid shows a pH value below than 7 (usually 3-7, but may change due to concentration). (toolwiz.com)
When, aqueous NaOH solution is added, ethanoic acid concentration is reduced and pH value is increased. (toolwiz.com)

Dimers also occur in the liquid phase in dilute solutions in non-hydrogen-bonding solvents, and a certain extent in pure acetic acid, but are disrupted by hydrogen-bonding solvents. (wikipedia.org)
Dilute solutions of glacial acetic acid can be used in the clinical laboratory to lyse red blood cells in order to do manual white blood cell counts. (hubpages.com)
If zinc is first added to dilute sulfuric acid then concentrated sulfuric acid and acetic acid in which case will the fizzing be most and least? (answers.com)
Answer The most fizzing will come from the concentrated sulfuric acid, then dilute sulfuric acid, then the acetic acid. (answers.com)
The dilute sulfuric acid has less (because it is dilute) and the acetic acid solution has the least of all because it is a weak acid rather than a strong acid. (answers.com)
What gas is produced when powdered zinc is added in dilute hydrochloric acid? (answers.com)
A dilute acetic acid solution (6%) may be used as an antidote to alkali, e.g. in urea poisoning in cattle where the urea is converted to ammonia in the rumen. (thefreedictionary.com)

In his Statement of Grounds of Appeal filed on 12 May 1992 and during the oral proceedings held on 29 July 1993, the Appellant contended that document (1) disclosed a process for the production of acetic acid by carbonylating a mixture of methanol and methyl acetate in a molar ratio of 0.001:1 to 2:1 using a homogenous catalyst system comprising rhodium and a metal halide. (epo.org)
An anaerobic production of acetic acid by fermentation can employ homoacetogenic bacteria in an aqueous solution of fermentable substrates, especially sugar, with the result of increased acetic-acid concentrations (over 3%), when the substrate solution initially used in the fermentation already contains acetic acid, for example, from a previous fermentation. (freepatentsonline.com)
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, "Production of Acetic Acid by Clostridium Thermoaceticum in Batch and Continuous Fermentations", vol. (freepatentsonline.com)
entitled "Catalyst Systems for the One Step Gas Phase Production of Acetic Acid from Ethylene, Processes of Making and Using the Same", herein incorporated by reference. (google.com)
Indian Oil Corp (IOC) is looking to set up a second joint venture in petrochemicals, this time with BP for production of acetic acid. (icis.com)

At BP Acetyls Europe, we produce acetic acid on two plants. (bp.com)
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of Gram-negative bacteria which oxidize sugars or ethanol and produce acetic acid during fermentation. (wikipedia.org)
It is mainly produced by the methanol carbonylation technique wherein methanol and carbon monoxide react to produce acetic acid. (marketsandmarkets.com)

The hydrogen centre in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can separate from the molecule by ionization: CH3COOH ⇌ CH3CO2− + H+ Because of this release of the proton (H+), acetic acid has acidic character. (wikipedia.org)
Other carboxylic acids engage in similar intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike longer-chain carboxylic acids (the fatty acids), acetic acid does not occur in natural triglycerides. (wikipedia.org)
It is one of the simplest carboxylic acids (the second-simplest, after formic acid ) and has the chemical formula CH 3 COOH. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
J. Prakash Das and S. Roy, "Catalytic Hunsdiecker reaction of α , β -unsaturated carboxylic acids: how efficient is the catalyst? (hindawi.com)

Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid). (wikipedia.org)
TechSci Research calculated market size for organic acid market in South America using a bottom-up approach, where manufacturers value sales data for standard types (acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, etc.) were recorded as well as forecast for the future years. (bharatbook.com)
Acetic Acid / Acidity Regulator Acetic Acid ITEMS STANDARD Purity , %≥ 99.8 99.0 98.0 Chroma,Hazen(platinum-cobalt) , ≤ 10 20 30 Water , %≤ 0.15 Formic acid , %≤ 0.06 0.15 0.35 Acetic acid , %≤ 0.05 0.05 0.10 Residue on evaporation , %≤ 0.01 0. (hfcletter.com)
Pumps compatible with acetic or formic acid, or ammonia? (interchim.com)
Are the puriFlash pumps compatible with the use of acetic or formic acid, or with ammonia? (interchim.com)
Yes, you can use acetic and formic acid, along with ammonia in puriFlash pumps. (interchim.com)
Trailer For Acid Transport Acid tanker trailers are normally used to transportchemical liquid, such as Hydrochloric acid , Sulfuric acid , Hydrofluoric acid , Formic acid , Acetic acid , glacial acetic acid , Hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, Sodium hydroxide. (hfcletter.com)
is generally used in the tansportation of chemical liquid, as Hydrochloric acid , Sulfuric acid , Hydrofluoric acid , Formic acid , Acetic acid , glacial acetic acid , Hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, Sodium hydroxide and so on. (hfcletter.com)
Our products are: CAUSTIC SODA POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE GLACIAL ACETIC ACID PHOSPHORIC ACID FORMIC ACID SODIUM BICARBONATE CALCIUM CHLORIDE LABSA Best Regards Tina Bu TEL: 86 18622431505 XINCHENG EAST ROAD. (hfcletter.com)

In its pure, water -free state, called glacial acetic acid, it is a colorless, hygroscopic liquid that freezes below 16.7°C (62 °F ) to a colorless crystalline solid . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Acetic acid is a colorless liquid with a strong pungent odor with a boiling point of 118 C, melting point of 16.6 C, and molecular weight of 60.05 g/mol. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Acetic acid Appearance: Colorless liquid Usage: For industrial use. (opencroquet.org)
Properties== ===Physical=== Acetic acid is a transparent, colorless liquid at room temperature with a slightly higher viscosity than water solidifying at about 10 °C and boiling at 117 to 118° C. It has a pungent odor and sour, acidic taste. (sciencemadness.org)
Acetic Acid, Glacial FCC Food Grade C2H4O2 Formula wt 60.05 INS: 260 CAS: [64-19-7] FEMA: 2006 DESCRIPTION Acetic Acid, Glacial, occurs as a clear, colorless liquid. (toolwiz.com)

The global demand for acetic acid is around 6.5 million tonnes per year. (hubpages.com)
The global demand for acetic acid has been estimated at around 6.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/a). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Since VAM consumption is growing at a considerable growth rate due to its use in various applications, it is in turn accelerating and driving the demand for acetic acid at a significant pace. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Hence, positive technological breakthroughs may elevate the demand for acetic acid and may also turn out to be a significant opportunity for market players in the near future. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Also, various upcoming capacities of acetic acid derivative plants are witnessed in the coming years that could boost the production and the demand for acetic acid, globally. (marketsandmarkets.com)

A 36.5% solution of acetic acid is used topically as a caustic and rubefacient. (thefreedictionary.com)
To calculate the pH of a 0.25 M solution of acetic acid, we need to determine the concentration of the hydronium ion, H 3 3 O + +, when the dissociation of acetic acid has reached equilibrium. (toolwiz.com)

The trivial name acetic acid is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name. (wikipedia.org)

Liquid acetic acid is a hydrophilic (polar) protic solvent, similar to ethanol and water. (wikipedia.org)
polar]] protic solvent, similar to ethanol and water, but unlike water, acetic acid can dissolve not only polar compounds such as inorganic salts and sugars, but also non-polar compounds such as oils and elements such as sulfur and iodine. (sciencemadness.org)
Furthermore, the combination of mild acetic acid stress (0.1% acetic acid) and mild ethanol stress (5% ethanol) induced the UPR, whereas neither mild ethanol stress nor mild acetic acid stress individually activated Ire1p, suggesting that ER stress is easily induced in yeast cells during the fermentation process of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. (frontiersin.org)
soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone and other organic solvents, high-purity alpha-naphthalene acetate sodium white powder (free acid ), without any impurities and color, water and oil solubility, no precipitation and oil slick. (hfcletter.com)

In its most concentrated form, the acid can act as a solvent for the production of the polymer, vinyl acetate. (ehow.com)
Also, the budding demand for vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), which is employed as an intermediate for the production of vinyl acetate (co) polymers & monomers, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers, and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) resins, is expected to influence the acetic acid market. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Growing demand for vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) coupled with increasing demand for purified terephthalic acid (PTA) and ethyl acetate are the major factors driving the global market for acetic acid. (prnewswire.co.uk)
Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) emerged as the leading application, with over 30% of the global acetic acid consumption in 2011. (prnewswire.co.uk)
Acetic acid is primarily used as a raw material for the manufacture of vinyl acetate (VAM). (brenntag.com)

The name acetate can also refer to a salt containing this anion, or an ester of acetic acid. (wikipedia.org)
6. A compound in accordance with claim 1, 6-chloro-9-acetylcarbazole-2-oxalic acid ethyl ester. (patentgenius.com)
7. A compound in accordance with claim 1, carbazole-2-oxalic acid methyl ester. (patentgenius.com)
In a first aspect, the invention relates to a process for preparing carbazole-2-oxalic acid lower alkyl ester by a process which comprises the steps of (a) acylating carbazole to yield a 9-alkanoylcarbazole, which is subsequently treated with alower alkyl oxalyl halide to yield 9-alkanoylcarbazole-2-oxalic acid lower alkyl ester and (b) deacylating the product of step (a) to yield carbazole-2-oxalic acid lower alkyl ester. (patentgenius.com)
The solvent may be a carboxylic acid or a carboxylic acid ester. (freepatentsonline.com)

Striking a balance between basic chemistry and chemical engineering, this up-to-date reference discusses important aspects of acetic acid and its major derivatives, including chemistry, methods of preparation and manufacture, and synthesis, as well as current and emerging downstream technologies. (hubpages.com)
These are carboxamide derivatives of salicylic acid. (drugbank.ca)
But Reliance Industries has talked about building plants for acetic acid and derivatives at Jamnagar, Gujarat. (icis.com)

As a solvent, acetic acid is used to purify organic compounds during the process of recrystallization. (ehow.com)
Terephthalic acid, a compound used to make polyester for textiles, is first produced by using acetic acid as a solvent. (ehow.com)
The solvent and miscibility properties of acetic acid make it a useful industrial chemical, for example, as a solvent in the production of dimethyl terephthalate. (wikipedia.org)
Acetic Acid can be used as a solvent for various applications. (hubpages.com)
Glacial acetic acid (anhydrous acetic acid) is used as a solvent, vesicant and caustic, and pharmaceutic necessity . (thefreedictionary.com)
This dissolving property and miscibility of acetic acid makes it a widely used industrial chemical, for example, as a solvent in the production of dimethyl terephthalate. (sciencemadness.org)
7. A process as claimed in claim 6, wherein said alkyl iodide is methyl iodide and said organic solvent includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of acetic acid and methyl acetate. (freepatentsonline.com)

He said the plant produced 87,810 tons of methanol, 10,012 tons of carbon monoxide and 14,243 tons of acetic acid during the month. (thefreedictionary.com)
Acetic acid is produced commercially by the reaction of methanol with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst, or it may be obtained from ethyl alcohol by the action of many aerobic bacteria. (thefreedictionary.com)
Acetic acid produced through methanol carbonylation accounts for almost 75% of the total production globally. (prnewswire.co.uk)

Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi): 1 (Junge,Mackay) Note: the sorbed fraction may be resistant to atmospheric oxidation Soil Adsorption Coefficient (PCKOCWIN v1.66): Koc : 342 Log Koc: 2.534 Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v1.67]: Rate constants can NOT be estimated for this structure! (chemspider.com)
C. Karunakaran and K. Ganapathy, "Kinetic study on the reaction of N-bromosuccinimide with β , γ -unsaturated alcohols in aqueous acetic acid," Indian Journal of Chemistry , vol. 29, p. 133, 1990. (hindawi.com)

Acetic acid is produced both synthetically and by bacterial fermentation. (hubpages.com)
Polyamines are believed to be made of amino acids and are increased by fermentation. (rainbow.coop)
Since acetic acid inhibits the growth and fermentation ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , it is one of the practical hindrances to the efficient production of bioethanol from a lignocellulosic biomass. (frontiersin.org)

Investigators in Europe looked at the influence of sodium acetate and acetic acid on blood glucose and other biological responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. (livestrong.com)

Further goes the analysis of global acetic acid market with emphasis on its main components which are production, consumption, prices, global trade, future forecast, etc. (marketpublishers.com)
Incessant improvements in technology and focus on process improvement are further driving the growth of global acetic acid market. (prnewswire.co.uk)

Acetic acid, if of suitable purity and used in accord with good manufacturing practices, is generally recognized as safe for use in foods. (fda.gov)
Where an acid of established purity used in a process of manufacture such as you describe, labeling would be required to avoid misconception on the part of the consumer. (fda.gov)
Medicine Grade Octreotide Acetate For Acromegaly Raw Powder Growth Hormone Fragment CAS:83150-76-9 Basic info: Octreotide Acetate Alias:Octreotide Acetate , Sodium deoxyribose guarylic acid , Acetic octreotide,Octreotide,Sandostatin CAS No. : 83150-76-9 Purity. (hfcletter.com)

In the biotechnological industry, these bacteria's oxidation mechanism is exploited to produce a number of compounds such as l-ascorbic acid, dihydroxyacetone, gluconic acid, and cellulose. (wikipedia.org)
Mamlouk, D. & Gullo, M. Acetic Acid Bacteria: Physiology and Carbon Sources Oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
A mixed metal oxide catalytic system consisting of molybdenum, vanadium, lanthanum and palladium providing higher yields of acetic acid in low temperature single stage oxidation of ethane with molecular oxygen-containing gas without or with reduced production of by-products such as ethylene and CO. (google.com)
Another major production method of acetic acid is by the oxidation of acetaldehyde although its share in production is of negligible significance as compared to the prior mentioned process. (prnewswire.co.uk)
Why is the oxidation of fatty acids referred to as -oxidation? (bartleby.com)

The term acetate is used when referring to the carboxylate anion (CH 3 COO - ) or any of the salts or esters of acetic acid. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Recently, a new diagnostic device, the Osmetech Microbial Analyzer-Bacterial Vaginosis (OMA-BV), which determines a patient's BV status on the basis of measurement of the amount of acetic acid present in a vaginal swab specimen, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. (asm.org)
This is an online calculator to find the amount of acetic acid and sodium acetate needed to form a buffer solution for a specified pH and buffer strength. (toolwiz.com)

Call your doctor if your symptoms do not improve or if they get worse during the first 5 to 7 days of treatment with acetic acid and hydrocortisone otic. (cardiosmart.org)
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER and activation of Ire1p and Hac1p, an ER-stress sensor and ER stress-responsive transcription factor, respectively, were induced by a treatment with acetic acid stress (>0.2% v/v). Other monocarboxylic acids such as propionic acid and sorbic acid, but not lactic acid, also induced the UPR. (frontiersin.org)

Acetic acid is considered "food-grade" if it complies with the specifications in Food Chemicals Codex. (fda.gov)
If you need the product of Glacial acetic acid food grade,please feel free to contact with me. (ecvv.com)

Pure, water-free acetic acid is a colourless liquid that absorbs water from the environment, and freezes at 16.5 °C (62 °F) to a colourless crystalline solid as seen on the picture right. (hubpages.com)
insert a swab coated with a liquid called acetic acid through the anoscope and into the anus. (nih.gov)

Glacial Acetic Acid is 99% pure acetic acid, (water-free) and is dangerously corrosive . (hubpages.com)
Pure acetic acid is a very strong and corrosive poison. (hubpages.com)

Exposure to industrial compounds that contain acetic acid, which is used in paint, pesticides, plastics, and textiles, is hazardous to your health. (livestrong.com)

food, tech grade CAS NO.:64-19-7 MF: C2H4O2 Food GradeAcetic Acid Glacial99.5% 1. (opencroquet.org)

Acetic acid is a colourless acid. (collinsdictionary.com)

In industry, acetic acid is applied to other chemical compounds used for the production of varnishes, top coats, paints, and acrylic lacquers. (ehow.com)
The book provides comprehensive physical property data for compounds and their separation, including acetic acid-water separation. (hubpages.com)
Besides food industry, some acetic acid bacteria are used as biocatalysts for the industrial production of compounds. (wikipedia.org)
We demonstrated further that IAA triggers an increased tolerance to several stress conditions (heat and cold shock, UV-irradiation, osmotic and acid shock and oxidative stress) and different toxic compounds (antibiotics, detergents and dyes) and this correlates with higher levels of the heat shock protein DnaK. (nih.gov)

The amount of fizzing is due … to the concentration of H+ in the solution, and concentrated sulfuric acid has the most H+ in solution. (answers.com)
The present study uses the conducting polymer gas-sensing technology of OMA-BV to measure the concentration of acetic acid in the headspace above vaginal swab specimens from patients undergoing treatment for BV with metronidazole. (asm.org)
fpuchttp.onreadystatechange = function() Acetic acid with a molar concentration of 0.1 M has a pH of 2.87, and 0.0001 M of acetic acid has a pH of 4.3. (toolwiz.com)
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relates pH of a buffer with p K a of acid, concentration of conjugate base and concentration of acid. (bartleby.com)
First, Strength of the acid which can be expressed on terms of p K a and second, the relative concentration of acid and its conjugate base at equilibrium. (bartleby.com)
Use Le Châtelier's principle to explain why percent dissociation increases as the concentration of a weak acid decreases. (bartleby.com)

As non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have shown analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo , this study aims to investigate the role of ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, in acetic acid-induced rat colitis. (scirp.org)
In the present study, we have evaluated the protective effects of ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-asp- artate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. (scirp.org)
There are two, O-H···N and N-H···O, intermolecular hydrogen bonds between 7-acetamino-2-methyl-1,8-naphthyridine and acetic acid, which link the molecules to form layered units. (iucr.org)

The acetic acid bacteria consist of 10 genera in the family Acetobacteraceae. (wikipedia.org)
Several species of acetic acid bacteria are used in industry for production of certain foods and chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
All acetic acid bacteria are rod-shaped and obligate aerobes. (wikipedia.org)
Acetic acid bacteria are airborne and are ubiquitous in nature. (wikipedia.org)
As these bacteria produce acid, they are usually acid-tolerant, growing well below pH 5.0, although the pH optimum for growth is 5.4-6.3. (wikipedia.org)
Genera and species in acetic acid bacteria, 2008 Int. J. Food Microbiol. (wikipedia.org)
Polyphasic taxonomy of acetic acid bacteria: An overview of the currently applied methodology, 2008 Int. J. Food Microbiol. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, acetic acid is easily produced in open fermenters due to contamination by lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria. (frontiersin.org)

Acetic acid's chemical structure reveals that it has an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. (ehow.com)
In solid acetic acid, the molecules form chains, individual molecules being interconnected by hydrogen bonds. (wikipedia.org)
Zinc react with sulfuric acid: zinc sulfate is obtained and hydrogen gas released. (answers.com)
The hydrochloric acid and zinc react to produce zinc chloride and hydrogen gas. (answers.com)
The theoretical data obtained was in excellent agreement with experiment, proposing the reaction mechanism, where a molecule of acetic acid serves as a proton shuttle, transferring the hydrogen atom between the reaction centers. (eurekalert.org)
Using the complex of modern physical methods joined with computational studies, the authors proposed reaction mechanism, where a molecule of acetic acid serves as a proton shuttle, transferring the hydrogen atom between the reaction centers. (innovations-report.com)
In the crystal, O-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the acetamide and acetic acid mol-ecules. (iucr.org)

Its proprietary processing technologies help to reduce the production costs and environmental impact of its plants, and also enable to maintain competitive advantage in PTA (Puri﫿ed terephthalic acid) and acetic acid line of business. (marketsandmarkets.com)
VAM was followed by Purified terephthalic acid (PTA) which is expected to be fastest growing market at an estimated CAGR of 5.4% in the next six years. (prnewswire.co.uk)

Glacial acetic acid is a name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Glacial acetic acid, on the other hand, is an anhydrous acetic acid. (proprofs.com)

The trivial name acetic acid is the most commonly used and officially preferred name by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). (newworldencyclopedia.org)

In the food industry, acetic acid is controlled by the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment. (wikipedia.org)

Acetic acid (AcOH), which is a short-chain fatty acid, is reported to have some beneficial effects on metabolism. (nih.gov)

What is the most important information I should know about acetic acid and hydrocortisone otic? (cardiosmart.org)
Do not use acetic acid and hydrocortisone otic on a child younger than 3 years old without a doctor's advice. (cardiosmart.org)
There may be other drugs that can affect acetic acid and hydrocortisone otic. (cardiosmart.org)
The combination of acetic acid and hydrocortisone otic is used to treat conditions inside the ear, such as redness, itching, or swelling. (cardiosmart.org)
Acetic acid and hydrocortisone otic may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide. (cardiosmart.org)
What should I discuss with my health care provider before using acetic acid and hydrocortisone otic? (cardiosmart.org)
How should I use acetic acid and hydrocortisone otic? (cardiosmart.org)
Do not use it if you had an allergic reaction to acetic acid or hydrocortisone, or if you have vaccinia (cowpox), chickenpox, or a punctured eardrum. (limamemorial.org)

This chapter provides the diffusion coefficient of tetrachloro-methane in trifluoro-acetic acid at different concentrations measured using NMR spin echo pulse gradient. (springer.com)
Winkelmann J. (2018) Diffusion coefficient of tetrachloro-methane in trifluoro-acetic acid. (springer.com)

Strong oxidizers (especially chromic acid, sodium peroxide & nitric acid), strong caustics [Note: Corrosive to metals. (cdc.gov)
Although it is classified as a weak acid, concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can attack the skin. (sciencemadness.org)
It is classified as a weak acid although its concentrated form is corrosive in nature. (prnewswire.co.uk)

The use of acetic acid in chemistry extends into antiquity. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
General Chemistry Online: FAQ: Acids and bases: Is any toxic gas produced when acetic acid and limestone react? (frostburg.edu)

Acetic acid is an organic acid found in nature. (ehow.com)
South America organic acid market is projected to reach $ 427.62 million by 2026, during forecast period. (bharatbook.com)
Increasing urbanization coupled with growing agriculture sector to meet the rising demand of expanding population is aiding South America organic acid market. (bharatbook.com)
Moreover, shifting consumer preference towards high price, premium quality and eco-friendly cosmetic and food & beverage products is forecast to aid South America organic acid market during forecast period. (bharatbook.com)
According to South America Organic Acid Market By Type, By End Use, By Country, Competition Forecast and Opportunities, 2012 - 2026 , major players operating in South America organic acid market are Elekeiroz S.A., The Dow Chemical Company, Cargill Inc. etc. (bharatbook.com)
South America Organic Acid Market By Type, By End Use, By Country, Competition Forecast and Opportunities, 2012 - 2026 report elaborates following aspects related to the South America organic acid market. (bharatbook.com)
Primary research included interviews with organic acid chemicals manufacturers, suppliers and industry experts. (bharatbook.com)
an organic acid used to manufacture various chemicals-e.g., plastics and other polymers. (thefreedictionary.com)

Zinc added to hydrochloric acid? (answers.com)
What happen when hydrochloric acid is added to the zinc powder? (answers.com)

All Verified acetic acid glacial 99 9 suppliers & acetic acid glacial 99 9 manufacturers have passed our Business License Check, they can provide quality acetic acid glacial 99 9 products. (opencroquet.org)

Being a weak acid, the acetic acid keeps the different immiscible layers of compound in cream cosmetics together and prevents them from separating. (ehow.com)
Acetic acid is a weak acid. (toolwiz.com)

We are Making, Exporting and Supplying High Grade Acetic Acids in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China. (tradeindia.com)
This grade of glacial acetic acid meets the requirements of the Food Chemical Codex and is produced under appropriate current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) for use as a food additive. (eastman.com)

In the United States, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine are researching the use of disodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid to remove calcium from the plaque that clogs arteries and causes heart disease. (livestrong.com)

The diagnosis obtained on the basis of the level of vaginal acetic acid was compared with the diagnoses obtained by use of the Amsel criteria and the Nugent scoring system both at the time of initial entry into the study and at the repeat samplings on days 7 and 14. (asm.org)
This provides further evidence that the measurement of vaginal acetic acid by headspace analysis with conducting polymer sensors is a valid alternative to present tests for the diagnosis of BV. (asm.org)
31 ). The change in flora is accompanied by biochemical changes in the vaginal fluid, including increases in the concentrations of diamines ( 6 ) as well as those of polyamines and volatile organic acids ( 29 , 35 ). (asm.org)

With higher alkanes (starting with octane), acetic acid is not miscible at all compositions, and solubility of acetic acid in alkanes declines with longer n-alkanes. (wikipedia.org)
Acetic acid is completely miscible in water and many other polar and non-polar solvents. (prnewswire.co.uk)

Anatomy6

Organisms11

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs38

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes7

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science1

Characterization of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ketorolac and its enantiomers in the rat. (1/1272)

A new rapid technique for the fixation of thyroid gland surgical specimens. (2/1272)

Antinociceptive properties of the new alkaloid, cis-8, 10-di-N-propyllobelidiol hydrochloride dihydrate isolated from Siphocampylus verticillatus: evidence for the mechanism of action. (3/1272)

Immediate-early gene expression in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and colonic myenteric plexus of the guinea pig. (4/1272)

Short-chain fatty acids suppress cholesterol synthesis in rat liver and intestine. (5/1272)

Interactions between carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Fibrobacter succinogenes S85: a 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and enzymatic study. (6/1272)

Healing effects of heparin on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats. (7/1272)

Experimental colitis increases blood-brain barrier permeability in rabbits. (8/1272)

Acetic Acid

Indoleacetic Acids

Acetobacter

Acetobacteraceae

Acetates

Xanthones

Plant Growth Regulators

Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid

Naphthaleneacetic Acids

Gluconacetobacter

Fermentation

Gluconobacter

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Xanthenes

Plant Roots

Zygosaccharomyces

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Phthalimides

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Stomach Ulcer

Ethanol

Peracetic Acid

Carboxylic Acids

Food Preservatives

Plant Shoots

Gluconobacter oxydans

Hydroxytryptophol

Indicators and Reagents

Gravitropism

Hydrochloric Acid

Arabidopsis

Gossypol

Flavonoids

Zea mays

Seedling

Cacao

Hypocotyl

Sodium Acetate

Tryptophan Transaminase

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant

Indoles

Tryptophan

Molecular Sequence Data

Fatty Acids, Volatile

Reticulum

Esters

Arabidopsis Proteins

Propionates

Seeds

Molecular Structure

Gluconates

Plant Extracts

Formates

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Acetate-CoA Ligase

Lactobacillus fermentum

Electronic Nose

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Butanones

Acids

Irritants

Culture Media

Alphaproteobacteria

Phenylacetates

Oxidation-Reduction

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Colposcopy

DNA, Ribosomal

Chromatography, Thin Layer

Wine

Characterization of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ketorolac and its enantiomers in the rat. (1/1272)

A new rapid technique for the fixation of thyroid gland surgical specimens. (2/1272)

Antinociceptive properties of the new alkaloid, cis-8, 10-di-N-propyllobelidiol hydrochloride dihydrate isolated from Siphocampylus verticillatus: evidence for the mechanism of action. (3/1272)

Immediate-early gene expression in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and colonic myenteric plexus of the guinea pig. (4/1272)

Short-chain fatty acids suppress cholesterol synthesis in rat liver and intestine. (5/1272)

Interactions between carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Fibrobacter succinogenes S85: a 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and enzymatic study. (6/1272)

Healing effects of heparin on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats. (7/1272)

Experimental colitis increases blood-brain barrier permeability in rabbits. (8/1272)

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