Music Perception. 21 (3): 339-356. doi:10.1525/mp.2004.21.3.339. PDF Document Deutsch, D. (2002). "The Puzzle of Absolute Pitch ... In addition, she is acclaimed for her work on absolute pitch, or perfect pitch, which she has shown is far more prevalent among ... PDF Document Deutsch, D., Henthorn, T., Marvin, E., & Xu H-S (2006). "Absolute pitch among American and Chinese conservatory ... Weblink[permanent dead link] PDF Document Deutsch, D. (2006). "The Enigma of Absolute Pitch". Acoustics Today. 2 (4): 11-18. ...

D. J. Levitin (1992). "Absolute memory for musical pitch: Evidence from the production of learned melodies". Perception & ... In other words, laboratory experiments supported the idea that most people are incapable of any sort of absolute pitch, and ... thus would remember melodies with relative pitch. Despite its status as a classic result in cognitive psychology, the Levitin ...

Absolute pitch (AP) is defined as the ability to identify the pitch of a musical tone or to produce a musical tone at a given ... This temporal preservation is one way to argue directly for the temporal theory of pitch perception, and to argue indirectly ... "Functional anatomy of musical processing in listeners with absolute pitch and relative pitch". Proceedings of the National ... Deutsch, D. (2013). "Absolute pitch In D. Deutsch (Ed.)". The psychology of music, 3rd Edition: 141-182. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12- ...

Miyazaki, K. (1989). Absolute pitch identification: Effects of timbre and pitch region. Music Perception, 7, 1-14. ... Research suggests that much more is learned perception, however. Contrary to popular belief, absolute pitch is learned at a ... Research topics include pitch perception, representation and expectation, timbre perception, rhythmic processing, event ... Music Perception, 15, 189- 222. *^ Repp, B.H. 1996. "The art of inaccuracy: Why pianists' errors are difficult to hear." Music ...

Levitin D. J. (1994). "Absolute memory for musical pitch: Evidence from the production of learned melodies". Perception & ... For a test of absolute pitch see the Absolute Pitch Test developed by Deutsch and colleagues at the University of California ... does not determine whether or not the subject has true absolute pitch, but rather is a test of implicit absolute pitch. Where ... Absolute pitch (AP) is the ability to produce or recognize specific pitches without reference to an external standard. People ...

Baird, J. W. (1917a). Memory for absolute pitch. In W. B. Pillsbury, & J. W. Baird, Studies in Psychology: Titchener ... Baird, J. W. (1903). The influence of accommodation and convergence on the perception of depth. American Journal of Psychology ... but he was able to co-edit and contribute a chapter on perfect pitch to a Festschrift celebrating Titchener's 25th year at ... His dissertation was on the impact of visual accommodation and convergence on depth perception. It was published in the ...

"Frequency and frequency-ratio resolution by possessors of absolute and relative pitch: Examples of categorical perception?". ... Emotional categorical perception can also be seen as a mix of categorical and dimensional perception. Dimensional perception ... Categorical perception is a phenomenon of perception of distinct categories when there is a gradual change in a variable along ... Categorical perception is identified with the left prefrontal cortex with this showing such perception for speech units while ...

Absolute pitch (AP) is defined as the ability to identify the pitch of a musical tone or to produce a musical tone at a given ... The perception of a pitch without the corresponding fundamental frequency in the physical stimulus is called the pitch of the ... Theusch, E., Basu, A., and Gitschier, J. (2009). "Genome-wide Study of Families with Absolute Pitch Reveals Linkage to 8q24.21 ... Zatorre1, R. J. (1988). "Pitch perception of complex tones and human temporal-lobe function". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84: 566-572. ...

... perception of the notes is always relative to a key for the vast majority of people that do not have absolute pitch. Sotorrio ... a practice closer to the definition of each note in absolute terms as found in absolute pitch. The question of which system to ... particularly in those rare cases in which the performer has absolute pitch or well-developed long-term relative pitch, the ... In comparison to the movable do system, which draws on short-term relative pitch skills involving comparison to a pitch ...

This finding has been used to argue that latent absolute-pitch ability is present in a large proportion of the population. In ... Diana Deutsch later found that perception of which tone was higher depended on the absolute frequencies involved: an individual ... Music Perception, 3:275-280, 1986. Deutsch, D. The tritone paradox: An influence of language on music perception. Music ... Music Perception, 21:357-372, 2004. Deutsch, D. (1986). "A musical paradox". Music Perception. 3: 275-280. doi:10.2307/40285337 ...

PDF Document Miyazaki K. (1995). "Perception of relative pitch with different references: Some absolute-pitch listeners can't ... Those with absolute pitch may train their relative pitch, but there are no reported cases of an adult obtaining absolute pitch ... People may have absolute pitch along with the ability of relative pitch, and relative and absolute pitch work together in ... adults who possess relative pitch but do not already have absolute pitch can learn "pseudo-absolute pitch" and become able to ...

Oechslin, M. S.; Meyer, M.; Jäncke, L. (2010). "Absolute Pitch-Functional Evidence of Speech-Relevant Auditory Acuity". ... Pitch perception was positively correlated with phonemic awareness and reading abilities in children (Flaugnacco, 2014). ... who has engaged in a wide variety of work ranging from studies of absolute pitch and musical illusions to the formulation of ... This algorithm has successfully been able to model the perception of musical key in short excerpts of music, as well as to ...

Various types of absolute pitch. Journal of the Acoustical Society Of America, volume 9, pp 147-151. Booth, D.A., & Freeman, R. ... Weber-Fechner law Absolute threshold Limen Psychometric function Sensor resolution Visual perception Mutatis mutandis Minimal ... The total number of perceptible pitch steps in the range of human hearing is about 1,400; the total number of notes in the ... Pitch discrimination at the threshold of hearing. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress on Acoustics. Budapest ...

... and they appear significantly more likely to possess absolute pitch. There also appears to be a higher prevalence of left- ... unreliable medical source?]Riby, Deborah M.; Hancock, Peter J.B. (2008). "Viewing it differently: Social scene perception in ... Those with Williams syndrome have shown a relative strength in regards to music, albeit only in pitch and rhythm tasks. Not ... but this is related to difficulty in dealing with complex spatial relationships rather than depth perception per se. Because of ...

3rd bridge (harmonic resonance based on equal string divisions) Absolute pitch Diplacusis Eight foot pitch Harmonic pitch class ... pitch perception theories can be divided into place coding and temporal coding. Place theory holds that the perception of pitch ... Pitch circularity Pitch class Pitch detection algorithm Pitch of brass instruments Pitch shifter Pitch pipe Relative pitch ... Some theories of pitch perception hold that pitch has inherent octave ambiguities, and therefore is best decomposed into a ...

... or pitch-class interval vector) and APIC vector (or absolute pitch-class interval vector, which Michiel Schuijer states is more ... While the actual perception of consonance and dissonance involves many contextual factors, such as register, an interval vector ... that the difference between pitch-class intervals in two complementary pitch-class sets is equal to the difference between the ... These are called Z-related sets, explained below). For a set of n pitch classes, the sum of all the numbers in the set's ...

This distance is not an absolute measured by ratios of vibration, but relative, based on the mode that structures the way the ... Since music exists not only in perception, but in memory, Volek asserted that the remembering of musical events plays a ... both pitches represent notes in the current mode. Diatonic flexions appear also-and more frequently-in "full-modal" sections, ... a particular note of the scale with another one pitched about a halftone lower or higher. Both tones are equivalent according ...

... a Savart wheel can be calibrated to provide an absolute measure of pitch. Multiple wheels of different sizes, carrying ... and provide an empirical demonstration of the correspondence between the human perception of pitch and the physical property of ... In one variant, the wheel can be driven by an air hose blowing on the teeth; in this case, the pitch of the sound produced will ... Handbook of Perception. Volume IV. New York: Elsevier. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-323-14275-5. Graff, Karl F (2012) [originally ...

The conceptualization of pitch as having two dimensions, pitch height (absolute frequency) and pitch class (relative position ... Studies have also shown the perception of octave equivalence in rats (Blackwell & Schlosberg 1943), human infants (Demany & ... Blind octave Decade Eight foot pitch Octave species Pitch circularity Pseudo-octave Pythagorean interval Short octave Solfege ... Thus all C♯s, or all 1s (if C = 0), in any octave are part of the same pitch class. Octave equivalency is a part of most " ...

in 2006 showed that 8-year-olds who were given six months of musical training showed an increase in both their pitch detection ... This may be accomplished by considering the ratios of formants rather than their absolute values. This process has been called ... For speech perception, the theory asserts that the objects of perception are actual vocal tract movements, or gestures, and not ... These are dichotic listening, categorical perception, and duplex perception. Through the research in these categories it has ...

Another possibility is that people with absolute pitch can label tighter pitch recognition categories than normal, introducing ... That is, the synesthetic color experience supplements, but does not obscure real, modality-specific perceptions. As with other ... One possible explanation for this is that because absolute pitch is subject to chance error, occasionally incorrectly inferred ... Against natural expectation, studies have found that possession of absolute pitch increased local variance in matching ability ...

... causing the two pitches to interact - if the sung pitch is at specific harmonic intervals with the played pitch, the two sounds ... An example of harmonic overtones: (absolute harmony) Some musical instruments produce overtones that are slightly sharper or ... A volume in Cognition and Perception, ed. Diana Deutsch. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1982, pp. 343-390; on p. 346 Shepard cites H. J. ... It refers to a psychoacoustic effect in which a listener hears an audible pitch that is higher than, and different from, the ...

Thus, our perception is only an illusion. In essence we only ever see "one image", a detail of the bigger picture. Our brain ... "The special gift of perfect pitch is well known. There is at least one literary model to illustrate the perfect sense of smell ... and searches for their absolute coherency and harmony. Seeing is not pure mechanistic reproduction, but a highly complex ... He believes that our perception of the world is pre-structured with knowledge that we already have. Therefore we do not ...

... while fixed-do solfège symbols are labels for absolute pitch values (do=C, re=D, etc., in any key). In the fixed-do system ( ... "Atonality, Information, and the Politics of Perception", Enclitic, Vol. III, No. 1 (Spring, 1979). Mayfield, Connie E. (2002). ... Since reference pitches are not required, music may be broken up by complex and difficult to analyze pitch clusters, for ... Functional pitch recognition involves identifying the function or role of a single pitch in the context of an established tonic ...

Stress is expressed by higher pitch or increased length Consonants are produced by pitch transitions of different lengths and ... Confusion matrix of the vowels in the perception test. 'Produced' vowels are displayed horizontally and 'perceived' vowels ... but such a conclusion should not be taken as absolute, as it depends heavily on various factors including the phonology of the ... "Apart from the five vowel-phonemes [of Silbo Gomero]-and even these do not invariably have a fixed or steady pitch-all whistled ...

The ceremonial first pitch is a longstanding ritual of baseball in which a guest of honor throws a ball to mark the end of pregame festivities and the start of the game. Originally, the guest threw a ball from his/her place in the grandstand to the pitcher or catcher of the home team, but the ritual changed after Ronald Reagan threw the first pitch on the field at an unscheduled appearance at a Baltimore Orioles game. Now, the guest stands in front of the pitcher's mound and throws towards home plate. He or she may also sometimes stand on the mound (as a pitcher would). The recipient of the pitch is usually a player from the home team. The ceremonial thrower may be a notable person (dignitary, celebrity, former player, etc.) who is in attendance, an executive from a company that sponsors the team (especially ...

In a detailed study published in 1987 of the tiger's musical and noise-making functions, Arthur W.J.G. Ord-Hume concluded that since coming to Britain, "the instrument has been ruthlessly reworked, and in doing so much of its original operating principles have been destroyed".[२६] There are two ranks of pipes in the organ (as opposed to the wailing and grunting functions), each "comprising eighteen notes, [which] are nominally of 4ft pitch and are unisons - i.e. corresponding pipes in each register make sounds of the same musical pitch. This is an unusual layout for a pipe organ although while selecting the two stops together results in more sound ... there is also detectable a slight beat between the the pipes so creating a celeste effect. ... it is considered likely that as so much work has been done ... this characteristic may be more an accident of tuning than an intentional feature".[२७] The tiger's grunt is made by a single pipe in the ...

... or aural skills is a skill by which musicians learn to identify, solely by hearing, pitches, intervals, melody, chords, rhythms, and other basic elements of music. The application of this skill is analogous to taking dictation in written/spoken language. As a process, ear training is in essence the inverse of sight-singing, the latter being analogous to reading a written text aloud without prior opportunity to review the material. Ear training is typically a component of formal musical training. Functional pitch recognition involves identifying the function or role of a single pitch in the context of an established tonic. Once a tonic has been established, each subsequent pitch may be classified without direct reference to accompanying pitches. For example, once the tonic G has been established, listeners may recognize that the ...

Guitar tuner" redirects here, but can also refer to the string tension adjusters also called machine heads. For the radio receiver component, see Tuner (radio) In music, an electronic tuner is a device that detects and displays the pitch of musical notes played on a musical instrument. "Pitch" is the highness or lowness of a musical note, which is typically measured in Hertz. Simple tuners indicate-typically with an analog needle-dial, LEDs, or an LCD screen-whether a pitch is lower, higher, or equal to the desired pitch. In the 2010s, software applications can turn a smartphone, tablet, or personal computer into a tuner. More complex and expensive tuners indicate pitch more precisely. Tuners vary in size from units that fit in a pocket to 19" rack-mount units. Instrument technicians, piano tuners, and violin-family luthiers typically use ...

A tuning fork is an acoustic resonator in the form of a two-pronged fork with the prongs (tines) formed from a U-shaped bar of elastic metal (usually steel). It resonates at a specific constant pitch when set vibrating by striking it against a surface or with an object, and emits a pure musical tone once the high overtones die out. The pitch that a particular tuning fork generates depends on the length and mass of the two prongs. It is frequently used as a standard of pitch to tune musical instruments. The tuning fork was invented in 1711 by British musician John Shore, Sergeant Trumpeter and Lutenist to the court. A tuning fork is a fork-shaped acoustic resonator used in many applications to produce a fixed tone. The main reason for using the fork shape is that, unlike many other types of resonators, it produces a very pure tone, with most of the vibrational energy at the fundamental frequency. The reason ...

A string vibrates in a complex harmonic pattern. Every time the player sets a string in motion, a specific set of frequencies resonate based on the harmonic series. The fundamental frequency is the lowest, and it is determined by the density, length and tension of the string. This is the frequency we identify as the pitch of the string. Above that frequency, overtones (or harmonics) are heard, each one getting quieter the higher it is. For example, if the fundamental pitch is 440 Hz (A above middle C), the overtones for an ideal string tuned to that pitch are 880 Hz, 1320 Hz, 1760 Hz, 2200 Hz, etc. The note names for those pitches would be A, A, E, A, C♯, etc. Due to the physical nature of the strings, however, the higher up the overtones go, the more out of tune (or "false") they are to the fundamental. This is an important consideration for piano tuners, who try to stretch ...

High School Musical - nagrodzony Nagrodą Emmy w kategorii „Outstanding Children's Program" („Najlepszy Program Dziecięcy") amerykański film telewizyjny, pierwsza część serii High School Musical. Wyemitowany premierowo 20 stycznia 2006 r. w Disney Channel, odniósł największy sukces ze wszystkich produkcji Disney Channel Original Movie[2][3]. Z tego powodu nakręcono sequele - High School Musical 2 (2007, film telewizyjny) i High School Musical 3 (2008, film kinowy). Jest pierwszym w historii DCOM filmem mającym kontynuację kinową. Zakończyły się prace nad spin-offem High Stakes, który zadebiutował w 2011 roku. Ścieżka dźwiękowa filmu była najczęściej kupowanym albumem 2006 roku w USA[4]. High School Musical był najczęściej oglądanym filmem 2006 roku w Disney Channel, gromadząc przed telewizorami 7.7 mln widzów w czasie premiery w USA[5]. W UK premiera zgromadziła 789 tys widzów (zaś pierwszy weekend emisji obejrzało 1.2 mln widzów), co stanowi drugi w ...

By the 1900s, Lyon & Healy was one of the largest music publishers in the world, and was a major producer of musical instruments. However, In late 1920s, Lyon & Healy sold its brass musical instrument manufacturing branch (see "New Langwill Index"). In the 1970s, the firm concentrated solely upon making and selling harps. In 1928, Lyon & Healy introduced one of the most unusual harps ever mass-produced, the Salzedo Model. The company designed it in collaboration with the harpist Carlos Salzedo. It an Art Deco style instrument that incorporates bold red and white lines on the soundboard to create a stylized and distinct appearance. In the 1960s, Lyon & Healy introduced a smaller lever harp, the Troubadour, a 36-string harp for young beginners with smaller hands, and for casual players. This harp stands 65.5 inches (166 cm), and weighs 17 kilograms (37 lb). In the late 1970s, Steinway & Sons (then owned by CBS) purchased Lyon & Healy and soon after closed all retail stores-that sold sheet music ...

The opening melody of Allegro barbaro is largely pentatonic (the first 22 notes of the melody use a cell that consists only of a whole tone and a minor third, the building block of the pentatonic scale).[4] Indeed, the opening melody uses a Phrygian mode subset.[4] Like many of Bartók's compositions, this piece circles around a tonal pitch. This pitch almost always stays constant and the major, minor, or modal relations around it changes.[4] Allegro barbaro is a short, dance-like composition, that at first sounds like it's free composed. However, one can begin to find traditional structure to the piece by looking at the harmony. Allegro barbaro is in ternary form, which means that there are two distinct themes, but one is presented twice. A typical diagram looks like this: A,B,A.[4] The beginning of the composition centers on F#, the second thematic area centers on F, and the return of theme 1 is again centered on F#. Allegro barbaro melodic ...

However, on the clarinet the notes from (written) G4 or A4 to B♭4 sometimes are regarded as a separate "throat register", even though both they and the notes from F♯4 down are produced using the instrument's lowest normal mode; the timbre of the throat notes differs, and the throat register's fingerings also are distinctive, using special keys and not the standard tone holes used for other notes.. The register in which an instrument plays, or in which a part is written, affects the quality of sound or timbre. Register is also used structurally in musical form, with the climax of a piece usually being in the highest register of that piece. Often, serial and other pieces will use fixed register, allowing a pitch class to be expressed through only one pitch.. ...

When analysing the regularities and structure of music as well as the processing of music in the brain, certain findings lead to the question of whether music is based on a syntax that could be compared with linguistic syntax. To get closer to this question it is necessary to have a look at the basic aspects of syntax in language, as language unquestionably presents a complex syntactical system. If music has a matchable syntax, noteworthy equivalents to basic aspects of linguistic syntax have to be found in musical structure. Claiming that syntax is a fundamental element of music, it is interesting to know, if there are also similarities in processing linguistic and musical syntax in the brain. By implication the processing of music in comparison to language could also give information about the structure of music. Syntax in general can be referred to as a study of the principles and rules needed for the construction of a language or as a term in particular describing these principles and rules ...

On August 16, 1920, Chapman was struck in the head and killed by a pitch thrown by Carl Mays during a game against the New York Yankees at the Polo Grounds.[9] At the time, pitchers commonly dirtied balls with soil, licorice, and tobacco juice, and scuffed, sandpapered, scarred, cut, or spiked them, giving a "misshapen, earth-colored ball that traveled through the air erratically, tended to soften in the later innings, and, as it came over the plate, was very hard to see."[10] Mays threw with a submarine delivery, and it was late afternoon. Eyewitnesses recounted that Chapman did not react to the pitch at all, presumably unable to see it. The sound of the ball striking Chapman's skull was so loud that Mays thought it had hit the end of Chapman's bat; he fielded the ball and threw to first base.[1] Chapman collapsed to his knees, bleeding from his left ear. He was mumbling as he was helped off the field and ...

Any signal that can be represented as a variable that varies in time has a corresponding frequency spectrum. This includes familiar entities such as visible light (perceived as color), musical notes (perceived as pitch), radio/TV (specified by their frequency, or sometimes wavelength) and even the regular rotation of the earth. When these signals are viewed in the form of a frequency spectrum, certain aspects of the received signals or the underlying processes producing them are revealed. In some cases the frequency spectrum may include a distinct peak corresponding to a sine wave component. And additionally there may be peaks corresponding to harmonics of a fundamental peak, indicating a periodic signal which is not simply sinusoidal. Or a continuous spectrum may show narrow frequency intervals which are strongly enhanced corresponding to resonances, or frequency intervals containing almost zero power as would be produced by a notch filter. In physics, the signal might be a ...