Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604)Veterinary Drugs: Drugs used by veterinarians in the treatment of animal diseases. The veterinarian's pharmacological armamentarium is the counterpart of drugs treating human diseases, with dosage and administration adjusted to the size, weight, disease, and idiosyncrasies of the species. In the United States most drugs are subject to federal regulations with special reference to the safety of drugs and residues in edible animal products.Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.Preanesthetic Medication: Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.Forensic Medicine: The application of medical knowledge to questions of law.Anesthetics, Combined: The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.Reptiles: Cold-blooded, air-breathing VERTEBRATES belonging to the class Reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates.Pets: Animals kept by humans for companionship and enjoyment, as opposed to DOMESTIC ANIMALS such as livestock or farm animals, which are kept for economic reasons.Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals.Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS (minor tranquilizers), ANTIMANIC AGENTS, and the ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes.Drug Residues: Drugs and their metabolites which are found in the edible tissues and milk of animals after their medication with specific drugs. This term can also apply to drugs found in adipose tissue of humans after drug treatment.Phenothiazines: Compounds containing dibenzo-1,4-thiazine. Some of them are neuroactive.Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."Tablets: Solid dosage forms, of varying weight, size, and shape, which may be molded or compressed, and which contain a medicinal substance in pure or diluted form. (Dorland, 28th ed)Hypnotics and Sedatives: Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.MaleatesHematocrit: The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Bibenzyls: Compounds with 1,2-diphenylethane. They are structurally like reduced STILBENES.Cardiovascular System: The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.Spectrum Analysis, Raman: Analysis of the intensity of Raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light.Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.Chloral Hydrate: A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of INSOMNIA.Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)Surgical Procedures, Minor: Surgery restricted to the management of minor problems and injuries; surgical procedures of relatively slight extent and not in itself hazardous to life. (Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Proteomics: The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to PROPRANOLOL. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS and tremor.Isotopes: Atomic species differing in mass number but having the same atomic number. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.Encyclopedias as Topic: Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Taboo: Any negative tradition or behavior that is generally regarded as harmful to social welfare and forbidden within a cultural or social group.Vein of Galen Malformations: Congenital arteriovenous malformation involving the VEIN OF GALEN, a large deep vein at the base of the brain. The rush of arterial blood directly into the vein of Galen, without passing through the CAPILLARIES, can overwhelm the heart and lead to CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.Air Conditioning: The maintenance of certain aspects of the environment within a defined space to facilitate the function of that space; aspects controlled include air temperature and motion, radiant heat level, moisture, and concentration of pollutants such as dust, microorganisms, and gases. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Drug and Narcotic Control: Control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. This includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (DRUG APPROVAL), and marketing of drugs.BrazilUnited States Office of National Drug Control Policy: A component of the Executive Office of the President established by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. The Office establishes policies, priorities, and objectives for national DRUG AND NARCOTIC CONTROL. The goals of the program are to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences.Legislation, Drug: Laws concerned with manufacturing, dispensing, and marketing of drugs.Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).Software: Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration: An office in the Department of Labor responsible for developing and establishing occupational safety and health standards.Internet: A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.
A previously unidentified acepromazine metabolite in humans: implications for the measurement of acepromazine in blood. (1/45)
High-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection results obtained during the investigation of two cases involving acepromazine prompted us to study the stability of the drug in blood. It was found that acepromazine can undergo in vitro conversion by human red blood cells to 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)promazine, a product that has been reported as a minor urinary metabolite in horse urine but not previously identified in humans. Further, our analytical findings in the two cases examined suggest that 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)promazine may be the major unconjugated metabolite of acepromazine in humans. These findings have important implications for the analytical toxicology of acepromazine. (+info)The effect of opioid and acepromazine premedication on the anesthetic induction dose of propofol in cats. (2/45)
The median effective dosage (ED50) for induction of anesthesia with propofol was determined by using the up-and-down method in 31 unpremedicated cats, in 30 cats premedicated with butorphanol, 0.4 mg/kg body weight (BW), and acepromazine, 0.1 mg/kg BW, intramuscularly, and in 30 cats premedicated with morphine, 0.2 mg/kg BW, and acepromazine, 0.1 mg/kg BW, intramuscularly. The dose required for a satisfactory anesthetic induction in 50% of unpremedicated cats (ED50) was 7.22 mg/kg BW and of premedicated cats was 5.00 mg/kg BW. The reduction in dose was statistically significant in both premedicated groups compared with no premedication. There was no significant difference in ED50 between premedication regimes. Cyanosis was the most common adverse effect observed in all groups following anesthetic induction with propofol. (+info)Effect of general anesthetics on IOP in rats with experimental aqueous outflow obstruction. (3/45)
PURPOSE: To determine the effect of several common general anesthetics on intraocular pressure (IOP) after experimental aqueous outflow obstruction in the rat. METHODS: A single episcleral vein injection of hypertonic saline was used to sclerose aqueous humor outflow pathways and produce elevated IOP in Brown Norway rats. Animals were housed in either standard lighting or a constant low-level light environment. Awake IOPs were determined using a TonoPen (Mentor, Norwell, MA) immediately before induction of anesthesia by either isoflurane, ketamine, or a mixture of injectable anesthetics (xylazine, ketamine, and acepromazine). For each anesthetic, IOPs were measured immediately after adequate sedation (time 0) and at 5-minute intervals, up to 20 minutes. RESULTS; Awake IOPs ranged from 18 to 52 mm Hg. All anesthetics resulted in a statistically significant (P: < 0.01) reduction in measured IOP at every duration of anesthesia when compared with the corresponding awake IOP. With increasing duration of anesthesia, measured IOP decreased approximately linearly for both the anesthetic mixture and isoflurane. However, with ketamine, IOP declined to 48% +/- 11% (standard lighting) and 60% +/- 7% (constant light) of awake levels at 5 minutes of anesthesia, where it remained stable. In fellow eyes, the SD of the mean IOP in animals under anesthesia was always greater than the corresponding SD of the awake mean. Anesthesia's effects in normal eyes and eyes with elevated IOP were indistinguishable. CONCLUSIONS: All anesthetics resulted in rapid and substantial decreases in IOP in all eyes and increased the interanimal variability in IOPs. Measurement of IOP in awake animals provides the most accurate documentation of pressure histories for rat glaucoma model studies. (+info)Self-mutilation in rabbits following intramuscular ketamine-xylazine-acepromazine injections. (4/45)
Following hind leg intramuscular injections of ketamine, xylazine, and acepromazine, 4 of 6 rabbits exhibited self-mutilation of the digits. At necropsy, the affected sciatic nerve appeared enlarged. Lymphohistiocytic perineural inflammation and fibrosis were observed, together with nerve degeneration. Neuronal regeneration as the reason for self-mutilation is discussed. (+info)Structure of TAR RNA complexed with a Tat-TAR interaction nanomolar inhibitor that was identified by computational screening. (5/45)
HIV-1 TAR RNA functions critically in viral replication by binding the transactivating regulatory protein Tat. We recently identified several compounds that experimentally inhibit the Tat-TAR interaction completely at a 100 nM concentration. We used computational screening of the 181,000-compound Available Chemicals Directory against the three-dimensional structure of TAR [1]. Here we report the NMR-derived structure of TAR complexed with acetylpromazine. This structure represents a new class of compounds with good bioavailability and low toxicity that bind with high affinity to TAR. NMR data unambiguously show that acetylpromazine binds only to the unique 5' bulge site to which the Tat protein binds. Specificity and affinity of binding are conferred primarily by a network of base stacking and hydrophobic interactions. Acetylpromazine alters the structure of free TAR less than Tat peptides and neomycin do. (+info)Physiology and behavior of dogs during air transport. (6/45)
Twenty-four beagles were used to measure physiological and behavioral reactions to air transport. Each of 3 groups of 4 sedated (with 0.5 mg/kg body weight of acepromazine maleate) and 4 non-sedated (control) dogs was flown on a separate flight between Montreal, Quebec, and Toronto, Ontario, after being transported by road from Quebec City to Montreal. Saliva and blood samples were taken before ground and air transport and after air transport. The heart rate was monitored during the whole experiment except during ground transport, and behavior was monitored by video during air transport. Sedation did not affect any of the variables measured. The mean plasma cortisol concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) after ground transport than at baseline (225.3 vs 134.5 nmol/L); the mean salivary cortisol concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) after both ground and air transport than at baseline (16.2 and 14.8, respectively, vs 12.6 nmol/L). The mean neutrophil count was significantly higher (P < 0.05) after both ground and air transport than at baseline (80.6 and 81.4, respectively, vs 69.5 per 100 white blood cells), whereas the mean lymphocyte count was significantly lower (P < 0.05) (13.2 and 13.7, respectively, vs 22.4 per 100 white blood cells). Loading and unloading procedures caused the largest increase in heart rate. On average, the dogs spent more than 50% of the time lying down, and they remained inactive for approximately 75% of the time, except during take-off. These results suggest that transportation is stressful for dogs and that sedation with acepromazine, at the dosage and timing used, does not affect the physiological and behavioral stress responses of dogs to air transport. (+info)Inhibition has little effect on response latencies in the inferior colliculus. (7/45)
The inferior colliculi of all mammals are characterized by a wide range of first-spike response latencies that can greatly exceed the minimum time required for the transmission of input through the lower brainstem. The mechanisms that account for long response latencies of up to 50 ms are unclear, but one hypothesis is that an early inhibition plays a role in shaping latency. To test this hypothesis, response latencies were measured in the inferior colliculi of the pallid and mustached bats before and during the blockade of GABAa and glycine receptors. The effect of blocking inhibition on response latency was compared under stimulus conditions that produced the shortest latency in the predrug condition. Multibarrel "piggyback" electrodes were used to iontophoretically apply bicuculline and strychnine sequentially while recording from single neurons. Predrug latencies ranged from 9 to 26 ms in the pallid bat and from 4 to 17 ms in the mustached bat. Despite large increases in response magnitude and response duration following disinhibition, the blockade of inhibitory receptors had modest effects on response latency. In the pallid bat, blocking GABA receptors produced latency changes that ranged from -3.8 to +0.2 ms, while blocking glycine receptors produced changes from -0.1 to +1.7 ms. Similarly, in the mustached bat, blocking GABA receptors caused changes ranging from -10.3 to +1.4 ms; blocking glycine receptors in the mustached bat caused changes from -3.6 to +1.0 ms. The large change of -10.3 ms was an exception. In both species, the majority of neurons showed changes of <1 ms. We conclude that a fast, early inhibitory input does not appear to play a significant role in shaping the wide range of response latencies present in the inferior colliculi of mustached and pallid bats. (+info)Application of pulsed Doppler ultrasound for the evaluation of small intestinal motility in dogs. (8/45)
The purpose of this study was to verify whether small intestinal peristalsis could be observed and quantitatively assessed using pulsed-Doppler ultrasound. Pulsed-Doppler ultrasound was used to evaluate small intestinal peristalsis after a meal in ten normal dogs and ten sedated dogs. The small intestinal peristalses were measured 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours after a 24-hour fast and after feeding. The number of small intestinal peristalsis were 0.133/min, 0.100/min, 0.033/min, 0.167/min, 0.070/min, 0.067/min, and 0.100/min in the fasted dogs, and 1.667/ min, 0.933/min, 1.133/min, 1.234/min, 1.933/min, 1.533/ min, and 0.533/min in fed dogs, respectively. In the dogs sedated with xylazine HCl, the number of small intestinal peristalsis was significantly reduced (p<0.01). However, in the dogs treated with ketamine HCl and acepromazine, the number of small intestinal peristalsis remained unchanged. Therefore, it can be concluded that pulsed-Doppler ultrasound allows graphic visualization of the intestinal movements, which can be subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis, and may be suitable for a non-invasive study of small intestinal motility. (+info)... causes arterial/arteriolar vasodilation leading to a decrease in blood pressure by activating peripheral D1 receptors.[5] It decreases afterload and also promotes sodium excretion via specific dopamine receptors along the nephron. The renal effect of fenoldopam and dopamine may involve physiological antagonism of the renin-angiotensin system in the kidney.[6] In contrast to dopamine, fenoldopam is a selective D1 receptor agonist with no effect on beta adrenoceptors, although there is evidence that it may have some alpha-1 [7] and alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.[5] D1 receptor stimulation activates adenylyl cyclase and raises intracellular cyclic AMP, resulting in vasodilation of most arterial beds, including renal, mesenteric, and coronary arteries.[8] to cause a reduction in systemic vascular resistance. Fenoldopam has a rapid onset of action (4 minutes) and short duration of action (, 10 minutes) and a linear dose-response relationship at usual clinical doses.[9] ...
... (INN), also known as captodiamine, is an antihistamine sold under the trade names Covatine, Covatix, and Suvren which is used as a sedative and anxiolytic. The structure is related to diphenhydramine.[1] A 2004 study suggested captodiame may be helpful in preventing benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome in people discontinuing benzodiazepine treatment.[1] In addition to its actions as an antihistamine, captodiamine has been found to act as a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist and σ1 receptor and D3 receptor agonist.[2] It produces antidepressant-like effects in rats.[2] However, captodiamine is unique among antidepressant-like drugs in that it increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hypothalamus but not in the frontal cortex or hippocampus.[2] This unique action may be related to its ability to attenuate stress-induced anhedonia and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling in the hypothalamus.[2] ...
The hormone prolactin stimulates lactation (production of breast milk). Dopamine, released by the hypothalamus stops the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland. Domperidone, by acting as an anti-dopaminergic agent, results in increased prolactin secretion, and thus promotes lactation (that is, it is a galactogogue). In some nations, including Australia, domperidone is used off-label, based on uncertain and anecdotal evidence of its usefulness, as a therapy for mothers who are having difficulty breastfeeding.[24][25] In the United States, domperidone is not approved for this or any other use.[26][27] A study called the EMPOWER trial was designed to assess the effectiveness and safety of domperidone in assisting mothers of preterm babies to supply breast milk for their infants.[28] The study randomized 90 mothers of preterm babies to receive either domperidone 10 mg orally three times daily for 28 days (Group A) or placebo 10 mg orally three times daily for 14 days followed by domperidone ...
InChI=1S/C18H22F2N4O/c19-15-5-3-14(4-6-15)17(25)2-1-7-23-8-10-24(11-9-23)18-21-12-16(20)13-22-18/h3-6,12-13,17,25H,1-2,7-11H2 ...
Djaldetti Ruth; Giladi Nir; Hassin-Baer Sharon; Shabtai Hertzel; Melamed Eldad (November-December 2003). "Pharmacokinetics of Etilevodopa Compared to Levodopa in Patient's With Parkinson's Disease: An Open-label, Randomized, Crossover Study". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 26 (6): 322-326. doi:10.1097/00002826-200311000-00012. PMID 14646613 ...
... has also been found to increase the analgesic effects of opioid drugs in a dose-dependent manner, in contrast to 5-HT1A agonists such as 8-OH-DPAT which were found to reduce opioid analgesia.[22][23] However, since 5-HT1A agonists were also found to reduce opioid-induced respiratory depression and WAY-100635 was found to block this effect,[24] it is likely that 5-HT1A antagonists might worsen this side effect of opioids. Paradoxically, chronic administration of the very high efficacy 5-HT1A agonist befiradol results in potent analgesia following an initial period of hyperalgesia, an effect most likely linked to desensitisation and/or downregulation of 5-HT1A receptors (i.e. analogous to a 5-HT1A antagonist-like effect).[25][26][27] As with other 5-HT1A silent antagonists such as UH-301 and robalzotan, WAY 100635 can also induce a head-twitch response in rodents.[28] ...
Melis MR, Succu S, Sanna F, Melis T, Mascia MS, Enguehard-Gueiffier C, Hubner H, Gmeiner P, Gueiffier A, Argiolas A (October 2006). "PIP3EA and PD-168077, two selective dopamine D4 receptor agonists, induce penile erection in male rats: site and mechanism of action in the brain". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (7): 2021-30. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05043.x. PMID 17067298 ...
The present meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the magnitude of the effects of methylphenidate and amphetamine on cognitive functions central to academic and occupational functioning, including inhibitory control, working memory, short-term episodic memory, and delayed episodic memory. In addition, we examined the evidence for publication bias. Forty-eight studies (total of 1,409 participants) were included in the analyses. We found evidence for small but significant stimulant enhancement effects on inhibitory control and short-term episodic memory. Small effects on working memory reached significance, based on one of our two analytical approaches. Effects on delayed episodic memory were medium in size. However, because the effects on long-term and working memory were qualified by evidence for publication bias, we conclude that the effect of amphetamine and methylphenidate on the examined facets of healthy cognition is probably modest overall. In some situations, a small advantage may be ...
Most frequent side effects are nausea, orthostatic hypotension, headaches, and vomiting through stimulation of the brainstem vomiting centre.[9] Vasospasms with serious consequences such as myocardial infarction and stroke that have been reported in connection with the puerperium, appear to be extremely rare events.[10] Peripheral vasospasm (of the fingers or toes) can cause Raynaud's Phenomenon. Bromocriptine use has been anecdotally associated with causing or worsening psychotic symptoms (its mechanism is in opposition of most antipsychotics, whose mechanisms generally block dopamine).[11] Pulmonary fibrosis has been reported when bromocriptine was used in high doses for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.[12] Use to suppress milk production after childbirth was reviewed in 2014 and it was concluded that in this context a causal association with serious cardiovascular, neurological or psychiatric events could not be excluded with an overall incidence rate estimated to range between 0.005% ...
... (Serentil) is a piperidine neuroleptic drug belonging to the class of drugs called phenothiazines, used in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is a metabolite of thioridazine. The drug's name is derived from the methylsulfoxy and piperidine functional groups in its chemical structure. It has central antiadrenergic, antidopaminergic, antiserotonergic and weak muscarinic anticholinergic effects. Serious side effects include akathisia, tardive dyskinesia and the potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Mesoridazine was withdrawn from the United States market in 2004 due to dangerous side effects, namely irregular heart beat and QT-prolongation of the electrocardiogram.[1] It currently appears to be unavailable worldwide. ...
InChI=1S/C25H29N3O2/c1-27-14-18(13-26-25(29)30-16-17-7-4-3-5-8-17)11-21-20-9-6-10-22-24(20)19(12-23(21)27)15-28(22)2/h3-10,15,18,21,23H,11-14,16H2,1-2H3,(H,26,29)/t18-,21+,23+/m0/s1 ...
... (MDPPP) is a stimulant designer drug. It was sold in Germany in the late 1990s and early 2000s as an ingredient in imitation ecstasy (MDMA) pills.[1] It shares a similar chemical structure with α-PPP and MDPV,[2][3][4] and has been shown to have reinforcing effects in rats.[5] ...
... is a synthetic compound that acts as a selective antagonist on D2 dopamine receptors.[1] Its selectivity to the cerebral D2 receptors is characterized by its respective Ki-values, which are as follows: 1.8, 3.5, 2400 and 18000 nM for D2, D3, D4 and D1 receptors respectively. It can be radiolabelled with radioisotopes, e.g. 3H or 11C and used as a tracer for in vitro imaging (autoradiography) as well as in vivo imaging positron emission tomography (PET). Images obtained by cerebral PET scanning (e.g. PET/CT or PET/MRI) allow the non-invasive assessment of the binding capacity of the cerebral D2 dopamine receptor, which can be useful for the diagnosis of movement disorders. In particular, cerebral D2 receptor binding as measured by carbon-11-raclopride (11C-raclopride) has shown to reflect disease severity of Huntington's disease, a genetical disease characterized by selective degeneration of cerebral D2 receptors.[2] Other studies have investigated the relationship of D2 receptor ...
In 1960 the Austrian biochemist Oleh Hornykiewicz, while at the University of Vienna, examined results of autopsies of patients who had died with Parkinson's disease. He suggested that the disease was associated with, or caused by, a reduction in the levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia of the brain. Since dopamine itself did not enter the brain, he tried treating twenty patients with a racemic mixture of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), which could enter the brain and be converted there to dopamine by the action of DOPA decarboxylase. His results were positive, as were those of another trial in Montreal run by André Barbeau. Unfortunately, other investigators were unable to replicate these early results, and the use of DOPA remained in question until 1967, when George Cotzias at the Brookhaven National Laboratories in Upton, New York, used megadoses of DOPA, up to 16 grams per day. Not long after these results became known, Curt Porter at Merck showed that L-DOPA was the active stereoisomer, ...
InChI=1S/C20H33N3O3S/c1-4-10-22-14-17(21-27(25,26)23(5-2)6-3)11-16-12-18-15(13-19(16)22)8-7-9-20(18)24/h7-9,16-17,19,21,24H,4-6,10-14H2,1-3H3/t16-,17+,19-/m1/s1 ...
... crosses the protective blood-brain barrier, whereas dopamine itself cannot. Thus, L-DOPA is used to increase dopamine concentrations in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and dopamine-responsive dystonia. This treatment was made practical and proven clinically by George Cotzias and his coworkers, for which they won the 1969 Lasker Prize.[4][5] Once L-DOPA has entered the central nervous system, it is converted into dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, also known as DOPA decarboxylase. Pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) is a required cofactor in this reaction, and may occasionally be administered along with L-DOPA, usually in the form of pyridoxine.. Besides the central nervous system, L-DOPA is also converted into dopamine from within the peripheral nervous system. Excessive peripheral dopamine signaling causes many of the adverse side effects seen with sole L-DOPA administration. To bypass these effects, it is standard clinical practice to coadminister (with ...
ACEPROMAZINE 2. VALPHORIC ACID 3. AMANTADINE 4. AMINEPTINE 5. AMISSULPRIDA 6. AMITRIPTILINE 7. AMOXAPINE 8. AZACICLONOL 9. ...
"Acepromazine and Boxers - References". Retrieved 2009-01-16. Wendy Wallner, DVM. "Warning on Acepromazine". Retrieved 2009-01- ... acepromazine. It is recommended that the drug be avoided in the Boxer breed. As an athletic breed, proper exercise and ...
... low doses of intramuscular acepromazine; and pentoxifylline. While a vaccine is available for PHF, it does not cover all ...
Acepromazine • Azaperone • Benperidol • Bromperidol • Clopenthixol • Chlorpromazine • Chlorprothixene • Droperidol • ...
Sedatives commonly used include acepromazine, hydromorphine, midazolam, diazepam, xylazine, and medetomidine. α2 agonists like ... acepromazine, and glycopyrrolate). The next step is induction, usually with an intravenous drug. Dogs and cats commonly receive ...
Large Animal Immobilon is a combination of etorphine plus acepromazine maleate. An etorphine antidote Large Animal Revivon ...
N05AA04 Acepromazine. N05AA05 Triflupromazine. N05AA06 Cyamemazine. N05AA07 Chlorproethazine. N05AB 피페라진 구조의 페노치아진 계열[편집]. ...
The injectable, clear liquid is a mixture of ketamine, xylazine, and acepromazine. The ratio used depends on the species of ...
Vasodilators, such as acepromazine, can help improve blood flow to the muscles. However, the owner should only give ... acepromazine if it is prescribed by the horse's veterinarian, as it can lower the animal's blood pressure and can cause ...
Acepromazine is difficult to detect in plasma at normal clinical doses. However, because of its large volume of distribution, ... At a dosage level of 0.3 mg/kg acepromazine was detectable in the plasma for 8 h post dosing. The whole blood partitioning of ... B. DRIESSEN, L. ZARUCCO, B. KALIR, L. BERTOLOTTI, Contemporary use of acepromazine in the anaesthetic management of male horses ... After intravenous (i.v.) injection, acepromazine was distributed widely in the horse (Vd= 6.6 litres/kg) and bound extensively ...
Acepromazine also has antidysrhythmic effects. Acepromazine has been demonstrated to inhibit the arrhythmias induced by the ... Acepromazine Maleate for Injection 10 mg/ml for injection in 50 ml vials;PromAce® (Fort Dodge); generic; (Rx). Approved for use ... Acepromazine Maleate Tablets 5, 10, & 25 mg in bottles of 100 and 500 tablets; PromAce ® (Fort Dodge); generic; (Rx). Approved ... 1993). (Authors (Mikota) note: The animal category and drug dose column headings for acepromazine are misaligned in this ...
Picture 1 - Acepromazine. IUPAC Name for Acepromazine. The IUPAC name for this material is 1-{10-[3-(dimethylamino) propyl]-10H ... Acepromazine for Sale. It is generally used in the form of Acepromazine Maleate. This drug is usually administered by injection ... Where can I get acepromazine. Can I get it in India ? What is the prevailing price of acepromazine ? can you provide list of ... Acepromazine for Humans. It was first used on humans as an anti-psychotic drug during the 1950s. However, its uses on humans ...
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Effects of acepromazineInjectionDogsTabletsSedativeDosageTranquilizerAcetylpromazineInjectableContains 10 mgList of acepromazineSensitive to AcepromazineSedationMedicationVeterinaryPreanesthetic agentInteractionsBoxersDepressantNeuroleptic agentMedicationsHypotensionTranquilizersToxicityVeterinarianIntramuscularlyDrugsBehaviorDecreasesAnxiolyticHumansSpleenActs rapidly
- In giant-breed dogs and sighthounds, the sedative effects of acepromazine may last for 12-24 hours, which is much longer than the usual 3-4 hours. (wikipedia.org)
- Common side effects of acepromazine in animals include aggression, biting or chewing, and nervousness. (rxwiki.com)
- Opiates may enhance the hypotensive effects of acepromazine. (viovet.co.uk)
- Acepromazine Maleate Injection are used in controlling intractable animals during examination, treatment, grooming, x-ray and minor surgical procedures. (medi-vet.com)
- ACEPROMAZINE MALEATE INJECTION is a sterile solution which may be given intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously. (medi-vet.com)
- Each ml of Acepromazine Injection contains 10 mg acepromazine maleate, sodium citrate 0.36%, citric acid 0.075%, benzyl alcohol 1% and water for injection. (pbsanimalhealth.com)
- Acepromazine Maleate Injection is used for sedation, tranquilization and as a pre-anesthetic agent in horses, dogs and cats. (valleyvet.com)
- Acepromazine injection should be kept from freezing. (elephantcare.org)
- This study determined some stress responses in means of hematologic-biochemical changes following intramuscular (IM) injection of metoclopromide (0.5 mg/kg), atropine (0.04 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg) in time zero, 30 and 90 minutes after injection. (bibliomed.org)
- The standard pharmaceutical preparation, acepromazine maleate, is used in veterinary medicine in dogs, and cats. (wikipedia.org)
- More current studies, however, have failed to show a positive association between use of acepromazine and seizure activity and show a possible role for acepromazine in seizure control: in a retrospective study at University of Tennessee, acepromazine was administered for tranquilization to 36 dogs with a prior history of seizures and to decrease seizure activity in 11 dogs. (wikipedia.org)
- No seizures were seen within 16 hours of acepromazine administration in the 36 dogs that received the drug, and the seizures abated for 1.5 to 8 hours (n=6) or did not recur (n=2) in eight of 10 dogs that were actively seizing. (wikipedia.org)
- A second retrospective study also concluded that administration of acepromazine to dogs with prior or acute seizure history did not potentiate seizures, and there was some trend toward seizure reduction. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, acepromazine seems to make it easier for dogs with seizure disorders to have a seizure. (vetinfo.com)
- Acepromazine, often referred to as Promace, is a tranquilizer that produces sedation in both cats and dogs. (hubpages.com)
- Acepromazine may cause side effects in both dogs and cats. (hubpages.com)
- In particular the use of Acepromazine should be avoided all together in Boxer dogs which may develop serious heart problems and very low blood pressure which may result into collapse and respiratory arrest. (hubpages.com)
- Acepromazine maleate, a potent neuroleptic agent with a low order of toxicity, is of particular value in the tranquilization of dogs. (atozvetsupply.com)
- A few rare but serious occurrences of idiosyncratic reactions to acepromazine may occur in dogs following oral or parenteral administration. (atozvetsupply.com)
- Acepromazine is a tranquilizer for dogs and cats with phenothiazine that is prescribed to treat anxiety from travel, grooming, and as preoperative anesthetic. (vetdepot.com)
- Acepromazine tablets are only for cats and dogs. (vetdepot.com)
- Acepromazine injectable solution is only for horses, cats, and dogs. (vetdepot.com)
- The announcement suggested that Acepromazine should not be used in dogs of the Boxer breed because of a breed related sensitivity to the drug. (doggroups.com)
- Acepromazine Maleate Tablets are used for sedation, tranquilization and as a pre-anesthetic agent in dogs. (valleyvet.com)
- Buy 12 Acepromazine for Dogs, Cats & Horses (item 131RX) and save! (valleyvet.com)
- Uses/Indications - Acepromazine is approved for use in dogs, cats, and horses. (elephantcare.org)
- Objective - To investigate the frequency of seizures associated with acepromazine administration when used as a premedicant with methadone for dogs undergoing myelography. (edu.au)
- Measurements and Main Results - The frequency of seizures was 14% (CI: 3.6-24.3%) and 13.0% (CI: 0.7-27%) in dogs that received methadone/acepromazine and methadone alone, respectively. (edu.au)
- There was no significant difference in the frequency of seizures between dogs receiving methadone/acepromazine or methadone alone (P = 1). (edu.au)
- Conclusions - The administration of acepromazine combined with methadone as a premedicant used with propofol and isoflurane anesthesia did not significantly increase the frequency of seizures following myelography compared to dogs who received methadone alone. (edu.au)
- Acepromazine is a prescription tranquilizer use by veterinarians in dogs and cats. (petmedications.com)
- Acepromazine will cause a dose dependent decrease in hematocrit in both dogs and horses. (chowchow.org)
- Dogs: Giant breeds and greyhounds may be extremely sensitive to acepromazine, while terriers may require higher doses. (chowchow.org)
- Its standard pharmaceutical preparation is called Acepromazine Maleate which is broadly used on cats, dogs and horses. (chemistrylearner.com)
- Acepromazine Maleate tablets and injections are useful for preventing aerophobia, motion sickness and vomiting in dogs and cats. (chemistrylearner.com)
- Acepromazine injectable drug is used on pet dogs in order to calm them down for purposes like travelling and grooming. (chemistrylearner.com)
- Ten healthy adult dogs (mean ± SEM body weight = 17.3 ± 3.8 kg) were premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg, IM), induced with thiopental (10 mg/kg, IV), and maintained under anesthesia with halothane in oxygen. (scribd.com)
- Acepromazine Tablets 25mg. (atozvetsupply.com)
- A safety study using elevated dosages of Acepromazine Maleate Tablets did not demonstrate adverse reactions even when administered at three times the upper limit of the recommended daily dosage (3.0 mg/lb of body weight). (atozvetsupply.com)
- Acepromazine Maleate Tablets are available in 10 & 25 mg concentrations, and are quarter scored for convenience of administration. (atozvetsupply.com)
- The recommended dosage of Acepromazine Maleate Tablets is 0.25-1 mg per lb body weight. (valleyvet.com)
- Acepromazine Maleate is also available in the form of 10 and 25 mg tablets. (chemistrylearner.com)
- The most common uses of acepromazine in animals are as an oral sedative before stressful events (such as thunderstorms), an injectable tranquilizer for particularly aggressive or fractious animal, and when combined with opiates, a premedication or a post-operative pain reliever. (wikipedia.org)
- Acepromazine is a phenothiazine tranquilizer that is used prior to anesthesia and surgery because of its sedative effects and its ability to prevent vomiting. (petmedications.com)
- Acepromazine is used as a sedative and a pre-anesthetic agent. (vcahospitals.com)
- Acepromazine Maleate, USP is a phenothiazine derivative antipsychotic drug with veterinary sedative and antiemetic properties. (spectrumchemical.com)
- The recommended dosage for acepromazine is 0.25mg to 1mg per pound of body weight. (vetinfo.com)
- At a dosage level of 0.3 mg/kg acepromazine was detectable in the plasma for 8 h post dosing. (wiley.com)
- One of the dosage forms available for Acepromazine is Oral Powder Packet. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
- Acepromazine is also available in these dosage forms. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
- Fifty-eight goat kids were anaesthetised with different dosages of xylazine (median 0.18 mg/kg) and ketamine (median 10 mg/kg), 22 with xylazine only (median 0.61 mg/kg), 20 with xylazine (median 1.84 mg/kg) and perineural lidocaine (median 1.23 mg/kg), three with acepromazine (dosage unknown) and ketamine (10 mg/kg). (springer.com)
- Acepromazine Injectable is a tranquilizer and may also be used to relax or sedate animals. (drsfostersmith.com)
- Acepromazine Injectable is a tranquilizer that affects the central nervous system by depressing certain chemical activity in the brain. (drsfostersmith.com)
- Acepromazine may be a very effective tranquilizer for pets however, there are side effects to be aware of. (hubpages.com)
- Acepromazine is a tranquilizer. (vetdepot.com)
- The drug is Acepromazine, a tranquilizer, which is often used as a preanesthetic agent. (doggroups.com)
- Although acepromazine has several actions that might be useful, it is mostly used as a tranquilizer. (veterinarypartner.com)
- Correct Response Do Not Use Acepromazine is a phenothiazine tranquilizer that blocks dopamine receptors and increases the dopamine turnover rate. (cliniciansbrief.com)
- Acepromazine, acetopromazine or acetylpromazine (more commonly known as ACP, Ace, or by the trade names Atravet or Acezine 2, number depending on mg/ml dose) is a phenothiazine derivative antipsychotic drug. (wikipedia.org)
- Chemistry - Acepromazine maleate (formerly acetylpromazine ) is a phenothiazine derivative which occurs as a yellow, odorless, bitter tasting powder. (elephantcare.org)
- What is Acepromazine Injectable? (drsfostersmith.com)
- Acepromazine Injectable contains the active ingredient, acepromazine maleate. (drsfostersmith.com)
- How does Acepromazine Injectable work? (drsfostersmith.com)
- Acepromazine Injectable may be given subcutaneously (subQ, under the skin) or intramuscularly (IM, into the muscle). (drsfostersmith.com)
- Acepromazine Injectable acts rapidly to produce a calming effect. (drsfostersmith.com)
- What should I discuss with my veterinarian while considering Acepromazine Injectable for my horse? (drsfostersmith.com)
- Acepromazine Injectable, at higher doses, can cause incoordination and sedation. (drsfostersmith.com)
- This is not a complete list of acepromazine side effects. (rxwiki.com)
- This is not a complete list of acepromazine drug interactions. (rxwiki.com)
- can you provide list of acepromazine sellers or acepromazine maleate sellers. (chemistrylearner.com)
- Giant dog breeds and Greyhounds are considered as being particularly sensitive to acepromazine as well. (hubpages.com)
- When owners intend to use Acepromazine for a trip they should try it a few days prior to ensure the dog responds to the medication and to determine the correct level of sedation. (hubpages.com)
- Acepromazine maleate has a depressant effect on the central nervous system and therefore causes sedation, muscular relaxation and a reduction in spontaneous activity. (atozvetsupply.com)
- Acepromazine 25 mg, Single Tablet depresses your pet's central nervous system and causes sedation and muscular relaxation. (vetdepot.com)
- Continue to give acepromazine and notify your veterinarian if your pet show signs of sedation, depression, incoordination, low blood pressure, slower heart rate and breathing. (petmedications.com)
- Acepromazine has a depressant effect on the central nervous system and thus causes sedation, muscular relaxation and also a reduction in spontaneous activity. (racehorsemeds.com)
- The standard dosages of Acepromazine may vary according to the required level of sedation. (chemistrylearner.com)
- Acepromazine is a prescription medication used to tranquilize animals during examinations, treatments, or surgical procedures. (rxwiki.com)
- In the case of acepromazine, there are no specific foods that you must exclude from your diet when receiving this medication. (rxwiki.com)
- Acepromazine should be given 45 minutes to 1 hour prior to the procedure for the medication to take effect. (petmedications.com)
- There is a great deal of individual variability in the response to acepromazine and despite being a very commonly used medication there are important species and even breed differences in response to acepromazine that need to be taken into consideration (see precautions). (chowchow.org)
- Acepromazine has the potential to induce hypotension in newborns when administered as a pre-medication for caesarean section in the mare. (viovet.co.uk)
- The original seizure cautions reported in the 1950s were in human patients on relatively high doses of the antipsychotic chlorpromazine while the doses of acepromazine used in the two published veterinary studies cited above are much lower. (wikipedia.org)
- Acepromazine is one of the most commonly used tranquilizers in veterinary medicine. (vetinfo.com)
- Acepromazine is a veterinary drug that is not intended for human consumption and is fatal in certain doses. (reference.com)
- Recently, on the Veterinary Information Network, a computer network for practicing veterinarians, an announcement was placed in the cardiology section entitled "Acepromazine and Boxers. (doggroups.com)
- The primary desired effect for the use of acepromazine in veterinary medicine is its tranquilizing action. (elephantcare.org)
- Acepromazine is also commonly given as a preanesthetic agent. (medi-vet.com)
- Owners of pets on other medications shuold consult with their veterinarain about giving Acepromazine as they may develop complications due to interactions. (hubpages.com)
- In some boxers, acepromazine can cause vasovagal syncope (due to a decreased stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system) and hypotension (due to vasodilation), leading to collapse. (wikipedia.org)
- This effect may be exaggerated in Boxers and there have been anecdotal reports of death of Boxers after the use of acepromazine. (vetinfo.com)
- Other central nervous system (CNS) depressant agents (barbiturates Pentobarbital , narcotics, anesthetics) may cause additive CNS depression if used with acepromazine. (vetstream.com)
- Acepromazine potentiates the action of centrally depressant drugs. (viovet.co.uk)
- Pharmacology - Acepromazine is a phenothiazine neuroleptic agent. (elephantcare.org)
- Acepromazine is a potent neuroleptic agent with a low order of toxicity. (petrx2go.com)
- Antidiarrheal medications and antacids may reduce the effectiveness of acepromazine. (petmedications.com)
- Acepromazine causes hypotension (low blood pressure) due to decreased vasomotor tone. (chowchow.org)
- Phenylephrine and norepinephrine are the drugs of choice to treat acepromazine-induced hypotension. (chowchow.org)
- The risk or severity of hypotension and central nervous system depression can be increased when Acepromazine is combined with Dezocine. (drugbank.ca)
- When administered intramuscularly, acepromazine maleate causes a brief sensation of stinging comparable with that observed with other phenothiazine tranquilizers. (medi-vet.com)
- Acute and chronic toxicity studies have shown a very low order of toxicity for acepromazine maleate. (atozvetsupply.com)
- The simultaneous use of organic phosphate esters increases the toxicity of acepromazine. (viovet.co.uk)
- Before giving acepromazine, tell your veterinarian if your pet is being given phenytoin, antiarrhythmics such as quinidine and beta blockers such as propranolol. (petmedications.com)
- Interventions - Forty-three animals were premedicated with methadone (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.01-0.05 mg/kg) intramuscularly. (edu.au)
- Acepromazine belongs to a group of drugs called phenothiazines. (rxwiki.com)
- Since acepromazine decreases sympathetic nervous system tone, it should not be given at the same time as blood pressure reducing drugs. (viovet.co.uk)
- Acepromazine is classified as a phenothiazine neuroleptic, which means it modifies the chemicals in your pets brain to change their behavior. (petmedications.com)
- Since acepromazine decreases sympathetic nervous system tone, a transient drop in blood pressure may occur after administration. (viovet.co.uk)
- Acepromazine has poor anxiolytic properties and should never be used as a sole agent when treating anxiety disorders. (cliniciansbrief.com)
- Acepromazine is rarely used in humans. (rxwiki.com)
- Since acepromazine is rarely used in humans, it has not been categorized by the FDA. (rxwiki.com)
- By dilating the blood vessels in the spleen, Acepromazine use leads to increased red blood cell storage in the spleen, leading to an approximately 5% drop in red cell count. (chowchow.org)
- Acepromazine acts rapidly, exerting a prompt and very pronounced calming effect. (racehorsemeds.com)