Accommodation, Ocular: The dioptric adjustment of the EYE (to attain maximal sharpness of retinal imagery for an object of regard) referring to the ability, to the mechanism, or to the process. Ocular accommodation is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the CRYSTALLINE LENS. Loosely, it refers to ocular adjustments for VISION, OCULAR at various distances. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Presbyopia: The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.Refraction, Ocular: Refraction of LIGHT effected by the media of the EYE.Convergence, Ocular: The turning inward of the lines of sight toward each other.Optometry: The professional practice of primary eye and vision care that includes the measurement of visual refractive power and the correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses.Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes.Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.Lens, Crystalline: A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.Myopia: A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the RETINA. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.Eye: The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.Ocular Hypertension: A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.Vision, Monocular: Images seen by one eye.Iridectomy: Surgical removal of a section of the iris.Emmetropia: The condition of where images are correctly brought to a focus on the retina.Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum.Retinoscopy: An objective determination of the refractive state of the eye (NEARSIGHTEDNESS; FARSIGHTEDNESS; ASTIGMATISM). By using a RETINOSCOPE, the amount of correction and the power of lens needed can be determined.Mydriatics: Agents that dilate the pupil. They may be either sympathomimetics or parasympatholytics.Hyperopia: A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)Toxoplasmosis, Ocular: Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.Vision, Binocular: The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.Ocular Motility Disorders: Disorders that feature impairment of eye movements as a primary manifestation of disease. These conditions may be divided into infranuclear, nuclear, and supranuclear disorders. Diseases of the eye muscles or oculomotor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) are considered infranuclear. Nuclear disorders are caused by disease of the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nuclei in the BRAIN STEM. Supranuclear disorders are produced by dysfunction of higher order sensory and motor systems that control eye movements, including neural networks in the CEREBRAL CORTEX; BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM; and BRAIN STEM. Ocular torticollis refers to a head tilt that is caused by an ocular misalignment. Opsoclonus refers to rapid, conjugate oscillations of the eyes in multiple directions, which may occur as a parainfectious or paraneoplastic condition (e.g., OPSOCLONUS-MYOCLONUS SYNDROME). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p240)Eyeglasses: A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.Anterior Eye Segment: The front third of the eyeball that includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the front of the VITREOUS BODY.Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.Ocular Physiological Phenomena: Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.Albinism, Ocular: Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological: Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity.Visual Acuity: Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.Aniseikonia: A condition in which the ocular image of an object as seen by one eye differs in size and shape from that seen by the other.Miotics: Agents causing contraction of the pupil of the eye. Some sources use the term miotics only for the parasympathomimetics but any drug used to induce miosis is included here.Ophthalmic Solutions: Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.Cornea: The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Asthenopia: Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.Gastric Balloon: An inflatable device implanted in the stomach as an adjunct to therapy of morbid obesity. Specific types include the silicone Garren-Edwards Gastric Bubble (GEGB), approved by the FDA in 1985, and the Ballobes Balloon.Aberrometry: The use of an aberrometer to measure eye tissue imperfections or abnormalities based on the way light passes through the eye which affects the ability of the eye to focus properly.Anisometropia: A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.Adaptation, Ocular: The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Dominance, Ocular: The functional superiority and preferential use of one eye over the other. The term is usually applied to superiority in sighting (VISUAL PERCEPTION) or motor task but not difference in VISUAL ACUITY or dysfunction of one of the eyes. Ocular dominance can be modified by visual input and NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS.Anterior Chamber: The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)Fixation, Ocular: The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.Tonometry, Ocular: Measurement of ocular tension (INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE) with a tonometer. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Eye Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the EYE.Vision Tests: A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.Corneal Wavefront Aberration: Asymmetries in the topography and refractive index of the corneal surface that affect visual acuity.Strabismus: Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)Pseudophakia: Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.Microscopy, Acoustic: A scientific tool based on ULTRASONOGRAPHY and used not only for the observation of microstructure in metalwork but also in living tissue. In biomedical application, the acoustic propagation speed in normal and abnormal tissues can be quantified to distinguish their tissue elasticity and other properties.Infrared Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. Infrared wavelengths are longer than those of visible light, extending into the microwave frequencies. They are used therapeutically as heat, and also to warm food in restaurants.Gastric Dilatation: Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.Aqueous Humor: The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)Vision, Ocular: The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.Oculomotor Muscles: The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.Astigmatism: Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)Eye Injuries: Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.Biometry: The use of statistical and mathematical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena.Depth Perception: Perception of three-dimensionality.Intraocular Pressure: The pressure of the fluids in the eye.Tuberculosis, Ocular: Tuberculous infection of the eye, primarily the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Lenses, Intraocular: Artificial implanted lenses.Tears: The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA.Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.Refractometry: Measurement of the index of refraction (the ratio of the velocity of light or other radiation in the first of two media to its velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other).Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating.Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic: Soft, supple contact lenses made of plastic polymers which interact readily with water molecules. Many types are available, including continuous and extended-wear versions, which are gas-permeable and easily sterilized.Lens Capsule, Crystalline: The thin noncellular outer covering of the CRYSTALLINE LENS composed mainly of COLLAGEN TYPE IV and GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS. It is secreted by the embryonic anterior and posterior epithelium. The embryonic posterior epithelium later disappears.Vision Disorders: Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).Personal Health Services: Health care provided to individuals.Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.Gastroparesis: Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.Anatomy, Cross-Sectional: Descriptive anatomy based on three-dimensional imaging (IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL) of the body, organs, and structures using a series of computer multiplane sections, displayed by transverse, coronal, and sagittal analyses. It is essential to accurate interpretation by the radiologist of such techniques as ultrasonic diagnosis, MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, and computed tomography (TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED). (From Lane & Sharfaei, Modern Sectional Anatomy, 1992, Preface)Employment, Supported: Paid work for mentally or physically disabled persons, taking place in regular or normal work settings. It may be competitive employment (work that pays minimum wage) or employment with subminimal wages in individualized or group placement situations. It is intended for persons with severe disabilities who require a range of support services to maintain employment. Supported employment differs from SHELTERED WORKSHOPS in that work in the latter takes place in a controlled working environment. Federal regulations are authorized and administered by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services.Host vs Graft Reaction: The immune responses of a host to a graft. A specific response is GRAFT REJECTION.Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to PROPRANOLOL. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS and tremor.Administration, Topical: The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.Eye Infections, Parasitic: Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.Education of Hearing Disabled: The teaching or training of those individuals with hearing disability or impairment.Diplopia: A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.Macaca mulatta: A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.Conjunctival DiseasesEye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.ReadingUveitis: Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)Sensory Deprivation: The absence or restriction of the usual external sensory stimuli to which the individual responds.Dry Eye Syndromes: Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.ConjunctivitisOcular Hypotension: Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).Corneal Topography: The measurement of curvature and shape of the anterior surface of the cornea using techniques such as keratometry, keratoscopy, photokeratoscopy, profile photography, computer-assisted image processing and videokeratography. This measurement is often applied in the fitting of contact lenses and in diagnosing corneal diseases or corneal changes including keratoconus, which occur after keratotomy and keratoplasty.Lens Implantation, Intraocular: Insertion of an artificial lens to replace the natural CRYSTALLINE LENS after CATARACT EXTRACTION or to supplement the natural lens which is left in place.Photography: Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.Photic Stimulation: Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.Vision Disparity: The difference between two images on the retina when looking at a visual stimulus. This occurs since the two retinas do not have the same view of the stimulus because of the location of our eyes. Thus the left eye does not get exactly the same view as the right eye.Nystagmus, Pathologic: Involuntary movements of the eye that are divided into two types, jerk and pendular. Jerk nystagmus has a slow phase in one direction followed by a corrective fast phase in the opposite direction, and is usually caused by central or peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Pendular nystagmus features oscillations that are of equal velocity in both directions and this condition is often associated with visual loss early in life. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p272)Adaptation, Physiological: The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.Distance Perception: The act of knowing or the recognition of a distance by recollective thought, or by means of a sensory process which is under the influence of set and of prior experience.Corneal Diseases: Diseases of the cornea.Postprandial Period: The time frame after a meal or FOOD INTAKE.Oncology Service, Hospital: The hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and therapeutic services for the cancer patient.American Dental Association: Professional society representing the field of dentistry.Eye Abnormalities: Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.Ceremonial Behavior: A series of actions, sometimes symbolic actions which may be associated with a behavior pattern, and are often indispensable to its performance.Dark Adaptation: Adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. The sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation.Axial Length, Eye: The distance between the anterior and posterior poles of the eye, measured either by ULTRASONOGRAPHY or by partial coherence interferometry.Tomography, Optical Coherence: An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.Macaca fascicularis: A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.Anxiety, Separation: Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.Ophthalmoscopy: Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.Glaucoma: An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Glaucoma, Open-Angle: Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.Gastric Fundus: The superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch.Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.Papio hamadryas: A species of baboon in the family CERCOPITHECIDAE, which has a well-studied trilevel social structure consisting of troops, bands, and clans.Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile.Video Recording: The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages.Fundus Oculi: The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Sclera: The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Self-Help Devices: Devices, not affixed to the body, designed to help persons having musculoskeletal or neuromuscular disabilities to perform activities involving movement.Administration, Ophthalmic: Application of pharmaceutically active agents on the tissues of the EYE.Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.Eye Infections, Bacterial: Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.Tonic Pupil: A pupillary abnormality characterized by a poor pupillary light reaction, reduced accommodation, iris sector palsies, an enhanced pupillary response to near effort that results in a prolonged, "tonic" constriction, and slow pupillary redilation. This condition is associated with injury to the postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp492-500)Gastrointestinal Motility: The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.Interferometry: Measurement of distances or movements by means of the phenomena caused by the interference of two rays of light (optical interferometry) or of sound (acoustic interferometry).Vagotomy, Truncal: Bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. It is used frequently in the surgical management of duodenal and gastric ulcers, as well as in physiologic studies of gastrointestinal secretion and motility.Pressure: A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Onchocerciasis, Ocular: Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane: A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.Ophthalmoscopes: Devices for examining the interior of the eye, permitting the clear visualization of the structures of the eye at any depth. (UMDNS, 1999)Anisocoria: Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.Phacoemulsification: A procedure for removal of the crystalline lens in cataract surgery in which an anterior capsulectomy is performed by means of a needle inserted through a small incision at the temporal limbus, allowing the lens contents to fall through the dilated pupil into the anterior chamber where they are broken up by the use of ultrasound and aspirated out of the eye through the incision. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed & In Focus 1993;1(1):1)Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.Lens Nucleus, Crystalline: The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex.Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction.Epithelium, Corneal: Stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the CORNEA. It is smooth and contains many free nerve endings.Eyelids: Each of the upper and lower folds of SKIN which cover the EYE when closed.Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.Jurisprudence: The science or philosophy of law. Also, the application of the principles of law and justice to health and medicine.
Latrunculin-A causes mydriasis and cycloplegia in the cynomolgus monkey. (1/610)
PURPOSE: To determine the effect of latrunculin (LAT)-A, which binds to G-actin and disassembles actin filaments, on the pupil, accommodation, and isolated ciliary muscle (CM) contraction in monkeys. METHODS: Pupil diameter (vernier calipers) and refraction (coincidence refractometry) were measured every 15 minutes from 0.75 to 3.5 hours after topical LAT-A 42 microg (approximately 10 microM in the anterior chamber [AC]). Refraction was measured every 5 minutes from 0.5 to 1.5 hours after intracameral injection of 10 microl of 50 microM LAT-A (approximately 5 microM in AC), with intramuscular infusion of 1.5 mg/kg pilocarpine HCl (PILO) during the first 15 minutes of measurements. Pupil diameter was measured at 1 and 2 hours, and refraction was measured every 5 minutes from 1 to 2 hours, after intravitreal injection of 20 microl of 1.25 mM LAT-A (approximately 10 microM in vitreous), with intramuscular infusion of 1.5 mg/kg PILO during the first 15 minutes of measurements (all after topical 2.5% phenylephrine), and contractile response of isolated CM strips, obtained <1 hour postmortem and mounted in a perfusion apparatus, to 10 microM PILO +/- LAT-A was measured at various concentrations. RESULTS: Topical LAT-A of 42 microg dilated the pupil without affecting refraction. Intracameral LAT-A of 5 microM inhibited miotic and accommodative responses to intramuscular PILO. Intravitreal LAT-A of 10 microM had no effect on accommodative or miotic responses to intramuscular PILO. LAT-A dose-dependently relaxed the PILO-contracted CM by up to 50% at 3 microM in both the longitudinal and circular vectors. CONCLUSIONS: In monkeys, LAT-A causes mydriasis and cycloplegia, perhaps related to its known ability to disrupt the actin microfilament network and consequently to affect cell contractility and adhesion. Effects of LAT-A on the iris and CM may have significant physiological and clinical implications. (+info)Tonic accommodation, age, and refractive error in children. (2/610)
PURPOSE: An association between tonic accommodation, the resting accommodative position of the eye in the absence of a visually compelling stimulus, and refractive error has been reported in adults and children. In general, myopes have the lowest (or least myopic) levels of tonic accommodation. The purpose in assessing tonic accommodation was to evaluate it as a predictor of onset of myopia. METHODS: Tonic accommodation was measured in children enrolled in the Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia using an infrared autorefractor (model R-1; Canon, Lake Success, NY) while children viewed an empty lit field or a dark field with a fixation spot projected in Maxwellian view. Children aged 6 to 15 years were measured from 1991 through 1994 (n = 714, 766, 771, and 790 during the 4 years, successively). Autorefraction provided refractive error and tonic accommodation data, and videophakometry measured crystalline lens curvatures. RESULTS: Comparison of the two methods for measuring tonic accommodation shows a significant effect of age across all years of testing, with the lit empty-field test condition yielding higher levels of tonic accommodation compared with the dark-field test condition in children aged 6 through 11 years. For data collected in 1994, mean (+/-SD) tonic accommodation values for the lit empty-field condition were significantly lower in myopes, intermediate in emmetropes, and highest in hyperopes (1.02 +/- 1.18 D, 1.92 +/- 1.59 D, and 2.25 +/- 1.78 D, respectively; Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.001; between-group testing shows each group is different from the other two). Age, refractive error, and Gullstrand lens power were significant terms in a multiple regression model of tonic accommodation (R2 = 0.18 for 1994 data). Lower levels of tonic accommodation for children entering the study in the first or third grades were not associated with an increased risk of the onset of myopia, whether measured in the lit empty-field test condition (relative risk = 0.90; 95% confidence interval = 0.75, 1.08), or the dark-field test condition (relative risk = 0.83; 95% confidence interval = 0.60, 1.14). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to document an association between age and tonic accommodation. The known association between tonic accommodation and refractive error was confirmed and it was shown that an ocular component, Gullstrand lens power, also contributed to the tonic accommodation level. There does not seem to be an increased risk of onset of juvenile myopia associated with tonic accommodation. (+info)Human dynamic closed-loop accommodation augmented by sympathetic inhibition. (3/610)
PURPOSE: A ciliary alpha-adrenoceptor accommodative effect has been proposed, caused by a small population of alpha1-inhibitory receptors in excised human ciliary muscle. This study was intended to investigate the effect on the closed-loop dynamic accommodative process of modulating alpha1-adrenoceptor activity by topical instillation of the alpha1-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine hydrochloride. METHODS: A group of 10 visually normal subjects viewed a photopic (30 candela/m2) high-contrast Maltese cross, which was modulated sinusoidally (0.05-0.6Hz) and stepwise over a 2-D range (2-4 D). Monocular temporal accommodation responses were measured using a continuously recording dynamic tracking infrared optometer under two trial conditions: after instillation of saline control solution and 50 minutes subsequent to the instillation of 0.27 microl 0.4% benoxinate hydrochloride and 0.27 microl 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride. Pupil size and accommodative amplitude were measured at 90-second intervals for 50 minutes after drug instillation. All accommodative measurements were recorded through a fixed 4-mm pupil. RESULTS: A significant reduction in accommodative amplitude (11%; P < 0.05) was recorded, whereas pupil size showed a significant increase (33%; P < 0.05). No significant change in step-response dynamics was observed. However, phenylephrine hydrochloride caused a significant increase in accommodative gain in the low and midtemporal frequency ranges compared with the effect of a saline control treatment. No significant variation in phase lag was observed. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time in humans, this study shows that augmentation of the alpha1-inhibitory sympathetic contribution results in increased accommodative gain at low and midtemporal frequencies, which is consistent with findings in animal studies. (+info)Age-related changes in human ciliary muscle and lens: a magnetic resonance imaging study. (4/610)
PURPOSE: To use high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of the eye to directly measure the relationship between ciliary muscle contraction and lens response with advancing age. METHODS: A General Electric, 1.5-Tesla MR imager and a custom-designed eye imaging coil were used to collect high-resolution MR images from 25 subjects, 22 through 83 years of age. A nonmagnetic binocular stimulus apparatus was used to induce both relaxed accommodation (0.1 diopter [D]) and strong accommodative effort (8.0 D). Measurements of the ciliary muscle ring diameter (based on the inner apex), lens equatorial diameter, and lens thickness were derived from the MR images. RESULTS: Muscle contraction is present in all subjects and reduces only slightly with advancing age. A decrease in the diameter of the unaccommodated ciliary muscle ring was highly correlated with advancing age. Lens equatorial diameter does not correlate with age for either accommodative state. Although unaccommodated lens thickness (i.e., lens minor axis length) increases with age, the thickness of the lens under accommodative effort is only modestly age-dependent. CONCLUSIONS: Ciliary muscle contractile activity remains active in all subjects. A decrease in the unaccommodated ciliary muscle diameter, along with the previously noted increase in lens thickness (the "lens paradox"), demonstrates the greatest correlation with advancing age. These results support the theory that presbyopia is actually the loss in ability to disaccommodate due to increases in lens thickness, the inward movement of the ciliary ring, or both. (+info)Characteristics of accommodation toward apparent depth. (5/610)
This paper deals with characteristics of accommodation evoked by perceived depth sensation and the dynamic relationship between accommodation and vergence, applying newly developed optical measurement apparatuses. A total of five subjects looked at three different two-dimensional stimuli and two different three-dimensional stimuli; namely a real image and a stereoscopic image. With regard to the two-dimensional stimuli, a manifest accommodation without any accompanying vergence was found because of an apparent depth sensation even though the target distance was kept constant. With regard to the three-dimensional stimuli, larger accommodation and clear vergence were evoked because of binocular parallax and a stronger depth sensation. As for the stereoscopic image, a manifest overshoot (the accommodation peaked first and receded considerably) was found while the vergence remained constant. On the other hand, the overshoot of accommodation was smaller when subjects were watching the real image. These results reveal that brain depth perception has a higher effect on accommodation than expected. The relationship of accommodation and vergence toward the stereoscopic image suggests a reason why severe visual fatigue is commonly experienced by many viewers using stereoscopic displays. It has also paved the way for the numerical analysis of the oculomotor triad system. (+info)Optics of the developing fish eye: comparisons of Matthiessen's ratio and the focal length of the lens in the black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri (Sparidae, Teleostei). (6/610)
Matthiessen's ratio (distance from centre of lens to retina:lens radius) was measured in developing black bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Sparidae, Teleostei). The value decreased over the first 10 days post-hatch from 3.6 to 2.3 along the nasal and from four to 2.6 along temporal axis. Coincidentally, there was a decrease in the focal ratio of the lens (focal length:lens radius). Morphologically, the accommodatory retractor lentis muscle appeared to become functional between 10-12 days post-hatch. The results suggest that a higher focal ratio compensates for the relatively high Matthiessen's ratio brought about by constraints of small eye size during early development. Combined with differences in axial length, this provides a means for larval fish to focus images from different distances prior to the ability to accommodate. (+info)The growing eye: an autofocus system that works on very poor images. (7/610)
It is unknown which retinal image features are analyzed to control axial eye growth and refractive development. On the other hand, identification of these features is fundamental for the understanding of visually acquired refractive errors. Cyclopleged chicks were individually kept in the center of a drum with only one viewing distance possible. Defocusing spectacle lenses were used to stimulate the retina with defined defocus of similar magnitude but different sign. If spatial frequency content and contrast were the only cues analyzed by the retina, all chicks should have become myopic. However, compensatory eye growth was still always in the right direction. The most likely cues for emmetropization, spatial frequency content and image contrast, do therefore not correlate with the elongation of the eye. Rather, the sign of defocus was extracted even from very poor images. (+info)Mechanics of accommodation of the human eye. (8/610)
The classical Helmholtz theory of accommodation has, over the years, not gone unchallenged and most recently has been opposed by Schachar at al. (1993) (Annals of Ophthalmology, 25 (1) 5-9) who suggest that increasing the zonular tension increases rather than decreases the power of the lens. This view is supported by a numerical analysis of the lens based on a linearised form of the governing equations. We propose in this paper an alternative numerical model in which the geometric non-linear behaviour of the lens is explicitly included. Our results differ from those of Schachar et al. (1993) and are consistent with the classical Helmholtz mechanism. (+info)Crane, H.D.; Cornsweet, T.N. (1970). "Ocular focus stimulator". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 60: 577. doi:10.1364 ... Cornsweet, T.N.; Crane, H.D. (1973). "Training the visual accommodation system". Vision Research. 13: 713-715. doi:10.1016/0042 ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction. Hidden categories: *All articles with dead ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction. Hidden categories: *Articles needing additional ... Cycloplegia is paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, resulting in a loss of accommodation.[1] Because of the paralysis of ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction. Hidden categories: *Articles needing additional ...
"Spectral bandwidth and ocular accommodation". Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 12 (3): 450-5. Bibcode:1995JOSAA..12 ... Thibos, L. N.; Bradley, A; Still, D. L.; Zhang, X; Howarth, P. A. (1990). "Theory and measurement of ocular chromatic ... Kruger, P. B.; Mathews, S; Aggarwala, K. R.; Sanchez, N (1993). "Chromatic aberration and ocular focus: Fincham revisited". ...
Eyeglasses RE986-988 Artificial eyes and other prostheses RE991-992 Ocular therapeutics RF110-320 Otology. Diseases of the ear ... RE925-939 Refraction and errors of refraction and accommodation RE939.2-981 Optometry. Opticians. ...
... or through appropriate ocular exercises. Chan R, Trobe J (2002). "Spasm of accommodation associated with closed head trauma". J ... Organic causes may include systemic or ocular medications, brain stem injury, or active ocular inflammation such as uveitis. ... through eye strain or fatigue of ocular systems. It is common in young adults who have active accommodation, and classically ... "Comparative analysis of the efficacy of some methods of conservative treatment of accommodation spasms and myopia in children ...
Accommodation is the process by which the vertebrate eye adjusts focus on an object as it moves closer or further away. Whereas ... In a similar manner, fish have a vestibulo-ocular reflex which stabilizes visual images on the retina when it moves its tail. ... This is achieved by the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is a reflex eye movement that stabilises images on the retina by ... Humans have a vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is a reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movement ...
... refraction Accommodative system Amplitude of accommodation Negative relative accommodation Positive relative accommodation ... Ocular motility should always be tested, especially when patients complain of double vision or physicians suspect neurologic ... Close inspection of the anterior eye structures and ocular adnexa are often done with a slit lamp which is a table mounted ... If there is a small, irregular pupil that constricts poorly to light, but normally to accommodation, this is an Argyll ...
He is probably best known for his theory regarding the mechanism of accommodation, of which he disagreed with the accommodation ... He conducted research of entoptic phenomenon, Purkinje images, the etiology of myopia, and Listing's law of ocular movement. He ... Accommodation, Paris 1909 Octave Doin, ("Hermann von Helmholtz and the Theory of Accommodation") which was critical to ... Furthermore, he stated that during accommodation, while the central part of the anterior surface of the lens is bulged, the ...
... reflex Pupillary light reflex Vestibulo-ocular reflex Corneal reflex Oculocardiac reflex Ciliospinal reflex Accommodation ...
When the details of the examination and history indicate a familial history of similar ocular or systemic disease, whether or ... Often treatment is relegated to lifestyle alterations and accommodations and supportive measures.[citation needed] Those ... diseases understood as congenital in origin could either be specific to the ocular organ system (LHON, DOA) or syndromic (MELAS ...
However, where the degree of error is small enough to allow the child to generate clear vision by over-accommodation, but large ... These problems may directly affect the extra-ocular muscles themselves, and may also result from conditions affecting the nerve ... The over-convergence associated with the extra accommodation required to overcome a hyperopic refractive error can precipitate ... However, others will eventually require extra-ocular muscle surgery to resolve their problems. Congenital esotropia, or ...
... accommodation, binocular vision, ocular motility). This is in addition to the more widely known acuity testing (the "20/20 ...
". "Accommodation Ideas for Employees with Epilepsy". "Accommodation and Compliance Series: Employees with Lupus". Shadick NA, ... Non-visual effects of ocular light on human beings - Quantities, symbols and action spectra, DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung ...
doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.09.012 Campos, E.C., & von Noorden, G.K. (2006). Binocular vision and ocular motility (6th ed.) (p.177) ... it is easy to ensure they are maintaining their accommodation. 2. The examiner then holds the prism bar over the patients ... The "prism cover test" (PCT), is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular ... Ansons, A. M., & Davis, H. (2014). Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders (4th ed.). pp. 97. London: Blackwell. ...
It has less commonly been associated with spasm of accommodation on attempted upward gaze, pseudoabducens palsy (also known as ... see-saw nystagmus and associated ocular motility deficits including skew deviation, oculomotor nerve palsy, trochlear nerve ...
... accommodation, ocular MeSH G11.697.716.154 --- adaptation, ocular MeSH G11.697.716.154.371 --- dark adaptation MeSH G11.697. ... ocular MeSH G11.697.677.330 --- evoked potentials, visual MeSH G11.697.677.340 --- eye color MeSH G11.697.677.360 --- figural ... ocular MeSH G11.697.677.911 --- vision MeSH G11.697.677.911.500 --- phosphenes MeSH G11.697.677.911.700 --- vision, binocular ... vestibulo-ocular MeSH G11.561.730.869 --- startle reaction MeSH G11.561.796.255 --- gravity perception MeSH G11.561.796.263 ...
... and ocular function and accommodation (eye). The first version of the LEA test was developed in 1976 by Finnish pediatric ...
Book on eye diseases, therapeutics and ocular surgery. Ein neues Ophthalmotrop, 1857 - A new ophthalmotrope. Das Stereoscop : ... Pagel: Biographical Dictionary excellent doctors of the nineteenth century (biography) [1] On the anomalies of accommodation ...
Accommodation and Convergence of the Eyes (1882) Tests and Studies of the Ocular Muscles (1898) Golden Rules of Refraction ( ...
... given that ocular optics are not achromatic and red objects require more accommodation to be focused on the retina. This notion ... This induced ocular disparity makes blue rays appear to come from a more distant source than red rays. Chromostereopsis may ... Modern accounts of chromatic aberrations divide ocular chromatic aberrations into two main categories; longitudinal chromatic ... blue rays are refracted more than red rays by the ocular media, their foci not only lie at different levels (chromatic ...
Further, the ocular lens yellows with age, providing added protection. However, the lens also becomes more rigid with age, ... losing most of its accommodation - the ability to change shape to focus from far to near - a detriment due probably to protein ... Ocular albinism affects not only eye pigmentation but visual acuity, as well. People with albinism typically test poorly, ... A decreased molecular weight or a decrease in the degree of polymerization of ocular melanin has been proposed to turn the ...
... (7 March 1863 in Mainz - 28 June 1923 in Possenhofen) was a German ophthalmologist known for his work in ocular ... Die Refraktion und Akkommodation des menschlichen Auges und ihre Anomalien, 1902 - Refraction and accommodation of the human ... He made significant contributions in his studies of refraction and accommodation of the eye. He also conducted research on ...
Accommodation at Georgia State University Ocular Accommodation at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ... The accommodation reflex (or accommodation-convergence reflex) is a reflex action of the eye, in response to focusing on a near ... The reflex, controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system, involves three responses; pupil accommodation, lens accommodation ... Three regions make up the accommodation neural circuit, the afferent limb, the efferent limb and the ocular motor neurons that ...
List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations. References[edit]. *^ a b c Matejcek, A; Goldman, RD (November 2013). " ...
Vera-Diaz is currently investigating the effect of central and peripheral blur as cues to accommodation and the effect of ... In: "Ocular Periphery and Disorders". Editor Darlene A. Dartt. Oxford: Academic Press. 2011. ... Vera-Diaz FA, Gwiazda J, Held R, Thorn F. Increased accommodation following adaptation to image blur in myopes. Journal of ... and various cues for accommodation on real 3D targets. ...
The initial stimulus for accommodation is a blurred visual image that first reaches the visual cortex. Through a series of ... In human eye: Accommodation. The image of an object brought close to the eye would be formed behind the retina if there were no ... Second, the focus (accommodation) of the eyes must be adjusted for near vision. The link between convergence of the eyes and ... The initial stimulus for accommodation is a blurred visual image that first reaches the visual cortex. Through a series of ...
Ocular Accommodation, Convergence, and Fixation Disparity A Manual of Clinical Analysis. Ocular Accommodation, Convergence, and ... Goss, David A. is the author of Ocular Accommodation, Convergence, and Fixation Disparity A Manual of Clinical Analysis with ...
Potential Signal to Accommodation From the Stiles-Crawford Effect and Ocular Monochromatic Aberrations Available in the Shape ... Potential Signal to Accommodation From the Stiles-Crawford Effect and Ocular Monochromatic Aberrations Available in the Shape ... Potential Signal to Accommodation From the Stiles-Crawford Effect and Ocular Monochromatic Aberrations Available in the Shape ... Results:: Accommodation did not differ significantly from that in the control condition for the SC condition (F = 0.32, p = .59 ...
... no accommodation (0.2 D) in primary gaze, (ii) no accommodation (0.2 D) in downward gaze, (iii) 2.5-D accommodation in primary ... we aimed to investigate changes in ocular aberrations associated with accommodation in downward gaze. We measured ocular ... 2002). Changes of ocular aberration with accommodation. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 134, 924-926. [CrossRef] [PubMed] ... Accommodation is known to cause substantial changes in some aspects of ocular aberrations. These changes typically include a ...
What is ill-sustained accommodation? Meaning of ill-sustained accommodation medical term. What does ill-sustained accommodation ... Looking for online definition of ill-sustained accommodation in the Medical Dictionary? ill-sustained accommodation explanation ... spectacle accommodation The amplitude of accommodation referred to the spectacle plane. Symbol: As. See ocular accommodation.. ... tonic accommodation See resting state of accommodation.. vergence accommodation See convergence accommodation.. Fig. A4 A ...
Accommodation (ocular) The image of an object brought close to the eye would be formed behind the retina if there were no ...
... succinct and well-written textbook to objectively cover the subject of ocular and visual physiology. Ocular and visual ... Ocular and Visual Physiology. Book Subtitle. Clinical Application. Authors. * Simon E. Skalicky ... Ocular and visual physiology is a core knowledge component for these disciplines, and yet is often difficult to understand. ... Ocular and Visual Physiology - Clinical Application is essential reading for any one hoping to have a clear understanding of ...
SUGGESTED ACCOMMODATION. Hilton Garden Inn - Dallas Market Center. 2325 North Stemmons Freeway. Dallas, TX 75207. Directions ... Vision, Ocular-Motor and Movement Strategies for Integrated Learning in Pediatrics. June Smith. ... Assess and interpret how vision and ocular-motor dysfunction can impact learning and describe at least three strategies to ... Movement-based therapeutic strategies and ocular-motor assessment will be incorporated through case study review for effective ...
Ocular Accommodation. Convergence, Excess. Interventions Device: Test Daily Disposable Soft Contact Lenses. Device: Control ... Lag of Accommodation while wearing ... Lag of Accommodation while wearing ... Arm/Group Description: Lag of Accommodation while ... Since accommodative response was measured monocularly, this eliminated any convergent accommodation, but this was consistent ... The clinical aspects of accommodation and convergence. Am J Optom 1944; 21:301-13. ...
Ocular and visual physiology is a core knowledge component for these disciplines, and yet is often difficult to understand. ... Ocular and Visual Physiology - Clinical Application is essential reading for any one hoping to have a clear understanding of ... Anterior and Posterior Eye Ocular Movements Visual Electrophysiology Visual Pathway Visual Perception ... succinct and well-written textbook to objectively cover the subject of ocular and visual physiology. ...
Ocular. Common (1% to 10%): Blurred vision Postmarketing reports: Abnormal accommodation, ptosis[Ref] ...
Influence of Age on Ocular Wavefront Aberration Changes With Accommodation Yoshihiko Iida, MD; Misae Ito, CO; Kimiya Shimizu, ... Association Between Ocular Dominance and Refraction Ilker Eser, MD; Frank Schwendeman, OD; Daniel S Durrie, MD; Jason E Stahl, ...
Ocular. Loss of vision included reports of permanent defects. Causality has not been established as visual disorders may occur ... Frequency not reported: Accommodation disorders, blindness, conjunctivitis, diplopia. disorders of sclera, low vision, eye ... edema and swelling, eye hemorrhage, eye itching, eye pain, external ocular muscle disorders, flickering, keratitis, mydriasis, ...
Refraction, Ocular: see Eye -- Accommodation and refraction. *Refraction of the eye: see Eye -- Accommodation and refraction ...
Accommodation, Ocular* * Adult * Asthenopia / physiopathology* * Asthenopia / psychology * Convergence, Ocular* * Depth ... Under the low-conflict conditions accommodation was stable, but convergence-driven accommodation was dominant when the target ... It is proposed that defocus-driven accommodation becomes weak when the target comprises low spatial frequency components. Large ... Under the high-conflict conditions the role of convergence-driven accommodation increased systematically with the degree of ...
Laterally displacing periscopic spectacles, which increase the required change in vergence per unit change in accommodation … ... and accommodation-induced vergence (A-V) were measured in human subjects before and after they had worn various optical devices ... Vergence-induced accommodation (V-A) and accommodation-induced vergence (A-V) were measured in human subjects before and after ... Optically induced changes in the couplings between vergence and accommodation J Neurosci. 1987 Aug;7(8):2576-89. ...
1 search for keyword(s) Accommodation, Ocular Add the result to your basket Refine your search Generate the RSS feed of the ... Amplitude of accommodation is reduced in pre-presbyopic diabetic patients Solani David Mathebula, Author ; Priscilla Seipati ... People with diabetes have accelerated age-related biometric ocular changes compared with peo[...] ...
... findings of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) during treatment with topical interferon alfa-2b (IFN alfa-2... ... Accommodation, Ocular. The dioptric adjustment of the EYE (to attain maximal sharpness of retinal imagery for an object of ... Ocular accommodation is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the CRYSTALLINE LENS. Loosely, it refers ... Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is the most common non-pigmented malignancy of the ocular surface and is represented ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction. Hidden categories: *All articles with dead ...
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction. Hidden categories: *Articles needing additional ... Cycloplegia is paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, resulting in a loss of accommodation.[1] Because of the paralysis of ...
A model to illustrate ocular accomodation. Turtox News 28(8):146- 148. ...
Ocular muscle proprioception. Eye movement Eyelid elevation Contraction of iris Accommodation of lens. ... Ocular muscle proprioception. Eye movement. VII. Facial. Pons. Taste (anterior two-thirds of tongue). Muscle movement of face, ... Ocular muscle proprioception. Eye movement. V. Trigeminal. Midbrain and pons. Touch, pain, and temperature sensation from face ...
Ocular. Amlodipine:. Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Abnormal vision, conjunctivitis, diplopia, eye pain. Rare (less than 0.1%): ... Xerophthalmia, abnormal visual accommodation. Hydrochlorothiazide:. Frequency not reported: Transient blurred vision, ...
Ocular Anterior Segment Biometry and High-Order Wavefront Aberrations During Accommodation PDF ... Synchronized Real Time Imaging of Ocular Anterior Segment Biometry and Ciliary Muscle during Accommodation ... Relationships between the Aberrations and the Morphology of Ocular Anterior Segment during Accommodation ... TAGS: visual accommodation, biometry, lens, crystalline, lens (device), eye, ciliary muscle, capillary malformation Invest. ...
CuesPresbyopiaStrabismusCrystalline lensRefractionPhysiologyComplete ocular examinationDisordersCataractBiometryRefractive ErrorMyopiaFindingsMusclesAstigmatismMovements2002ChromaticAxialCorneaVergence and accommodationPatientsInvention relatesAntigensNystagmusSecondaryAccommodativeOpticalExaminationReactive to light and accommodationEfficacyRetinalHumansClinicalVivoManifestationsSurfaceVisionTreatmentLens during accommNeuralDeterminationRetinaTypicallyGazeTrauma
- Dr. Vera-Diaz currently investigates the effect of various aspects of visual functioning on myopia development and progression, including fixational eye movements in outdoor and indoor environments, the interaction between central and peripheral vision, and various cues for accommodation on real 3D targets. (neco.edu)
- Dr. Vera-Diaz is currently investigating the effect of central and peripheral blur as cues to accommodation and the effect of peripheral blur on myopia development. (neco.edu)
- Research has clearly shown that there are many applications involving these aberrations with diagnosis, treatment, and management of disorders, such as myopia, corneal disorders, presbyopia, cataract, and intraocular lens application and the dynamic changes in refractive state and retinal image quality produced by tear film thinning and accommodation. (lww.com)
- The primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the in vivo ocular morphological and contractile changes occurring within the accommodative apparatus prior to the onset of presbyopia, with particular reference to ciliary muscle changes with age and the origin of a myopic shift in refraction during incipient presbyopia. (bl.uk)
- Cross-sectional ocular biometric data were collected to quantify accommodative axial length changes from early adulthood to advanced presbyopia (n=72). (bl.uk)
- Accommodative axial length elongation significantly attenuated during presbyopia, which was consistent with a significant increase in ocular rigidity during presbyopia. (bl.uk)
- The studies presented in this thesis support the Helmholtz theory of accommodation and despite the reduction in centripetal ciliary muscle contractile response with age, primarily implicate lenticular changes in the development of presbyopia. (bl.uk)
- Despite numerous investigations, the aetiology and mechanism of accommodation and presbyopia remains equivocal. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Ocular motor abnormalities, especially strabismus, are a common finding in A-T. Poor accommodation and abnormal eye movements may lead to reading difficulty reported by patients with A-T. (nih.gov)
- Any disruptive factor that prevents the eyes from seeing equally, fusing their images, or working together (coordination), whether it be an imbalance of refractive errors between the eyes (anisometropia), a lens opacity obstructing normal vision (cataract), or an ocular misalignment (strabismus), can potentially cause loss of vision (amblyopia). (healio.com)
- Strabismus related to medical, ocular, or neurological disease is more prevalent in adults, adding to the complexity of the evaluation process, the differential diagnosis, and management strategies. (aao.org)
- Accommodation refers to the change in shape and curvature of the crystalline lens of the eye that occurs when an individual attempts to obtain and maintain a focused, high-resolution retinal image of an object of regard , including changing focus from far-to-near and near-to-far. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Additionally, longitudinal measurement of ocular biometry revealed a significant increase in crystalline lens thickness and a corresponding decrease in anterior chamber depth after 2.5 years (n=51). (bl.uk)
- During accommodation, a significant increase in crystalline lens thickness and axial length was observed, whereas anterior chamber depth decreased (n=20). (bl.uk)
- A cataract refers to any opacity of the ocular crystalline lens. (google.com.au)
- The normal crystalline lens is transparent, refractive, and provides adequate accommodation (shape change) to transmit and focus light on the retina at various distances. (google.com.au)
- Accommodation in the human eye occurs through controlled changes in crystalline lens shape, thickness, and refractive surface placement relative to the cornea. (google.com.au)
- The gradient refractive index of the crystalline lens was modeled by concentric conicoid isoindical surfaces and was adaptive to accommodation and age. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
- Due to limited ray-tracing computational power and inadequate biological measurements at the time, these models simplified the optical system of human eyes by reducing the number of ocular surfaces, approximating ocular surfaces with spherical surfaces, or using a homogeneous refractive index for the crystalline lens. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
- Asphericities were first introduced to ocular surfaces by Lotmar 5 to the anterior surface of the cornea and the posterior surface of the crystalline lens. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
- 6 proposed an accommodation-dependent model with four centered aspheric surfaces, including anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea and crystalline lens, and were able to reproduce the on-axis optical performance. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
- Donders FC (1864) On the anomalies of accommodation and refraction of the eye with a preliminary essay on physiological dioptrics. (springer.com)
- The refraction in each eye are rather equal without the severe and complicated distortions provoked by accommodation strain. (doyletics.com)
- This book meets the growing demand among ophthalmologists, optometrists and orthoptists, in training and in practice, as well as visual neuroscientists, to have a clear, succinct and well-written textbook to objectively cover the subject of ocular and visual physiology. (springer.com)
- Ocular and visual physiology is a core knowledge component for these disciplines, and yet is often difficult to understand. (springer.com)
- Ocular and Visual Physiology - Clinical Application is essential reading for any one hoping to have a clear understanding of the subject. (springer.com)
- Covers the anatomy and physiology of the eyeball, orbit, and ocular adnexa with an emphasis on ocular terminology. (pcc.edu)
- The course textbook, Anatomy and Physiology of the Ocular System, will be available on-line on the D2L A&P (OMT 163) website at no cost to students. (pcc.edu)
- In four, complete ocular examination was not possible because of cataract. (bmj.com)
- First, complete ocular examination, including determination of refractive error and examination for the presence or absence of disease, could not be performed reliably on a large number of patients in the short time period between admission to the hospital facility and surgery. (asahq.org)
- Ocular inflammation may take the form of numerous eye disorders of varying severity depending on the location of the inflammation. (google.com)
- Uveitis is typical of these ocular disorders, and is characterized by inflammation of the uveal tract, which encompasses the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. (google.com)
- 3. Amano Y, Sugimoto Y, Sugita M. Ocular disorders due to eyelash extensions. (clspectrum.com)
- 13 . A method that minimizes cataract formation when an agent is provided to an ocular lens, the method comprising piercing the lens with a needle of 30 gauge or thinner, introducing an agent into the lens through the needle, and withdrawing the needle from the lens. (google.com.au)
- Cataracts are most frequently associated with the normal aging process or pathology, but injury or mechanical violation of the ocular capsule surrounding the lens also causes cataract formation. (google.com.au)
- 20 eyes of 15 patients with no ocular conditions other than cataract had implantation of posterior chamber intraocular lens (AcrySof. (escrs.org)
- The change in ocular biometry per dioptre of accommodation exerted remained invariant after 2.5 years. (bl.uk)
- A biometry-based human eye model was developed by using the empirical anatomic and optical data of ocular parameters. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
- Refractive error and ocular dimensions were measured at the start of treatment and every week thereafter. (arvojournals.org)
- Induced negative lens defocus results in accelerated ocular elongation and myopia. (arvojournals.org)
- The big issue is to determine and correct latent hyperopia, which is the situation with most people (until the accomodation spasm starts to drive the condition towards myopia). (doyletics.com)
- The key to understanding myopia is understanding the process of accommodation and Viikari has studied this process and in long series of case studies shown that the stress of accommodation in the majority of the cases of myopia (the pseudo- or nosocomial-myopia) can be relieved by the appropriate use of plus lenses, what are normally called reading glasses. (doyletics.com)
- 6. Berntsen DA, Sinnott LT, Mutti DO, Zadnik K. A randomized trial using progressive addition lenses to evaluate theories of myopia progression in children with a high lag of accommodation. (clspectrum.com)
- Changes in in vivo confocal microscopic findings of ocular surface squamous neoplasia during treatment with topical interferon alfa-2b. (bioportfolio.com)
- To evaluate in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) during treatment with topical interferon alfa-2b (IFN alfa-2b). (bioportfolio.com)
- In the remainder, none of the ocular findings was directly attributable to hydroxychloroquine. (bmj.com)
- The ciliary muscles are responsible for the lens accommodation response. (wikipedia.org)
- These are caused by the accommodation spasm of the overworked accommodation muscle: use of correct (plus) glasses will reduce the work required from the eye muscles and relax the spasm. (doyletics.com)
- Reversible, nonlimiting neuromuscular toxicity evidenced as diplopia because of pareses of the external ocular muscles was present in 13 patients. (aacrjournals.org)
- Neck/shoulder discomfort due to visually demanding near work is influenced by previous neck pain, task duration, astigmatism, eye discomfort and accommodation. (hig.se)
- Pupils were 3 mm in diameter, equal, and reactive to light and accommodation Extraocular movements were full. (bmj.com)
- Correct accommodation has been observed in the absence of cues from even-error blur and chromatic aberration, and with 3-mm pupils, suggesting the presence of an 'achromatic cue' to accommodation. (arvojournals.org)
- It is shown that trained observers change their level of accommodation, when viewing a target at a constant distance, to compensate for the varying ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration as the color of the target is changed. (osapublishing.org)
- Dynamic aspects of these effects are illustrated and it is shown that the ocular longitudinal chromatic aberration increases slightly with accommodation. (osapublishing.org)
- The chromatic dispersion of ocular media was described by Cauchy equations. (spiedigitallibrary.org)
- In the most frequently studied model of ocular growth and refractive development, the chick, it has been demonstrated that the rate of ocular growth can be manipulated to bring about compensation for a wide range of lens-induced defocus (−10 D to +15 D), predominantly brought about by altered axial ocular dimensions. (arvojournals.org)
- Using Gaussian first-order ray tracing calculations, we examine the contribution that ocular axial distances make to the accommodation response. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The data show that all changes in axial distances during accommodation reduce the accommodation response, with the reduction in anterior chamber depth contributing most to this overall attenuation. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Although the total power loss due to the changes in axial distances remained constant with increasing age, hyperopes exhibited less accommodation than myopes. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The increase in axial lengh of the ciliary body (CBAXL) was used as an indicator during accommodation. (escrs.org)
- During accommodation, the pupil constricts to increase the depth of focus of the eye by blocking the light scattered by the periphery of the cornea. (wikipedia.org)
- These observations are consistent with the view that the gain of the neural cross-linkages between vergence and accommodation are subject to adaptive regulation. (nih.gov)
- With a binocular open view and targets at different distances, the technology measures vergence and accommodation along with standard vision screening parameters. (sbir.gov)
- Accommodation was deficient in the 54 patients in whom it was measured. (nih.gov)
- To evaluate refractive, binocular vision and ocular alignment outcomes of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for the treatment of hyperopia in esotropic patients. (springer.com)
- Objective recording of accommodation dynamics was performed in four patients with divergence excess exotropia (two true and two simulated) and in three visually normal control subjects. (semanticscholar.org)
- Another study found that 16 percent of a sample of 161 nonpresbyopic head injury patients manifested accommodative insufficiency, which the authors termed "poor accommodation" . (thefreelibrary.com)
- Therefore, we performed a prospective study of a large cohort of surgical patients undergoing a variety of surgical procedures to describe and determine the frequency and natural history of postoperative changes of accommodation and visual acuity. (asahq.org)
- Patients undergoing ocular procedures and those receiving any other anesthesia services ( i.e. , monitored anesthesia care, sedation, labor analgesia, or peripheral neural block) were excluded, as were patients who could not provide appropriately informed consent, those who had worn contact lenses within 1 h of preoperative evaluation, and those who ordinarily used corrective lens but were not wearing them at the time of preoperative evaluation. (asahq.org)
- Patients who were taking ocular medications and those undergoing emergency surgical procedures also were excluded. (asahq.org)
- The invention relates to ocular wavefront-correction profiling. (google.co.uk)
- The present invention relates to the treatment of ocular inflammation. (google.com)
- Ocular manifestations secondary to various NEOPLASMS in which antibodies to antigens of the primary tumor cross-react with ocular antigens. (bioportfolio.com)
- There was no spontaneous or gaze nystagmus, saccadic pursuit, or ocular dysmetria. (bmj.com)
- What is the Difference between Nystagmus and Ocular Motor Apraxia? (pediatriceducation.org)
- During the accommodation tasks, there was a significant influence of gaze for changes in primary spherical aberration C (4, 0) [ p = 0.and secondary spherical aberration C (6, 0) [ p = 0. (arvojournals.org)
- Blur-driven, or reflex, accommodation likely provides a large contribution to the overall accommodative response. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Vergence accommodation also provides a large contribution to the overall accommodative response. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Lastly, tonic accommodation refers to the default accommodative response in the absence of blur, disparity, and proximal stimuli. (thefreelibrary.com)
- The previous literature has revealed three types of accommodative dysfunctions in traumatic brain injury (TBI): accommodative insufficiency, pseudomyopia/ spasm of accommodation, and dynamic accommodative infacility. (thefreelibrary.com)
- furthermore, the insufficiency was confirmed with the measurement of a reduced accommodative amplitude and/or positive relative accommodation (PRA) . (thefreelibrary.com)
- The study, therefore, enhances our understanding of biometric accommodative changes and demonstrates the utility of vergence analysis in the assessment of accommodation. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Targets were viewed in a Badal optical system, though a 0.75-mm pinhole to ensure that accommodation and the eye's optics could not influence cues available in the simulations, and to preclude even-error blur cues. (arvojournals.org)
- Vergence-induced accommodation (V-A) and accommodation-induced vergence (A-V) were measured in human subjects before and after they had worn various optical devices for 30 min. (nih.gov)
- High-Resolution Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Intraepithelial Versus Invasive Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia. (bioportfolio.com)
- To evaluate the imaging characteristics of intraepithelial and invasive ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) on high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT). (bioportfolio.com)
- In another approach, bifocal lenses assist accommodation by integrating two different optical corrections onto the same lens. (google.co.uk)
- Optical defocus influences postnatal ocular development in animal models. (arvojournals.org)
- Induced defocus from optical lenses has been demonstrated, in a variety of vertebrate species, to result in altered ocular growth in an attempt by the eye to attain functional emmetropia. (arvojournals.org)
- Data were collected prospectively with regard to ocular examination and drug dosage. (bmj.com)
- This limited ocular examination was chosen for several reasons. (asahq.org)
- HEENT showed pupils equal, round and reactive to light and accommodation. (pediatriceducation.org)
- To compare the efficacy of topical 5-fluorouracil 1% (5FU) and interferon alfa-2b 1 MIU/mL (IFN) eye drops as primary treatment modalities for ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). (bioportfolio.com)
- The primary outcome was to assess the efficacy of PRK in improving ocular alignment. (springer.com)
- The threshold for consistent responses to positive lens defocus in tree shrew was between +4 and +6 D. The results will enable targeted investigation of the efficacy of positive lens defocus in inhibiting myopic ocular growth. (arvojournals.org)
- Blur-driven accommodation involves the typically automatic focusing ability when one changes fixation from one object to another in depth in response to the correlated blurred retinal image. (thefreelibrary.com)
- They speculated that in humans such neurological deficits might lead to impairment of the oculomotor system, accommodation, and pupillary light reflex (PLR). (thefreedictionary.com)
- Clinical Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia: A Review of the Current Evidence. (bioportfolio.com)
- Clinical Ocular Pharmacology, fifth edition. (ico.edu)
- Download Clinical Ocular Toxicology. (windhover.org)
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- Confocal microscopy is a new, emerging, noninvasive technology that can aid in the in vivo assessment of structural changes in several ocular surface diseases at the cellular level. (bioportfolio.com)
- Ocular manifestations of ataxia-telangiectasia. (nih.gov)
- To report the manifestations of ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) on the ocular sensory and motor systems. (nih.gov)
- Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is the most common non-pigmented malignancy of the ocular surface and is represented in a wide range of histologic diagnoses, ranging from mild epithelial dysp. (bioportfolio.com)
- Comparison of topical 5-fluorouracil and interferon alfa-2b as primary treatment modalities for ocular surface squamous neoplasia. (bioportfolio.com)
- Second, the focus ( accommodation ) of the eyes must be adjusted for near vision. (britannica.com)
- Individual variability of accommodation in children with normal acuity of far and near vision. (iitp.ru)
- Accommodation-acuity checks with a standard American Medical Association Near Vision Test Card (distance in centimeters), repeated three times for each eye. (asahq.org)
- Disclosed is a method of treating ocular inflammation in a mammal in need of such treatment, including administering to the mammal an anti-inflammatory amount of rapamycin. (google.com)
- Hence, this paper provides a general overview of (1) the visual signs and symptoms of PD, (2) the areas of the eye and brain which may be affected by the pathology of PD, and (3) the adverse ocular reactions to treatment. (hindawi.com)
- Flattening and rounding of lens during accommodation. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Three regions make up the accommodation neural circuit, the afferent limb, the efferent limb and the ocular motor neurons that are between the afferent and efferent limb. (wikipedia.org)
- The administration of diagnostic assessments, determination of specific diagnoses, and recommendation of appropriate accommodations must be made by a qualified professional whose credentials are appropriate to the disability. (act.org)
- This characteristic may make determination of the near point of accommodation difficult. (asahq.org)
- More specifically, positive lenses, which bring the focus in front of the retina for a relaxed emmetropic eye (imposed myopic defocus), result in slowed ocular growth while negative lenses, which place the focus behind the retina in a relaxed emmetropic eye (imposed hyperopic defocus), result in accelerated ocular growth. (arvojournals.org)
- Typically, accommodations that meet this criteria have previously been provided in an academic setting. (act.org)
- Many visual tasks such as reading and computer work involve accommodation and downward gaze. (arvojournals.org)
- Ocular inflammation can also result following ophthalmologic surgical procedures or ocular trauma resulting from physical injury of the eye. (google.com)