Acetaldehyde
Cyanamide
Ethanol
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Disulfiram
Central Nervous System Depressants
Pyruvate Decarboxylase
Toxicity Tests, Acute
Alcohol Deterrents
Flushing
Alcohols
Acetoin
Butanones
NAD
Ciprofloxacin decreases the rate of ethanol elimination in humans. (1/696)
BACKGROUND: Extrahepatic ethanol metabolism is postulated to take place via microbial oxidation in the colon, mediated by aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. AIMS: To evaluate the role of microbial ethanol oxidation in the total elimination rate of ethanol in humans by reducing gut flora with ciprofloxacin. METHODS: Ethanol was administered intravenously at the beginning and end of a one week period to eight male volunteers. Between ethanol doses volunteers received 750 mg ciprofloxacin twice daily. RESULTS: A highly significant (p=0.001) reduction in the ethanol elimination rate (EER) was detected after ciprofloxacin medication. Mean (SEM) EER was 107.0 (5.3) and 96.9 (4.8) mg/kg/h before and after ciprofloxacin, respectively. Faecal Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus sp. were totally absent after medication, and faecal acetaldehyde production capacity was significantly (p<0.05) decreased from 0.91 (0.15) to 0.39 (0.08) nmol/min/mg protein. Mean faecal alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was significantly (p<0. 05) decreased after medication, but ciprofloxacin did not inhibit human hepatic ADH activity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Ciprofloxacin treatment decreased the ethanol elimination rate by 9.4%, with a concomitant decrease in intestinal aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria, faecal ADH activity, and acetaldehyde production. As ciprofloxacin has no effect on liver blood flow, hepatic ADH activity, or cytochrome CYP2E1 activity, these effects are probably caused by the reduction in intestinal flora. (+info)Inhibition of advanced glycation endproduct formation by acetaldehyde: role in the cardioprotective effect of ethanol. (2/696)
Epidemiological studies suggest that there is a beneficial effect of moderate ethanol consumption on the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Ethanol is metabolized to acetaldehyde, a two-carbon carbonyl compound that can react with nucleophiles to form covalent addition products. We have identified a biochemical modification produced by the reaction of acetaldehyde with protein-bound Amadori products. Amadori products typically arise from the nonenzymatic addition of reducing sugars (such as glucose) to protein amino groups and are the precursors to irreversibly bound, crosslinking moieties called advanced glycation endproducts, or AGEs. AGEs accumulate over time on plasma lipoproteins and vascular wall components and play an important role in the development of diabetes- and age-related cardiovascular disease. The attachment of acetaldehyde to a model Amadori product produces a chemically stabilized complex that cannot rearrange and progress to AGE formation. We tested the role of this reaction in preventing AGE formation in vivo by administering ethanol to diabetic rats, which normally exhibit increased AGE formation and high circulating levels of the hemoglobin Amadori product, HbA1c, and the hemoglobin AGE product, Hb-AGE. In this model study, diabetic rats fed an ethanol diet for 4 weeks showed a 52% decrease in Hb-AGE when compared with diabetic controls (P < 0.001). Circulating levels of HbA1c were unaffected by ethanol, pointing to the specificity of the acetaldehyde reaction for the post-Amadori, advanced glycation process. These data suggest a possible mechanism for the so-called "French paradox," (the cardioprotection conferred by moderate ethanol ingestion) and may offer new strategies for inhibiting advanced glycation. (+info)Inhibition and stimulation of long-chain fatty acid oxidation by chloroacetaldehyde and methylene blue in rats. (3/696)
The effects of chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) and methylene blue, both alone and together, on mitochondrial metabolism, hepatic glutathione content, and bile flow were investigated in rats. Oxidation of [1-14C]palmitic acid, [1-14C]octanoic acid, and [1,4-14C]succinic acid allowed for the differentiation between carnitine-dependent long-chain fatty acid metabolism, medium chain fatty acid oxidation, and citric acid cycle activity, respectively. CAA, a metabolite of the anticancer drug ifosfamide, which may be responsible for ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, inhibited palmitic acid metabolism but not octanoic or succinic acid oxidation, depleted hepatic glutathione, and stimulated bile flow. Methylene blue, which is clinically used to either prevent or reverse ifosfamide-associated encephalopathy, markedly stimulated palmitic acid oxidation either in the presence or absence of CAA, but did not affect the oxidation of octanoic and succinic acid or hepatic glutathione. Taken together, this study demonstrates that CAA inhibits palmitic acid metabolism. Methylene blue stimulates long-chain fatty acid oxidation, most likely by facilitating the translocation of fatty acids into mitochondria, and compensates for the CAA effect in vivo. (+info)Mechanisms of protection of catalase by NADPH. Kinetics and stoichiometry. (4/696)
NADPH is known to be tightly bound to mammalian catalase and to offset the ability of the substrate of catalase (H2O2) to convert the enzyme to an inactive state (compound II). In the process, the bound NADPH becomes NADP+ and is replaced by another molecule of NADPH. This protection is believed to occur through electron tunneling between NADPH on the surface of the catalase and the heme group within the enzyme. The present study provided additional support for the concept of an intermediate state of catalase, through which NADPH serves to prevent the formation (rather than increase the removal) of compound II. In contrast, the superoxide radical seemed to bypass the intermediate state since NADPH had very little ability to prevent the superoxide radical from converting catalase to compound II. Moreover, the rate of NADPH oxidation was several times the rate of compound II formation (in the absence of NADPH) under a variety of conditions. Very little NADPH oxidation occurred when NADPH was exposed to catalase, H2O2, or the superoxide radical separately. That the ratio exceeds 1 suggests that NADPH may protect catalase from oxidative damage through actions broader than merely preventing the formation of compound II. (+info)Modification of type III VLDL, their remnants, and VLDL from ApoE-knockout mice by p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, a product of myeloperoxidase activity, causes marked cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages. (5/696)
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) from apolipoprotein (apo) E2/E2 subjects with type III hyperlipoproteinemia, VLDL remnants, and VLDL from apoE-knockout (EKO) mice are taken up poorly by macrophages. The present study examined whether VLDL modification by the reactive aldehyde p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (pHA) enhances cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation by J774A.1 macrophages. pHA is the major product derived from the oxidation of L-tyrosine by myeloperoxidase and is a component of human atherosclerotic lesions. Incubation of J774A.1 cells with native type III VLDL, their remnants, and EKO-VLDL increased cellular CE by only 3-, 5-, and 5-fold, respectively, compared with controls. In striking contrast, cells exposed to VLDL modified by purified pHA (pHA-VLDL) exhibited marked increases in cellular CE of 38-, 47-, and 35-fold, respectively (P95%, CE accumulation induced by copper-oxidized VLDL. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism for the conversion of type III VLDLs, their remnants, and EKO-VLDL into atherogenic particles and suggest that macrophage uptake of pHA-VLDL (1) requires catalytically active lipoprotein lipase, (2) involves acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-mediated cholesterol esterification, and (3) involves pathways distinct from the SR-A. (+info)Development of a polyclonal antibody with broad epitope specificity for advanced glycation endproducts and localization of these epitopes in Bruch's membrane of the aging eye. (6/696)
PURPOSE: To develop an antibody that recognizes a variety of advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) epitopes. METHODS: Glycolaldehyde was used to modify bovine serum albumin and HPLC analysis was used to measure pentosidine formation as an indicator of AGE formation. A polyclonal anti-AGE antibody was synthesized by injecting glycolaldehyde-incubated keyhole limpet hemocyanin into rabbits, affinity purified using AGE modified bovine serum albumin coupled to an affinity resin column, and characterized by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS: HPLC analysis of glycolaldehyde treated bovine serum albumin detected high levels of pentosidine formation, suggesting that glycolaldehyde is a potent precursor for pentosidine. By immunoblot analysis, our antibody recognized carboxymethyllysine and pentosidine, two well-characterized AGEs, as well as other AGE epitopes. Immunohistochemical evaluation showed evidence of AGEs in Bruch's membrane (including basal laminar deposits and drusen), choroidal extracellular matrix, and vessel walls in an 82 year old nondiabetic globe. A similar staining pattern was observed in an age-matched diabetic control. In contrast, no staining was seen with the antibody in a 20 month old nondiabetic globe. CONCLUSIONS: A unique anti-AGE antibody was synthesized that recognizes a variety of AGE epitopes including carboxymethyllysine and pentosidine. Its best use might be in broad surveys of the age-dependent accumulation of a large number of AGE epitopes that might not be revealed by antibodies to pentosidine or CML. (+info)The effect of inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase on nasal uptake of inspired acetaldehyde. (7/696)
At exposure concentrations of 750 ppm or more, acetaldehyde is a rodent inhalation carcinogen that induces nasal tumors. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is thought to be an important detoxifying enzyme for aldehydes. Although nasal tissues express ALDH, the importance of this enzyme relative to delivered dosage rates at high-inspired concentrations is not well defined. To provide such information, uptake of inspired acetaldehyde was measured at an inspiratory flow rate that approximated the minute ventilation rate in the surgically isolated nasal cavity of F 344 rats pretreated with either saline (control) or the ALDH inhibitor, cyanamide (10 mg/kg s.c.). ALDH activities (substrate concentration 3 times the K(m)) in anterior (respiratory mucosa) and posterior (olfactory mucosa) nasal tissues averaged 160 and 210 nmol/min), respectively, in control animals (total activity 370 nmol/min), compared to 60 and 80 nmol/min, respectively, in cyanamide-pretreated rats (p < 0.05), indicating that approximately 60% inhibition was obtained. Nasal uptake was measured at 3 inspired concentrations: 10, 300, and 1500 ppm. At these concentrations, acetaldehyde uptake efficiency averaged 54, 37, and 34% in saline-pretreated rats, respectively (p < 0.05). In absolute terms, the delivered dosage rates at these exposure concentrations averaged 21, 420, and 1990 nmol/min. The concentration dependence on uptake suggests a saturable process was involved. At inspired concentrations of 300 ppm or more, the delivered dosage rates exceeded the measured specific activity for nasal ALDH of 370 nmol/min. Cyanamide pretreatment abolished the concentration dependence. Specifically, uptake efficiencies in cyanamide-pretreated rats averaged 30, 27, and 31% at inspired concentrations of 10, 300, and 1500 ppm, respectively (p > 0.05); delivered dosage rates were 12, 310, and 1780 nmol/min. Thus, cyanamide pretreatment reduced nasal-delivered dosage rates at inspired concentrations of 10, 300, and 1500 ppm, respectively by 9, 110, and 210 nmol/min, values that correspond well with the total nasal ALDH activity of 370 nmol/min. In toto, these results suggest that inspired acetaldehyde is metabolized in situ by ALDH, but at exposure concentrations of 300 ppm or greater, the delivered dosage rate may equal or exceed the capacity of this enzyme. (+info)Kinetics of cytochrome P450 2E1-catalyzed oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid via acetaldehyde. (8/696)
The P450 2E1-catalyzed oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde is characterized by a kinetic deuterium isotope effect that increases K(m) with no effect on k(cat), and rate-limiting product release has been proposed to account for the lack of an isotope effect on k(cat) (Bell, L. C., and Guengerich, F. P. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29643-29651). Acetaldehyde is also a substrate for P450 2E1 oxidation to acetic acid, and k(cat)/K(m) for this reaction is at least 1 order of magnitude greater than that for ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde. Acetic acid accounts for 90% of the products generated from ethanol in a 10-min reaction, and the contribution of this second oxidation has been overlooked in many previous studies. The noncompetitive intermolecular kinetic hydrogen isotope effects on acetaldehyde oxidation to acetic acid ((H)(k(cat)/K(m))/(D)(k(cat)/K(m)) = 4.5, and (D)k(cat) = 1.5) are comparable with the isotope effects typically observed for ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde, and k(cat) is similar for both reactions, suggesting a possible common catalytic mechanism. Rapid quench kinetic experiments indicate that acetic acid is formed rapidly from added acetaldehyde (approximately 450 min(-1)) with burst kinetics. Pulse-chase experiments reveal that, at a subsaturating concentration of ethanol, approximately 90% of the acetaldehyde intermediate is directly converted to acetic acid without dissociation from the enzyme active site. Competition experiments suggest that P450 2E1 binds acetic acid and acetaldehyde with relatively high K(d) values, which preclude simple tight binding as an explanation for rate-limiting product release. The existence of a rate-determining step between product formation and release is postulated. Also proposed is a conformational change in P450 2E1 occurring during the course of oxidation and the discrimination of P450 2E1 between acetaldehyde and its hydrated form, the gem-diol. This multistep P450 reaction is characterized by kinetic control of individual reaction steps and by loose binding of all ligands. (+info)Acetaldehyde is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid with a pungent odor. It is the simplest aldehyde, with the formula CH3CHO. Acetaldehyde is an important intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol and is produced by the oxidation of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase. It is also a naturally occurring compound that is found in small amounts in various foods and beverages, such as fruits, vegetables, and coffee.
Acetaldehyde is a toxic substance that can cause a range of adverse health effects, including irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, nausea, vomiting, and headaches. It has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Long-term exposure to acetaldehyde has been linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer, including cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, and liver.
Cyanamide is a chemical compound with the formula NH2CN. It is a colorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and has an ammonia-like odor. Cyanamide is used as a reagent in organic synthesis and as a fertilizer.
In a medical context, cyanamide may be used as a drug to treat certain conditions. For example, it has been used as a muscle relaxant and to reduce muscle spasms in people with multiple sclerosis. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for alcohol dependence, as it may help to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
It is important to note that cyanamide can be toxic in high doses, and it should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Ethanol is the medical term for pure alcohol, which is a colorless, clear, volatile, flammable liquid with a characteristic odor and burning taste. It is the type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages and is produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts.
In the medical field, ethanol is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and it is also used as a solvent for various medicinal preparations. It has central nervous system depressant properties and is sometimes used as a sedative or to induce sleep. However, excessive consumption of ethanol can lead to alcohol intoxication, which can cause a range of negative health effects, including impaired judgment, coordination, and memory, as well as an increased risk of accidents, injuries, and chronic diseases such as liver disease and addiction.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a class of enzymes that play a crucial role in the metabolism of alcohol and other aldehydes in the body. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids, using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a cofactor.
There are several isoforms of ALDH found in different tissues throughout the body, with varying substrate specificities and kinetic properties. The most well-known function of ALDH is its role in alcohol metabolism, where it converts the toxic aldehyde intermediate acetaldehyde to acetate, which can then be further metabolized or excreted.
Deficiencies in ALDH activity have been linked to a number of clinical conditions, including alcohol flush reaction, alcohol-induced liver disease, and certain types of cancer. Additionally, increased ALDH activity has been associated with chemotherapy resistance in some cancer cells.
Aldehyde oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids using NAD+ or FAD as cofactors. They play a crucial role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated from various metabolic processes, such as lipid peroxidation and alcohol metabolism. These enzymes are widely distributed in nature and have been identified in bacteria, yeast, plants, and animals.
The oxidation reaction catalyzed by aldehyde oxidoreductases involves the transfer of electrons from the aldehyde substrate to the cofactor, resulting in the formation of a carboxylic acid and reduced NAD+ or FAD. The enzymes are classified into several families based on their sequence similarity and cofactor specificity.
One of the most well-known members of this family is alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which catalyzes the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones as part of the alcohol metabolism pathway. Another important member is aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which further oxidizes the aldehydes generated by ADH to carboxylic acids, thereby preventing the accumulation of toxic aldehydes in the body.
Deficiencies in ALDH enzymes have been linked to several human diseases, including alcoholism and certain types of cancer. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of aldehyde oxidoreductases is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a group of enzymes responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones, and reducing equivalents such as NAD+ to NADH. In humans, ADH plays a crucial role in the metabolism of ethanol, converting it into acetaldehyde, which is then further metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) into acetate. This process helps to detoxify and eliminate ethanol from the body. Additionally, ADH enzymes are also involved in the metabolism of other alcohols, such as methanol and ethylene glycol, which can be toxic if allowed to accumulate in the body.
Disulfiram is a medication used to treat chronic alcoholism. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which is responsible for breaking down acetaldehyde, a toxic metabolite produced when alcohol is consumed. When a person taking disulfiram consumes alcohol, the buildup of acetaldehyde causes unpleasant symptoms such as flushing, nausea, palpitations, and shortness of breath, which can help discourage further alcohol use.
The medical definition of Disulfiram is:
A medication used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism, which works by inhibiting the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to an accumulation of acetaldehyde when alcohol is consumed, causing unpleasant symptoms that discourage further alcohol use. Disulfiram is available as a tablet for oral administration and is typically prescribed under medical supervision due to its potential for serious interactions with alcohol and other substances.
Aldehydes are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of a functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and a double bonded oxygen atom, also known as a formyl or aldehyde group. The general chemical structure of an aldehyde is R-CHO, where R represents a hydrocarbon chain.
Aldehydes are important in biochemistry and medicine as they are involved in various metabolic processes and are found in many biological molecules. For example, glucose is converted to pyruvate through a series of reactions that involve aldehyde intermediates. Additionally, some aldehydes have been identified as toxicants or environmental pollutants, such as formaldehyde, which is a known carcinogen and respiratory irritant.
Formaldehyde is also commonly used in medical and laboratory settings for its disinfectant properties and as a fixative for tissue samples. However, exposure to high levels of formaldehyde can be harmful to human health, causing symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Therefore, appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling aldehydes in medical and laboratory settings.
Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants are a class of drugs that slow down the activity of the CNS, leading to decreased arousal and decreased level of consciousness. They work by increasing the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which results in sedation, relaxation, reduced anxiety, and in some cases, respiratory depression.
Examples of CNS depressants include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, and certain types of pain medications such as opioids. These drugs are often used medically to treat conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and chronic pain, but they can also be misused or abused for their sedative effects.
It is important to use CNS depressants only under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as they can have serious side effects, including addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Overdose of CNS depressants can lead to coma, respiratory failure, and even death.
Pyruvate decarboxylase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the cellular process of fermentation and gluconeogenesis. In medical and biochemical terms, pyruvate decarboxylase is defined as:
"An enzyme (EC 4.1.1.1) that catalyzes the decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide in the presence of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as a cofactor. This reaction occurs during anaerobic metabolism, such as alcohol fermentation in yeast or bacteria, and helps to generate ATP and NADH for the cell's energy needs."
In humans, pyruvate decarboxylase is primarily found in the liver and kidneys, where it participates in gluconeogenesis – the process of generating new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate precursors. The enzyme's activity is essential for maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting or low-carbohydrate intake.
Deficiencies in pyruvate decarboxylase can lead to metabolic disorders, such as pyruvate decarboxylase deficiency (PDC deficiency), which is characterized by lactic acidosis, developmental delays, and neurological issues. Proper diagnosis and management of these conditions often involve monitoring enzyme activity and glucose metabolism.
Acute toxicity tests are a category of medical or biological testing that measure the short-term adverse effects of a substance on living organisms. These tests are typically performed in a laboratory setting and involve exposing test subjects (such as cells, animals, or isolated organs) to a single high dose or multiple doses of a substance within a short period of time, usually 24 hours or less.
The primary objective of acute toxicity testing is to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) or concentration (LC50) of a substance, which is the amount or concentration that causes death in 50% of the test subjects. This information can be used to help assess the potential health hazards associated with exposure to a particular substance and to establish safety guidelines for its handling and use.
Acute toxicity tests are required by regulatory agencies around the world as part of the process of evaluating the safety of chemicals, drugs, and other substances. However, there is growing concern about the ethical implications of using animals in these tests, and many researchers are working to develop alternative testing methods that do not involve the use of live animals.
Alcohol deterrents, also known as alcohol deterrent devices or ignition interlock devices, are breathalyzer devices that are installed in vehicles to prevent a driver from starting the vehicle if their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is above a certain limit. These devices are often used as a condition of license reinstatement for individuals who have been convicted of drunk driving or other alcohol-related offenses.
The driver must blow into the device, and if their BAC is above the programmed limit, the vehicle will not start. Some devices also require periodic rolling retests while the vehicle is in motion to ensure that the driver remains sober throughout the trip. The use of alcohol deterrents has been shown to reduce recidivism rates among drunk drivers and improve overall road safety.
"Flushing" is a medical term that refers to a sudden, temporary reddening of the skin, often accompanied by feelings of warmth. This occurs when the blood vessels beneath the skin dilate or expand, allowing more blood to flow through them. Flushing can be caused by various factors such as emotional stress, alcohol consumption, spicy foods, certain medications, or medical conditions like carcinoid syndrome or menopause. It is generally harmless but can sometimes indicate an underlying issue that requires medical attention.
In chemistry, an alcohol is a broad term that refers to any organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. This means that alcohols are essentially hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl group. The simplest alcohol is methanol (CH3OH), and ethanol (C2H5OH), also known as ethyl alcohol, is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
In the context of medical definitions, alcohol primarily refers to ethanol, which has significant effects on the human body when consumed. Ethanol can act as a central nervous system depressant, leading to various physiological and psychological changes depending on the dose and frequency of consumption. Excessive or prolonged use of ethanol can result in various health issues, including addiction, liver disease, neurological damage, and increased risk of injuries due to impaired judgment and motor skills.
It is important to note that there are other types of alcohols (e.g., methanol, isopropyl alcohol) with different chemical structures and properties, but they are not typically consumed by humans and can be toxic or even lethal in high concentrations.
Acetoin is a chemical compound that is produced as a metabolic byproduct in certain types of bacteria, including some species of streptococcus and lactobacillus. It is a colorless liquid with a sweet, buttery odor and is used as a flavoring agent in the food industry. In addition to its use as a flavoring, acetoin has been studied for its potential antibacterial properties and its possible role in the development of biofilms. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential uses and implications of this compound.
Butanones are a group of chemical compounds that contain a ketone functional group and have the molecular formula C4H8O. They are also known as methyl ethyl ketones or MEKs. The simplest butanone is called methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) or 2-butanone, which has a chain of four carbon atoms with a ketone group in the second position. Other butanones include diethyl ketone (3-pentanone), which has a ketone group in the third position, and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) or 4-methyl-2-pentanone, which has a branched chain with a ketone group in the second position.
Butanones are commonly used as solvents in various industrial applications, such as paint thinners, adhesives, and cleaning agents. They have a characteristic odor and can be harmful if ingested or inhaled in large quantities. Exposure to butanones can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and prolonged exposure may lead to neurological symptoms such as dizziness, headache, and nausea.
NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. It plays an essential role in cellular metabolism, particularly in redox reactions, where it acts as an electron carrier. NAD exists in two forms: NAD+, which accepts electrons and becomes reduced to NADH. This pairing of NAD+/NADH is involved in many fundamental biological processes such as generating energy in the form of ATP during cellular respiration, and serving as a critical cofactor for various enzymes that regulate cellular functions like DNA repair, gene expression, and cell death.
Maintaining optimal levels of NAD+/NADH is crucial for overall health and longevity, as it declines with age and in certain disease states. Therefore, strategies to boost NAD+ levels are being actively researched for their potential therapeutic benefits in various conditions such as aging, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases.
Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a chronic relapsing brain disorder characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol consumption despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. It is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:
1. Alcohol is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.
2. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control alcohol use.
3. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain, use, or recover from the effects of alcohol.
4. Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol, is present.
5. Recurrent alcohol use results in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
6. Alcohol use continues despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol.
7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of alcohol use.
8. Recurrent alcohol use is in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
9. Alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol.
10. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
a) A need for markedly increased amounts of alcohol to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
b) A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of alcohol.
11. Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
a) The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for alcohol (refer to DSM-5 for further details).
b) Alcohol (or a closely related substance, such as a benzodiazepine) is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
The severity of alcohol use disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the number of criteria met:
* Mild: 2-3 criteria met
* Moderate: 4-5 criteria met
* Severe: 6 or more criteria met
It's important to note that alcohol use disorder is a complex condition with various factors contributing to its development and course. If you or someone you know is struggling with alcohol use, it's crucial to seek professional help from a healthcare provider or a mental health specialist for an accurate assessment and appropriate treatment.
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Indole-3-acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde ammonia trimer
Acetaldehyde (data page)
Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase
Indole-3-acetaldehyde reductase (NADPH)
Indole-3-acetaldehyde reductase (NADH)
Diesel exhaust
Tishchenko reaction
Wacker process
Ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase
Rectified spirit
Alcohol intolerance
Acetaldoxime
Ethanol metabolism
Lester O. Krampitz
1,1-Diethoxyethane
Benzaldehyde
Lactonitrile
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+)
Alcoholic polyneuropathy
Tobacco smoking
Metaldehyde
Hangover
Health effects of tobacco
Nicotiana tabacum
Colin Raston
Β-Aminobutyric acid
Wine fault
Acetaldehyde - Wikipedia
Acetaldehyde, hydroxy
Acetaldehyde post bottling
Acetaldehyde ACS reagent, = 99.5 75-07-0
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Levels of acetaldehyde3
- Background levels of acetaldehyde can be tasted in Budweiser due to the use of beechwood chips to drop the yeast before it can be reduced to ethanol. (homebrewersassociation.org)
- Conclusions: We conclude that the observed changes of IK1 under clinically relevant concentrations of acetaldehyde might contribute to the alcohol-induced alterations of the cardiac electrophysiology, namely in people with a genetic defect of aldehyde dehydrogenase and, thus, higher plasma levels of acetaldehyde who are often native to Asia. (muni.cz)
- Researchers know that high levels of acetaldehyde can cause facial flushing, headache and nausea. (ucdavis.edu)
Enzyme4
- Consumption of disulfiram inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of acetaldehyde, thereby causing it to build up in the body. (wikipedia.org)
- This suggests that acetaldehyde is capable of inhibiting the activity of ACC oxidase directly, or alternatively of preventing the increase in the enzyme, thereby providing a possible mechanism for retarding fruit ripening. (agri.gov.il)
- In technical terms, it is the robust (abundant) and constitutive (always on) expression (production) of an enzyme called acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which breaks down acetaldehyde. (zbiotics.com)
- About 40% of the East Asian population also has an enzyme that doesn't work very well, allowing acetaldehyde to build up in their system. (ucdavis.edu)
Drinking alcohol1
- A new study published today in the journal Addiction shows that drinking alcohol is the greatest risk factor for acetaldehyde-related cancer. (science20.com)
Aldol condensation of acetaldehyde1
- Crotonaldehyde is generally produced by aldol condensation of acetaldehyde, followed by dehydration. (cdc.gov)
Break down acetaldehyde2
- The specific application covered in this patent - the one deployed in ZBiotics' first product - is the ability of a genetically engineered microbe to break down acetaldehyde, a byproduct of alcohol. (zbiotics.com)
- Other potential contributions include pectinolytic activity, which could aid juice clarification and the ability to break down acetaldehyde, even when bound to SO 2 , reducing the need for SO 2 additions during winemaking. (frontiersin.org)
Ethanol to acetaldehyde2
- It is normally reduced to ethanol by yeast during the secondary fermentation, but oxidation of the finished beer may reverse this process, converting ethanol to acetaldehyde. (homebrewersassociation.org)
- Pharmacological inhibition of the embryonic alcohol dehydrogenase activity, prevents the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde that in turn functions as a RALDH2 inhibitor. (xenbase.org)
Dehydrogenase1
- In most of us, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) quickly metabolizes acetaldehyde to the inert acetate, which can be safely excreted. (medscape.com)
Aldehyde3
- Acetaldehyde is an organic compound composed of a methyl group attached to an aldehyde functional group. (pediaa.com)
- Acetaldehyde is an aliphatic aldehyde. (pediaa.com)
- Both benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde are two types of aldehyde compounds. (pediaa.com)
Metabolite4
- In the current study, we aimed to analyse changes of the ventricular IK1 in the presence of acetaldehyde, the primary metabolite of ethanol. (muni.cz)
- Acetaldehyde (AC), an alcohol metabolite, induces type I Collagen production in hepatic stellate cells (HSC), constituting a critical part of the pathogenesis of alcoholic cirrhosis. (grantome.com)
- Ethanol's main metabolite acetaldehyde (AcA) may play a crucial role in head and neck cancers by forming covalent DNA adducts that can be mutagenic and may contribute to cancer development. (who.int)
- That turns it into acetaldehyde, a toxic metabolite. (medscape.com)
Inhibition4
- Results: Acetaldehyde (0.3 - 300 µM) induced a reversible inhibition of IK1 with the concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50) of 53.7 ± 7.7 µM at -100 mV. (muni.cz)
- Degradation of SO(2)-bound acetaldehyde or pyruvic acid did not correlate with bacterial growth as inhibition was always observed in media containing bound SO(2). (oregonstate.edu)
- Despite this inhibition, all wine LAB degraded SO(2)-bound acetaldehyde and pyruvic acid suggesting that bound SO(2) may have a bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal action. (oregonstate.edu)
- We provide biochemical and developmental evidence identifying acetaldehyde as responsible for this inhibition. (xenbase.org)
Acetic acid6
- Pyridine & pyridine bases are manufactured by the reaction of acetaldehyde with ammonium acetate, where acetic acid is used as a solvent, in a refluxing tank reactor under atmospheric pressure. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- Acetaldehyde can be produced by yeast and acetic acid bacteria by the oxidation of ethanol. (lodiwinelabs.com)
- Acetaldehyde is used in the production of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. (pediaa.com)
- How to turn acetaldehyde into acetic acid using one of the five chemicals on the list? (stackexchange.com)
- But what can turn acetaldehyde into acetic acid? (stackexchange.com)
- Would acetaldehyde react with formic acid to produce acetic acid? (stackexchange.com)
Retinoic Acid3
- 2018), Acetaldehyde inhibits retinoic acid biosynthesi. (xenbase.org)
- Acetaldehyde inhibits retinoic acid biosynthesis to mediate alcohol teratogenicity. (xenbase.org)
- Acetaldehyde induces a reduction in retinoic acid signaling. (xenbase.org)
Ethanal1
- Acetaldehyde (IUPAC systematic name ethanal) is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3CHO, sometimes abbreviated as MeCHO. (wikipedia.org)
Oxidation2
- The reaction is conducted at 90-95 °C, and the acetaldehyde formed is separated from water and mercury and cooled to 25-30 °C. In the wet oxidation process, iron(III) sulfate is used to reoxidize the mercury back to the mercury(II) salt. (wikipedia.org)
- I'm not sure what exactly is going on, but acetaldehyde can be produced through oxidation. (homebrewersassociation.org)
Reaction3
- Alkynylation reaction of acetaldehyde by asymmetric catalysis has been reported. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Pyridine is produced by the reaction of acetaldehyde with ammonia. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- These findings complete the description of the reaction network that forms 2‐ and 4‐MB from acetaldehyde on hydroxyapatite. (scite.ai)
Aldehydes2
- Benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde are two examples of the group of aldehydes. (pediaa.com)
- But given that CuO oxidises aromatic aldehydes it is not such a stretch to think it probably will oxide acetaldehyde. (stackexchange.com)
Phenylhydrazone2
- The solid forms of acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone were investigated in detail over a century ago, with curious results: it was reported that a low melting form could be transformed into a high melting form by trace alkali, and the reverse process could be brought about with trace acid. (soton.ac.uk)
- You can also find customs duty rates applicable for importing of "acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone" into the USA and the European Union Countries . (findhs.codes)
Metabolism1
- Acetaldehyde metabolism by wine lactic acid bacteria. (oregonstate.edu)
Concentrations5
- Cardiac inward rectifier potassium current IK1 is inhibited by acetaldehyde at clinically relevant concentrations: a role in arrhythmogenesis related to alcohol consumption? (muni.cz)
- damnosus and Lactobacillus hilgardii were inoculated into media containing various concentrations of acetaldehyde or pyruvic acid and an equimolar concentration of SO(2) at pH 3.50 and 3.70. (oregonstate.edu)
- Low concentrations of acetaldehyde- and pyruvic acid-bound SO(2) were inhibitory to the growth of all bacteria although acetaldehyde-bound SO(2) was generally more inhibitory than pyruvic acid-bound SO(2). (oregonstate.edu)
- Acetaldehyde- and pyruvic acid-bound SO(2) were inhibitory to wine LAB growth at concentrations as low as 5 mg l(-1). (oregonstate.edu)
- Acetaldehyde imparts an apple-like odour, reminiscent of emulsion paint when present at higher concentrations. (aroxa.com)
Volatile2
- Acetaldehyde is a volatile flavor compound present in many fermented foods and is important in the production of red and white wines. (oregonstate.edu)
- The main purpose of this research study is the determination of volatile flavoring substance acetaldehyde in some fermented, industrially manufactured dairy products, offered on the Bitola's market and the comparison with acetaldehyde quantities measured in fermented dairy products produced in laboratory conditions. (journals.cz)
Carcinogen1
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has listed acetaldehyde as a Group 1 carcinogen. (wikipedia.org)
Market is estimated1
- The global acetaldehyde market is estimated to surpass $2,590.9 million by 2027, exhibiting a CAGR of 7.7% from 2020 to 2027. (researchdive.com)
Diacetyl5
- Diacetyl and acetaldehyde are two completely different things. (homebrewersassociation.org)
- The saison only had acetaldehyde (green apple) aroma and flavor, no diacetyl. (homebrewersassociation.org)
- Like diacetyl, acetaldehyde is found in large quantities during early fermentation as the yeast produces it en masse early in their metabolic cycle. (stonebrewing.com)
- Just like diacetyl, kraeusening is the best way to remove excess acetaldehyde. (stonebrewing.com)
- Raising the fermentation temperature a few degrees (diacetyl rest) will help resolve acetaldehyde issues. (stonebrewing.com)
Wacker2
- Prior to the Wacker process and the availability of cheap ethylene, acetaldehyde was produced by the hydration of acetylene. (wikipedia.org)
- The most prominent process used for the manufacturing of acetaldehyde is Wacker process. (pediaa.com)
Industrially1
- Acetaldehyde is an industrially important solvent used as an intermediate for the synthesis of a wide range of compounds. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Green apples1
- Acetaldehyde smells and tastes like green apples. (stonebrewing.com)
20181
- El objetivo del estudio fue describir de manera exhaustiva la manera de obtener goles tras saque de esquina para analizar la existencia de diferencias, entre las temporadas 2014/15 y 2018/19 en la Liga de Primera División española. (bvsalud.org)
Ethylene2
- Ethylene production in other fruit has been shown to be inhibited by acetaldehyde and ethanol. (agri.gov.il)
- 1 nl g-1 h-1) and treatments with acetaldehyde and ethanol had concentration-dependent effects on ethylene production. (agri.gov.il)
Aromatic2
- The main difference between benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde is that benzaldehyde is an aromatic compound whereas acetaldehyde aliphatic compound. (pediaa.com)
- begingroup$ Acetaldehyde isn't aromatic. (stackexchange.com)
Chemicals2
- Increasing use of acetaldehyde as an important chemical intermediate in various applications, such as food & beverage, chemicals, plastics, and paints & coatings is driving the acetaldehyde market in the Asia Pacific. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- Acetaldehyde is a key raw material in production of a wide range of chemicals such as paint binders in alkyd paints and as a plasticizer for plastics. (agrobiobase.com)
Alcoholic4
- The research team found that risk from ingesting acetaldehyde via alcoholic beverages alone may exceed usual safety limits for heavy drinkers. (science20.com)
- Their risk assessment study found that the average exposure to acetaldehyde from alcoholic beverages resulted in a life-time cancer risk of 7.6/10,000, with higher risk scenarios (e.g. contaminations in unrecorded alcohol) in the range of 1 in 1,000. (science20.com)
- As such, the life-time cancer risks for acetaldehyde from ingestion of alcoholic beverages greatly exceed the usual limits for cancer risks from the environment. (science20.com)
- That the risk for cancer stemming from acetaldehyde from alcoholic beverages is recognized, and necessary preventive steps are taken to reduce the acetaldehyde content in alcoholic beverages. (science20.com)
Substance2
- Acetaldehyde (AA) is a natural biological substance which is formed by the anaerobic pathway and is found in all kinds of plant and animal tissues. (ishs.org)
- Acetaldehyde is a well-known toxin, irritant and inflammatory substance," said Devi. (ucdavis.edu)
Acetylene2
- citation needed] Before 1962, ethanol and acetylene were the major sources of acetaldehyde. (wikipedia.org)
- It's easy to see $X$ is $\ce{H2O}$: water turns acetylene into acetaldehyde. (stackexchange.com)
Ammonia2
- The standard solution supplied with the K-ACHYD Assay Kit is acetaldehyde ammonia powder. (megazyme.com)
- How are mg of acetaldehyde calculated from mg of acetaldehyde ammonia trimer in the Acetaldehyde Assay Kit (K-ACHYD)? (megazyme.com)
Degradation1
- Degradation of SO(2)-bound acetaldehyde was observed for all LAB, and aside from O. oeni, there was also complete degradation of SO(2)-bound pyruvic acid at both pH values. (oregonstate.edu)
Synthesis2
- Similarly noncompetitive, acetaldehyde arises from synthesis gas with modest selectivity. (wikipedia.org)
- Acetaldehyde is a common electrophile in organic synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular Formula1
- The molecular formula of acetaldehyde is C 2 H 4 O. Sometimes it is written as CH 3 CHO to show the groups present in the molecule. (pediaa.com)
Reactions4
- In addition reactions acetaldehyde is prochiral. (wikipedia.org)
- Pyridine & pyridine base derivative lead the overall acetaldehyde market, due to their use as scavengers and as catalysts in several reactions. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- The yield of 2‐butenal decreases with increasing conversion of acetaldehyde (for conversions greater than 15 %), because secondary condensation reactions, which form C 6 and C 8 enal products, consume 2‐butenal. (scite.ai)
- Here, analysis of the products formed by sequential condensation reactions of acetaldehyde and 2‐butenal suggests that 2‐ and 4‐MB products form via aromatization of 2,4,6‐octatrienal and of highly reactive acyclic intermediate(s) formed via self‐addition of 2‐butenal, respectively. (scite.ai)
Salts2
- The hydroformylation of methanol with catalysts like cobalt, nickel, or iron salts also produces acetaldehyde, although this process is of no industrial importance. (wikipedia.org)
- begingroup$ This paper says that acetaldehyde gives high yield of acetic anhydride when copper salts are used as catalyst . (stackexchange.com)
Fermentation2
- Acetaldehyde is the immediate precursor to ethanol in fermentation. (stonebrewing.com)
- Sulphur dioxide bound to acetaldehyde or pyruvic acid is inhibitory to growth of wine LAB and must be considered when conducting the malolactic fermentation or controlling the growth of spoilage bacteria such as Pediococcus and Lactobacillus. (oregonstate.edu)
Geographical1
- The report segments the global acetaldehyde market into four main geographical territories including Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, and LAMEA. (researchdive.com)
React2
- If there is a high amount of dissolved oxygen present in the young beer, then the oxygen could react with ethanol and oxidize it back into acetaldehyde. (stonebrewing.com)
- Would water in the presence of a heat source somehow react with acetaldehyde? (stackexchange.com)
Yeast3
- Acetaldehyde is also formed during too long sitting on the yeast. (stonebrewing.com)
- When yeast health is poor, cells can die and burst open (autolysis) which releases a lot of acetaldehyde into the beer. (stonebrewing.com)
- A coincubation of resting cells of Saccharomyces bayanus Première Cuvée and Oenococcus oeni Lo111 showed that strain Lo111 metabolized acetaldehyde produced by the yeast. (oregonstate.edu)
Bacteria3
- Impact of acetaldehyde- and pyruvic acid-bound sulphur dioxide on wine lactic acid bacteria. (oregonstate.edu)
- To investigate the impact of acetaldehyde- and pyruvic acid-bound sulphur dioxide on wine lactic acid bacteria (LAB). (oregonstate.edu)
- The ability of malolactic bacteria to degrade free and SO(2)-bound acetaldehyde has implications for sensory and color qualities and the use of SO(2) in wine. (oregonstate.edu)
Derivative2
- In addition, increasing use of acetaldehyde in derivative, such as pyridines and pentaerythritol in emerging economies are influencing the growth of the acetaldehyde market. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- We conclude that acetaldehyde is the teratogenic derivative of ethanol responsible for the reduction in RA signaling and induction of the developmental malformations characteristic of FASD. (xenbase.org)
Toxic3
- The problem with acetaldehyde has been that although it has been recognized as toxic by Health Canada some years ago, most risk assessments to date were based on one source of exposure only" explained Dr. Jürgen Rehm, the lead scientist of the Toronto group and head of the Public Health and Regulatory Policies section at CAMH. (science20.com)
- The toxic nature of acetaldehyde renders its removal from a wide range of materials highly desirable. (elsevierpure.com)
- I say "most of us" because some populations, particularly those with East Asian ancestry, have a mutation in the ALDH gene which can lead to accumulation of toxic acetaldehyde with alcohol consumption - leading to facial flushing, nausea, and headache . (medscape.com)
Oeni1
- hilgardii was the most sensitive to acetaldehyde-bound SO(2), while O. oeni was the most sensitive to pyruvic acid-bound SO(2). (oregonstate.edu)
Bound1
- A Lactobacillus and an Oenococcus were able to degrade SO(2)-bound acetaldehyde, as well. (oregonstate.edu)
Production3
- The pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry uses acetaldehyde in the production of, for instance, sedatives and tranquilizers. (agrobiobase.com)
- RA production by hRALDH2 is efficiently inhibited by acetaldehyde but not by ethanol itself. (xenbase.org)
- Acetaldehyde production by combined yogurt cultures. (journals.cz)
Beer2
- The flavor was great at bottliing but after 1 week in the beer seemed to develope an acetaldehyde flavor. (homebrewersassociation.org)
- The other cause of acetaldehyde is too much dissolved oxygen in the beer. (stonebrewing.com)
Quantities2
- Results of the acetaldehyde quantities in different fermented dairy products were obtained through the observation of acetaldehyde values successively in a two week period and, in order to confirm the mutual correlation of variables, i.e. of the absorbance and concentration, calibration curve was created. (journals.cz)
- The highest acetaldehyde quantities in all fermented dairy samples were measured on the first day of this research study, while after the fifteenth day of examination acetaldehyde concentration in each sample was equal to zero. (journals.cz)
Scale2
Delivers2
- SEKAB delivers green acetaldehyde made from biologically produced ethanol to customers with high environmental standards. (agrobiobase.com)
- The report delivers an exclusive analysis of global acetaldehyde market by studying several factors of the market such as key segments, market dynamics, regional market circumstances, investment suitability, and foremost players operating in the market. (researchdive.com)
Determination1
- UV-method for the determination of acetaldehyde in foodstuffs and other materials. (r-biopharm.com)
Explains1
- As a result, people can end up accumulating the toxin acetaldehyde, explains lead author Apramita Devi, postdoctoral researcher with the UC Davis Department of Viticulture and Enology. (ucdavis.edu)
Developments1
- The report highlights various data points such as short summary of the company, chief company executives, company's financial status and proceeds, key business strategies executed by company, advanced developments or initiatives taken by company to thrust their position and grasp a remarkable position in the global acetaldehyde market. (researchdive.com)
Form1
- IUPAC name: ethenol): CH3CH=O ⇌ CH2=CHOH ∆H298,g = +42.7 kJ/mol The equilibrium constant is 6×10−7 at room temperature, thus that the relative amount of the enol form in a sample of acetaldehyde is very small. (wikipedia.org)
Main1
- This is the main difference between Benzaldehyde and Acetaldehyde. (pediaa.com)
Segment1
- The report reveals statistics by mentioning the predicted market size and forecast by assessing every segment of the global acetaldehyde market. (researchdive.com)
Involves1
- CH3CHO + Hg}}} The mechanism involves the intermediacy of vinyl alcohol, which tautomerizes to acetaldehyde. (wikipedia.org)