The dioptric adjustment of the EYE (to attain maximal sharpness of retinal imagery for an object of regard) referring to the ability, to the mechanism, or to the process. Ocular accommodation is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the CRYSTALLINE LENS. Loosely, it refers to ocular adjustments for VISION, OCULAR at various distances. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.
Refraction of LIGHT effected by the media of the EYE.
The turning inward of the lines of sight toward each other.
The professional practice of primary eye and vision care that includes the measurement of visual refractive power and the correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses.
The aperture in the iris through which light passes.
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.
A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.
A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the RETINA. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.
Images seen by one eye.
Surgical removal of a section of the iris.
The condition of where images are correctly brought to a focus on the retina.
The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum.
An objective determination of the refractive state of the eye (NEARSIGHTEDNESS; FARSIGHTEDNESS; ASTIGMATISM). By using a RETINOSCOPE, the amount of correction and the power of lens needed can be determined.
Agents that dilate the pupil. They may be either sympathomimetics or parasympatholytics.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.
The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.
Disorders that feature impairment of eye movements as a primary manifestation of disease. These conditions may be divided into infranuclear, nuclear, and supranuclear disorders. Diseases of the eye muscles or oculomotor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) are considered infranuclear. Nuclear disorders are caused by disease of the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nuclei in the BRAIN STEM. Supranuclear disorders are produced by dysfunction of higher order sensory and motor systems that control eye movements, including neural networks in the CEREBRAL CORTEX; BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM; and BRAIN STEM. Ocular torticollis refers to a head tilt that is caused by an ocular misalignment. Opsoclonus refers to rapid, conjugate oscillations of the eyes in multiple directions, which may occur as a parainfectious or paraneoplastic condition (e.g., OPSOCLONUS-MYOCLONUS SYNDROME). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p240)
A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.
The front third of the eyeball that includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the front of the VITREOUS BODY.
The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.
Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.
Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.
A condition in which the ocular image of an object as seen by one eye differs in size and shape from that seen by the other.
Agents causing contraction of the pupil of the eye. Some sources use the term miotics only for the parasympathomimetics but any drug used to induce miosis is included here.
Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.
An inflatable device implanted in the stomach as an adjunct to therapy of morbid obesity. Specific types include the silicone Garren-Edwards Gastric Bubble (GEGB), approved by the FDA in 1985, and the Ballobes Balloon.
The use of an aberrometer to measure eye tissue imperfections or abnormalities based on the way light passes through the eye which affects the ability of the eye to focus properly.
A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.
The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The functional superiority and preferential use of one eye over the other. The term is usually applied to superiority in sighting (VISUAL PERCEPTION) or motor task but not difference in VISUAL ACUITY or dysfunction of one of the eyes. Ocular dominance can be modified by visual input and NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS.
The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)
The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.
Measurement of ocular tension (INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE) with a tonometer. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the EYE.
A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.
Asymmetries in the topography and refractive index of the corneal surface that affect visual acuity.
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.
A scientific tool based on ULTRASONOGRAPHY and used not only for the observation of microstructure in metalwork but also in living tissue. In biomedical application, the acoustic propagation speed in normal and abnormal tissues can be quantified to distinguish their tissue elasticity and other properties.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. Infrared wavelengths are longer than those of visible light, extending into the microwave frequencies. They are used therapeutically as heat, and also to warm food in restaurants.
Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.
Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.
The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)
The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.
The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.
The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.
Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
The use of statistical and mathematical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena.
Perception of three-dimensionality.
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.
Tuberculous infection of the eye, primarily the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
Artificial implanted lenses.
The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA.
A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.
Measurement of the index of refraction (the ratio of the velocity of light or other radiation in the first of two media to its velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other).
The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.
Soft, supple contact lenses made of plastic polymers which interact readily with water molecules. Many types are available, including continuous and extended-wear versions, which are gas-permeable and easily sterilized.
The thin noncellular outer covering of the CRYSTALLINE LENS composed mainly of COLLAGEN TYPE IV and GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS. It is secreted by the embryonic anterior and posterior epithelium. The embryonic posterior epithelium later disappears.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
Health care provided to individuals.
The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.
Descriptive anatomy based on three-dimensional imaging (IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL) of the body, organs, and structures using a series of computer multiplane sections, displayed by transverse, coronal, and sagittal analyses. It is essential to accurate interpretation by the radiologist of such techniques as ultrasonic diagnosis, MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, and computed tomography (TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED). (From Lane & Sharfaei, Modern Sectional Anatomy, 1992, Preface)
Paid work for mentally or physically disabled persons, taking place in regular or normal work settings. It may be competitive employment (work that pays minimum wage) or employment with subminimal wages in individualized or group placement situations. It is intended for persons with severe disabilities who require a range of support services to maintain employment. Supported employment differs from SHELTERED WORKSHOPS in that work in the latter takes place in a controlled working environment. Federal regulations are authorized and administered by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services.
The immune responses of a host to a graft. A specific response is GRAFT REJECTION.
A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to PROPRANOLOL. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS and tremor.
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.
The teaching or training of those individuals with hearing disability or impairment.
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)
The absence or restriction of the usual external sensory stimuli to which the individual responds.
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.
Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).
The measurement of curvature and shape of the anterior surface of the cornea using techniques such as keratometry, keratoscopy, photokeratoscopy, profile photography, computer-assisted image processing and videokeratography. This measurement is often applied in the fitting of contact lenses and in diagnosing corneal diseases or corneal changes including keratoconus, which occur after keratotomy and keratoplasty.
Insertion of an artificial lens to replace the natural CRYSTALLINE LENS after CATARACT EXTRACTION or to supplement the natural lens which is left in place.
Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.
A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
The difference between two images on the retina when looking at a visual stimulus. This occurs since the two retinas do not have the same view of the stimulus because of the location of our eyes. Thus the left eye does not get exactly the same view as the right eye.
Involuntary movements of the eye that are divided into two types, jerk and pendular. Jerk nystagmus has a slow phase in one direction followed by a corrective fast phase in the opposite direction, and is usually caused by central or peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Pendular nystagmus features oscillations that are of equal velocity in both directions and this condition is often associated with visual loss early in life. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p272)
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
The act of knowing or the recognition of a distance by recollective thought, or by means of a sensory process which is under the influence of set and of prior experience.
Diseases of the cornea.
The time frame after a meal or FOOD INTAKE.
The hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and therapeutic services for the cancer patient.
Professional society representing the field of dentistry.
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.
A series of actions, sometimes symbolic actions which may be associated with a behavior pattern, and are often indispensable to its performance.
Adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. The sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation.
The distance between the anterior and posterior poles of the eye, measured either by ULTRASONOGRAPHY or by partial coherence interferometry.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.
Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.
Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.
The superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch.
A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
A species of baboon in the family CERCOPITHECIDAE, which has a well-studied trilevel social structure consisting of troops, bands, and clans.
Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile.
The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).
A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages.
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Devices, not affixed to the body, designed to help persons having musculoskeletal or neuromuscular disabilities to perform activities involving movement.
Application of pharmaceutically active agents on the tissues of the EYE.
The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.
Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.
A pupillary abnormality characterized by a poor pupillary light reaction, reduced accommodation, iris sector palsies, an enhanced pupillary response to near effort that results in a prolonged, "tonic" constriction, and slow pupillary redilation. This condition is associated with injury to the postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp492-500)
The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Measurement of distances or movements by means of the phenomena caused by the interference of two rays of light (optical interferometry) or of sound (acoustic interferometry).
Bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. It is used frequently in the surgical management of duodenal and gastric ulcers, as well as in physiologic studies of gastrointestinal secretion and motility.
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.
A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.
Devices for examining the interior of the eye, permitting the clear visualization of the structures of the eye at any depth. (UMDNS, 1999)
Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.
A procedure for removal of the crystalline lens in cataract surgery in which an anterior capsulectomy is performed by means of a needle inserted through a small incision at the temporal limbus, allowing the lens contents to fall through the dilated pupil into the anterior chamber where they are broken up by the use of ultrasound and aspirated out of the eye through the incision. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed & In Focus 1993;1(1):1)
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.
The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex.
A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction.
Stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the CORNEA. It is smooth and contains many free nerve endings.
Each of the upper and lower folds of SKIN which cover the EYE when closed.
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.
The science or philosophy of law. Also, the application of the principles of law and justice to health and medicine.

Latrunculin-A causes mydriasis and cycloplegia in the cynomolgus monkey. (1/610)

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of latrunculin (LAT)-A, which binds to G-actin and disassembles actin filaments, on the pupil, accommodation, and isolated ciliary muscle (CM) contraction in monkeys. METHODS: Pupil diameter (vernier calipers) and refraction (coincidence refractometry) were measured every 15 minutes from 0.75 to 3.5 hours after topical LAT-A 42 microg (approximately 10 microM in the anterior chamber [AC]). Refraction was measured every 5 minutes from 0.5 to 1.5 hours after intracameral injection of 10 microl of 50 microM LAT-A (approximately 5 microM in AC), with intramuscular infusion of 1.5 mg/kg pilocarpine HCl (PILO) during the first 15 minutes of measurements. Pupil diameter was measured at 1 and 2 hours, and refraction was measured every 5 minutes from 1 to 2 hours, after intravitreal injection of 20 microl of 1.25 mM LAT-A (approximately 10 microM in vitreous), with intramuscular infusion of 1.5 mg/kg PILO during the first 15 minutes of measurements (all after topical 2.5% phenylephrine), and contractile response of isolated CM strips, obtained <1 hour postmortem and mounted in a perfusion apparatus, to 10 microM PILO +/- LAT-A was measured at various concentrations. RESULTS: Topical LAT-A of 42 microg dilated the pupil without affecting refraction. Intracameral LAT-A of 5 microM inhibited miotic and accommodative responses to intramuscular PILO. Intravitreal LAT-A of 10 microM had no effect on accommodative or miotic responses to intramuscular PILO. LAT-A dose-dependently relaxed the PILO-contracted CM by up to 50% at 3 microM in both the longitudinal and circular vectors. CONCLUSIONS: In monkeys, LAT-A causes mydriasis and cycloplegia, perhaps related to its known ability to disrupt the actin microfilament network and consequently to affect cell contractility and adhesion. Effects of LAT-A on the iris and CM may have significant physiological and clinical implications.  (+info)

Tonic accommodation, age, and refractive error in children. (2/610)

PURPOSE: An association between tonic accommodation, the resting accommodative position of the eye in the absence of a visually compelling stimulus, and refractive error has been reported in adults and children. In general, myopes have the lowest (or least myopic) levels of tonic accommodation. The purpose in assessing tonic accommodation was to evaluate it as a predictor of onset of myopia. METHODS: Tonic accommodation was measured in children enrolled in the Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia using an infrared autorefractor (model R-1; Canon, Lake Success, NY) while children viewed an empty lit field or a dark field with a fixation spot projected in Maxwellian view. Children aged 6 to 15 years were measured from 1991 through 1994 (n = 714, 766, 771, and 790 during the 4 years, successively). Autorefraction provided refractive error and tonic accommodation data, and videophakometry measured crystalline lens curvatures. RESULTS: Comparison of the two methods for measuring tonic accommodation shows a significant effect of age across all years of testing, with the lit empty-field test condition yielding higher levels of tonic accommodation compared with the dark-field test condition in children aged 6 through 11 years. For data collected in 1994, mean (+/-SD) tonic accommodation values for the lit empty-field condition were significantly lower in myopes, intermediate in emmetropes, and highest in hyperopes (1.02 +/- 1.18 D, 1.92 +/- 1.59 D, and 2.25 +/- 1.78 D, respectively; Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.001; between-group testing shows each group is different from the other two). Age, refractive error, and Gullstrand lens power were significant terms in a multiple regression model of tonic accommodation (R2 = 0.18 for 1994 data). Lower levels of tonic accommodation for children entering the study in the first or third grades were not associated with an increased risk of the onset of myopia, whether measured in the lit empty-field test condition (relative risk = 0.90; 95% confidence interval = 0.75, 1.08), or the dark-field test condition (relative risk = 0.83; 95% confidence interval = 0.60, 1.14). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to document an association between age and tonic accommodation. The known association between tonic accommodation and refractive error was confirmed and it was shown that an ocular component, Gullstrand lens power, also contributed to the tonic accommodation level. There does not seem to be an increased risk of onset of juvenile myopia associated with tonic accommodation.  (+info)

Human dynamic closed-loop accommodation augmented by sympathetic inhibition. (3/610)

PURPOSE: A ciliary alpha-adrenoceptor accommodative effect has been proposed, caused by a small population of alpha1-inhibitory receptors in excised human ciliary muscle. This study was intended to investigate the effect on the closed-loop dynamic accommodative process of modulating alpha1-adrenoceptor activity by topical instillation of the alpha1-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine hydrochloride. METHODS: A group of 10 visually normal subjects viewed a photopic (30 candela/m2) high-contrast Maltese cross, which was modulated sinusoidally (0.05-0.6Hz) and stepwise over a 2-D range (2-4 D). Monocular temporal accommodation responses were measured using a continuously recording dynamic tracking infrared optometer under two trial conditions: after instillation of saline control solution and 50 minutes subsequent to the instillation of 0.27 microl 0.4% benoxinate hydrochloride and 0.27 microl 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride. Pupil size and accommodative amplitude were measured at 90-second intervals for 50 minutes after drug instillation. All accommodative measurements were recorded through a fixed 4-mm pupil. RESULTS: A significant reduction in accommodative amplitude (11%; P < 0.05) was recorded, whereas pupil size showed a significant increase (33%; P < 0.05). No significant change in step-response dynamics was observed. However, phenylephrine hydrochloride caused a significant increase in accommodative gain in the low and midtemporal frequency ranges compared with the effect of a saline control treatment. No significant variation in phase lag was observed. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time in humans, this study shows that augmentation of the alpha1-inhibitory sympathetic contribution results in increased accommodative gain at low and midtemporal frequencies, which is consistent with findings in animal studies.  (+info)

Age-related changes in human ciliary muscle and lens: a magnetic resonance imaging study. (4/610)

PURPOSE: To use high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of the eye to directly measure the relationship between ciliary muscle contraction and lens response with advancing age. METHODS: A General Electric, 1.5-Tesla MR imager and a custom-designed eye imaging coil were used to collect high-resolution MR images from 25 subjects, 22 through 83 years of age. A nonmagnetic binocular stimulus apparatus was used to induce both relaxed accommodation (0.1 diopter [D]) and strong accommodative effort (8.0 D). Measurements of the ciliary muscle ring diameter (based on the inner apex), lens equatorial diameter, and lens thickness were derived from the MR images. RESULTS: Muscle contraction is present in all subjects and reduces only slightly with advancing age. A decrease in the diameter of the unaccommodated ciliary muscle ring was highly correlated with advancing age. Lens equatorial diameter does not correlate with age for either accommodative state. Although unaccommodated lens thickness (i.e., lens minor axis length) increases with age, the thickness of the lens under accommodative effort is only modestly age-dependent. CONCLUSIONS: Ciliary muscle contractile activity remains active in all subjects. A decrease in the unaccommodated ciliary muscle diameter, along with the previously noted increase in lens thickness (the "lens paradox"), demonstrates the greatest correlation with advancing age. These results support the theory that presbyopia is actually the loss in ability to disaccommodate due to increases in lens thickness, the inward movement of the ciliary ring, or both.  (+info)

Characteristics of accommodation toward apparent depth. (5/610)

This paper deals with characteristics of accommodation evoked by perceived depth sensation and the dynamic relationship between accommodation and vergence, applying newly developed optical measurement apparatuses. A total of five subjects looked at three different two-dimensional stimuli and two different three-dimensional stimuli; namely a real image and a stereoscopic image. With regard to the two-dimensional stimuli, a manifest accommodation without any accompanying vergence was found because of an apparent depth sensation even though the target distance was kept constant. With regard to the three-dimensional stimuli, larger accommodation and clear vergence were evoked because of binocular parallax and a stronger depth sensation. As for the stereoscopic image, a manifest overshoot (the accommodation peaked first and receded considerably) was found while the vergence remained constant. On the other hand, the overshoot of accommodation was smaller when subjects were watching the real image. These results reveal that brain depth perception has a higher effect on accommodation than expected. The relationship of accommodation and vergence toward the stereoscopic image suggests a reason why severe visual fatigue is commonly experienced by many viewers using stereoscopic displays. It has also paved the way for the numerical analysis of the oculomotor triad system.  (+info)

Optics of the developing fish eye: comparisons of Matthiessen's ratio and the focal length of the lens in the black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri (Sparidae, Teleostei). (6/610)

Matthiessen's ratio (distance from centre of lens to retina:lens radius) was measured in developing black bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Sparidae, Teleostei). The value decreased over the first 10 days post-hatch from 3.6 to 2.3 along the nasal and from four to 2.6 along temporal axis. Coincidentally, there was a decrease in the focal ratio of the lens (focal length:lens radius). Morphologically, the accommodatory retractor lentis muscle appeared to become functional between 10-12 days post-hatch. The results suggest that a higher focal ratio compensates for the relatively high Matthiessen's ratio brought about by constraints of small eye size during early development. Combined with differences in axial length, this provides a means for larval fish to focus images from different distances prior to the ability to accommodate.  (+info)

The growing eye: an autofocus system that works on very poor images. (7/610)

It is unknown which retinal image features are analyzed to control axial eye growth and refractive development. On the other hand, identification of these features is fundamental for the understanding of visually acquired refractive errors. Cyclopleged chicks were individually kept in the center of a drum with only one viewing distance possible. Defocusing spectacle lenses were used to stimulate the retina with defined defocus of similar magnitude but different sign. If spatial frequency content and contrast were the only cues analyzed by the retina, all chicks should have become myopic. However, compensatory eye growth was still always in the right direction. The most likely cues for emmetropization, spatial frequency content and image contrast, do therefore not correlate with the elongation of the eye. Rather, the sign of defocus was extracted even from very poor images.  (+info)

Mechanics of accommodation of the human eye. (8/610)

The classical Helmholtz theory of accommodation has, over the years, not gone unchallenged and most recently has been opposed by Schachar at al. (1993) (Annals of Ophthalmology, 25 (1) 5-9) who suggest that increasing the zonular tension increases rather than decreases the power of the lens. This view is supported by a numerical analysis of the lens based on a linearised form of the governing equations. We propose in this paper an alternative numerical model in which the geometric non-linear behaviour of the lens is explicitly included. Our results differ from those of Schachar et al. (1993) and are consistent with the classical Helmholtz mechanism.  (+info)

The term "presbyopia" comes from the Greek words "presbys," meaning "old," and "ops," meaning "eye." It was first described by the English physician and surgeon Thomas Wharton in 1655, and has since become a widely recognized condition in the field of ophthalmology.

Presbyopia is caused by a loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye, which makes it less able to change shape and focus on close objects. This can be exacerbated by other age-related changes such as cataracts, glaucoma, or macular degeneration.

Symptoms of presbyopia include difficulty reading or performing other close-up tasks, headaches or eye strain from trying to focus, and blurred vision. Treatment options for presbyopia include corrective lenses such as glasses or contact lenses, bifocal or multifocal lenses, or surgical procedures such as refractive surgery or intraocular lens implantation.

Overall, presbyopia is a common and treatable condition that can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, particularly as they age. It is important for individuals to have regular eye exams to monitor their vision and address any changes in their eyesight over time.

Myopia occurs when the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too steep, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it. Hyperopia is the opposite, where the eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat, causing light to focus behind the retina. Astigmatism is caused by an irregularly shaped cornea, which causes light to focus at multiple points instead of one. Presbyopia is a loss of near vision that occurs as people age, making it harder to see close objects clearly.

In addition to these common refractive errors, there are other, less common conditions that can affect the eyes and cause blurred vision, such as amblyopia (lazy eye), strabismus (crossed eyes), and retinal detachment. These conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, or disease.

Refractive errors can have a significant impact on daily life, affecting everything from work and school performance to social interactions and overall quality of life. Fortunately, with the help of corrective lenses or surgery, many people are able to achieve clear vision and lead fulfilling lives.

Myopia can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Genetics: Myopia can run in families, and people with a family history of myopia are more likely to develop the condition.
2. Near work: Spending too much time doing close-up activities such as reading or using digital devices can increase the risk of developing myopia.
3. Poor posture: Slouching or leaning forward can cause the eye to focus incorrectly, leading to myopia.
4. Nutritional deficiencies: A diet lacking in essential nutrients such as vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to the development of myopia.
5. Eye stress: Prolonged eye strain due to excessive near work or other activities can lead to myopia.

Symptoms of myopia include:

1. Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly
2. Headaches or eye strain from trying to focus on distant objects
3. Squinting or rubbing the eyes to try to see distant objects more clearly
4. Difficulty seeing in low light conditions
5. Blurry vision at a distance, with close objects appearing clear.

Myopia can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, refraction test, and retinoscopy. Treatment options for myopia include:

1. Glasses or contact lenses: These corrective lenses refract light properly onto the retina, allowing clear vision of both close and distant objects.
2. Laser eye surgery: Procedures such as LASIK can reshape the cornea to improve its curvature and reduce myopia.
3. Orthokeratology (ORTHO-K): A non-surgical procedure that uses a specialized contact lens to reshape the cornea while you sleep.
4. Myopia control: This involves using certain treatments or techniques to slow down the progression of myopia in children and young adults.
5. Multifocal lenses: These lenses have multiple focal points, allowing for clear vision of both near and distant objects without the need for glasses or contact lenses.

In conclusion, myopia is a common vision condition that can be caused by a variety of factors and symptoms can include difficulty seeing distant objects clearly, headaches, and eye strain. Treatment options include glasses or contact lenses, laser eye surgery, ORTHO-K, myopia control, and multifocal lenses. It is important to consult an eye doctor for a comprehensive evaluation and to determine the best course of treatment for your specific case of myopia.

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Ocular hypertension refers to an increase in the pressure within the eye, which can lead to various eye problems if left untreated. It is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive overview of ocular hypertension, including its definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.

What is Ocular Hypertension?
-------------------------

Ocular hypertension is a condition characterized by an increase in the pressure within the eye, which can cause damage to the eye's delicate structures, such as the retina and optic nerve. The normal pressure range for the eye is between 10-21 mmHg, and anything above this range is considered hypertensive.

Causes of Ocular Hypertension
---------------------------

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of ocular hypertension. These include:

* Genetics: People with a family history of glaucoma are more likely to develop ocular hypertension.
* Age: The risk of developing ocular hypertension increases with age, especially after the age of 40.
* Race: African Americans are at a higher risk of developing ocular hypertension than other races.
* Other health conditions: Certain health conditions, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, can increase the risk of developing ocular hypertension.
* Medications: Long-term use of certain medications, such as steroids, can increase eye pressure.

Symptoms of Ocular Hypertension
---------------------------

Ocular hypertension is often asymptomatic, meaning that there are no noticeable symptoms. However, some people may experience the following symptoms:

* Blurred vision
* Eye pain or discomfort
* Redness of the eye
* Seeing halos around lights
* Nausea and vomiting

Diagnosis of Ocular Hypertension
------------------------------

Ocular hypertension can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam. The exam includes:

* Visual acuity test: This test measures how well you can see at different distances.
* Dilated eye exam: This test allows your doctor to examine the inside of your eyes and check for any signs of ocular hypertension.
* Tonometry: This test measures the pressure inside your eyes.
* Ophthalmoscopy: This test allows your doctor to examine the back of your eyes and look for any signs of ocular hypertension.

Treatment of Ocular Hypertension
-----------------------------

There is no cure for ocular hypertension, but there are several treatments that can help manage the condition and prevent vision loss. These include:

* Eye drops: Medicated eye drops can be used to lower eye pressure.
* Oral medications: Oral medications, such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, can be used to lower eye pressure.
* Laser surgery: Laser surgery can be used to increase the drainage of fluid from the eye and lower eye pressure.
* Filtering surgery: Filtering surgery can be used to remove the vitreous gel and reduce eye pressure.

Prevention of Ocular Hypertension
-----------------------------

There is no sure way to prevent ocular hypertension, but there are several steps you can take to lower your risk of developing the condition. These include:

* Getting regular eye exams: Regular eye exams can help detect ocular hypertension early, when it is easier to treat.
* Maintaining a healthy weight: Being overweight or obese can increase your risk of developing ocular hypertension.
* Eating a healthy diet: A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can help keep your eyes healthy.
* Exercising regularly: Regular exercise can help improve blood flow and reduce eye pressure.
* Wearing protective eyewear: Wearing protective eyewear, such as sunglasses, can help protect your eyes from UV radiation and reduce your risk of developing ocular hypertension.

Prognosis of Ocular Hypertension
-----------------------------

The prognosis for ocular hypertension is generally good if the condition is detected and treated early. However, if left untreated, ocular hypertension can lead to vision loss and even blindness. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of ocular hypertension, such as blurred vision, eye pain, or seeing flashes of light.

Treatment for ocular hypertension usually involves medication to lower eye pressure. In some cases, laser surgery may be necessary to improve drainage of fluid from the eye. If left untreated, ocular hypertension can lead to more severe complications, such as glaucoma, which can cause permanent vision loss.

Conclusion
----------

Ocular hypertension is a common condition that can increase your risk of developing glaucoma and other eye problems. While there is no cure for ocular hypertension, early detection and treatment can help prevent complications. By understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for ocular hypertension, you can take steps to protect your vision and maintain good eye health.

FAQs
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1. Can ocular hypertension be cured?
No, there is no cure for ocular hypertension. However, early detection and treatment can help prevent complications.
2. What are the symptoms of ocular hypertension?
Symptoms of ocular hypertension may include blurred vision, eye pain, seeing flashes of light, and blind spots in your peripheral vision.
3. How is ocular hypertension diagnosed?
Ocular hypertension is typically diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and tonometry.
4. Can ocular hypertension lead to other eye problems?
Yes, untreated ocular hypertension can increase your risk of developing glaucoma and other eye problems, such as cataracts and optic nerve damage.
5. What are the treatment options for ocular hypertension?
Treatment for ocular hypertension usually involves medication to lower eye pressure, but in some cases, laser surgery may be necessary.
6. Is ocular hypertension inherited?
Yes, ocular hypertension can be inherited, and certain genetic factors can increase your risk of developing the condition.
7. Can ocular hypertension cause blindness?
Yes, if left untreated, ocular hypertension can lead to blindness due to optic nerve damage or glaucoma.
8. How can I reduce my risk of developing ocular hypertension?
You can reduce your risk of developing ocular hypertension by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and not smoking. It is also important to have regular eye exams, especially if you have a family history of the condition.

Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is a common vision condition in which close objects appear blurry while distant objects appear clear. This occurs when the eyeball is shorter than normal or the cornea is not curved enough, causing light rays to focus behind the retina rather than directly on it. Hyperopia can be treated with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery.

Word origin: Greek "hyper" (beyond) + "ops" (eye) + -ia (suffix denoting a condition or state)

First recorded use: 1690s

Ocular toxoplasmosis is more common in people with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy following an organ transplant. It can also occur in individuals who have been exposed to the parasite through contact with contaminated soil, cat feces, or undercooked meat.

Symptoms of ocular toxoplasmosis can include blurred vision, eye pain, sensitivity to light, and floaters. If left untreated, the infection can lead to vision loss, retinal detachment, and even blindness.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as polymerase chain reaction or serology), and imaging studies (such as ultrasonography or fluorescein angiography). Treatment typically involves antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications, and in severe cases, surgery may be necessary.

Preventive measures include avoiding contact with cat feces, properly cooking meat, and avoiding undercooked meat, especially pork and lamb. Pregnant women should also take precautions to avoid exposure, as toxoplasmosis can be transmitted to the fetus and cause congenital infection.

1. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition in which the eyes do not align properly and point in different directions.
2. Esotropia (crossed eyes): A condition in which one or both eyes turn inward.
3. Exotropia (wide-eyed): A condition in which one or both eyes turn outward.
4. Hypertropia (upward-pointing eyes): A condition in which one or both eyes elevate excessively.
5. Hypotropia (downward-pointing eyes): A condition in which one or both eyes lower excessively.
6. Diplopia (double vision): A condition in which two images of the same object are seen due to improper alignment of the eyes.
7. Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements): A condition characterized by rapid, involuntary movements of the eyes.
8. Ocular flutter: A condition characterized by small, rapid movements of the eyes.
9. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): A rare degenerative disorder that affects movement and causes difficulty with eye movements.
10. Parkinson's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that can cause eye movements to be slow, stiff, or irregular.

These disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily tasks, read, drive, and participate in social activities. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, prism lenses, eye exercises, and surgery. In some cases, medications such as anticholinergic drugs or botulinum toxin injections may be used to help improve eye movements.

There are several types of ocular albinism, including:

1. Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) - This is the most common form of ocular albinism and affects both the eyes and skin. It is caused by mutations in the TYR gene, which codes for the enzyme tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin.
2. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) - This is a rare form of ocular albinism that affects both the eyes and platelets. It is caused by mutations in the HPS gene, which codes for the protein hermansky-pudlak syndrome, which is involved in the production of melanin.
3. Juvenile macular degeneration (JMD) - This is a rare form of ocular albinism that affects only the eyes and is caused by mutations in the RPE65 gene, which codes for the protein RPE65, which is involved in the production of melanin.

The symptoms of ocular albinism can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, but they may include:

* Poor visual acuity (blurred vision)
* Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
* Difficulty seeing colors and fine details
* Eye movements that are slow or uncoordinated
* Increased risk of eye problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachment
* Skin that is pale or freckled

There is no cure for ocular albinism, but treatment options may include glasses or contact lenses to improve vision, medication to reduce the risk of eye problems, and surgery to correct eye alignment or remove cataracts. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications.

Aniseikonia is characterized by an abnormal expansion or contraction of the visual field, resulting in a distorted perception of objects and their size. The condition can affect both the central and peripheral vision, and can cause difficulties with reading, driving, and other everyday tasks that require accurate visual acuity.

Diagnosis of aniseikonia typically involves a comprehensive eye exam to assess the visual acuity and refractive error, as well as imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans to rule out any underlying brain abnormalities. Treatment options for aniseikonia depend on the underlying cause of the condition, and may include corrective glasses or contact lenses, prism lenses, or surgery to correct refractive errors or other eye problems. In some cases, aniseikonia may be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition that requires further evaluation and treatment.

Asthenopia is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly those who spend long hours working on computers, reading, or engaging in other visually demanding activities. It can also be triggered by other factors such as poor lighting, incorrect posture, and eye conditions like myopia (nearsightedness) or hyperopia (farsightedness).

While asthenopia is usually a temporary condition that resolves on its own after resting the eyes, it can sometimes be a symptom of a more serious underlying eye condition. Therefore, if you experience persistent or severe symptoms of asthenopia, it's important to consult an eye care professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

Treatment options for asthenopia may include taking regular breaks to rest the eyes, adjusting lighting conditions, using artificial tears to lubricate dry eyes, and making changes to your workspace or reading habits to reduce visual strain. In some cases, prescription eyewear or vision therapy may be necessary to address underlying eye conditions that contribute to asthenopia.

Anisometropia is typically diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes visual acuity testing, refraction, and retinoscopy. Treatment options for anisometropia depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include glasses or contact lenses, prism lenses, or surgery. In some cases, anisometropia can be treated with orthokeratology (OK) or corneal reshaping, which involves wearing a specialized contact lens at night to reshape the cornea and improve vision during the day.

Anisometropia is relatively rare, but it can have a significant impact on quality of life, particularly in children and young adults. If you suspect that you or your child may have anisometropia, it's important to schedule an eye exam as soon as possible to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Some common types of eye neoplasms include:

1. Uveal melanoma: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. It is the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
2. Retinoblastoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects children and develops in the retina. It is usually diagnosed before the age of 5 and is highly treatable with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
3. Conjunctival melanoma: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye. It is more common in older adults and can be treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy.
4. Ocular sarcomas: These are rare types of cancer that develop in the eye tissues, including the retina, optic nerve, and uvea. They can be benign or malignant and may require surgical removal or radiation therapy.
5. Secondary intraocular tumors: These are tumors that metastasize (spread) to the eye from other parts of the body, such as breast cancer or lung cancer.

The symptoms of eye neoplasms can vary depending on their location and type, but may include:

* Blurred vision
* Eye pain or discomfort
* Redness or inflammation in the eye
* Sensitivity to light
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in vision)
* Flashes of light
* Abnormal pupil size or shape

Early detection and treatment of eye neoplasms are important to preserve vision and prevent complications. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and biopsy (removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells with medication
* Observation and monitoring if the tumor is slow-growing or benign

It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual symptoms in your eye, as early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.

The test works by shining a light into the eye and measuring the way the light is distorted as it passes through the cornea. This distortion is caused by the curvature of the cornea and by any imperfections or abnormalities in its surface. The resulting distortion is called a "wavefront aberration."

The CWA test produces a map of the wavefront aberrations in the eye, which can be used to identify specific conditions and to determine the appropriate treatment. The test is painless and takes only a few minutes to perform.

CWA is commonly used to diagnose and monitor a range of eye conditions, including:

1. Astigmatism: This is a condition in which the cornea is irregularly shaped, causing blurred vision at all distances.
2. Nearsightedness (myopia): This is a condition in which close objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry.
3. Farsightedness (hyperopia): This is a condition in which distant objects are seen clearly, but close objects appear blurry.
4. Keratoconus: This is a progressive thinning of the cornea that can cause distorted vision and increase the risk of complications such as corneal scarring or blindness.
5. Other conditions such as presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision), amblyopia (lazy eye), and ocular injuries.

Overall, CWA is a valuable diagnostic tool for assessing the quality of the cornea and for diagnosing and monitoring a range of eye conditions. It can help eye care professionals to identify the underlying causes of vision problems and to develop effective treatment plans to improve vision and prevent complications.

There are several types of strabismus, including:

* Esotropia: where one eye turns inward toward the nose
* Exotropia: where one eye turns outward away from the face
* Hypertropia: where one eye turns upward
* Hypotropia: where one eye turns downward
* Duane's syndrome: a rare type of strabismus that affects only one eye and is caused by nerve damage.

Strabismus can have both visual and social consequences, including:

* Difficulty with depth perception and binocular vision
* Blurred or double vision
* Difficulty with eye teaming and tracking
* Poor eye-hand coordination
* Social and emotional effects such as low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.

Treatment options for strabismus include:

* Glasses or contact lenses to correct refractive errors
* Prism lenses to align the eyes
* Eye exercises to strengthen the muscles and improve eye teaming
* Surgery to adjust the position of the muscles that control eye movement.

It is important for individuals with strabismus to receive timely and appropriate treatment to address the underlying cause of the condition and prevent long-term vision loss and social difficulties.

Pseudophakia is considered a rare condition, as most cataract surgeries involve removal of the entire natural lens. However, there are certain situations where leaving behind some residual lens material can be beneficial, such as in cases where the patient has severe astigmatism or presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).

The presence of pseudophakia can affect the visual outcome and refractive status of the eye, and may require additional surgical intervention to optimize visual acuity. It is important for ophthalmologists to be aware of this condition and consider it when evaluating patients with cataracts or other eye conditions.

Gastric dilatation can occur for various reasons, including:

1. Eating too quickly or consuming large amounts of food in a short period of time.
2. Swallowing air, which can happen when eating or drinking too quickly or sucking on hard candies.
3. Eating certain types of foods that are difficult to digest, such as beans or cabbage.
4. Medical conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastroparesis, or hiatal hernia.
5. Inflammation or infection of the stomach lining, such as gastritis.

Symptoms of gastric dilatation may include:

* Bloating and discomfort in the abdomen
* Pain or cramping in the abdomen
* Feeling nauseous or vomiting
* Gas and belching
* Diarrhea or constipation

Treatment for gastric dilatation usually involves making lifestyle changes, such as eating smaller, more frequent meals, avoiding foods that trigger symptoms, and reducing stress. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms. If the condition is caused by an underlying medical condition, treating the underlying condition can help resolve the gastric dilatation.

In severe cases of gastric dilatation, surgical intervention may be necessary. This may involve laparoscopic or open surgery to repair any anatomical abnormalities or to remove any blockages in the digestive tract.

It's important to note that gastric dilatation can lead to more serious complications, such as gastric rupture or perforation, which can be life-threatening. If you experience severe abdominal pain, fever, or vomiting blood, seek medical attention immediately.

Preventing gastric dilatation involves maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle, managing stress, and avoiding trigger foods. It's also important to drink plenty of water and exercise regularly to promote digestive health. If you experience any symptoms of gastric dilatation, it's important to seek medical attention promptly to prevent complications.

Astigmatism can occur in people of all ages and is usually present at birth, but it may not become noticeable until later in life. It may also develop as a result of an injury or surgery. Astigmatism can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery, such as LASIK.

There are different types of astigmatism, including:

1. Corneal astigmatism: This is the most common type of astigmatism and occurs when the cornea is irregularly shaped.
2. Lens astigmatism: This type of astigmatism occurs when the lens inside the eye is irregularly shaped.
3. Mixed astigmatism: This type of astigmatism occurs when both the cornea and lens are irregularly shaped.

Astigmatism can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* Blurred vision at all distances
* Distorted vision (such as seeing objects as being stretched out or blurry)
* Eye strain or fatigue
* Headaches or eye discomfort
* Squinting or tilting the head to see clearly

If you suspect you have astigmatism, it's important to see an eye doctor for a comprehensive eye exam. Astigmatism can be diagnosed with a visual acuity test and a retinoscopy, which measures the way the light enters the eye.

Astigmatism is a common vision condition that can be easily corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. If you have astigmatism, it's important to seek professional treatment to improve your vision and reduce any discomfort or strain on the eyes.

Types of Eye Injuries:

1. Corneal abrasion: A scratch on the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye.
2. Conjunctival bleeding: Bleeding in the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
3. Hyphema: Blood in the space between the iris and the cornea.
4. Hemorrhage: Bleeding in the eyelid or under the retina.
5. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from the underlying tissue, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly.
6. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain, which can cause vision loss or blindness.
7. Orbital injury: Injury to the bones and tissues surrounding the eye, which can cause double vision, swelling, or vision loss.

Symptoms of Eye Injuries:

1. Pain in the eye or around the eye
2. Redness and swelling of the eye or eyelid
3. Difficulty seeing or blurred vision
4. Sensitivity to light
5. Double vision or loss of vision
6. Discharge or crusting around the eye
7. Swelling of the eyelids or face

Treatment of Eye Injuries:

1. Depending on the severity and nature of the injury, treatment may include antibiotics, pain relief medication, or surgery.
2. In some cases, a tube may be inserted into the eye to help drain fluid or prevent pressure from building up.
3. In severe cases, vision may not return completely, but there are many options for corrective glasses and contact lenses to improve remaining vision.
4. It is essential to seek medical attention immediately if there is a foreign object in the eye, as this can cause further damage if left untreated.
5. In cases of penetrating trauma, such as a blow to the eye, it is important to seek medical attention right away, even if there are no immediate signs of injury.
6. Follow-up appointments with an ophthalmologist are essential to monitor healing and address any complications that may arise.

Symptoms:

* Blurred vision
* Redness and inflammation in the eye
* Pain in the eye
* Sensitivity to light
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in vision)
* Eye discharge

Diagnosis:

* Physical examination of the eye
* Imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans
* Lymph node biopsy
* Culture tests to identify the presence of Mycobacterium TB

Treatment:

* Anti-TB medications for at least 12 months
* Surgical removal of the affected portion of the eye
* Corticosteroid eye drops or ointments to reduce inflammation
* Antibiotics to prevent infection

Prognosis:

* With proper treatment, the prognosis is good and most patients regain their vision.
* However, if left untreated, the condition can lead to severe visual impairment and even blindness.

Dyspepsia is not a specific disease but rather a symptom complex that can be caused by a variety of factors, such as:

1. Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining)
2. Peptic ulcer
3. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
4. Functional dyspepsia
5. Inflammatory conditions such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
6. Food allergies or intolerances
7. Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menstruation
8. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antibiotics

The diagnosis of dyspepsia is based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, gastric emptying studies, and blood tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of dyspepsia and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and dietary modifications.

Some common types of vision disorders include:

1. Myopia (nearsightedness): A condition where close objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry.
2. Hyperopia (farsightedness): A condition where distant objects are seen clearly, but close objects appear blurry.
3. Astigmatism: A condition where the cornea or lens of the eye is irregularly shaped, causing blurred vision at all distances.
4. Presbyopia: A condition that occurs as people age, where the lens of the eye loses flexibility and makes it difficult to focus on close objects.
5. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye has reduced vision due to abnormal development or injury.
6. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions.
7. Color blindness: A condition where people have difficulty perceiving certain colors, usually red and green.
8. Retinal disorders: Conditions that affect the retina, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, or retinal detachment.
9. Glaucoma: A group of conditions that damage the optic nerve, often due to increased pressure in the eye.
10. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurred vision and sensitivity to light.

Vision disorders can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, refraction test, and dilated eye exam. Treatment options for vision disorders depend on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, medication, surgery, or a combination of these.

Gastroparesis can lead to complications such as malnutrition, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances if left untreated. Treatment options for gastroparesis include medications to slow gastric emptying, antidepressants, anti-nausea drugs, and in severe cases, surgery or gastric pacemakers may be considered.

In some cases, gastroparesis can be a symptom of an underlying condition such as fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome. It is important for individuals experiencing persistent gastrointestinal symptoms to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Example: "The patient was diagnosed with ocular toxoplasmosis, a parasitic eye infection caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite."

Causes:

1. Refractive errors: Diplopia can be caused by refractive errors such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, or presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Eye alignment problems: Disorders such as strabismus (crossed eyes) or esotropia (eyes turned inward) can cause diplopia.
3. Cataracts: A cataract can cause diplopia due to the clouding of the lens in one or both eyes.
4. Glaucoma: Diplopia can be a symptom of glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve.
5. Retinal detachment: A retinal detachment can cause diplopia due to the separation of the retina from the underlying tissue.
6. Brain injuries or disorders: Diplopia can be a result of brain injuries or disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, or multiple sclerosis.
7. Medications: Certain medications such as antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, and chemotherapy drugs can cause diplopia as a side effect.

Diagnosis:

To diagnose diplopia, an eye examination is necessary. The doctor may perform a cover test to determine the type of diplopia and rule out other conditions. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI may also be ordered to examine the eye and surrounding tissues.

Treatment:

The treatment of diplopia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, glasses or contact lenses can correct refractive errors and alleviate symptoms. Surgery may be necessary for eye alignment problems such as strabismus or cataracts. In cases where the condition is caused by a brain disorder or injury, treatment of the underlying condition can resolve diplopia.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for diplopia varies depending on the underlying cause. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own or with simple correction such as glasses or contact lenses. In other cases, surgery or treatment of an underlying condition may be necessary to resolve diplopia. In rare cases, the condition can lead to complications such as amblyopia (lazy eye) or vision loss if left untreated.

Prevention:

Preventing diplopia is not always possible, but early detection and treatment of underlying conditions can help prevent complications and improve outcomes. Regular eye exams and monitoring of vision can also help detect diplopia early on. In some cases, prism lenses or glasses with a specific prescription may be recommended to alleviate symptoms and prevent progression of the condition.

In conclusion, diplopia is a common condition that can have various causes and underlying mechanisms. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes. Regular eye exams and monitoring of vision can help detect diplopia early on, and in some cases, simple correction such as glasses or contact lenses may be sufficient to resolve the condition. In other cases, surgery or treatment of an underlying condition may be necessary. With appropriate management, most people with diplopia can achieve good visual acuity and quality of life.

Here are some common types of conjunctival diseases:

1. Conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, often caused by a virus or bacteria. It can be highly contagious and can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
2. Pink eye: This is a common term for conjunctivitis that is caused by a virus or bacteria. It can be highly contagious and can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
3. Dry eye syndrome: This is a condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears, leading to dryness, itching, and irritation.
4. Allergic conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to pollen, dust, or other substances. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and tearing.
5. Contact lens-related conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by wearing contact lenses that are not properly cleaned and maintained. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
6. Trachoma: This is a bacterial infection of the conjunctiva that is common in developing countries. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and scarring.
7. Blepharitis: This is an inflammation of the eyelids and conjunctiva caused by poor eyelid hygiene or a bacterial infection. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and tearing.
8. Meibomian gland dysfunction: This is a condition where the meibomian glands in the eyelids do not function properly, leading to dryness, itching, and irritation of the eyes.
9. Pink eye (viral conjunctivitis): This is an infection of the conjunctiva caused by a virus, such as the common cold or flu. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.
10. Chlamydial conjunctivitis: This is an infection of the conjunctiva caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, and discharge.

It's important to note that while these conditions may have similar symptoms, they require different treatments and diagnoses. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis or any other eye condition, it's important to consult an eye doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Some common types of eye infections include:

1. Conjunctivitis - a highly contagious infection of the conjunctiva, which is the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. It can be caused by bacteria or virus and is commonly known as pink eye.
2. Keratitis - an inflammation of the cornea, which is the clear dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It can be caused by bacteria, virus or fungi.
3. Uveitis - an inflammation of the uvea, which is the layer of tissue between the sclera and retina. It can cause pain, sensitivity to light and blurred vision.
4. Endophthalmitis - a severe infection inside the eye that can cause damage to the lens, retina and other structures. It is usually caused by bacteria or fungi and can be a complication of cataract surgery or other eye procedures.
5. Dacryocystitis - an inflammation of the tear ducts and sac that can cause pain, redness and swelling in the eyelid. It is usually caused by bacteria.

Eye infections can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, tonometry and imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment depends on the type of infection and severity of the condition, and may involve antibiotic or antiviral medication, anti-inflammatory medication or surgery. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated eye infections can lead to complications such as vision loss, corneal scarring and even blindness.

There are several different types of uveitis, including:

1. Anterior uveitis: This type affects the front part of the eye and is the most common form of uveitis. It is often caused by an infection or injury.
2. Posterior uveitis: This type affects the back part of the eye and can be caused by a systemic disease such as sarcoidosis or juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
3. Intermediate uveitis: This type affects the middle layer of the eye and is often caused by an autoimmune disorder.
4. Panuveitis: This type affects the entire uvea and can be caused by a systemic disease such as vasculitis or Behçet's disease.

Symptoms of uveitis may include:

* Eye pain
* Redness and swelling in the eye
* Blurred vision
* Sensitivity to light
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in your vision)
* Flashes of light

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible. Uveitis can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which may include imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment for uveitis depends on the cause and severity of the condition, but may include medication to reduce inflammation, antibiotics for infections, or surgery to remove any diseased tissue.

Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications such as cataracts, glaucoma, and blindness. If you have uveitis, it is important to follow your doctor's recommendations for treatment and monitoring to protect your vision.

There are several types of dry eye syndromes, including:

1. Dry eye disease (DED): This is the most common type of dry eye syndrome and is characterized by a deficiency in the tear film that covers the surface of the eye. It can be caused by a variety of factors such as aging, hormonal changes, medications, and environmental conditions.
2. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by problems with the meibomian glands, which are located in the eyelids and produce the fatty layer of the tear film. MGD can be caused by inflammation, blockages, or other issues that prevent the glands from functioning properly.
3. Aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by a lack of the aqueous layer of the tear film, which is produced by the lacrimal gland. It can be caused by surgical removal of the lacrimal gland, injury to the gland, or other conditions that affect its function.
4. Evaporative dry eye (EDE): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by a problem with the meibomian glands and the lipid layer of the tear film. It can be caused by inflammation, blockages, or other issues that prevent the glands from functioning properly.
5. Contact lens-related dry eye (CLDE): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by wearing contact lenses, which can disrupt the natural tear film and cause dryness and irritation.
6. Sjögren's syndrome: This is an autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, leading to dry eye syndrome and other symptoms.
7. Medications: Certain medications, such as antihistamines, decongestants, and blood pressure medications, can reduce tear production and lead to dry eye syndrome.
8. Hormonal changes: Changes in hormone levels, such as during menopause or pregnancy, can lead to dry eye syndrome.
9. Environmental factors: Dry air, smoke, wind, and dry climates can all contribute to dry eye syndrome.
10. Nutritional deficiencies: A lack of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet has been linked to an increased risk of dry eye syndrome.

It is important to note that dry eye syndrome can be a complex condition and may involve multiple factors. A comprehensive diagnosis from an eye doctor or other healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause and develop an effective treatment plan.

There are several different types of conjunctivitis, including:

1. Allergic conjunctivitis: This type is caused by an allergic reaction and is more common in people who have a history of allergies.
2. Bacterial conjunctivitis: This type is caused by a bacterial infection and is often accompanied by a thick discharge and redness of the eye.
3. Viral conjunctivitis: This type is caused by a viral infection and is highly contagious.
4. Chemical conjunctivitis: This type is caused by exposure to chemicals or foreign objects, such as smoke, dust, or pollen.
5. Irritant conjunctivitis: This type is caused by exposure to irritants such as chemicals or foreign objects.

Symptoms of conjunctivitis can include redness and discharge of the eye, itching, burning, and tearing. Treatment typically involves antibiotic eye drops or ointments for bacterial conjunctivitis, anti-inflammatory medication for allergic conjunctivitis, and viral conjunctivitis is usually self-limiting and requires supportive care only.

It's important to note that conjunctivitis can be highly contagious, so it's important to practice good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently, avoiding sharing personal items like towels or makeup, and not touching the eyes. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis, it's important to see a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The normal IOP range for adults is between 10-21 mmHg, and any reading below 6 mmHg is considered hypotensive. Ocular hypotension can be caused by a variety of factors such as medication use, trauma, or certain medical conditions.

Symptoms of ocular hypotension include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and eye pain. Treatment options may vary depending on the underlying cause but may include medications, laser surgery, or other interventions aimed at increasing IOP. Early diagnosis and management are essential to prevent more severe complications.

Pathological nystagmus can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including a visual acuity test, refraction test, cover test, and eyer movements assessment. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans may also be ordered to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms.

Treatment for pathological nystagmus depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve correcting refractive errors or addressing any underlying brain disorders through medication, physical therapy, or surgery. Other treatments may include eye exercises, prisms, or specialized glasses to help improve eye movement and reduce the symptoms of nystagmus.

In summary, pathological nystagmus is an abnormal and involuntary movement of the eyeballs that can be caused by various neurological disorders. Diagnosis is through a comprehensive eye examination and imaging studies, and treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition.

1. Keratoconus: This is a progressive thinning of the cornea that can cause it to bulge into a cone-like shape, leading to blurred vision and sensitivity to light.
2. Fuchs' dystrophy: This is a condition in which the cells in the innermost layer of the cornea become damaged, leading to clouding and blurred vision.
3. Bullous keratopathy: This is a condition in which there is a large, fluid-filled bubble on the surface of the cornea, which can cause blurred vision and discomfort.
4. Corneal ulcers: These are open sores on the surface of the cornea that can be caused by infection or other conditions.
5. Dry eye syndrome: This is a condition in which the eyes do not produce enough tears, leading to dryness, irritation, and blurred vision.
6. Corneal abrasions: These are scratches on the surface of the cornea that can be caused by injury or other conditions.
7. Trachoma: This is an infectious eye disease that can cause scarring and blindness if left untreated.
8. Ocular herpes: This is a viral infection that can cause blisters on the surface of the cornea and lead to scarring and vision loss if left untreated.
9. Endophthalmitis: This is an inflammation of the inner layer of the eye that can be caused by bacterial or fungal infections, and can lead to severe vision loss if left untreated.
10. Corneal neovascularization: This is the growth of new blood vessels into the cornea, which can be a complication of other conditions such as dry eye syndrome or ocular trauma.

These are just a few examples of the many different types of corneal diseases that can affect the eyes. It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms such as pain, redness, or blurred vision in one or both eyes. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and preserve vision.

Some common types of eye abnormalities include:

1. Refractive errors: These are errors in the way the eye focuses light, causing blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Amblyopia: This is a condition where the brain favors one eye over the other, causing poor vision in the weaker eye.
3. Cataracts: A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurry vision and increase the risk of glaucoma.
4. Glaucoma: This is a group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss.
5. Macular degeneration: This is a condition where the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision, deteriorates, leading to vision loss.
6. Diabetic retinopathy: This is a complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
7. Retinal detachment: This is a condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
8. Corneal abnormalities: These are irregularities in the shape or structure of the cornea, such as keratoconus, that can cause blurry vision.
9. Optic nerve disorders: These are conditions that affect the optic nerve, such as optic neuritis, that can cause vision loss.
10. Traumatic eye injuries: These are injuries to the eye or surrounding tissue that can cause vision loss or other eye abnormalities.

Eye abnormalities can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include visual acuity tests, refraction tests, and imaging tests such as retinal photography or optical coherence tomography (OCT). Treatment for eye abnormalities depends on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, medication, surgery, or other therapies.

A type of anxiety that occurs when an individual is separated from someone they have a strong emotional attachment to, such as a parent, child, or significant other. This can be a common experience for children who are separated from their parents, and it can also affect adults who are experiencing a long-distance relationship or the loss of a loved one.

Symptoms:

* Feeling panicked or uneasy when away from the person they are attached to
* Difficulty sleeping or concentrating when separated
* Intrusive thoughts or dreams about the person they are attached to
* Avoidance of situations that might lead to separation
* Physical symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, or muscle tension

Treatment:

* Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), to help individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with separation anxiety
* Medications, such as antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs, to help manage symptoms
* Relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation, to reduce physical symptoms of anxiety
* Support groups for individuals and families affected by separation anxiety

It's important to note that while some level of separation anxiety is normal, excessive or persistent separation anxiety can interfere with daily life and may be a sign of an underlying mental health condition. If you or someone you know is experiencing severe symptoms of separation anxiety, it's important to seek professional help from a mental health provider.

There are several different types of glaucoma, including:

* Open-angle glaucoma: This is the most common form of glaucoma, and is caused by slowed drainage of fluid from the eye.
* Closed-angle glaucoma: This type of glaucoma is caused by a blockage in the drainage channels of the eye, leading to a sudden increase in pressure.
* Normal-tension glaucoma: This type of glaucoma is caused by damage to the optic nerve even though the pressure in the eye is within the normal range.
* Congenital glaucoma: This is a rare type of glaucoma that is present at birth, and is caused by a developmental defect in the eye's drainage system.

Symptoms of glaucoma can include:

* Blurred vision
* Loss of peripheral vision
* Eye pain or pressure
* Redness of the eye
* Seeing halos around lights

Glaucoma is typically diagnosed with a combination of visual acuity tests, dilated eye exams, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment for glaucoma usually involves medication to reduce pressure in the eye, but may also include surgery to improve drainage or laser therapy to prevent further damage to the optic nerve.

Early detection and treatment of glaucoma is important to prevent vision loss, so it is important to have regular eye exams, especially if you are at risk for the condition. Risk factors for glaucoma include:

* Age (over 60)
* Family history of glaucoma
* Diabetes
* High blood pressure
* African or Hispanic ancestry

Overall, glaucoma is a serious eye condition that can cause vision loss if left untreated. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing vision loss and maintaining good eye health.

Open-angle glaucoma can lead to damage to the optic nerve, which can cause vision loss and even blindness if left untreated. It is important for individuals at risk for open-angle glaucoma to receive regular eye exams to monitor their eye pressure and prevent any potential vision loss.

Risk factors for developing open-angle glaucoma include:

* Increasing age
* Family history of glaucoma
* African or Hispanic ancestry
* Previous eye injuries or surgeries
* Long-term use of corticosteroid medications
* Diabetes or other health conditions that can damage blood vessels.

There are several treatment options available for open-angle glaucoma, including:

* Eye drops to reduce eye pressure
* Oral medications to reduce eye pressure
* Laser surgery to improve drainage of fluid from the eye
* Incisional surgery to improve drainage of fluid from the eye.

It is important for individuals with open-angle glaucoma to work closely with their eye care professional to determine the best course of treatment and monitor their condition regularly.

1. Conjunctivitis: This is an infection of the conjunctiva, which is the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. It is often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae bacteria.
2. Corneal ulcers: These are open sores that develop on the surface of the cornea, which is the clear dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. Corneal ulcers can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
3. Endophthalmitis: This is an infection that occurs inside the eye, often as a complication of cataract surgery or other types of ocular surgery. It can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus epidermidis.
4. Keratitis: This is an infection of the cornea that can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.
5. Retinitis: This is an infection of the retina, which is the layer of tissue at the back of the eye that senses light and sends visual signals to the brain. Retinitis can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Bacterial eye infections can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, swelling, discharge, pain, and blurred vision. Treatment typically involves antibiotic eye drops or ointments, and in more severe cases, oral antibiotics may be prescribed. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of a bacterial eye infection, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

A tonic pupil is a type of pupillary abnormality that is characterized by an irregular, asynchronous, or unstable response to light. It can be seen in various neurological and ophthalmological conditions, including brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and others.

Causes:

There are several possible causes of a tonic pupil, including:

1. Brain injury or trauma: A blow to the head or a penetrating injury can damage the brainstem or other parts of the brain that control pupillary function, leading to an irregular pupillary response.
2. Stroke or cerebral vasculature disorders: A stroke or conditions that affect the blood vessels in the brain, such as Moyamoya disease, can disrupt normal pupillary function.
3. Multiple sclerosis: This autoimmune disorder can damage the nerve fibers that control pupillary size and reaction to light.
4. Parkinson's disease: The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra can lead to an irregular pupillary response, as well as other symptoms such as tremors and rigidity.
5. Other neurological conditions: Other conditions that can cause a tonic pupil include migraine, seizures, and various types of brain tumors.

Signs and Symptoms:

The signs and symptoms of a tonic pupil may include:

1. Irregular or asynchronous pupillary response to light: The pupils may respond differently to light, or one pupil may react more slowly or asymmetrically than the other.
2. Unstable pupil size: The size of the pupils may fluctuate irregularly, even in the same lighting conditions.
3. Difficulty focusing: The irregular pupillary response can make it difficult to focus on objects or people.
4. Blurred vision: The abnormal pupillary response can lead to blurred vision and other visual disturbances.
5. Headaches: Tonic pupils can sometimes be associated with headaches, especially if the underlying cause is related to eye strain or tension.
6. Eye fatigue: Prolonged exposure to bright lights or screens can exacerbate tonic pupils and lead to eye fatigue.
7. Difficulty with depth perception: The abnormal pupillary response can affect depth perception, making it difficult to judge distances or navigate stairs.

Diagnosis:

The diagnosis of a tonic pupil requires a comprehensive evaluation by an eye doctor or a neurologist. The following tests and procedures may be performed to determine the underlying cause of the irregular pupillary response:

1. Visual acuity test: This test measures the sharpness of vision in each eye, including the ability to see objects at different distances.
2. Pupil reflex test: This test evaluates the reactivity of the pupils to light and can help identify any underlying neurological conditions.
3. Eye movement testing: This test assesses the movements of the eyes and can help diagnose conditions such as nystagmus or abnormal eye alignment.
4. Brain imaging: CT or MRI scans may be ordered to rule out other causes of the tonic pupil, such as a brain tumor or stroke.
5. EEG (electroencephalogram): This test measures the electrical activity of the brain and can help diagnose conditions such as seizures or encephalitis.

Treatment:
The treatment of a tonic pupil depends on the underlying cause. Some possible treatments include:

1. Glasses or contact lenses: Refractive errors, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, can be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Prism lenses: Prism lenses can help align the images seen by each eye, reducing the effects of tonic pupil syndrome.
3. Eye exercises: Eye exercises, such as rotating the eyes in a circular motion, can help improve eye alignment and reduce the symptoms of tonic pupil syndrome.
4. Medications: Anticonvulsants or muscle relaxants may be prescribed to treat underlying conditions such as seizures or spasticity.
5. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct eye alignment problems or to remove a tumor that is causing the tonic pupil.

It's important to note that tonic pupil syndrome can be a symptom of a serious underlying condition, so it is important to seek medical attention if you experience this condition. A healthcare professional can help determine the cause and recommend appropriate treatment.

The parasite migrates to various tissues throughout the body, including the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and eyes. In the eye, the parasite can cause inflammation and damage to the retina, optic nerve, and choroid, leading to visual impairment and blindness.

The most common form of ocular onchocerciasis is trachoma, which affects the conjunctiva and cornea. Trachoma is responsible for 2.8% of all global blindness and 9.6% of all infectious blindness.

Ocular onchocerciasis can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, such as PCR or ELISA. Treatment options include antiparasitic drugs, such as ivermectin, which is effective against the adult worms, and surgery to remove inflamed tissue.

Prevention of ocular onchocerciasis includes vector control measures, such as using insecticides to kill infected blackflies, and mass drug administration (MDA) programs to eliminate the parasite in endemic areas.

The exact cause of pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the body. The condition is more common in women than men and typically affects people between the ages of 20 and 40.

Symptoms of pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane may include:

* Blisters and erosions on the lips, mouth, or throat
* Painful sores that do not heal quickly
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Redness and swelling of the affected area
* Fever or chills

Treatment for pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane usually involves antimicrobial medications to prevent infection and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, immunosuppressive drugs may be prescribed to suppress the immune system and prevent further damage to the mucous membranes.

Prognosis for pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane is generally good if the condition is diagnosed early and treated promptly. However, in rare cases, the condition can progress to more severe forms of pemphigus, a group of autoimmune disorders that affect the skin and mucous membranes.

Anisocoria can cause problems with vision and can affect the ability to see clearly. It may also indicate an underlying eye condition that needs to be treated. Anisocoria is diagnosed by an eye exam and treatment options may include glasses, contact lenses, or surgery to correct any underlying issues.

The exact cause of OCD is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Symptoms of OCD can range from mild to severe and may include:

* Recurrent and intrusive thoughts or fears (obsessions)
* Repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) such as checking, counting, or cleaning
* Feeling the need to perform compulsions in order to reduce anxiety or prevent something bad from happening
* Feeling a sense of relief after performing compulsions
* Time-consuming nature of obsessions and compulsions that interfere with daily activities and social interactions

OCD can be treated with a combination of medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT helps individuals identify and challenge their obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, while SSRIs help reduce the anxiety associated with OCD.

It's important to note that while individuals with OCD may recognize that their thoughts or behaviors are irrational, they are often unable to stop them without professional treatment. With appropriate treatment, however, many individuals with OCD are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

Exotropia is a type of strabismus, or misalignment of the eyes, where one eye turns outward away from the nose. It is also known as divergent strabismus. In exotropia, the affected eye has a tendency to deviate away from the fixed gaze and may turn inward or outward. This can cause double vision and affect the development of depth perception.

Exotropia can be classified into several types based on the age of onset, the severity of the misalignment, and other factors. The most common type of exotropia is intermittent exotropia, where the misalignment is only present sometimes. Other types include constant exotropia, where the misalignment is always present, and vertical exotropia, where the eye turns up or down.

Treatment for exotropia typically involves glasses or prisms to correct any refractive errors, as well as exercises to strengthen the muscles that control eye movement. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the eyes. Early diagnosis and treatment can help improve the chances of successful management and prevent long-term complications such as amblyopia (lazy eye).

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Symptoms of chorioretinitis may include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, floaters, and flashes of light. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography, and laboratory testing to rule out other conditions.

Treatment for chorioretinitis usually involves antibiotics or antiviral medication to clear the infection, as well as steroids to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected area of the retina. Prognosis is generally good if the disease is caught early and treated promptly, but vision loss may occur if the disease is left untreated for an extended period of time.

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ... Cycloplegia is paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, resulting in a loss of accommodation. Because of the paralysis of ... van der Hoeve, J.; Flieringa, H. J. (1 March 1924). "Accommodation". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 8 (3): 97-106. doi: ... "Human ocular anatomy". Clinics in Dermatology. 33 (2): 140-146. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.10.006. PMID 25704934. ...
Crane, H.D.; Cornsweet, T.N. (1970). "Ocular focus stimulator". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 60 (4): 577. doi: ... Cornsweet, T.N.; Crane, H.D. (1973). "Training the visual accommodation system". Vision Research. 13 (3): 713-715. doi:10.1016/ ...
925-939...................................Refraction and errors of refraction and accommodation 939.2-981 ... Ocular therapeutics 110-320...................................Otology. Diseases of the ear 341-437 ...
ISBN 978-81-312-1132-8. Accommodation at Georgia State University Ocular+Accommodation at the US National Library of Medicine ... Three regions make up the accommodation neural circuit, the afferent limb, the efferent limb and the ocular motor neurons that ... The accommodation reflex (or accommodation-convergence reflex) is a reflex action of the eye, in response to focusing on a near ... During the accommodation reflex, the pupil constricts to increase the depth of focus of the eye by blocking the light scattered ...
Aggarwala, K. R.; Kruger, E. S.; Mathews, S; Kruger, P. B. (1995). "Spectral bandwidth and ocular accommodation". Journal of ... Thibos, L. N.; Bradley, A; Still, D. L.; Zhang, X; Howarth, P. A. (1990). "Theory and measurement of ocular chromatic ... Kruger, P. B.; Mathews, S; Aggarwala, K. R.; Sanchez, N (1993). "Chromatic aberration and ocular focus: Fincham revisited". ...
"Preservatives from the Eye Drops and the Ocular Surface". Romanian Journal of Ophthalmology. 59 (1): 2-5. PMC 5729814. PMID ... A spasm of accommodation (also known as a ciliary spasm, an accommodation, or accommodative spasm) is a condition in which the ... attenuates eye fatigue by improving visual accommodation" For routine cases of spasm of accommodation, the American Optometric ... Normal Amplitude of accommodation Normal Near point of convergence Reduced Negative relative accommodation Difficulty clearing ...
Medical signs, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ...
Two main ocular responses can be distinguished - vergence of eyes and accommodation. Both of these mechanisms are crucial in ... The vergence-accommodation conflict is caused due to factors in human physiology like the accommodation reflex. VAC occurs when ... Vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC), also known as accommodation-vergence conflict, is a visual phenomenon that occurs when ... Accommodation is the eye's focusing mechanism and it is engaged to produce a sharp image on a retina. Both of these mechanisms ...
To control accommodation with a fixation target ensure it is maintained by asking the patient to identify the next letter. ... doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.09.012 Campos, E.C., & von Noorden, G.K. (2006). Binocular vision and ocular motility (6th ed.) (p.177) ... The prism cover test (PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment ... Ansons, A. M., & Davis, H. (2014). Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders (4th ed.). pp. 97. London: Blackwell. ...
... is an eye condition involving inward deviation of the eye, usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. It is a type ... accommodation and refraction). ...
Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, ... accommodation and refraction, Syndromes). ... There have been cases of improvement in extra-ocular movement ...
... refraction Accommodative system Amplitude of accommodation Negative relative accommodation Positive relative accommodation ... Ocular motility should always be tested, especially when patients complain of double vision or physicians suspect neurologic ... Close inspection of the anterior eye structures and ocular adnexa are often done with a slit lamp which is a table mounted ... If there is a small, irregular pupil that constricts poorly to light, but normally to accommodation, this is an Argyll ...
Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement ... accommodation and refraction). ...
People may complain of neck pain, after years of chronic head tilting (ocular torticollis), but this is also encountered in ... accommodation and refraction). ... ocular torticollis) from an early age. Most people with ... Boricean ID, Bărar A (2011). "Understanding ocular torticollis in children". Oftalmologia. 55 (1): 10-26. PMID 21774381. Joel S ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement ...
Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement ... accommodation and refraction). ...
Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, ... accommodation and refraction, Vision, Animal diseases). ...
1] (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular ... movement, accommodation and refraction). ...
Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement ... accommodation and refraction, Oculomotor nerve). ...
He is probably best known for his theory regarding the mechanism of accommodation, of which he disagreed with the accommodation ... He conducted research of entoptic phenomenon, Purkinje images, the etiology of myopia, and Listing's law of ocular movement. He ... Accommodation, Paris 1909 Octave Doin, ("Hermann von Helmholtz and the Theory of Accommodation") which was critical to ... Furthermore, he stated that during accommodation, while the central part of the anterior surface of the lens is bulged, the ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ... However, where the degree of error is small enough to allow the child to generate clear vision by over-accommodation, but large ... These problems may directly affect the extra-ocular muscles themselves, and may also result from conditions affecting the nerve ... The over-convergence associated with the extra accommodation required to overcome a hyperopic refractive error can precipitate ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ... also known as excessive accommodation or accommodation excess) occurs when an individual uses more than normal accommodation ( ... It may occur due to excessive accommodation or spasm of accommodation. Parinaud's syndrome, which can mimic some aspects of ... Modern definitions simply regard it as an inability to relax accommodation readily. Excessive accommodation is seen in ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, Syndromes). ...
There have been reports of disturbances in ocular accommodation occurring after the concomitant use of the related drug ...
When the details of the examination and history indicate a familial history of similar ocular or systemic disease, whether or ... Often treatment is relegated to lifestyle alterations and accommodations and supportive measures.[citation needed] Those ... diseases understood as congenital in origin could either be specific to the ocular organ system (LHON, DOA) or syndromic (MELAS ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ... It is caused by both genetic and environmental factors, such as mechanical stretching, excessive eye work and accommodation, as ...
... reduced accommodation abilities, and headaches. Visual outcomes for patients with ocular trauma due to blast injuries vary, and ... Ocular injury reduction from ocular protection use in current combat operations. J Trauma. 2009. 66(4):S99-S103. (Articles with ... Blast-related ocular trauma comprises a specialized group of penetrating and blunt force injuries to the eye and its structure ... However, ocular trauma most commonly falls under the realm of secondary blast injuries, in which debris displaced by the blast ...
... through eye strain or fatigue of ocular systems. It is common in young adults who have active accommodation, and classically ... Organic causes may include systemic or ocular medications, brain stem injury, or active ocular inflammation such as uveitis. ... "Acute Adult Onset Comitant Esotropia Associated with Accommodative Spasm". Chan R, Trobe J (2002). "Spasm of accommodation ... "Comparative analysis of the efficacy of some methods of conservative treatment of accommodation spasms and myopia in children ...
Book on eye diseases, therapeutics and ocular surgery. Ein neues Ophthalmotrop, 1857 - A new ophthalmotrope. Das Stereoscop : ... Pagel: Biographical Dictionary excellent doctors of the nineteenth century (biography) [1] On the anomalies of accommodation ...
Further, the ocular lens yellows with age, providing added protection. However, the lens also becomes more rigid with age, ... losing most of its accommodation-the ability to change shape to focus from far to near-a detriment due probably to protein ... Ocular albinism affects not only eye pigmentation but visual acuity, as well. People with albinism typically test poorly, ... A decreased molecular weight or a decrease in the degree of polymerization of ocular melanin has been proposed to turn the ...
Ocular muscles and their disorders. Pioneering the work in their study and treatment. He discovered "Landolt's bodies" between ... OCLC 29693375 The refraction and accommodation of the eye and their anomalies, Edinburgh, Pentland, 1886. OCLC 3057956 Ed. 2.: ... OCLC 83292691 Defective ocular movements and their diagnosis, London, Frowde, 1913. OCLC 14798829 and Marc Landolt Le ... OCLC 12013230 Refraction and accommodation of the eye and their anomalies, Edinburgh, Young J. Pentland, 1886. OCLC 11626601 ...
Disorders of accommodation Internal ophthalmoplegia (H53.0) Amblyopia (lazy eye) - poor or blurry vision due to either no ... lenses Fungal contamination of contact lenses Lists of diseases List of eye surgeries List of systemic diseases with ocular ... the tendency for eyes to look outward H52 Disorders of refraction and accommodation (H52.0) Hypermetropia (Farsightedness) - ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, Syndromes affecting the eye, Rare syndromes). ... The goal of surgery is to restore free ocular rotations. Various surgical techniques have been used: Harold Brown advocated ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, Syndromes affecting the nervous system). ... It has less commonly been associated with spasm of accommodation on attempted upward gaze, pseudoabducens palsy (also known as ... see-saw nystagmus and associated ocular motility deficits including skew deviation, oculomotor nerve palsy, trochlear nerve ...
Fraunfelder, F. T.; Fraunfelder, F. W.; Edwards, R. (2001-09-01). "Ocular side effects possibly associated with isotretinoin ... unless the person is able to obtain a reasonable accommodation like being allowed to wear tinted glasses. Some people with ... "Ocular complications of cancer therapy: a primer for the ophthalmologist treating cancer patients". Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 20 (4 ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ... Vincent, Stephen J; Collins, Michael J; Read, Scott A; Carney, Leo G (2014-07-01). "Myopic anisometropia: ocular ... ocular characteristics and aetiological considerations" (PDF). Clinical & Experimental Optometry (Review). 97 (4): 291-307. doi ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ... Presbyopia due to physiological insufficiency of accommodation (accommodation tends to decrease with age) is the main cause of ... Blurred vision is an ocular symptom where vision becomes less precise and there is added difficulty to resolve fine details. ... Pseudomyopia due to accommodation anomalies like accommodative excess, accommodative spasm etc. cause distance vision blurring ...
All these branches enter the muscles on their ocular surfaces, with the exception of the nerve to the inferior oblique, which ... By moving a finger toward a person's face to induce accommodation, their pupils should constrict. Shining a light into one eye ... This is the basis of the "swinging-flashlight test". Loss of accommodation and continued pupillary dilation can indicate the ... The nerve also contains fibers that innervate the intrinsic eye muscles that enable pupillary constriction and accommodation ( ...
... "accommodation". Accommodation narrows the inner diameter of the ciliary body, which actually relaxes the fibers of the ... Certain ocular diseases can come from sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes and genital warts. If contact between the ... The lens shape is changed for near focus (accommodation) and is controlled by the ciliary muscle. Photons of light falling on ... The distance between the VDU and keyboard should be kept as short as possible to minimize evaporation from the ocular surface ...
Vishranthi Dhama, A Dharmashala on the campus provides highly subsidized accommodation for patients' attendants. BMCRI annually ... ocular oncologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate Hanumappa Sudarshan, Indian social worker and tribal rights activist, Right ...
The Operations and Accommodations building remains today but is abandoned.[citation needed] This area was also the site of the ... R. Harvey Lemelin, "The gawk, the glance, and the gaze: Ocular consumption and polar bear tourism in Churchill, Manitoba, ... It provides accommodations, meals, equipment rentals, and logistical support to scientific researchers who work on a diverse ... "The gawk, the glance, and the gaze: Ocular consumption and polar bear tourism in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada." Current Issues ...
... test video Strabismus Diplopia Suppression Binocular Vision 4 PRT 20 PRT Vergence Accommodation Agarwal, A ... or loss of control of ocular misalignments. Motor anomalies can be managed in various ways, however, in order to commence ... convergence by asking patient to report when blur is appreciated progress of a patient undergoing management for ocular ... Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders [John Wiley & Sons]. Retrieved from http://reader.eblib.com.au.ez.library ...
Gaze-stabilising movement may include the vestibulo-ocular reflex and optokinetic reflex, and gaze-shifting mechanisms as ... top of the eye rotates to the left Accommodation (eye) Convergence micropsia Dissociated vertical deviation Eye tracking Gaze- ... contingency paradigm Listing's law Microsaccade Ocular tremor Orthoptist Oculesics Strabismus Progressive supranuclear palsy ...
Nuclei of the optic tract are involved in smooth pursuit eye movement and the accommodation reflex, as well as REM. The ... "Parasympathetic Ocular Control - Functional Subdivisions and Circuitry of the Avian Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal."Science Direct ... Anterior, posterior and medial pretectal nuclei inhibit pain (indirectly), aid in REM, and aid the accommodation reflex, ... nerve impulses in the ocular system of the central nervous system. In the presence of light, the retinal molecule changes ...
The two primary types of ocular deviations are the tropia and the phoria. A tropia is a misalignment of the two eyes when a ... Use of a detailed target for near fixation in both adults and children will identify the effects of accommodation on the ... A cover test or cover-uncover test is an objective determination of the presence and amount of ocular deviation. It is ... Detailed target - Any small object that has the ability to stimulate Accommodation (eye) and allow the examiner to assess the ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction). ... Brock string Ophthalmology Optometry Orthoptics Vision therapy Positive relative accommodation Negative relative accommodation ... reduced accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio, receded near point of convergence, and low fusional vergence ranges and/ ...
... thus giving birds a greater range of accommodation than is possible for mammals. This accommodation can be rapid in some diving ... Hart, NS; Partridge, J.C.; Bennett, A.T.D.; Cuthill, Innes C. (2000). "Visual pigments, cone oil droplets and ocular media in ... This allows greater optical accommodation for good vision in air and water. Cormorants have a greater range of visual ... accommodation, at 50 dioptres, than any other bird, but the kingfishers are considered to have the best all-round (air and ...
Spastic ataxia-corneal dystrophy syndrome Spider lamb syndrome Splenic flexure syndrome Split hand syndrome Spondylo-ocular ... syndrome Charles Bonnet syndrome Chiari-Frommel syndrome Chiasmal syndrome Chilaiditi syndrome Child sexual abuse accommodation ... Noonan syndrome Norman-Roberts syndrome Northern epilepsy syndrome Nutcracker syndrome Occipital horn syndrome Ocular ischemic ... Potter sequence Prader-Willi syndrome Pre-excitation syndrome Precordial catch syndrome Premenstrual syndrome Presumed ocular ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, All stub articles, Medical sign stubs). ...
... - Handbook of Ocular Disease Management (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata ... and impaired accommodation. Secondary hemorrhage, or rebleeding of the hyphema, is thought to worsen outcomes in terms of ...
It is used topically in the form of eye drops to manage ocular hypertension (high pressure in the eye) and open-angle glaucoma ... Like other beta blockers, and unlike the anti-glaucoma medication pilocarpine, levobunolol has no effect on accommodation and ... "Comparison of the effects of topical levobunolol and timolol solution on the human ocular surface". Cornea. 22 (8): 709-15. doi ...
ISBN 978-0-7506-7524-6. oph/723 at eMedicine-"Presbyopia: Cause and Treatment" Ocular+Accommodation at the US National Library ... Excessive accommodation and spasm of accommodation are types of increased accommodation.[citation needed] Presbyopia, ... It can be broadly classified into two, decreased accommodation and increased accommodation. Decreased accommodation may occur ... Accommodation usually acts like a reflex, including part of the accommodation-vergence reflex, but it can also be consciously ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction, Refraction, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to ... This eye cannot focus parallel rays of light (light from distant objects) on the retina, or needs accommodation to do so.[ ... without using any accommodation. A distant object, in this case, is defined as an object located beyond 6 meters, or 20 feet, ... Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 22 (1): 41-46. doi:10.1089/jop.2006.22.41. ISSN 1080-7683. PMID 16503774. Li, ...
Pupillary accommodation reflex - a reduction of pupil size in response to an object coming close to the eye. Pupillary light ... Vestibulocollic reflex Vestibulo-spinal reflex Vestibulo-ocular reflex - movement of the eyes to the right when the head is ... Abdominal reflex Accommodation reflex - coordinated changes in the vergence, lens shape and pupil size when looking at a ... Brain's reflex Bulbocavernosus reflex Cervico-collic reflex Cervico-ocular reflex - stabilizes the eyes in response to trunk-to ...
Boissarie moved the offices of the Bureau to accommodation beneath the right ramp of the Upper Basilica, where he met with ... Recurrent right hemiplegia, with ocular lesions, due to bilateral carotid artery disorders. Symptoms, which included headache, ...
... accommodation (eye)). There is still much controversy amongst experts as to the mechanism of accommodation of the eye, which is ... The analysis of ocular dominance and patient specific interocular suppression and binocular rivalry also allows for ensuring ...
Start Over You searched for: Subjects Accommodation, Ocular ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Accommodation, Ocular ... Accommodation, Ocular 3. Studien über die Accommodation: Vorläuge Mittheilung Author(s): Völckers, Carl, 1836-1914, author. ... Accommodation, Ocular. Dogs -- physiology. Models, Animal 4. On some forms of inflammatory diseases of the eye: being caused by ... Accommodation, Ocular 2. Ueber die Lage und Krümmung der Oberflächen der menschlichen Kristallinse und den Einfluss ihrer ...
Accommodation, Ocular: do not confuse with ADAPTATION, OCULAR, adjustment of eye to light ...
... disturbance of accommodation, increased ocular pressure, mydriasis; dry mouth. ... disorders of ocular motility, agitation, hyperactive reflexes polyradiculoneuropathy, stupor, drowsiness, muscle rigidity, ...
Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. ... Pneumococcal Endophthalmitis after Ocular Surgery -- Alaska, California Endophthalmitis, a catastrophic condition associated ... Because of the need to further characterize the epidemiology of pneumococcal endophthalmitis following ocular surgery, ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction. H53-H54. Visual disturbances and blindness. H55- ... Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction‎ (10 C, 1 F) ... nowiki,enfermedad ocular; Көз оорулары; gaixotasun oftalmologiko; заболевания глаз; Göz xəstəlikləri; clefyd y llygad; ασθένεια ... doença ocular; 眼部疾病; Aekrankheet; augesjukdom; നേത്രരോഗം; aṭṭan n wallen; 눈병; čâʹlmmkõpp; szembetegség; čalmetavdâ; eye disease ...
Ocular wavefront aberrations in the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus: effects of age and refractive error., Vision research ... Accommodation and Phoria in Children Wearing Multifocal Contact Lenses., Optometry and vision science : official publication of ... Ocular development and visual deprivation myopia in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)., Vision research 33 (10): 1311-24 ... Changing accommodation behaviour during multifocal soft contact lens wear using auditory biofeedback training., Scientific ...
5.3 Datta H, Sarkar K, Chatterjee PR, Datta S, Mukherjee U. An unusual case of late ocular changes after lightning injury. ... 1.4.8 Lea, J.A., Paresis of Accommodation following Injury by Lightning, Brit. J. Opth., 4:417, 1920. ... 1.4.8 Noel, L.P. Clarke, W.N., and Addison, D., Ocular Complications of Lightning, J.Paed.Opth., 17:245, 1980. ... 1.4.8 Lagreze WD; Bomer TG; Aiello LP, Lightning induced ocular injury [see comments], Arch Ophthalmol. 1995 Aug; 113(8): 1076 ...
Accommodation, Lens Ocular Accommodation Ocular Distance Accommodation NLM Classification #. WW 109. Date Established. 1966/01/ ... OCULAR at various distances. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed). Terms. Accommodation, Ocular Preferred Term ... Ocular Distance Accommodation Term UI T620583. Date11/30/2004. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2006). ... Accommodation, Ocular Preferred Concept UI. M0000093. Scope Note. The dioptric adjustment of the EYE (to attain maximal ...
Ocular/Ophthalmic Systemic poisoning typically causes pinpoint pupils and spasm of the muscle of visual accommodation (i.e., ...
His clinical research is focused on presbyopia and the restoration of ocular accommodation to the ageing eye. ... His clinical research is focused on presbyopia and the restoration of ocular accommodation to the ageing eye. ... His clinical research is focused on presbyopia and the restoration of ocular accommodation to the ageing eye. ...
ocular movements EOM external otitis media EOM diag. Looking for the definition of NAD? CK. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more ... Light, Accomodation by health workers by health workers acuity after this test find out what the... From category to category: ... EOM Extra Ocular Movements ETA Estimated Time of Arrival ETOH Ethanol (Alcohol) ºF degrees Fahrenheit GI Gastrointestinal gtts ... The list includes Pupils, Equal, Round, Reactive (to), Light, Accomodation. Drug: Pegcetacoplan Other Name: APL-2 . What does ...
... and ONC hosted workshop will focus on delineating the state of the science and improving interoperability among ocular imaging ... If you need additional accommodations to participate in this workshop, please contact the Office of Data Science and Health ... Ocular Imaging in the Eye Clinic - Michael V. Boland (Massachusetts Eye and Ear & Harvard Medical School) ... Panel Discussion: Approaches to Address the Challenges for Imaging Standardization to Improve the Eco-System of Ocular Imaging ...
... specifically ocular motor skills, such as figure ground (being able to discern what theyre focusing on from what else is in ... view), visual perception, accommodation (adjusting focus as distance changes), and scanning abilities, which relate to the ...
Ocular and perceptual discomfort decreased with age and use of corrective eyewear; however, age and eyewear explained only 5% ... The authors suggest that ergonomic factors because of their effect on visual accomodation play a significant role in the visual ... Screen reflection and worksite illumination were not predictive of ocular and perceived discomfort in the ergonomic analysis. ... Variables related to reading distance and gaze angle explained 49 and 38% of the variance in ocular and perceptual discomfort, ...
Ocular Surface Innervation from Cell Types to Circuit Functions (U01 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) RFA-EY-21-004. NEI ... including reasonable accommodations and making services accessible to them, see http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/civilrights/ ... Dissecting ocular sensation and tearing circuits is integral to understanding the processes that contribute to and result from ... Unpleasant ocular sensations substantially decrease a patients quality of life by interfering with activities of daily living ...
AGN-190584 also contracts the ciliary muscle, facilitating accommodation.. About Allergan Eye Care. As a leader in eye care, ... ocular surface disease, and retinal diseases such as diabetic macular edema and retinal vein occlusion. ...
Accommodation, Ocular G14.640.79 G14.10 Acenocoumarol D3.438.150.446.520.79 D3.633.100.150.446.520.79 Acepromazine D3.494. ... Vestibulo-Ocular G11.561.600.765.795 G11.561.731.795 Refraction, Ocular G1.590.770.760 G1.590.775 G1.595.640.760 Refractory ... Ocular Absorption G3.495.23.500.656 G3.15.500.656 G14.640.538 G14.590 Ocular Physiological Processes G14.640 Oculocerebrorenal ... Ocular G14.640.260.253 G14.350.253 Flatfoot C5.330.448 C5.330.488.655.250 C5.330.495.681.250 C5.660.585.512.380.813.250 C16.131 ...
Accommodation, Ocular Entry term(s). Accommodation, Ocular Distance Distance Accommodation, Ocular Ocular Accommodation Ocular ... Accommodation, Lens. Accommodation, Ocular Distance. Distance Accommodation, Ocular. Lens Accommodation. Ocular Accommodation. ... Accommodation, Ocular - Preferred Concept UI. M0000093. Scope note. The dioptric adjustment of the EYE (to attain maximal ... Ocular accommodation is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the CRYSTALLINE LENS. Loosely, it refers ...
... accommodation, VOR deficits, ocular misalignment, and static and dynamic acuity issues. Since problem-solving the source of the ... accommodation deficits and convergence deficits, as well as static and dynamic balance motion sensitivity. ...
For accommodation to be restored in the presbyopic eye, it is necessary that the ciliary muscle is still able to contract with ... The postulated mechanism of action of laser assisted presbyopia reversal is to decrease ocular rigidity. The procedure is ... Pathophysiology of accommodation and presbyopia: understanding the clinical implications. J Fla Med Assoc 1994;81:268-71. ... The mechanism of accommodation in primates. Ophthalmology 1999;106:863-72. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00502-3. ...
Accommodation, Lens Ocular Accommodation Ocular Distance Accommodation NLM Classification #. WW 109. Date Established. 1966/01/ ... OCULAR at various distances. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed). Terms. Accommodation, Ocular Preferred Term ... Ocular Distance Accommodation Term UI T620583. Date11/30/2004. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2006). ... Accommodation, Ocular Preferred Concept UI. M0000093. Scope Note. The dioptric adjustment of the EYE (to attain maximal ...
... for example the curvature of the arc formed on the inside of the ocular sphere by looking at a straight line changes as the eye ... state of accomodation, and by spherical and chromatic aberrations in the eyes optics. While the sensorimotor contingencies we ... spot is a region in the visual field of each eye corresponding to the place where the optic nerve passes out of the ocular ...
Ocular symptoms are often a sign of anxiety, not the primary problem. By recognizing this, patients can be helped to address ... Their accommodation and convergence were assessed objectively with a laboratory photorefractive method, as well as by ... Acomodação Ocular , Retinoscopia , Humanos , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Masculino , Ortóptica ... INTRODUCTION: Accommodation anomalies are frequently caused or exacerbated by psychological problems such as anxiety. Patients ...
Eye Banks Eye Structures and their Diseases Ocular Refraction. Refractive Errors Optometry Eye Movements. Oculomotor Muscles. ... Ocular accommodation. Ocular adaptation [WW 113] [This number not used] Classify prevention of vision disorders in WW 140.5; ...
  • The tests measure accommodation (focusing), binocularity (eye teaming), and ocular motility (eye tracking movements). (northamptonvision.net)
  • Assessment of accommodation, ocular motility and binocular vision determines how well the eyes focus, move and work together. (eyesiteofdelphos.com)
  • Changing accommodation behaviour during multifocal soft contact lens wear using auditory biofeedback training. (sunyopt.edu)
  • Ocular accommodation is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the CRYSTALLINE LENS . (nih.gov)
  • Today I'm going to talk about the molecular mechanisms underlying development of the ocular lens, the physiological processes in place to establish lenticular transparency, and the genes and proteins important in each of these processes. (hstalks.com)
  • In this, the ocular lens is crucial. (hstalks.com)
  • Via this changing of shape, the lens is able to alter this optical power to maintain clear focus on objects of varying distance in a process known as accommodation. (hstalks.com)
  • His clinical research is focused on presbyopia and the restoration of ocular accommodation to the ageing eye. (college-optometrists.org)
  • Presbyopia is an age-related eye condition where one of the signs is the reduction in the amplitude of accommodation, resulting in the loss of ability to change the eye's focus from far to near. (bmj.com)
  • Presbyopia is an age-related reduction in the amplitude of accommodation and leads to the loss of ability in changing the eyes' focus between far and near. (bmj.com)
  • Eye doctors use regular eye exams to diagnose and determine treatment for conditions such as ocular disease, presbyopia, astigmatism, farsightedness, and myopia. (clarendonvision.com)
  • AGN-190584 also contracts the ciliary muscle, facilitating accommodation. (biospace.com)
  • Allergan has launched over 125 eye care products and invested billions of dollars in treatments for the most prevalent eye conditions, including glaucoma, ocular surface disease, and retinal diseases such as diabetic macular edema and retinal vein occlusion. (biospace.com)
  • Injury to the eye, or ocular trauma, can also lead to retinal detachment. (medicaleyecenter.com)
  • He has extensive experience in the treatment of ocular conditions including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vascular disorders, macular hole, epiretinal membrane, retinal tear, and detachment. (medicaleyecenter.com)
  • These ocular effects are secondary to the localized absorption of GB vapor across the outermost layers of the eye, causing lacrimal gland stimulation (tearing), pupillary sphincter contraction (miosis), and ciliary body spasm (ocular pain). (medscape.com)
  • There are significant knowledge gaps in understanding the role the nervous system in maintaining the health of the anterior segment and how disruption of normal nervous system functioning contributes to disorders and disease such as ocular surface pain, itch, inflammation, dry eye and other neurological symptoms such as migraine and photophobia. (nih.gov)
  • RESTASIS ® and RESTASIS MultiDose ® ophthalmic emulsion are indicated to increase tear production in patients whose tear production is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. (allerganeyecare.com)
  • Prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension is contraindicated in most viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva, including epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), vaccinia, and varicella, and also in mycobacterial infection of the eye and fungal diseases of ocular structures. (medlibrary.org)
  • Prolonged use may also suppress the host immune response and thus increase the hazard of secondary ocular infections. (medlibrary.org)
  • Use of ocular steroids may prolong the course and may exacerbate the severity of many viral infections of the eye (including herpes simplex). (medlibrary.org)
  • Ocular or Periocular Infections: OZURDEX ® (dexamethasone intravitreal implant) is contraindicated in patients with active or suspected ocular or periocular infections including most viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva, including active epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), vaccinia, varicella, mycobacterial infections, and fungal diseases. (allerganeyecare.com)
  • Disruptions in the health of the anterior segment manifest in a variety of ways including dry eye disease, ocular pain, Sjogren's syndrome, migraine, and uveitis. (nih.gov)
  • Dissecting ocular sensation and tearing circuits is integral to understanding the processes that contribute to and result from certain types of disease, infection, and trauma. (nih.gov)
  • Exposure to low concentrations of nerve agent vapor produces immediate ocular symptoms, rhinorrhea, and in some patients, dyspnea. (medscape.com)
  • In conclusion, techniques to develop a progressive treatment approach are presented to improve symptoms related to BPPV, oculomotor issues such as gaze stabilization, accommodation deficits and convergence deficits, as well as static and dynamic balance motion sensitivity. (vestibular.org)
  • Various ocular diseases and long-term use of topical corticosteroids have been known to cause corneal and scleral thinning. (medlibrary.org)
  • Data were collected by using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and an ocular examination. (bvsalud.org)
  • There is no generally accepted explanation for the mechanism of action of ocular corticosteroids. (medlibrary.org)
  • Loosely, it refers to ocular adjustments for VISION, OCULAR at various distances. (nih.gov)
  • The premise of this FOA is that such basic biology will facilitate a deeper understanding of related pathobiology including neuropathic ocular pain and dry eye disease that will lay a foundation for future translational and clinical research on the anterior segment of the eye. (nih.gov)
  • Searching for specific letters and sight words (and even certain toys) hidden among the filler targets reading skills, specifically ocular motor skills, such as figure ground (being able to discern what they're focusing on from what else is in view), visual perception, accommodation (adjusting focus as distance changes), and scanning abilities, which relate to the reading skill of decoding and overall stamina. (edutopia.org)
  • The authors suggest that ergonom ic factors because of their effect on visual accomodation play a significant role in the visual strain experienced by VDT operators. (cdc.gov)
  • If you need additional accommodations to participate in this workshop, please contact the Office of Data Science and Health Informatics staff at [email protected] at least 48 hours prior to the event. (nih.gov)
  • The data were analyzed by stepwise regression techniques using the questionnaire data and ergonom ic factors as independent variables and ocular and perceptual discomfort as dependent variables. (cdc.gov)
  • This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) aims to identify and support collaborative projects that will comprehensively delineate ocular surface innervation - from corneal sensation to pain circuits and tearing reflexes. (nih.gov)
  • This virtual NEI, FDA, and ONC hosted workshop will focus on delineating the state of the science and improving interoperability among ocular imaging modalities and devices to improve biomedical research and patient care. (nih.gov)
  • Scientific advances in areas such as ocular imaging present exciting research opportunities. (nih.gov)
  • Elizabeth begins with an oculomotor screening then progresses to common tests utilized within the oculomotor exam in order to rule out convergence, accommodation, VOR deficits, ocular misalignment, and static and dynamic acuity issues. (vestibular.org)
  • DURYSTA ® is indicated for the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). (allerganeyecare.com)
  • LUMIGAN ® 0.01% (bimatoprost ophthalmic solution) is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. (allerganeyecare.com)
  • Audits will place any country where corrections or accommodations may necessitate to be made. (bluecrewsportsgrill.com)
  • Variables related to reading distance and gaze angle explained 49 and 38% of the variance in ocular and perceptual discomfort, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. (cdc.gov)

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