The 11th cranial nerve which originates from NEURONS in the MEDULLA and in the CERVICAL SPINAL CORD. It has a cranial root, which joins the VAGUS NERVE (10th cranial) and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the LARYNX, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the TRAPEZIUS and the sternocleidomastoid muscles.
Traumatic injuries to the ACCESSORY NERVE. Damage to the nerve may produce weakness in head rotation and shoulder elevation.
Diseases of the eleventh cranial (spinal accessory) nerve. This nerve originates from motor neurons in the lower medulla (accessory portion of nerve) and upper spinal cord (spinal portion of nerve). The two components of the nerve join and exit the skull via the jugular foramen, innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which become weak or paralyzed if the nerve is injured. The nerve is commonly involved in MOTOR NEURON DISEASE, and may be injured by trauma to the posterior triangle of the neck.
Surgical reinnervation of a denervated peripheral target using a healthy donor nerve and/or its proximal stump. The direct connection is usually made to a healthy postlesional distal portion of a non-functioning nerve or implanted directly into denervated muscle or insensitive skin. Nerve sprouts will grow from the transferred nerve into the denervated elements and establish contact between them and the neurons that formerly controlled another area.
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)
Dissection in the neck to remove all disease tissues including cervical LYMPH NODES and to leave an adequate margin of normal tissue. This type of surgery is usually used in tumors or cervical metastases in the head and neck. The prototype of neck dissection is the radical neck dissection described by Crile in 1906.
Part of the body in humans and primates where the arms connect to the trunk. The shoulder has five joints; ACROMIOCLAVICULAR joint, CORACOCLAVICULAR joint, GLENOHUMERAL joint, scapulathoracic joint, and STERNOCLAVICULAR joint.
The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus).
The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.
Also called the shoulder blade, it is a flat triangular bone, a pair of which form the back part of the shoulder girdle.
The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls.
Any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician, surgeon, or other health professional, especially infections acquired by a patient during the course of treatment.
The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.
Hyperextension injury to the neck, often the result of being struck from behind by a fast-moving vehicle, in an automobile accident. (From Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.
Diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical manifestations include regional pain, PARESTHESIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS, and decreased sensation (HYPESTHESIA) in the upper extremity. These disorders may be associated with trauma (including BIRTH INJURIES); THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; NEOPLASMS; NEURITIS; RADIOTHERAPY; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)
The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.
The articulation between the head of the HUMERUS and the glenoid cavity of the SCAPULA.
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
The inferior (caudal) ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. The unipolar nodose ganglion cells are sensory cells with central projections to the medulla and peripheral processes traveling in various branches of the vagus nerve.
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
Veins in the neck which drain the brain, face, and neck into the brachiocephalic or subclavian veins.
Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A system of categories to which morbid entries are assigned according to established criteria. Included is the entire range of conditions in a manageable number of categories, grouped to facilitate mortality reporting. It is produced by the World Health Organization (From ICD-10, p1). The Clinical Modifications, produced by the UNITED STATES DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, are larger extensions used for morbidity and general epidemiological purposes, primarily in the U.S.
Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.
Process of substituting a symbol or code for a term such as a diagnosis or procedure. (from Slee's Health Care Terms, 3d ed.)
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
Review of claims by insurance companies to determine liability and amount of payment for various services. The review may also include determination of eligibility of the claimant or beneficiary or of the provider of the benefit; determination that the benefit is covered or not payable under another policy; or determination that the service was necessary and of reasonable cost and quality.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
The design, completion, and filing of forms with the insurer.

Sensory pathways in the spinal accessory nerve. (1/43)

We obtained samples of spinal accessory nerve from patients undergoing radical surgery for tumours or nerve grafting in the neck. These were analysed by light and electron microscopy for the type of fibre. All contained fibres consistent with non-proprioceptive sensory function including pain.  (+info)

Unmasking of the trigemino-accessory reflex in accessory facial anastomosis. (2/43)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible blink reflex responses in facial muscles reinnervated by the accessory nerve. METHOD: Eleven patients with a complete facial palsy were submitted to a surgical repair by an accessory facial nerve anastomosis (AFA). In this pathological group, blink reflex was studied by means of percutaneous electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve and recording from the orbicularis oculi muscle. A control group comprised seven normal people and seven patients with a complete Bell's facial palsy; in this group, responses on the sternocleidomastoideus (SCM) muscles were studied after supraorbital nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All the patients with AFA showed a consistent degree of facial reinnervation. Ten out of the 11 patients with AFA showed reflex responses; in six, responses were configured by a double component pattern, resembling the R1 and R2 components of the blink reflex; three patients had an R1-like response and one patient showed a unique R2 component. Mean values of latencies were 15.2 (SD 4.6) ms for the R1 and 85.3 (SD 9.6) ms for the R2. In the control group, eight out of 14 people had evidence of reflex responses in the SCM muscles; these were almost exclusively configured by a bilateral late component (mean latency 63.5 (SD15.9) ms) and only one of the subjects showed an early response at 11 ms. CONCLUSION: The trigemino-accessory reflex response in the pathological group was more complex and of a significantly higher incidence than in the control group. These differences could be tentatively explained by a mechanism of synaptic plasticity induced by the impairment of the efferent portion of the reflex. This could unmask the central linking between the trigeminal and the accessory limbs of the reflex. The findings described could be a demonstration of neurobionomic function in the repairing process of the nervous system.  (+info)

Location of the spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve in the human spinal cord. (3/43)

The segmental extent and topography of the spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve (SNAN) was investigated in the adult human spinal cord. Transverse sections of segments between the lower medulla and C6 were stained with cresyl violet and the motor cell columns identified according to the numerical locations defined by Elliott (1942). The segmental extent and topography of the cervical part of column 2 resembled that previously described for the SNAN of primates.  (+info)

Main trajectories of nerves that traverse and surround the tympanic cavity in the rat. (4/43)

To guide surgery of nerves that traverse and surround the tympanic cavity in the rat, anatomical illustrations are required that are topographically correct. In this study, maps of this area are presented, extending from the superior cervical ganglion to the otic ganglion. They were derived from observations that were made during dissections using a ventral approach. Major blood vessels, bones, transected muscles of the tongue and neck and supra and infrahyoid muscles serve as landmarks in the illustrations. The course of the mandibular, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves with their branches, and components of the sympathetic system, are shown and discussed with reference to data available in the literature. Discrepancies in this literature can be clarified and new data are presented on the trajectories of several nerves. The course of the tympanic nerve was established. This nerve originates from the glossopharyngeal nerve, enters the tympanic cavity, crosses the promontory, passes the tensor tympani muscle dorsally, and continues its route intracranially to the otic ganglion as the lesser petrosal nerve after intersecting with the greater petrosal nerve. Auricular branches of the glossopharyngeal and of the vagus nerve were noted. We also observed a pterygopalatine branch of the internal carotid nerve, that penetrates the tympanic cavity and courses across the promontory.  (+info)

The protective effect of procaine blocking on nerve-electrophysiological study during operation. (5/43)

OBJECTIVE: To clinically evaluate the protective effect of procaine blocking on nerves. METHODS: Electrophysiological examination before and after procaine blocking was conducted on 32 nerves during operation, 18 of which were donor nerves and 14 were injured ones. RESULTS: The latency of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) was lengthened (15.30%) and the amplitude was lowered (18.47) after procaine blocking. Compared with the values before procaine blocking, the differences were significant (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). SEP waves disappeared after procaine blocking in some cases (28.13%). CONCLUSION: Latency of SEP is lengthened and amplitude is lowered after procaine blocking. In some cases, SEPs even disappear.  (+info)

Respiratory activity in glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves and pharyngeal constrictors in newborn rat in vitro. (6/43)

1. Previously, in a brainstem-spinal cord-rib preparation from neonatal rats we demonstrated that a decrement in extracellular pH (from about 7.4 to 7.1) caused expiratory activity in an internal intercostal muscle (IIM) during the first half of the expiratory phase (Ea). As the initial step in finding nerves or muscles firing during the second half of the expiratory phase (Eb), the patterns of activity in the glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves were examined in the present study. 2. Since the emerging motor rootlets of these three nerves (> 20; collected into about 10 bundles before the jugular foramen) are distributed in a continuous fashion from rostral to caudal levels of the brainstem, visual identification was impossible. Therefore, antidromic compound action potentials evoked by stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (PhX), the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), the cervical vagus nerve (CX) and the accessory nerve (XI) were recorded from the peripheral stumps of the various rootlets. Nerve rootlets could be categorised into rostral, intermediate and caudal groups (rostIX-XI, intIX-XI, caudIX-XI). The rostIX-XI rootlets showed their largest potential on IX stimulation, while the intIX-XI and caudIX-XI rootlets showed their largest potentials on CX stimulation. The intIX-XI rootlets showed larger potentials on PhX and SLN stimulation than the caudIX-XI rootlets. 3. Activity was recorded simultaneously from the central stumps of the rootlets in the above three groups. Most rootlets showed inspiratory bursts. Under low pH conditions, all representatives of group rostIX-XI, most of intIX-XI and about half of caudIX-XI showed additional bursts during the Ea phase. Groups intIX-XI and caudIX-XI but not rostIX-XI also showed discrete bursts during the Eb phase in some preparations. In general, expiratory activity was prominent in intIX-XI. The spinal branch of XI showed no consistent respiratory activity. 4. Since the intIX-XI rootlets showed Eb bursts and large antidromic potentials on stimulation of PhX and SLN (which innervate the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (IPC)), electromyograms were recorded from the rostral and caudal parts of IPC (rIPC and cIPC). Under low pH conditions, cIPC showed bursts during the Ea and Eb phases, while rIPC showed bursts predominantly during the Eb phase. 5. These results indicate that recording from rIPC would be a useful way of examining the neuronal mechanisms responsible for Eb phase activity.  (+info)

Ultrasonography of the accessory nerve: normal and pathologic findings in cadavers and patients with iatrogenic accessory nerve palsy. (7/43)

OBJECTIVE: To determine feasibility of ultrasonography in detecting the normal accessory nerve as well as pathologic changes in cases of accessory nerve palsy. METHODS: Four patients with accessory nerve palsy were investigated by ultrasonography. Three cases of accessory nerve palsy after lymph node biopsy and neck dissection were primarily diagnosed on the basis of ultrasonography using a 5- to 12-MHz linear transducer. In addition, we performed ultrasonography in 3 cadaveric specimens to show the feasibility of detecting the accessory nerve. RESULT: Nerve transection (n = 2), scar tissue (n = 1), and atrophy of the trapezius muscle (n = 4) were confirmed by electroneurographic testing and surgical nerve inspection. In 1 case in which a patient had a whiplash injury with accessory nerve palsy, ultrasonography showed atrophy of the trapezius muscle with a normal nerve appearance. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography allows visualization of the normal accessory nerve as well as changes after accessory nerve palsy.  (+info)

Targeted disruption of the homeobox gene Nkx2.9 reveals a role in development of the spinal accessory nerve. (8/43)

The homeodomain-containing transcription factor Nkx2.9 is expressed in the ventralmost neural progenitor domain of the neural tube together with the related protein Nkx2.2 during early mouse embryogenesis. Cells within this region give rise to V3 interneurons and visceral motoneurons in spinal cord and hindbrain, respectively. To investigate the role of the Nkx2.9 gene, we generated a mutant mouse by targeted gene disruption. Homozygous mutant animals lacking Nkx2.9 were viable and fertile with no apparent morphological or behavioral phenotype. The distribution of neuronal progenitor cells and differentiated neurons in spinal cord was unaffected in Nkx2.9-deficient animals. This finding is in contrast to Nkx2.2-null mutants, which have been shown to exhibit ventral to dorsal transformation of neuronal cell fates in spinal cord. Our results suggest that specification of V3 interneurons in the posterior CNS does not require Nkx2.9, most probably because of functional redundancy with the co-expressed Nkx2.2 protein. In hindbrain, however, absence of Nkx2.9 resulted in a significantly altered morphology of the spinal accessory nerve (XIth), which appeared considerably shorter and thinner than in wild-type animals. Consistent with this phenotype, immature branchial motoneurons of the spinal accessory nerve, which normally migrate from a ventromedial to a dorsolateral position within the neural tube, were markedly reduced in Nkx2.9-deficient embryos at E10.5, while ventromedial motor column cells were increased in numbers. In addition, the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves appeared abnormal in approximately 50% of mutant embryos, which may be related to the observed reduction of Phox2b expression in the nucleus ambiguus of adult mutant mice. From these observations, we conclude that Nkx2.9 has a specific function in the hindbrain as determinant of the branchial motoneuron precursor cells for the spinal accessory nerve and possibly other nerves of the branchial-motor column. Like other Nkx genes expressed in the CNS, Nkx2.9 seems to be involved in converting positional information into cell fate decisions.  (+info)

The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve (XI), has both a cranial and spinal component. It primarily controls the function of certain muscles in the back of the neck and shoulder.

The cranial part arises from nuclei in the brainstem and innervates some of the muscles that help with head rotation, including the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The spinal root originates from nerve roots in the upper spinal cord (C1-C5), exits the spine, and joins the cranial part to form a single trunk. This trunk then innervates the trapezius muscle, which helps with shoulder movement and stability.

Damage to the accessory nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles, causing symptoms such as difficulty turning the head, weak shoulder shrugging, or winged scapula (a condition where the shoulder blade protrudes from the back).

Accessory nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the eleventh cranial nerve, also known as the accessory nerve. This nerve has both a cranial and spinal root, and it primarily controls the movement of some muscles in the neck and shoulder.

Injuries to the accessory nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles, leading to difficulty turning the head or lifting the arm. The severity of the symptoms depends on the extent and location of the injury. Accessory nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as trauma during surgery (particularly neck or shoulder surgeries), penetrating injuries, tumors, or neurological disorders.

Treatment for accessory nerve injuries typically involves a combination of physical therapy, pain management, and, in some cases, surgical intervention to repair the damaged nerve. The prognosis for recovery varies depending on the severity and cause of the injury.

The accessory nerve, also known as the 11th cranial nerve (CN XI), has both a cranial and spinal root and innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle. Accessory nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the function of this nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.

Some examples of accessory nerve diseases include:

1. Traumatic injury: Direct trauma to the neck or posterior scalene region can damage the spinal root of the accessory nerve. This can result in weakness or paralysis of the trapezius muscle, leading to difficulty with shoulder movement and pain.
2. Neuralgia: Accessory nerve neuralgia is a condition characterized by painful spasms or shooting pains along the course of the accessory nerve. It can be caused by nerve compression, inflammation, or injury.
3. Tumors: Tumors in the neck region, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or invade the accessory nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.
4. Infections: Viral infections, such as poliovirus or West Nile virus, can cause inflammation and damage to the accessory nerve, resulting in weakness or paralysis.
5. Neuropathy: Accessory nerve neuropathy is a condition characterized by degeneration of the accessory nerve fibers due to various causes such as diabetes, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. This can result in weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.
6. Congenital defects: Some individuals may be born with congenital defects that affect the development and function of the accessory nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.

Treatment for accessory nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and can include physical therapy, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

A nerve transfer is a surgical procedure where a functioning nerve is connected to an injured nerve to restore movement, sensation or function. The functioning nerve, called the donor nerve, usually comes from another less critical location in the body and has spare nerve fibers that can be used to reinnervate the injured nerve, called the recipient nerve.

During the procedure, a small section of the donor nerve is carefully dissected and prepared for transfer. The recipient nerve is also prepared by removing any damaged or non-functioning portions. The two ends are then connected using microsurgical techniques under a microscope. Over time, the nerve fibers from the donor nerve grow along the recipient nerve and reinnervate the muscles or sensory structures that were previously innervated by the injured nerve.

Nerve transfers can be used to treat various types of nerve injuries, including brachial plexus injuries, facial nerve palsy, and peripheral nerve injuries. The goal of the procedure is to restore function as quickly and efficiently as possible, allowing for a faster recovery and improved quality of life for the patient.

Paralysis is a loss of muscle function in part or all of your body. It can be localized, affecting only one specific area, or generalized, impacting multiple areas or even the entire body. Paralysis often occurs when something goes wrong with the way messages pass between your brain and muscles. In most cases, paralysis is caused by damage to the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. Other causes include stroke, trauma, infections, and various neurological disorders.

It's important to note that paralysis doesn't always mean a total loss of movement or feeling. Sometimes, it may just cause weakness or numbness in the affected area. The severity and extent of paralysis depend on the underlying cause and the location of the damage in the nervous system.

Neck dissection is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of lymph nodes and other tissues from the neck. It is typically performed as part of cancer treatment, particularly in cases of head and neck cancer, to help determine the stage of the cancer, prevent the spread of cancer, or treat existing metastases. There are several types of neck dissections, including radical, modified radical, and selective neck dissection, which vary based on the extent of tissue removal. The specific type of neck dissection performed depends on the location and extent of the cancer.

In anatomical terms, the shoulder refers to the complex joint of the human body that connects the upper limb to the trunk. It is formed by the union of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), and humerus (upper arm bone). The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint, allowing for a wide range of movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation.

The shoulder complex includes not only the glenohumeral joint but also other structures that contribute to its movement and stability, including:

1. The acromioclavicular (AC) joint: where the clavicle meets the acromion process of the scapula.
2. The coracoclavicular (CC) ligament: connects the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle, providing additional stability to the AC joint.
3. The rotator cuff: a group of four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) that surround and reinforce the shoulder joint, contributing to its stability and range of motion.
4. The biceps tendon: originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and passes through the shoulder joint, helping with flexion, supination, and stability.
5. Various ligaments and capsular structures that provide additional support and limit excessive movement in the shoulder joint.

The shoulder is a remarkable joint due to its wide range of motion, but this also makes it susceptible to injuries and disorders such as dislocations, subluxations, sprains, strains, tendinitis, bursitis, and degenerative conditions like osteoarthritis. Proper care, exercise, and maintenance are essential for maintaining shoulder health and function throughout one's life.

Neck muscles, also known as cervical muscles, are a group of muscles that provide movement, support, and stability to the neck region. They are responsible for various functions such as flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending of the head and neck. The main neck muscles include:

1. Sternocleidomastoid: This muscle is located on either side of the neck and is responsible for rotating and flexing the head. It also helps in tilting the head to the same side.

2. Trapezius: This large, flat muscle covers the back of the neck, shoulders, and upper back. It is involved in movements like shrugging the shoulders, rotating and extending the head, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade).

3. Scalenes: These three pairs of muscles are located on the side of the neck and assist in flexing, rotating, and laterally bending the neck. They also help with breathing by elevating the first two ribs during inspiration.

4. Suboccipitals: These four small muscles are located at the base of the skull and are responsible for fine movements of the head, such as tilting and rotating.

5. Longus Colli and Longus Capitis: These muscles are deep neck flexors that help with flexing the head and neck forward.

6. Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis: These muscles are located at the back of the neck and assist in extending, rotating, and laterally bending the head and neck.

7. Levator Scapulae: This muscle is located at the side and back of the neck, connecting the cervical vertebrae to the scapula. It helps with rotation, extension, and elevation of the head and scapula.

The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (IX), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. It originates from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem and has several functions:

1. Sensory function: The glossopharyngeal nerve provides general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue, the tonsils, the back of the throat (pharynx), and the middle ear. It also carries taste sensations from the back one-third of the tongue.
2. Special visceral afferent function: The nerve transmits information about the stretch of the carotid artery and blood pressure to the brainstem.
3. Motor function: The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle, which helps elevate the pharynx during swallowing. It also provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland, stimulating saliva production.
4. Visceral afferent function: The glossopharyngeal nerve carries information about the condition of the internal organs in the thorax and abdomen to the brainstem.

Overall, the glossopharyngeal nerve plays a crucial role in swallowing, taste, saliva production, and monitoring blood pressure and heart rate.

The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, is a flat, triangular bone located in the upper back region of the human body. It serves as the site of attachment for various muscles that are involved in movements of the shoulder joint and arm. The scapula has several important features:

1. Three borders (anterior, lateral, and medial)
2. Three angles (superior, inferior, and lateral)
3. Spine of the scapula - a long, horizontal ridge that divides the scapula into two parts: supraspinous fossa (above the spine) and infraspinous fossa (below the spine)
4. Glenoid cavity - a shallow, concave surface on the lateral border that articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint
5. Acromion process - a bony projection at the top of the scapula that forms part of the shoulder joint and serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments
6. Coracoid process - a hook-like bony projection extending from the anterior border, which provides attachment for muscles and ligaments

Understanding the anatomy and function of the scapula is essential in diagnosing and treating various shoulder and upper back conditions.

Thoracic nerves are the 12 paired nerves that originate from the thoracic segment (T1-T12) of the spinal cord. These nerves provide motor and sensory innervation to the trunk and abdomen, specifically to the muscles of the chest wall, the skin over the back and chest, and some parts of the abdomen. They also contribute to the formation of the sympathetic trunk, which is a part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates unconscious bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion. Each thoracic nerve emerges from the intervertebral foramen, a small opening between each vertebra, and splits into anterior and posterior branches to innervate the corresponding dermatomes and myotomes.

Iatrogenic disease refers to any condition or illness that is caused, directly or indirectly, by medical treatment or intervention. This can include adverse reactions to medications, infections acquired during hospitalization, complications from surgical procedures, or injuries caused by medical equipment. It's important to note that iatrogenic diseases are unintended and often preventable with proper care and precautions.

In medical terms, the "neck" is defined as the portion of the body that extends from the skull/head to the thorax or chest region. It contains 7 cervical vertebrae, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands (such as the thyroid gland). The neck is responsible for supporting the head, allowing its movement in various directions, and housing vital structures that enable functions like respiration and circulation.

Whiplash injuries are a type of soft tissue injury to the neck that occurs when the head is suddenly and forcefully thrown backward (hyperextension) and then forward (hyperflexion). This motion is similar to the cracking of a whip, hence the term "whiplash."

Whiplash injuries are most commonly associated with rear-end automobile accidents, but they can also occur from sports accidents, physical abuse, or other traumatic events. The impact of these forces on the neck can cause damage to the muscles, ligaments, tendons, and other soft tissues in the neck, resulting in pain, stiffness, and limited mobility.

In some cases, whiplash injuries may also cause damage to the discs between the vertebrae in the spine or to the nerves exiting the spinal cord. These types of injuries can have more serious consequences and may require additional medical treatment.

Whiplash injuries are typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination, patient history, and imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment for whiplash injuries may include pain medication, physical therapy, chiropractic care, or in some cases, surgery.

Shoulder pain is a condition characterized by discomfort or hurt in the shoulder joint, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or surrounding structures. The shoulder is one of the most mobile joints in the body, and this mobility makes it prone to injury and pain. Shoulder pain can result from various causes, including overuse, trauma, degenerative conditions, or referred pain from other areas of the body.

The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint made up of three bones: the humerus (upper arm bone), scapula (shoulder blade), and clavicle (collarbone). The rotator cuff, a group of four muscles that surround and stabilize the shoulder joint, can also be a source of pain if it becomes inflamed or torn.

Shoulder pain can range from mild to severe, and it may be accompanied by stiffness, swelling, bruising, weakness, numbness, tingling, or reduced mobility in the affected arm. The pain may worsen with movement, lifting objects, or performing certain activities, such as reaching overhead or behind the back.

Medical evaluation is necessary to determine the underlying cause of shoulder pain and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment options may include rest, physical therapy, medication, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and nature of the condition.

Brachial plexus neuropathies refer to a group of conditions that affect the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck and travels down the arm. These nerves are responsible for providing motor and sensory function to the shoulder, arm, and hand.

Brachial plexus neuropathies can occur due to various reasons, including trauma, compression, inflammation, or tumors. The condition can cause symptoms such as pain, numbness, weakness, or paralysis in the affected arm and hand.

The specific medical definition of brachial plexus neuropathies is:

"A group of conditions that affect the brachial plexus, characterized by damage to the nerves that results in motor and/or sensory impairment of the upper limb. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with causes including trauma, compression, inflammation, or tumors."

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck region and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. It is formed by the ventral rami (branches) of the lower four cervical nerves (C5-C8) and the first thoracic nerve (T1). In some cases, contributions from C4 and T2 may also be included.

The brachial plexus nerves exit the intervertebral foramen, pass through the neck, and travel down the upper chest before branching out to form major peripheral nerves of the upper limb. These include the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median, and ulnar nerves, which further innervate specific muscles and sensory areas in the arm, forearm, and hand.

Damage to the brachial plexus can result in various neurological deficits, such as weakness or paralysis of the upper limb, numbness, or loss of sensation in the affected area, depending on the severity and location of the injury.

The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is the most mobile joint in the human body. It is a ball and socket synovial joint that connects the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) to the glenoid cavity of the scapula (shoulder blade). The shoulder joint allows for a wide range of movements including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. It is surrounded by a group of muscles and tendons known as the rotator cuff that provide stability and enable smooth movement of the joint.

The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.

The nodose ganglion is a part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is a collection of nerve cell bodies that are located in the upper neck, near the junction of the skull and the first vertebra (C1). The nodose ganglion is a component of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), which is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers.

The sensory fibers in the vagus nerve provide information about the state of the internal organs to the brain, including information about the heart, lungs, and digestive system. The cell bodies of these sensory fibers are located in the nodose ganglion.

The nodose ganglion contains neurons that have cell bodies with long processes called dendrites that extend into the mucous membranes of the respiratory and digestive tracts. These dendrites detect various stimuli, such as mechanical deformation (e.g., stretch), chemical changes (e.g., pH, osmolarity), and temperature changes in the internal environment. The information detected by these dendrites is then transmitted to the brain via the sensory fibers of the vagus nerve.

In summary, the nodose ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies that are part of the vagus nerve and provide sensory innervation to the internal organs in the thorax and abdomen.

Muscular atrophy is a condition characterized by a decrease in the size and mass of muscles due to lack of use, disease, or injury. This occurs when there is a disruption in the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation, leading to a net loss of muscle proteins. There are two main types of muscular atrophy:

1. Disuse atrophy: This type of atrophy occurs when muscles are not used or are immobilized for an extended period, such as after an injury, surgery, or prolonged bed rest. In this case, the nerves that control the muscles may still be functioning properly, but the muscles themselves waste away due to lack of use.
2. Neurogenic atrophy: This type of atrophy is caused by damage to the nerves that supply the muscles, leading to muscle weakness and wasting. Conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal cord injuries, and peripheral neuropathies can cause neurogenic atrophy.

In both cases, the affected muscles may become weak, shrink in size, and lose their tone and mass. Treatment for muscular atrophy depends on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, exercise, and medication to manage symptoms and improve muscle strength and function.

Peripheral nerves are nerve fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. These nerves convey motor, sensory, and autonomic information, enabling us to move, feel, and respond to changes in our environment. They form a complex network that extends from the CNS to muscles, glands, skin, and internal organs, allowing for coordinated responses and functions throughout the body. Damage or injury to peripheral nerves can result in various neurological symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, or pain, depending on the type and severity of the damage.

The jugular veins are a pair of large, superficial veins that carry blood from the head and neck to the heart. They are located in the neck and are easily visible when looking at the side of a person's neck. The external jugular vein runs along the surface of the muscles in the neck, while the internal jugular vein runs within the carotid sheath along with the carotid artery and the vagus nerve.

The jugular veins are important in clinical examinations because they can provide information about a person's cardiovascular function and intracranial pressure. For example, distention of the jugular veins may indicate heart failure or increased intracranial pressure, while decreased venous pulsations may suggest a low blood pressure or shock.

It is important to note that medical conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can also affect the jugular veins and can lead to serious complications if not treated promptly.

Masticatory muscles are a group of skeletal muscles responsible for the mastication (chewing) process in humans and other animals. They include:

1. Masseter muscle: This is the primary muscle for chewing and is located on the sides of the face, running from the lower jawbone (mandible) to the cheekbone (zygomatic arch). It helps close the mouth and elevate the mandible during chewing.

2. Temporalis muscle: This muscle is situated in the temporal region of the skull, covering the temple area. It assists in closing the jaw, retracting the mandible, and moving it sideways during chewing.

3. Medial pterygoid muscle: Located deep within the cheek, near the angle of the lower jaw, this muscle helps move the mandible forward and grind food during chewing. It also contributes to closing the mouth.

4. Lateral pterygoid muscle: Found inside the ramus (the vertical part) of the mandible, this muscle has two heads - superior and inferior. The superior head helps open the mouth by pulling the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) downwards, while the inferior head assists in moving the mandible sideways during chewing.

These muscles work together to enable efficient chewing and food breakdown, preparing it for swallowing and digestion.

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a standardized system for classifying and coding mortality and morbidity data, established by the World Health Organization (WHO). It provides a common language and framework for health professionals, researchers, and policymakers to share and compare health-related information across countries and regions.

The ICD codes are used to identify diseases, injuries, causes of death, and other health conditions. The classification includes categories for various body systems, mental disorders, external causes of injury and poisoning, and factors influencing health status. It also includes a section for symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings.

The ICD is regularly updated to incorporate new scientific knowledge and changing health needs. The most recent version, ICD-11, was adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2019 and will come into effect on January 1, 2022. It includes significant revisions and expansions in several areas, such as mental, behavioral, neurological disorders, and conditions related to sexual health.

In summary, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a globally recognized system for classifying and coding diseases, injuries, causes of death, and other health-related information, enabling standardized data collection, comparison, and analysis across countries and regions.

A factual database in the medical context is a collection of organized and structured data that contains verified and accurate information related to medicine, healthcare, or health sciences. These databases serve as reliable resources for various stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, researchers, students, and patients, to access evidence-based information for making informed decisions and enhancing knowledge.

Examples of factual medical databases include:

1. PubMed: A comprehensive database of biomedical literature maintained by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM). It contains citations and abstracts from life sciences journals, books, and conference proceedings.
2. MEDLINE: A subset of PubMed, MEDLINE focuses on high-quality, peer-reviewed articles related to biomedicine and health. It is the primary component of the NLM's database and serves as a critical resource for healthcare professionals and researchers worldwide.
3. Cochrane Library: A collection of systematic reviews and meta-analyses focused on evidence-based medicine. The library aims to provide unbiased, high-quality information to support clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes.
4. OVID: A platform that offers access to various medical and healthcare databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. It facilitates the search and retrieval of relevant literature for researchers, clinicians, and students.
5. ClinicalTrials.gov: A registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies conducted around the world. The platform aims to increase transparency and accessibility of clinical trial data for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients.
6. UpToDate: An evidence-based, physician-authored clinical decision support resource that provides information on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of medical conditions. It serves as a point-of-care tool for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions and improve patient care.
7. TRIP Database: A search engine designed to facilitate evidence-based medicine by providing quick access to high-quality resources, including systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and practice recommendations.
8. National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC): A database of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and related documents developed through a rigorous review process. The NGC aims to provide clinicians, healthcare providers, and policymakers with reliable guidance for patient care.
9. DrugBank: A comprehensive, freely accessible online database containing detailed information about drugs, their mechanisms, interactions, and targets. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and students in the field of pharmacology and drug discovery.
10. Genetic Testing Registry (GTR): A database that provides centralized information about genetic tests, test developers, laboratories offering tests, and clinical validity and utility of genetic tests. It serves as a resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients to make informed decisions regarding genetic testing.

Clinical coding, also known as medical coding, is the process of converting healthcare diagnoses, procedures, and services into standardized codes used for reimbursement, statistical analysis, and public health reporting. In many healthcare systems, clinical coders review medical records, such as doctors' notes, laboratory results, and imaging reports, to assign codes from classification systems such as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT).

Accurate clinical coding is essential for healthcare organizations to receive proper reimbursement from insurance companies and government payers, as well as to track outcomes, identify trends, and monitor quality of care. Clinical coders must have a strong understanding of anatomy, physiology, medical terminology, and coding guidelines to ensure the correct assignment of codes.

Spinal cord diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the spinal cord, which is a part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body. These diseases can cause damage to the spinal cord, leading to various symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, pain, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and difficulty with movement and coordination.

Spinal cord diseases can be congenital or acquired, and they can result from a variety of causes, including infections, injuries, tumors, degenerative conditions, autoimmune disorders, and genetic factors. Some examples of spinal cord diseases include multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, spinal cord injury, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

The treatment for spinal cord diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation. In some cases, the damage to the spinal cord may be irreversible, leading to permanent disability or paralysis.

An insurance claim review is the process conducted by an insurance company to evaluate a claim made by a policyholder for coverage of a loss or expense. This evaluation typically involves examining the details of the claim, assessing the damages or injuries incurred, verifying the coverage provided by the policy, and determining the appropriate amount of benefits to be paid. The insurance claim review may also include investigating the circumstances surrounding the claim to ensure its validity and confirming that it complies with the terms and conditions of the insurance policy.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Insurance claim reporting is the process of informing an insurance company about a potential claim that an insured individual or business intends to make under their insurance policy. This report typically includes details about the incident or loss, such as the date, time, location, and type of damage or injury, as well as any relevant documentation, such as police reports or medical records.

The purpose of insurance claim reporting is to initiate the claims process and provide the insurance company with the necessary information to evaluate the claim and determine coverage. The insured individual or business may be required to submit additional information or evidence to support their claim, and the insurance company will conduct an investigation to assess the validity and value of the claim.

Prompt and accurate reporting of insurance claims is important to ensure that the claim is processed in a timely manner and to avoid any potential delays or denials of coverage based on late reporting. It is also important to provide complete and truthful information during the claims process, as misrepresentations or false statements can lead to claim denials or even fraud investigations.

The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve XI, or simply CN XI, is a cranial nerve that ... and accessory nerves. The accessory nerve (top left) travels down through the jugular foramen with the other two nerves, and ... "Is the cranial accessory nerve really a portion of the accessory nerve? Anatomy of the cranial nerves in the jugular foramen". ... The spinal accessory nerve continues alone and heads backwards and downwards. In the neck, the accessory nerve crosses the ...
In human anatomy, the accessory obturator nerve is an accessory nerve in the lumbar region present in about 29% of cases. It is ... while a third communicates with the anterior branch of the obturator nerve. Occasionally the accessory obturator nerve is very ... When it is absent, the hip-joint receives two branches from the obturator nerve. This article incorporates text in the public ... Recent evidence support that this nerve arises from Dorsal divisions. It descends along the medial border of the psoas major, ...
... is an injury to the spinal accessory nerve which results in diminished or absent function of the ... Patients with spinal accessory nerve paralysis often exhibit signs of lower motor neuron disease such as diminished muscle mass ... In patients with damage to the spinal accessory nerve, shoulder elevation will be diminished, and the patient will be incapable ... London J, London NJ, Kay SP (1996). "Iatrogenic accessory nerve injury". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 78 ...
The spinal root of accessory nerve (or part) is firm in texture, and its fibers arise from the motor cells in the lateral part ... In the jugular foramen, it receives one or two filaments from the cranial part of the nerve, or else joins it for a short ... The nerve then descends obliquely behind the Digastricus and Stylohyoideus to the upper part of the Sternocleidomastoideus; it ... In the posterior triangle it unites with the second and third cervical nerves, while beneath the Trapezius it forms a plexus ...
Is the cranial accessory nerve really a portion of the accessory nerve? Anatomy of the cranial nerves in the jugular foramen. ... The cranial root of accessory nerve (or part) is the smaller of the two portions of the accessory nerve. It is generally ... The accessory nerve would then be a pure motor nerve supplying the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, with the fibers ... part of the vagus nerve and not part of the accessory nerve proper because the cranial component rapidly joins the vagus nerve ...
the fourth part of the vertebral artery, surrounded by sympathetic plexus of nerves. accessory nerves. anterior and posterior ... It also transmits the accessory nerve into the skull. The foramen magnum is a very important feature in bipedal mammals. One of ...
... palsy, due to damage of the spinal accessory nerve, is characterized by difficulty with arm adduction and abduction, ... Motor function is supplied by the accessory nerve. Sensation, including pain and the sense of joint position (proprioception), ... Wiater JM, Bigliani LU (1999). "Spinal accessory nerve injury". Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 368 (1): 5-16. doi: ... Injury to cranial nerve XI will cause weakness in abducting the shoulder above 90 degrees. When the scapulae are stable, a co- ...
Walker HK (1990). "Cranial Nerve XI: The Spinal Accessory Nerve". Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory ... The vagus nerve, also known as the tenth cranial nerve, cranial nerve X, or simply CN X, is a cranial nerve that carries ... Pharyngeal nerve Superior laryngeal nerve Aortic nerve Superior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve Inferior cervical ... It comprises two nerves-the left and right vagus nerves-but they are typically referred to collectively as a single subsystem. ...
It is innervated by the accessory nerve. Rhomboideus: originates on the nuchal crest of the occipital bone and inserts on the ... It is innervated by the median nerve. Flexor carpi ulnar: originates on the olecranon and inserts on the accessory carpal bone ... It is innervated by the accessory nerve. Trapezius: originates on the supraspinous ligament and inserts on the spine of the ... It is innervated by the accessory nerve. Sternohyoideus: originates on the sternum and inserts on the basihyoid bone. Its ...
The subclavian nerve may issue a branch called the accessory phrenic nerve which innervates the diaphragm. The accessory ... The subclavian nerve, also known as the nerve to the subclavius, is small branch of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. It ... This nerve usually joins with the phrenic nerve before innervating the diaphragm, ventral to the subclavian vein. The ... "Accessory phrenic nerve: A rarely discussed common variation with clinical implications". Clinical Anatomy. 24 (5): 671-673. ...
The glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves;[citation needed] the sympathetic trunk leaving from the cranial ... also if glossopharyngeal nerve is involved); and Horner's syndrome from the involvement of sympathetic nerves. Involvement of ... The facial nerve is in contact with the dorsal part of the pouch. The external carotid artery passes ventral to the medial ... Horses that experience dysphagia or other forms of nerve dysfunction as a result of GPM have a poorer prognosis that those who ...
... the accessory nerve. The accessory nerve nucleus is in the anterior horn of the spinal cord around C1-C3, where lower motor ... Peripheral Nerve Surgical Procedures for Cervical Dystonia", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 413-430 ... "64 Cranial Nerve XI: The Spinal Accessory Nerve". In Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW (eds.). Clinical Methods: The History, ... with which it shares its nerve supply (the accessory nerve). It is thick and thus serves as a primary landmark of the neck, as ...
It then travels close to the vagus nerve and spinal division of the accessory nerve, spirals downwards behind the vagus nerve ... The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the twelfth cranial nerve, cranial nerve XII, or simply CN XII, is a cranial nerve that ... The hypoglossal nerve may be connected (anastomosed) to the facial nerve to attempt to restore function when the facial nerve ... Because of the close proximity of the nerve to other structures including nerves, arteries, and veins, it is rare for the nerve ...
... glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI), and the hypoglossal nerve (XII). Cranial nerves are ... The nerves are: the olfactory nerve (I), the optic nerve (II), oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), trigeminal nerve ( ... the accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII) do not exist, with the accessory nerve (XI) being an integral part of the ... purely sensory nerve. * There is no known ganglion of the accessory nerve. The cranial part of the accessory nerve sends ...
An accessory obturator nerve may be present in approximately 8% to 29% of the general population. Anterior branch of obturator ... nerve Posterior branch of obturator nerve Cutaneous branch of the obturator nerve The obturator nerve is responsible for the ... The obturator nerve in human anatomy arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves in the ... The obturator nerve originates from the anterior divisions of the L2, L3, and L4 spinal nerve roots. It descends through the ...
Course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their ... It is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII). The styloglossus muscle is the shortest and smallest of the ... The styloglossus is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) (like all muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus which is ... innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve (CN X)).[citation needed] The styloglossus draws up the sides of the tongue ...
They are also situated adjacent to the accessory nerve (CN XI). Superior deep cervical lymph nodes situated in a triangular ...
There is anastomosis with accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve and sympathetic trunk. It is located in the neck, deep to the ... Regional Nerve Blocks of the Head and Neck", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 147-151, doi:10.1016/ ... Nerve plexus, Spinal nerves, Nerves of the head and neck). ... Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 441- ... The cervical plexus is a nerve plexus of the anterior rami of the first (i.e. upper-most) four cervical spinal nerves C1-C4. ...
"Edinger-Westphal nucleus: The accessory nucleus of the 3rd oculomotor nerve. Named with Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal; Edinger ...
Sylvius University of New Mexico Georgetown (CS1: long volume value, Accessory nerve, Cranial nerve nuclei, Medulla oblongata) ... Routal RV, Pal GP (2000). "Location of the spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve in the human spinal cord". J. Anat. 196 ( Pt 2 ... Ullah M, Mansor O, Ismail ZI, Kapitonova MY, Sirajudeen KN (2007). "Localization of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerve in ... The nucleus ambiguus is classically said to provide the "cranial component" of the accessory nerve. However, the very existence ...
The greater nerve to the muscle is the femoral nerve. Unlike the obturator accessory nerve, the femoral nerve is always present ... a branch of the obturator nerve called the accessory obturator nerve. When it is present, the accessory obturator nerve ... The muscle is also innervated by the accessory obturator nerve in the 8.7% of cases in which the nerve occurs. Its primary ... complex than the brachial plexus and gives rise to a number of nerves including the femoral nerve and accessory obturator nerve ...
Level IIa: Anterio-medial to the vertical plane of the accessory nerve. Level IIb: Postero-lateral to this plane. Level III: ... Level V: Posterior triangle nodes - around the lower half of the spinal accessory nerve and the transverse cervical artery, and ... around the upper third of the internal jugular vein and adjacent accessory nerve. The upper boundary is the base of the skull ... Vertical plane defined by the spinal accessory nerve Level IIB: Skull base, Horizontal plane defined by the inferior body of ...
Optional motor donor nerves are: the masseteric nerve, accessory nerve or hypoglossal nerve. In rare cases when these nerves ... For example, the hypoglossal nerve or masseteric nerve on the affected side can be used as donor nerves. This donor nerve is ... Here the nerve stimulator can be used in identifying the donor motor nerve to the masseter muscle. Once the nerve is identified ... This donor nerve is then attached to the distal end of the paralysed facial nerve. Techniques for donor nerve transfers are ...
The spinal accessory nerve can often be found 1 cm above Erb's point. Erb's point is formed by the union of the C5 and C6 nerve ... At the nerve trunk, branches of suprascapular nerves and the nerve to the subclavius also merge. The merged nerve divides into ... From here, the accessory nerve courses through the posterior triangle of the neck to enter the anterior border of the trapezius ... through the radial nerve); and the deltoid (through the axillary nerve). The effect is called "Erb's palsy". Typically, an ...
The intermediate compartment transmits the glossopharyngeal nerve, the vagus nerve, and the accessory nerve. The posterior ... Anatomy of the Vagus Nerve". Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Vol. 1: History, Embryology, Anatomy, Imaging, and Diagnostics. ... The larger, posterolateral, "pars vascularis" compartment contains CN X, CN XI, Arnold's nerve (or the auricular branch of CN X ... It allows many structures to pass, including the inferior petrosal sinus, three cranial nerves, the sigmoid sinus, and ...
... it receives a communicating branch from the accessory obturator nerve when that nerve is present. Choi, Eun Joo; Byun, Jong Min ... The anterior branch of the obturator nerve is a branch of the obturator nerve found in the pelvis and leg. It leaves the pelvis ... Near the obturator foramen the nerve gives off an articular branch to the hip joint. Behind the pectineus, it distributes ... Nerves of the lower limb and lower torso, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ...
The foramen ovale is behind and lateral to this; it transmits the mandibular nerve, the accessory meningeal artery, and ... it is a short canal that transmits the middle meningeal vessels and a recurrent branch from the mandibular nerve. The foramen ... for transmission of the lesser petrosal nerve. The lateral surface [Fig. 2] is convex, and divided by a transverse ridge, the ... which is frequently grooved on its medial surface for the chorda tympani nerve. To the sphenoidal spine are attached the ...
The injury he was found to have suffered was damage to his spinal accessory nerve. He was batting .244 with four home runs and ... Davis suffered a nerve injury in his neck during his first spring training with the Orioles on a swing that he felt two pops in ...
In some individuals, accessory upper subscapular nerve or accessory lower subscapular nerve may be found. Polcaro, Lauren; ... Subscapular nerves can refer to: Upper subscapular nerve Thoracodorsal nerve (middle subscapular nerve) Lower subscapular nerve ... These nerves are part of a group of nerves that innervate the muscles that move the scapula. The upper subscapular nerve ... The middle subscapular nerve, known as the thoracodorsal nerve, innervates the latissimus dorsi muscle. The lower subscapular ...
"The Modified Eden-Lange Tendon Transfer for Lateral Scapular Winging Secondary to Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury". Arthroscopy ... The dorsal scapular nerve is at risk for intraoperative injury when detaching the rhomboid and levator scapulae insertions due ... This is of particular concern because the dorsal scapular nerve innervates all three muscles transferred in the Eden-Lange ... Symptomatic trapezius palsy lasting longer than 1 year indicates tendon transfer, since spontaneous recovery and nerve repair ...
The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve XI, or simply CN XI, is a cranial nerve that ... and accessory nerves. The accessory nerve (top left) travels down through the jugular foramen with the other two nerves, and ... "Is the cranial accessory nerve really a portion of the accessory nerve? Anatomy of the cranial nerves in the jugular foramen". ... The spinal accessory nerve continues alone and heads backwards and downwards. In the neck, the accessory nerve crosses the ...
... the spinal accessory nerve (SAN), is vulnerable to injury, owing to its long and superficial course in the posterior cervical ... Ultrasonography of the accessory nerve: normal and pathologic findings in cadavers and patients with iatrogenic accessory nerve ... encoded search term (Accessory Nerve Injury) and Accessory Nerve Injury What to Read Next on Medscape ... Cranial nerve XI, the spinal accessory nerve (SAN), is vulnerable to injury, owing to its long and superficial course in the ...
Accessory Navicular Nerve Pain. Discussion in Ask your questions here started by Bconrado, Nov 12, 2017. ... Accessory Navicular Removal Surgery Post Op Recovery Timeline Mncst, Apr 6, 2018, in forum: Ask your questions here ... Possible Accessory Navicular Fracture? Ace.Of.Cups, Aug 24, 2021, in forum: Ask your questions here ... Accessory Navicular surgery KASSIE, Mar 18, 2019, in forum: Ask your questions here ...
Guen J. did not see the nerve, did not look for the nerve, did not visualize the nerve and did not avoid the nerve. ... a spinal accessory nerve injury. By the time the referral had occurred, it was too late to try to do any kind of nerve repair ... During the surgery the doctor severed a spinal accessory nerve. Despite the womans complaints of left arm weakness the doctor ... Second, Plaintiff contends that the doctor is required to identify the spinal accessory nerve, visualize it, and avoid hitting ...
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Accessory nerve injury during amateur wrestling: silent but not overlooked. L Özçakar et al., British Journal of Sports ... Dual spinal accessory nerve: an anatomical anomaly during neck dissection. Faizan Shah et al., BMJ Case Reports, 2023 ... Dual spinal accessory nerve: caution during neck dissection. Muhammad Hassan Danish et al., BMJ Case Reports, 2020 ... Nerve transfers and neurotization in peripheral nerve injury, from surgery to rehabilitation. Lisa Korus et al., Journal of ...
accessory branches. mylohyoid nerve. posterior mandible. Anesthesia, Local. Mandible. Mandibular Nerve Identifier to cite or ... Variation in Accessory Branches of the Mylohyoid Nerve in the Posterior Mandible: An Anatomic Study. ... The accessory branch identified was located an average of 2.3 cm from the posterior mandible. Conclusion: Accessory branches of ... the courses and branching patterns of the mylohyoid nerve in adult cadavers in order to determine if there are accessory ...
Also known as Cranial nerve XI, and CN XI. ... Also known as Cranial nerve XI, and CN XI. Licence * Science ... Accessory nerve (#6305). Accessory nerve (#6305) Shown from coronal perspective. ...
accessory, anatomical, attempt, axon, axonal, axons, bundle, distal, futile, nerve, nerves, neuroma, nodular, painful, portion ... C5-6 Disc Herniation with Spinal Nerve Root Compression and Resultant Arm Pain - Image ...
Spinal accessory nerve palsy as a cause of pain after whiplash injury: case report. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998 ... Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy (SANP) is generally reported following surgical procedures in or around the posterior triangle of ... Early diagnosis and treatment of spinal accessory nerve palsy may lead to more effective pain relief and a better functional ... The force and rate of time by which a nerve is stretched contributes heavily to producing nerve lesions. A great amount of ...
Spinal accessory nerve palsy as a cause of pain after whiplash injury: case report. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998 ... Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy (SANP) is generally reported following surgical procedures in or around the posterior triangle of ... Early diagnosis and treatment of spinal accessory nerve palsy may lead to more effective pain relief and a better functional ... The force and rate of time by which a nerve is stretched contributes heavily to producing nerve lesions. A great amount of ...
The common peroneal nerve runs alongside the sciatic nerve, from the femur to the buttocks. It then courses further down on its ... The deep peroneal nerve makes up one section of the common peroneal nerve. ... Accessory nerve. Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network. The accessory nerve is a cranial nerve that controls the ... The oculomotor nerve is the third of 12 pairs of cranial nerves in the brain. This nerve is responsible for eyeball and eyelid ...
Background: Neck dissection is an operation that can result in accessory nerve injury. Accessory nerve shoulder dysfunction ( ... Physiotherapy for accessory nerve shoulder dysfunction following neck dissection surgery: a literature review. Creator McGarvey ... Physiotherapy for accessory nerve shoulder dysfunction following neck dissection surgery: a literature review. ... accessory nerve; physiotherapy; neck dissection; shoulder pain/dysfunction. Identifier http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1035973. ...
Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy and Whiplash. Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy (SANP) is generally reported following surgical ... Spinal accessory nerve palsy as a cause of pain after whiplash injury: case report. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998 ... Early diagnosis and treatment of spinal accessory nerve palsy may lead to more effective pain relief and a better functional ... The force and rate of time by which a nerve is stretched contributes heavily to producing nerve lesions. A great amount of ...
Radial Nerve Injury (Humerus Fracture). *Sciatic Nerve Injury (Total Hip Arthroplasty). *Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury (Neck ... Peripheral Nerve Surgery Program. Stanford Health Cares Peripheral Nerve Surgery Program offers comprehensive diagnostic ... His research interests include peripheral nerve outcomes research, advancing options for patients with peripheral nerve ... At the Stanford Center for Peripheral Nerve Surgery, our goal is to capitalize on the expertise of specialists from multiple ...
Hypoglossal nerve. −. −. −. −. −. Phrenic nerve. −. +. +. +. +. Accessory nerve. −. +. +. +. +. Suprascapular nerve. −. −. +. + ... Accumulation of L-type Bovine Prions in Peripheral Nerve Tissues Yoshifumi Iwamaru. , Morikazu Imamura, Yuichi Matsuura, ... Accumulation of L-type Bovine Prions in Peripheral Nerve Tissues. ...
Absence of musculocutaneous nerve associated with the presence of an accessory head of the biceps brachii muscle: report of a ... The aim of this work was to report the absence of musculocutaneous nerve associated with the presence of one accessory head of ... In the same way, the variants of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) can include alterations in its course, number of branches, or ... The absence of MCN associated with the presence of one accessory head of the BBM were found bilaterally. These anatomical ...
Frequency of accessory mental foramen and anatomical variability of mental nerve anterior loop in a peruvian population: A ... Frequency of accessory mental foramen and anatomical variability of mental nerve anterior loop in a peruvian population: A ... Frequency of accessory mental foramen and anatomical variability of mental nerve anterior loop in a peruvian population: A ... Frequency of accessory mental foramen and anatomical variability of mental nerve anterior loop in a peruvian population: A ...
Frequency of accessory mental foramen and anatomical variability of mental nerve anterior loop in a peruvian population: A ... Frequency of accessory mental foramen and anatomical variability of mental nerve anterior loop in a peruvian population: A ... Dive into the research topics of Frequency of accessory mental foramen and anatomical variability of mental nerve anterior ...
Taylor, CB, Boone, JL, Schmalbach, CE & Miller, FR 2013, Intraoperative relationship of the spinal accessory nerve to the ... Intraoperative relationship of the spinal accessory nerve to the internal jugular vein: Variation from cadaver studies. ... Intraoperative relationship of the spinal accessory nerve to the internal jugular vein : Variation from cadaver studies. In: ... Purpose Conflicting locations of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) with respect to the internal jugular vein (IJV) are reported ...
Bae, J. H., Lee, J. S., Choi, D. Y., Suhk, J. H., & Kim, S. T. (2018). Accessory nerve distribution for aesthetic botulinum ... The aim of study was to analyze the perforating branch pattern of the accessory nerve in the descending part of the trapezius ... The aim of study was to analyze the perforating branch pattern of the accessory nerve in the descending part of the trapezius ... The aim of study was to analyze the perforating branch pattern of the accessory nerve in the descending part of the trapezius ...
In patients with preservation of the ipsilateral accessory nerve, arm abduction function was maintained in 142 of 209 patients ... Post-operative progress of arm abduction function and rate of lymph node metastasis around the region of the accessory nerve: a ... Level IIB metastasis; Level V metastasis; accessory nerve; arm abduction; neck dissection ...
Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) Latissimus dorsi *Origin. *Insertion. The lateral border may be traced, when the muscle is in ... Anterior interosseus nerve, from median nerve (C8+T1) Arteries[edit , edit source]. Superficial view. Deep view. The brachial ... Anterior interosseus nerve, from median nerve (C8+T1) Pronator quadratus A small, flat, quadrilateral muscle, extending across ... It is then crossed by the median nerve, and continues on the ulnar aspect of the forearm in close relation to the ulnar nerve, ...
Vagus nerve. Definition. control of thoracic and abdominal organs. Term. XI. Spinal accessory nerve. ...
What about the cranial accessory nerve then?. -. nineteenthly, Feb 10 2017. So, presumably, sedimentary rocks were deposited ...
Innervation of the trapezius is derived from the spinal accessory nerve. The descending part of the trapezius muscle supports ...
Peripheral Nerve Entrapments von Trescot, MD, ABIPP, FIPP , 9783319274829 , Als Download verfügbar - Schweitzer ... Accessory Nerve Entrapment. Agnes. R. Stogicza. Chapter 28 Suprascapular. Nerve Entrapment - Shoulder and Chest Wall. ... NeurophysiologieCompression NeuropathyNerve Compression SyndromeNerve Entrapment SyndromePeripheral Nerve Entrapments ... Nerve Entrapment. Christopher. J. Burnett and Helen W. Karl. Chapter 32 Dorsal. Scapular Nerve Entrapment. Andrea. M. Trescot. ...
accessory nerve 352.4. *. acute (see also Poliomyelitis) 045.9. *. ascending acute 357.0. *. atrophic (acute) (see also ...
793 Course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. ... Course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves.. Contents -SUBJECT INDEX -BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD - ...
  • FInd information about the trigeminal nerve, including its functions, how doctors test it, and the conditions associated. (healthline.com)
  • This stock medical exhibit features an oblique view of the head and brain with left trigeminal nerve branches and an arrow to the brainstem and deep brain tissue. (smartimagebase.com)
  • Cranial nerve V, also known as the trigeminal nerve, originates from the pons, which is a part of the brainstem. (proprofs.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face and controlling the muscles involved in chewing. (proprofs.com)
  • The mandibular nerve is the largest division of the trigeminal nerve, with sensory roots from the trigeminal ganglion and motor roots from the pons and the medulla. (medscape.com)
  • The mental nerve is a somatic afferent (sensorial) nerve and corresponds to the terminal branch of the mandibular nerve, which is the third division of the trigeminal nerve. (bvsalud.org)
  • Behind and lateral to the foramen rotundum is the foramen ovale, which transmits the mandibular nerve, the accessory meningeal artery, and the lesser superficial petrosal nerve. (bartleby.com)
  • Lateral to the foramen ovale is the foramen spinosum, for the passage of the middle meningeal vessels, and a recurrent branch from the mandibular nerve. (bartleby.com)
  • Mandibular nerve block is a safe procedure. (medscape.com)
  • The mandibular nerve area is generally blocked by using more specific nerve blocks rather than by performing a complete nerve block. (medscape.com)
  • The mandibular nerve block has a success rate of 95%-98%, whereas the IAN block is successful in only 65%-85% of cases. (medscape.com)
  • The 2 roots exit the cranium via the foramen ovale and unite just outside the cranium to form the mandibular nerve. (medscape.com)
  • After giving off 2 branches, the mandibular nerve bifurcates into anterior and posterior divisions (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The "ART" mandibular nerve block: a new approach to accomplishing regional anesthesia. (medscape.com)
  • It is classified as the eleventh of twelve pairs of cranial nerves because part of it was formerly believed to originate in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The oculomotor nerve is the third of 12 pairs of cranial nerves in the brain. (healthline.com)
  • The nerve travels along the inner wall of the skull towards the jugular foramen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Leaving the skull, the nerve travels through the jugular foramen with the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nerve moves near the inner wall of the skull near the jugular foramen. (knowyourbody.net)
  • After this the nerve routes through jugular foramen with vagus nerves and glossopharyngeal . (knowyourbody.net)
  • From the skull, it goes through the jugular foramen with the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. (knowyourbody.net)
  • From the jugular foramen, it then leaves the cranium and connects to the spinal portion of the main Accessory Nerve. (knowyourbody.net)
  • The glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory nerve leave the skull base via the jugular foramen with the carotid artery and the internal jugular vein. (myneurosurg.com)
  • It leaves the skull through the middle compartment of the jugular foramen, where it has upper and lower ganglionic swellings, which are the sensory ganglia of the nerve. (medscape.com)
  • In the neck, the accessory nerve crosses the internal jugular vein around the level of the posterior belly of digastric muscle. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the neck, the accessory nerve crosses the internal jugular vein around the level of the posterior belly of digastric muscle, in front of the vein in about 80% of people, and behind it in about 20%, and in one reported case, piercing the vein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Purpose Conflicting locations of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) with respect to the internal jugular vein (IJV) are reported in the literature and anatomy texts. (uthscsa.edu)
  • One such modification is the preservation of 1 or more nonlymphatic structures (eg, spinal accessory nerve, internal jugular vein [IJV], sternocleidomastoid [SCM] muscle). (medscape.com)
  • Four cases of spinal accessory nerve passing through the fenestrated internal jugular vein. (koreamed.org)
  • Vagus nerve relating to Common carotid artery & Internal jugular vein. (anatomytrains.com)
  • The vagus nerve descends vertically within the carotid sheath posterolateral to the internal and common carotid arteries and medial to the internal jugular vein (IJV) at the root of the neck. (medscape.com)
  • As it courses downwards, the nerve pierces through the sternocleidomastoid muscle while sending it motor branches, then continues down until it reaches the trapezius muscle to provide motor innervation to its upper part. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anatomic study of the SAN has long maintained a debate as to the exact contributions of this nerve and other cervical motor nerves to the innervation of the trapezius muscle. (medscape.com)
  • Subsequent anatomic study reported a possible plexus composed of both cervical nerves and contributions from the SAN that collectively provided trapezial motor innervation. (medscape.com)
  • The classic and much-used Gray's Anatomy assigned cervical nerves to a proprioceptive sensory role, with only the SAN providing motor innervation to the trapezius. (medscape.com)
  • Variations were noted in both upper limbs related to accessory muscle bellies and change in innervation. (eurjanat.com)
  • Anatomical relations of muscles and nerves were determined by following proximal to distal ends, relation, vascularization, and innervation pattern. (eurjanat.com)
  • Innervation of the trapezius is derived from the spinal accessory nerve. (healthline.com)
  • The sensory innervation of the hip is complex, involving multiple nerves from both lumbar and sacral plexi. (asra.com)
  • Prior studies have demonstrated a dense anterior capsule innervation, involving femoral, obturator, and accessory obturator nerves. (asra.com)
  • The mental nerve emerges at the MF and divides into four branches: angular (innervation of the angle of the mouth region), medial and lateral inferior labial (skin of the lower lip, oral mucosa, and gingiva as far posterior as the second premolar), and mental branch (skin of the mental region) 6 . (bvsalud.org)
  • The medial cutaneous nerve is located in the arm. (healthline.com)
  • 95%). In 6 (2.8%) cases the SAN was identified medial to the IJV and 2 nerves pierced the IJV. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Behind the medial end of the superior orbital fissure is the foramen rotundum, for the passage of the maxillary nerve. (bartleby.com)
  • The nerve to the medial pterygoid is a motor branch that innervates the medial pterygoid muscle. (medscape.com)
  • Cranial nerve XI, the spinal accessory nerve (SAN), is vulnerable to injury, owing to its long and superficial course in the posterior cervical neck. (medscape.com)
  • Course of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) in the posterior cervical triangle. (medscape.com)
  • Purpose: To examine the courses and branching patterns of the mylohyoid nerve in adult cadavers in order to determine if there are accessory branches, which insert on the posterior mandible. (umaryland.edu)
  • Results: 12 out 25 (48%) cadavers had at least one accessory branch present that attached to the posterior mandible. (umaryland.edu)
  • The accessory branch identified was located an average of 2.3 cm from the posterior mandible. (umaryland.edu)
  • Conclusion: Accessory branches of the mylohyoid exist in the posterior mandible. (umaryland.edu)
  • The necessary nerve intersects the interior jugular vein across the level of posterior belly of the digastric muscle. (knowyourbody.net)
  • Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy (SANP) is generally reported following surgical procedures in or around the posterior triangle of the neck. (atlanticchiropractor.com)
  • The obturator nerve courses posteromedially toward the obturator canal and subsequently splits into anterior and posterior divisions. (asra.com)
  • The posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral crico-arytenoid are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerves and are involved in abdcution (posterior) and adduction (lateral) of the vocal chords. (myneurosurg.com)
  • The mental nerve and veins exit the bone through this foramen, which is oriented posterior-superiorly in adults 11 . (bvsalud.org)
  • The anterior and posterior gastric nerves are then formed from the esophageal plexus. (medscape.com)
  • Similarly, the posterior gastric nerve is formed mainly from the right vagus but contains fibers from the left vagus nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The vagus nerve is the longest of the 12 cranial nerves. (healthline.com)
  • Our next step is testing the identified branches to confirm if they are nerve fibers. (umaryland.edu)
  • The ilioinguinal nerve branches off the first lumbar nerve, which is near the lower back. (healthline.com)
  • In the upper arm and near the shoulder, the median nerve branches off of the brachial plexus. (healthline.com)
  • In the same way, the variants of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) can include alterations in its course, number of branches, or anatomical relations, whereas its absence is considered an atypical variation. (eurjanat.com)
  • Results: The dense arborization of the perforating accessory nerve branches was confined mostly to section b (66.7%, 54/81) and section c (33.3%, 27/81). (elsevierpure.com)
  • The femoral nerve remains in this plane but gives off branches to the iliacus and acetabulum prior to reaching the inguinal ligament. (asra.com)
  • a communicating branch between the FCN and the accessory nerve and anastomoses between the ventral branches of the FCN and second cervical nerve were identified. (avma.org)
  • It divides into 2 branches, which are the nerves to the tensor tympani and the tensor veli palatini. (medscape.com)
  • In the premolar region, the inferior alveolar nerve usually splits in two branches, the mental nerve and the incisive nerve. (bvsalud.org)
  • Diagram of the vagus nerve demonstrating the different branches. (medscape.com)
  • The anatomy of the accessory nerve can be studied by detailing its parts. (knowyourbody.net)
  • Anatomy and clinical application of suprascapular nerve to accessory nerve transfer. (wjgnet.com)
  • An oral nerve block is a simple and effective way to manage orofacial pain without distorting the anatomy of a wound and without the use of narcotics. (medscape.com)
  • Frequency of accessory mental foramen and anatomical variability of mental nerve anterior loop in a peruvian population: A retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study. (edu.pe)
  • Objective: To evaluate the frequency of accessory mental foramen (AMF) and anatomical variants of the mental nerve anterior loop using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Peruvian population. (edu.pe)
  • A 3D multi-planar reconstruction was performed to identify the location and presence of accessory mental foramina, their morphological characteristics (oval or circular), their position with respect to the mental foramen (MF), anterior loop (AL) path and other anatomical landmarks including lengths and angles. (edu.pe)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Frequency of accessory mental foramen and anatomical variability of mental nerve anterior loop in a peruvian population: A retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study. (edu.pe)
  • In this article, a case of accessory mental foramen was presented with computed tomography images, and the main complications related to this anatomical variation are discussed. (bvsalud.org)
  • The hypoglossal nerve is considered seperately because of its exit via the hypoglossal canal. (myneurosurg.com)
  • The fibres of the spinal accessory nerve originate solely in neurons situated in the upper spinal cord, from where the spinal cord begins at the junction with the medulla oblongata, to the level of about C6. (wikipedia.org)
  • The spinal accessory nerve's fibers originate from the neurons located in the upper spinal cord. (knowyourbody.net)
  • Cranial nerves IV (trochlear nerve) and III (oculomotor nerve) originate from the midbrain. (proprofs.com)
  • Where do Cranial nerves 9,10 & 11 originate from? (proprofs.com)
  • Cranial nerves 9, 10, and 11 originate from the Medulla. (proprofs.com)
  • The cranial nerves originate in the brain stem. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This explains the unpredictable motor and sensory deficits that arise from transection of the nerves to this muscle. (medscape.com)
  • Arnold's nerve , also known as the auricular branch or mastoid branch , of the vagus nerve (CN X) is a small sensory nerve supplying the skin of the external acoustic meatus. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The glossopharyngeal nerve has motor, sensory and parasympathetic fibres. (myneurosurg.com)
  • Like the glossopharyngeal nerve, it has motor, sensory and parasympathetic functions. (myneurosurg.com)
  • Sensory nerves from the anterior division include the buccal nerve, which is sensory to the mucosa of the mouth and gums and the skin on the cheek. (medscape.com)
  • It then exits via the mental foramen as the mental and incisive nerves, which are sensory to the chin and the lower teeth. (medscape.com)
  • As an example, one of the most common forms of nerve entrapment syndrome, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, affects roughly 1 in 20 people in the United States, and is only one of several types of entrapment syndromes possible for the median nerve. (schweitzer-online.de)
  • Arnold's nerve originates from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and also has a small contribution from the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Cranial nerve 9, also known as the Glossopharyngeal nerve, controls functions like taste and swallowing. (proprofs.com)
  • In 1933, Bardeen suggested that the origin of motor input to the trapezius muscle was purely from the cervical nerves. (medscape.com)
  • PROCEDURES In each cadaver, the FCN pathway was determined by dissection, and any anastomosis between the first and second cervical nerves was identified. (avma.org)
  • Moreover, INIs are also a common source of medicolegal litigation with 60% of INI complications during thyroid surgery leading to malpractice lawsuits and 82% of cases of spinal accessory nerve injury resulting in patient compensation 17 , 18 . (nature.com)
  • Consequently, the term "accessory nerve" usually refers only to nerve supplying the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, also called the spinal accessory nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first one is called the Spinal Accessory Nerve that originates in the neurons located in the upper spinal cord (medulla oblongata). (knowyourbody.net)
  • Injury to the spinal accessory nerve is most commonly caused by medical procedures that involve the head and neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • The accessory nerve offers motion functions to the sternocleidomastoid muscles that extend from the neck and move to trapezius and then extends to the upper back and shoulder. (knowyourbody.net)
  • Background: Neck dissection is an operation that can result in accessory nerve injury. (edu.au)
  • Accessory nerve shoulder dysfunction (ANSD) describes the pain and impaired range of motion that may occur following neck dissection. (edu.au)
  • The nerve then splits inside the neck of the fibula into two parts: the deep peroneal nerve and the superficial peroneal nerve. (healthline.com)
  • The accessory nerve is a cranial nerve that controls the movement of certain neck muscles. (healthline.com)
  • Cranial nerves are a set of nerves that emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for controlling various functions of the head and neck. (proprofs.com)
  • This cluster of neurons, called the spinal accessory nucleus, is located in the lateral aspect of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, and stretches from where the spinal cord begins (at the junction with the medulla) through to the level of about C6. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main goal of this procedure was to remove, en bloc, all ipsilateral lymphatic structures from the mandible superiorly to the clavicle inferiorly and from the strap muscles to the anterior border of the trapezius. (medscape.com)
  • The ultrasound-guided suprainguinal approach results in better anesthesia of anterior hip nerves, at least in part due to more reliable obturator blockade compared to landmark techniques. (asra.com)
  • Phrenic nerve relating to Anterior scalene muscle. (anatomytrains.com)
  • Smell, a function of the 1st (olfactory) cranial nerve, is usually evaluated only after head trauma or when lesions of the anterior fossa (eg, meningioma) are suspected or patients report abnormal smell or taste. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The incisive nerve runs intraosseously along with veins and innervates anterior mandibular teeth (incisors, canines, and premolars) 3 . (bvsalud.org)
  • The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle, which helps with eye movement, while the oculomotor nerve controls several eye muscles responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and focusing. (proprofs.com)
  • Among the options given, the only cranial nerve that exits from this location is the third cranial nerve, also known as the oculomotor nerve. (proprofs.com)
  • Once it leaves the skull, the cranial portion combines with CN X or the vagus nerve at the inferior ganglion. (knowyourbody.net)
  • The vagus nerve exits from the medulla oblongata in the groove between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle. (medscape.com)
  • The vagus nerve is joined by the cranial root of the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI), just below the inferior ganglion. (medscape.com)
  • The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve XI, or simply CN XI, is a cranial nerve that supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also known as Cranial nerve XI, and CN XI. (kenhub.com)
  • It is deemed as the 11th muscle of twelve pairs of the cranial nerves, or just cranial nerve XI. (knowyourbody.net)
  • The aim of study was to analyze the perforating branch pattern of the accessory nerve in the descending part of the trapezius muscle with the aim of describing the most efficient and reproducible BoNT injection sites for aesthetic treatment of shoulder contouring. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The femoral, LFCN, and obturator nerves branch and diverge from one another as they descend toward the inguinal region. (asra.com)
  • The nerve of the pterygoid canal and a meningeal branch from the ascending pharyngeal artery pierce the layer of fibrocartilage. (bartleby.com)
  • The motor branch to the mylohyoid is given off before the nerve enters the mandibular canal and serves as motor supply to the mylohyoid muscle. (medscape.com)
  • The lateral horn of high cervical segments appears to be continuous with the nucleus ambiguus of the medulla oblongata, from which the cranial component of the accessory nerve is derived. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ultrasound-guided suprainguinal fascia iliaca block, described by Hebbard in 2011, further built on earlier anatomic discoveries to more reliably anesthetize the 3 nerves originally targeted by Winnie: femoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, and obturator. (asra.com)
  • The femoral, lateral femoral cutaneous (LFCN), and obturator nerves all descend from the lumbar plexus into the pelvis and come to share a compartment beneath the fascia iliaca for a short distance (Figure 1). (asra.com)
  • This location along the inguinal ligament places the needle somewhere between the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves and forms the starting location for the ultrasound transducer in the suprainguinal fascia iliaca approach. (asra.com)
  • These fibres join together to form rootlets, roots, and finally the spinal accessory nerve itself. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also responsible for the referred otalgia through the vagus nerve (CN X), in the case of laryngeal pathology. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The procedure may have potential for use in horses with naturally occurring recurrent laryngeal neuropathy to assess reinnervation after FCN transplantation or nerve-muscle pedicle implantation in the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle. (avma.org)
  • It descends on the left side of the aortic arch, which separates it from the left pleura, and travels behind the phrenic nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Strength testing of these muscles can be measured during a neurological examination to assess function of the spinal accessory nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • The spinal component of the accessory nerve provides motor control of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is a cranial nerve that serves the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. (knowyourbody.net)
  • The Accessory Nerve helps with motor control of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. (knowyourbody.net)
  • The superficial nerve simply sits closer to the skin than the deep nerve, but they each connect to different muscles and tissue. (healthline.com)
  • Radial nerve relating to Triceps, Supinator and Forearm extensor muscles. (anatomytrains.com)
  • This is a purely motor nerve supplying two key muscles: the sternacleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle. (myneurosurg.com)
  • The end part of high cervical segments seems to be regular with nucleus ambiguous from medulla oblongata, which is the area dividing the cranial part of the accessory nerve. (knowyourbody.net)
  • The nerve fibres supplying sternocleidomastoid, however, are thought to change sides (Latin: decussate) twice. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nerve fiber sternocleidomastoid controls the action of turning the head. (knowyourbody.net)
  • the chiasmatic groove ends on either side at the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery to the orbital cavity. (bartleby.com)
  • The SAN is more prone to injury if the head is turned to the contralateral side prior to the event, as the ipsilateral nerve is put on stretch in this position. (atlanticchiropractor.com)
  • In patients with preservation of the ipsilateral accessory nerve , arm abduction function was maintained in 142 of 209 patients (67.9%) at 12 months after surgery . (bvsalud.org)
  • This groove lodges the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery, the latter being surrounded by a plexus of sympathetic nerves. (bartleby.com)
  • in the fresh state the lower part of this aperture is filled up by a layer of fibrocartilage, while its upper and inner parts transmit the internal carotid artery surrounded by a plexus of sympathetic nerves. (bartleby.com)
  • At the Stanford Center for Peripheral Nerve Surgery, our goal is to capitalize on the expertise of specialists from multiple fields of medicine to develop a customized treatment plan to address the needs of each individual patient. (stanford.edu)
  • We utilize the latest diagnostic techniques and surgical strategies to restore function and minimize pain for patients with peripheral nerve disorders. (stanford.edu)
  • The Center for Peripheral Nerve Surgery utilizes a multi-faceted research approach ranging from basic/translational research to clinical trials to clinical outcomes research. (stanford.edu)
  • Our goal is to improve the treatments available to patients with peripheral nerve pathologies. (stanford.edu)
  • Stanford Health Care's Peripheral Nerve Surgery Program offers comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and testing, as well as leading-edge surgical techniques, provided by a highly specialized and experienced nationally-recognized team. (stanford.edu)
  • Peripheral Nerve Entrapments: Clinical Diagnosis and Management is a long-needed resource for pain physicians, emergency room physicians, and neurologists. (schweitzer-online.de)
  • IONM seeks to preserve peripheral nerve function through electrical stimulation (ES) of at risk nerves throughout surgery and examining any changes in the amplitude and latency of the evoked signals that are indicative of damage. (nature.com)
  • The fibres that form the spinal accessory nerve are formed by lower motor neurons located in the upper segments of the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
  • The spinal accessory nerve is formed by fibers of lower motor neurons situated in the upper areas of the spinal cord. (knowyourbody.net)
  • The common peroneal nerve runs alongside the sciatic nerve, from the femur to the buttocks. (healthline.com)
  • The presence of more than one MF, referred to as accessory mental foramina (AMF), has been registered by means of dissections, surgical findings, conventional radiographs, spiral computed tomography (CT), and cone beam CT. (bvsalud.org)
  • In surgical procedures where the risk of accidental nerve damage is prevalent, surgeons commonly use electrical stimulation (ES) during intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) to assess a nerve's functional integrity. (nature.com)
  • Early diagnosis and treatment of spinal accessory nerve palsy may lead to more effective pain relief and a better functional outcome. (atlanticchiropractor.com)
  • Spinal accessory nerve palsy as a cause of pain after whiplash injury: case report. (atlanticchiropractor.com)
  • Nerve entrapments can occur throughout the body and cause headaches, chest pain, abdominal pain, pelvic pain, low back pain, and upper and lower extremity pain. (schweitzer-online.de)
  • The gastric nerves supply all abdominal organs and the gastrointestinal tract ending just before the left colonic (splenic) flexure (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • The fibers link to create roots, rootlets, and the spinal accessory nerve. (knowyourbody.net)
  • Featured as a single volume, this is a comprehensive guide to possible nerve entrapment syndromes and their management. (schweitzer-online.de)