The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
A species of bacteria present in man and many kinds of animals and birds, often causing infertility and/or abortion.
A species of flagellate parasitic EUKARYOTE. It possesses a long undulating membrane that is bordered on its outer margin by a flagellum that becomes free posteriorly. This organism causes infections in cows that could lead to temporary infertility or abortion.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
Exchange of substances between the maternal blood and the fetal blood at the PLACENTA via PLACENTAL CIRCULATION. The placental barrier excludes microbial or viral transmission.
The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (HEART/embryology) only on the basis of time.
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation EMBRYO; FETUS; or pregnant female before birth.
The failure of a FETUS to attain its expected FETAL GROWTH at any GESTATIONAL AGE.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
The middle third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.
The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
Morphological and physiological development of FETUSES.
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.
A clear, yellowish liquid that envelopes the FETUS inside the sac of AMNION. In the first trimester, it is likely a transudate of maternal or fetal plasma. In the second trimester, amniotic fluid derives primarily from fetal lung and kidney. Cells or substances in this fluid can be removed for prenatal diagnostic tests (AMNIOCENTESIS).
Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in two or more fetal compartments, such as SKIN; PLEURA; PERICARDIUM; PLACENTA; PERITONEUM; AMNIOTIC FLUID. General fetal EDEMA may be of non-immunologic origin, or of immunologic origin as in the case of ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.
Specialized arterial vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry waste and deoxygenated blood from the FETUS to the mother via the PLACENTA. In humans, there are usually two umbilical arteries but sometimes one.
The weight of the FETUS in utero. It is usually estimated by various formulas based on measurements made during PRENATAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.
A genus of flagellate EUKARYOTES possessing three long anterior flagella.
The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The beginning third of a human PREGNANCY, from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (MENSTRUATION) through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.
Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.
In utero measurement corresponding to the sitting height (crown to rump) of the fetus. Length is considered a more accurate criterion of the age of the fetus than is the weight. The average crown-rump length of the fetus at term is 36 cm. (From Williams Obstetrics, 18th ed, p91)
Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions.
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)
Physical activity of the FETUS in utero. Gross or fine fetal body movement can be monitored by the mother, PALPATION, or ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
Physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the fetus. It is usually done during LABOR, OBSTETRIC and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. It may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery.
The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell.
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.
Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of congenital or traumatic defects in the respiratory DIAPHRAGM.
A prenatal ultrasonography measurement of the soft tissue behind the fetal neck. Either the translucent area below the skin in the back of the fetal neck (nuchal translucency) or the distance between occipital bone to the outer skin line (nuchal fold) is measured.
Abortion performed because of possible fetal defects.
Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429)
Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa.
A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The collecting of fetal blood samples typically via ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND GUIDED FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION from the umbilical vein.
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.
A genus of parasitic flagellate EUKARYOTES distinguished by the presence of four anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a trailing flagellum.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.
A method for diagnosis of fetal diseases by sampling the cells of the placental chorionic villi for DNA analysis, presence of bacteria, concentration of metabolites, etc. The advantage over amniocentesis is that the procedure can be carried out in the first trimester.
In utero transfusion of BLOOD into the FETUS for the treatment of FETAL DISEASES, such as fetal erythroblastosis (ERYTHROBLASTOSIS, FETAL).
The potential of the FETUS to survive outside the UTERUS after birth, natural or induced. Fetal viability depends largely on the FETAL ORGAN MATURITY, and environmental conditions.
The flexible rope-like structure that connects a developing FETUS to the PLACENTA in mammals. The cord contains blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus.
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER.
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).
The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.
Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.
Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with velocity detection combined with range discrimination. Short bursts of ultrasound are transmitted at regular intervals and the echoes are demodulated as they return.
The circulation of BLOOD, of both the mother and the FETUS, through the PLACENTA.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
A congenital defect with major fissure in the ABDOMINAL WALL lateral to, but not at, the UMBILICUS. This results in the extrusion of VISCERA. Unlike OMPHALOCELE, herniated structures in gastroschisis are not covered by a sac or PERITONEUM.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
Abortion induced to save the life or health of a pregnant woman. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Either one of the two small elongated rectangular bones that together form the bridge of the nose.
Monitoring of FETAL HEART frequency before birth in order to assess impending prematurity in relation to the pattern or intensity of antepartum UTERINE CONTRACTION.
The process by which fetal Rh+ erythrocytes enter the circulation of an Rh- mother, causing her to produce IMMUNOGLOBULIN G antibodies, which can cross the placenta and destroy the erythrocytes of Rh+ fetuses. Rh isoimmunization can also be caused by BLOOD TRANSFUSION with mismatched blood.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the fetus and amniotic cavity through abdominal or uterine entry.
A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic.
Prenatal interventions to correct fetal anomalies or treat FETAL DISEASES in utero. Fetal therapies include several major areas, such as open surgery; FETOSCOPY; pharmacological therapy; INTRAUTERINE TRANSFUSION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; and GENETIC THERAPY.
A form of spinal dysraphism associated with a protruding cyst made up of either meninges (i.e., a MENINGOCELE) or meninges in combination with spinal cord tissue (i.e., a MENINGOMYELOCELE). These lesions are frequently associated with spinal cord dysfunction, HYDROCEPHALUS, and SYRINGOMYELIA. (From Davis et al., Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp224-5)
The state of PREGNANCY in women with DIABETES MELLITUS. This does not include either symptomatic diabetes or GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE induced by pregnancy (DIABETES, GESTATIONAL) which resolves at the end of pregnancy.
Functional competence of specific organs or body systems of the FETUS in utero.
The number of offspring produced at one birth by a viviparous animal.
A fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta.
A condition characterized by the abnormal presence of ERYTHROBLASTS in the circulation of the FETUS or NEWBORNS. It is a disorder due to BLOOD GROUP INCOMPATIBILITY, such as the maternal alloimmunization by fetal antigen RH FACTORS leading to HEMOLYSIS of ERYTHROCYTES, hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC), general edema (HYDROPS FETALIS), and SEVERE JAUNDICE IN NEWBORN.
A condition of abnormally high AMNIOTIC FLUID volume, such as greater than 2,000 ml in the LAST TRIMESTER and usually diagnosed by ultrasonographic criteria (AMNIOTIC FLUID INDEX). It is associated with maternal DIABETES MELLITUS; MULTIPLE PREGNANCY; CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS; and congenital abnormalities.
A species of sheep, Ovis aries, descended from Near Eastern wild forms, especially mouflon.
Pregnancy in which the mother and/or FETUS are at greater than normal risk of MORBIDITY or MORTALITY. Causes include inadequate PRENATAL CARE, previous obstetrical history (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS), pre-existing maternal disease, pregnancy-induced disease (GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION), and MULTIPLE PREGNANCY, as well as advanced maternal age above 35.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Rhythmic, intermittent propagation of a fluid through a BLOOD VESSEL or piping system, in contrast to constant, smooth propagation, which produces laminar flow.
The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.
A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
Two individuals derived from two FETUSES that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the UTERUS simultaneously, and born to the same mother. Twins are either monozygotic (TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC) or dizygotic (TWINS, DIZYGOTIC).
The condition of carrying two or more FETUSES simultaneously.
Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.
The age of the mother in PREGNANCY.
The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.
A malformation of the nervous system caused by failure of the anterior neuropore to close. Infants are born with intact spinal cords, cerebellums, and brainstems, but lack formation of neural structures above this level. The skull is only partially formed but the eyes are usually normal. This condition may be associated with folate deficiency. Affected infants are only capable of primitive (brain stem) reflexes and usually do not survive for more than two weeks. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p247)
Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.
The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.
The bond or lack thereof between a pregnant woman and her FETUS.
Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography using the added dimension of time to impart the cinematic perception of motion. (Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:221-40)
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
Use of reflected ultrasound in the diagnosis of intracranial pathologic processes.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine cervix (CERVIX UTERI). Successful labor results in the expulsion of the FETUS and PLACENTA. Obstetric labor can be spontaneous or induced (LABOR, INDUCED).
An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. This type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region.
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).
Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.
Venous vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the FETUS via the PLACENTA. In humans, there is normally one umbilical vein.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
The thin layers of tissue that surround the developing embryo. There are four extra-embryonic membranes commonly found in VERTEBRATES, such as REPTILES; BIRDS; and MAMMALS. They are the YOLK SAC, the ALLANTOIS, the AMNION, and the CHORION. These membranes provide protection and means to transport nutrients and wastes.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and NEOPLASMS. The neoplastic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
The part of the face above the eyes.
Abnormally small jaw.
Selective abortion of one or more embryos or fetuses in a multiple gestation pregnancy. The usual goal is to improve the outcome for the remaining embryos or fetuses.
Passage of blood from one fetus to another via an arteriovenous communication or other shunt, in a monozygotic twin pregnancy. It results in anemia in one twin and polycythemia in the other. (Lee et al., Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th ed, p737-8)
The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.
A congenital abnormality of the central nervous system marked by failure of the midline structures of the cerebellum to develop, dilation of the fourth ventricle, and upward displacement of the transverse sinuses, tentorium, and torcula. Clinical features include occipital bossing, progressive head enlargement, bulging of anterior fontanelle, papilledema, ataxia, gait disturbances, nystagmus, and intellectual compromise. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp294-5)
The state or condition of being a human individual accorded moral and/or legal rights. Criteria to be used to determine this status are subject to debate, and range from the requirement of simply being a human organism to such requirements as that the individual be self-aware and capable of rational thought and moral agency.
Anterior midline brain, cranial, and facial malformations resulting from the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon to undergo segmentation and cleavage. Alobar prosencephaly is the most severe form and features anophthalmia; cyclopia; severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY; CLEFT LIP; CLEFT PALATE; SEIZURES; and microcephaly. Semilobar holoprosencepaly is characterized by hypotelorism, microphthalmia, coloboma, nasal malformations, and variable degrees of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Lobar holoprosencephaly is associated with mild (or absent) facial malformations and intellectual abilities that range from mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY to normal. Holoprosencephaly is associated with CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES.
A malpresentation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR with the fetal cephalic pole in the fundus of the UTERUS. There are three types of breech: the complete breech with flexed hips and knees; the incomplete breech with one or both hips partially or fully extended; the frank breech with flexed hips and extended knees.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a cardiovascular disease. The disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Birth defect that results in a partial or complete absence of the CORPUS CALLOSUM. It may be isolated or a part of a syndrome (e.g., AICARDI'S SYNDROME; ACROCALLOSAL SYNDROME; ANDERMANN SYNDROME; and HOLOPROSENCEPHALY). Clinical manifestations include neuromotor skill impairment and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY of variable severity.
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)
A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.
The measurement of magnetic fields generated by electric currents from the heart. The measurement of these fields provides information which is complementary to that provided by ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY.
The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell.
A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.
The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.
The outermost extra-embryonic membrane surrounding the developing embryo. In REPTILES and BIRDS, it adheres to the shell and allows exchange of gases between the egg and its environment. In MAMMALS, the chorion evolves into the fetal contribution of the PLACENTA.
The innermost membranous sac that surrounds and protects the developing embryo which is bathed in the AMNIOTIC FLUID. Amnion cells are secretory EPITHELIAL CELLS and contribute to the amniotic fluid.
The use of statistical and mathematical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena.
Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.
The venous trunk which receives blood from the lower extremities and from the pelvic and abdominal organs.
Termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local laws. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)

Should we clone human beings? Cloning as a source of tissue for transplantation. (1/91)

The most publicly justifiable application of human cloning, if there is one at all, is to provide self-compatible cells or tissues for medical use, especially transplantation. Some have argued that this raises no new ethical issues above those raised by any form of embryo experimentation. I argue that this research is less morally problematic than other embryo research. Indeed, it is not merely morally permissible but morally required that we employ cloning to produce embryos or fetuses for the sake of providing cells, tissues or even organs for therapy, followed by abortion of the embryo or fetus.  (+info)

The morality of abortion and the deprivation of futures. (2/91)

In an influential essay entitled Why abortion is wrong, Donald Marquis argues that killing actual persons is wrong because it unjustly deprives victims of their future; that the fetus has a future similar in morally relevant respects to the future lost by competent adult homicide victims, and that, as consequence, abortion is justifiable only in the same circumstances in which killing competent adult human beings is justifiable. The metaphysical claim implicit in the first premise, that actual persons have a future of value, is ambiguous. The Future Like Ours argument (FLO) would be valid if "future of value" were used consistently to mean either "potential future of value" or "self-represented future of value", and FLO would be sound if one or the other interpretation supported both the moral claim and the metaphysical claim, but if, as I argue, any interpretation which makes the argument valid renders it unsound, then FLO must be rejected. Its apparent strength derives from equivocation on the concept of "a future of value".  (+info)

Human embryonic stem cells and respect for life. (3/91)

The purpose of this essay is to stimulate academic discussion about the ethical justification of using human primordial stem cells for tissue transplantation, cell replacement, and gene therapy. There are intriguing alternatives to using embryos obtained from elective abortions and in vitro fertilisation to reconstitute damaged or dysfunctional human organs. These include the expansion and transplantation of latent adult progenitor cells.  (+info)

Contribution of gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptor to villus development in the murine and human gastrointestinal tract. (4/91)

Recent studies have shown that aberrantly expressed gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its receptor (GRP-R) critically regulate tumor cell differentiation in colon cancers developing in humans and mice. This finding suggested that the ability of GRP/GRP-R to promote a well-differentiated phenotype in colon cancer might reflect a re-capitulation of a normal role in regulating intestinal organogenesis. To determine if this was the case, we compared and contrasted intestinal development in GRPR-/- mice with their wild type littermates. GRP/GRP-R co-expression in wild type mice was only observed in villous enterocytes between N-1 and N-12. During this time frame villous growth was completely attenuated in GRPR-/- mice. The contribution of GRP/GRP-R to villous growth was due to their act in increasing enterocyte proliferation prior to N-8 but increasing enterocyte size thereafter. From N-12 onwards, small intestinal villous growth in GRPR-/- mice resumed such that no difference in this structure could be detected at adulthood between mice of either genotype. We next studied GRP/GRP-R expression in human abortuses. These proteins were co-expressed by villous enterocytes only between weeks 14 and 20 post-conception, a time frame analogous to when they are expressed in the murine intestine. Thus, this study shows for the first time that GRP/GRP-R play a transient and non-critical role in intestinal development, yet provides a rationale for their re-appearance in colon cancer.  (+info)

Prevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus from aborted fetuses and pigs with respiratory problems in Korea. (5/91)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV)0, porcine circovirus type 2(PCV-2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV)0 infections were investigated as possible causes of the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome(PMWS). Specific primers for RT-PCR and PCR were designed for the differential detection of PRRSV, PCV-2 and PPV. Using PCR, these viruses were detected in homogenized tissue samples from pigs that had respiratory of reproductive problems in the time period between 1998 and 2000; the overall prevalences were: PRRSV 31.4%, PCV-2 46.5%, and PPV 8.1%. PCV-2 was also detected in aborted fetal tissues.  (+info)

Diagnosis of natural exposure to bovine viral diarrhea in a vaccinated herd by measuring extended antibody titers against bovine viral diarrhea virus. (6/91)

Two abortions occurred in a 150-head commercial cow-calf herd. Bovine viral diarrhea was suspected and confirmed by measuring extended titers against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in a sample of 15 breeding females. Fifteen were sero-positive and 11 had significantly high titers (1:972-1:8748), likely due to natural exposure to cattle persistently infected with BVDV.  (+info)

Presumptive Toxoplasma gondii abortion in a sheep. (7/91)

A primiparous ewe aborted in mid-gestation. Toxoplasma gondii was suspected as the cause of abortion and a presumptive diagnosis of T. gondii abortion was based on histological lesions of the placenta.  (+info)

Descriptive epidemiology of late-term abortions associated with the mare reproductive loss syndrome in central Kentucky. (8/91)

Epidemiological and pathological findings of 433 late-term abortions associated with the mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS) in central Kentucky were identified by reviewing the records of the University of Kentucky Livestock Diseases Diagnostic Center. The distribution of dates of abortion was clustered during a brief period of time, presumably from a simultaneous environmental exposure. The most common pathological findings were microscopic pulmonary lesions consisting of squamous epithelial cells present in alveoli with or without concurrent infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages, or monocytes) in the interstitium or within alveoli. Isolation of a non-beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (52% of fetuses) or an Actinobacillus sp. (19% of fetuses) was common. Placentitis or funisitis was identified in 44% of fetuses. No single pathological finding, however, was pathognomonic for MRLS-associated late-term abortion. This report describes the pathological findings characterizing the MRLS-associated abortion. A cause of MRLS could not be determined from necropsy findings.  (+info)

Examples of fetal diseases include:

1. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, which can cause delays in physical and intellectual development, as well as increased risk of heart defects and other health problems.
2. Spina bifida: A birth defect that affects the development of the spine and brain, resulting in a range of symptoms from mild to severe.
3. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory and digestive systems, causing thick mucus buildup and recurring lung infections.
4. Anencephaly: A condition where a portion of the brain and skull are missing, which is usually fatal within a few days or weeks of birth.
5. Clubfoot: A deformity of the foot and ankle that can be treated with casts or surgery.
6. Hirschsprung's disease: A condition where the nerve cells that control bowel movements are missing, leading to constipation and other symptoms.
7. Diaphragmatic hernia: A birth defect that occurs when there is a hole in the diaphragm, allowing organs from the abdomen to move into the chest cavity.
8. Gastroschisis: A birth defect where the intestines protrude through a opening in the abdominal wall.
9. Congenital heart disease: Heart defects that are present at birth, such as holes in the heart or narrowed blood vessels.
10. Neural tube defects: Defects that affect the brain and spine, such as spina bifida and anencephaly.

Early detection and diagnosis of fetal diseases can be crucial for ensuring proper medical care and improving outcomes for affected babies. Prenatal testing, such as ultrasound and blood tests, can help identify fetal anomalies and genetic disorders during pregnancy.

Definition:

Veterinary abortion refers to the intentional termination of a pregnancy in an animal, typically a farm or domesticated animal such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, or pig. The procedure is performed by a veterinarian and is usually done for reasons such as unwanted breeding, disease or genetic disorders in the fetus, or to prevent overpopulation of certain species.

Types of Veterinary Abortion:

1. Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage): This occurs naturally when the pregnancy is terminated by natural causes such as infection or trauma.
2. Induced Abortion: This is performed by a veterinarian using various methods such as injection of drugs or surgical procedures to terminate the pregnancy.

Methods of Veterinary Abortion:

1. Drug-induced abortion: This method involves administering medication to the animal to cause uterine contractions and expulsion of the fetus.
2. Surgical abortion: This method involves surgical intervention to remove the fetus from the uterus, usually through a small incision in the abdomen.
3. Non-surgical abortion: This method uses a device to remove the fetus from the uterus without making an incision.

Complications and Risks of Veterinary Abortion:

1. Infection: As with any surgical procedure, there is a risk of infection.
2. Hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding can occur during or after the procedure.
3. Uterine rupture: In rare cases, the uterus may rupture during the procedure.
4. Incomplete abortion: In some cases, not all of the fetus may be removed, leading to complications later on.
5. Scarring: Scars may form in the uterus or abdomen after the procedure, which can lead to reproductive problems in the future.

Prevention of Unwanted Pregnancies in Animals:

1. Spaying/neutering: This is the most effective way to prevent unwanted pregnancies in animals.
2. Breeding management: Proper breeding management, including selecting healthy and fertile breeding animals, can help reduce the risk of unwanted pregnancies.
3. Use of contraceptives: Hormonal contraceptives, such as injection or implants, can be used in some species to prevent pregnancy.
4. Behavioral management: In some cases, behavioral management techniques, such as separation or rehoming of animals, may be necessary to prevent unwanted breeding.

Ethical Considerations of Veterinary Abortion:

1. Animal welfare: The procedure should only be performed when necessary and with the intention of improving the animal's welfare.
2. Owner consent: Owners must provide informed consent before the procedure can be performed.
3. Veterinarian expertise: The procedure should only be performed by a licensed veterinarian with experience in the procedure.
4. Alternative options: All alternative options, such as spaying/neutering or rehoming, should be considered before performing an abortion.

Conclusion:

Veterinary abortion is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of ethical and practical factors. While it may be necessary in some cases to prevent the suffering of unwanted litters, it is important to approach the procedure with caution and respect for animal welfare. Owners must provide informed consent, and the procedure should only be performed by a licensed veterinarian with experience in the procedure. Alternative options, such as spaying/neutering or rehoming, should also be considered before performing an abortion. Ultimately, the decision to perform a veterinary abortion should be made with the intention of improving the animal's welfare and quality of life.

There are different types of fetal death, including:

1. Stillbirth: This refers to the death of a fetus after the 20th week of gestation. It can be caused by various factors, such as infections, placental problems, or umbilical cord compression.
2. Miscarriage: This occurs before the 20th week of gestation and is usually due to chromosomal abnormalities or hormonal imbalances.
3. Ectopic pregnancy: This is a rare condition where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. It can cause fetal death and is often diagnosed in the early stages of pregnancy.
4. Intrafamilial stillbirth: This refers to the death of two or more fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, usually due to genetic abnormalities or placental problems.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound examination or other imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may be unknown, and further testing and investigation may be required to determine the underlying cause.

There are various ways to manage fetal death, depending on the stage of pregnancy and the cause of the death. In some cases, a vaginal delivery may be necessary, while in others, a cesarean section may be performed. In cases where the fetus has died due to a genetic abnormality, couples may choose to undergo genetic counseling and testing to assess their risk of having another affected pregnancy.

Overall, fetal death is a tragic event that can have significant emotional and psychological impact on parents and families. It is essential to provide compassionate support and care to those affected by this loss, while also ensuring appropriate medical management and follow-up.

The term "hydrops" refers to the excessive accumulation of fluid in the body, and "fetalis" indicates that the condition occurs during fetal development. The condition is often diagnosed during the second or third trimester of pregnancy, and it can be associated with other congenital anomalies or genetic disorders.

The symptoms of hydrops fetalis can vary depending on the underlying cause, but they may include:

* Enlargement of the fetus
* Increased amniotic fluid levels
* Poor fetal growth
* Abnormalities in the ultrasound examination
* Premature birth or stillbirth

Hydrops fetalis is a serious condition that requires close monitoring and management by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare providers, including obstetricians, maternal-fetal medicine specialists, and perinatologists. Treatment options may include:

* Close monitoring of the pregnancy to detect any complications early
* Medications to help manage symptoms such as high blood pressure or heart failure
* Surgical interventions, such as amnioreduction or fetoscopy, to reduce fluid accumulation and improve fetal growth
* In some cases, delivery of the baby may be necessary, either through cesarean section or vaginal delivery.

The prognosis for hydrops fetalis is generally poor, with high rates of stillbirth and neonatal mortality. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate management, the outcome can be improved. It is important for pregnant women to seek medical attention immediately if they experience any symptoms or abnormalities that may indicate hydrops fetalis.

Fetal weight refers to the weight of a developing fetus during pregnancy. It is typically measured in grams or ounces and is used to assess fetal growth and development. Fetal weight is calculated using ultrasound measurements, such as biparietal diameter (BPD) or head circumference, and can be used to detect potential growth restrictions or other complications during pregnancy.

Example Sentence:

The estimated fetal weight based on the ultrasound measurements was 250 grams, indicating that the baby was slightly smaller than average for gestational age.

The signs and symptoms of fetal hypoxia may include:

1. Decreased fetal movement
2. Abnormal fetal heart rate
3. Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid
4. Premature contractions
5. Preterm labor

If left untreated, fetal hypoxia can lead to serious complications such as:

1. Intracranial hemorrhage
2. Cerebral palsy
3. Developmental delays
4. Learning disabilities
5. Memory and cognitive impairments
6. Behavioral problems
7. Autism
8. Seizures
9. Hearing and vision loss

Treatment of fetal hypoxia depends on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Bed rest or hospitalization
2. Corticosteroids to promote fetal growth and maturity
3. Oxygen supplementation
4. Antibiotics for infections
5. Planned delivery, if necessary

In some cases, fetal hypoxia may be detected through ultrasound examination, which can show a decrease in fetal movement or abnormal heart rate. However, not all cases of fetal hypoxia can be detected by ultrasound, and regular prenatal check-ups are essential to monitor the health of the developing fetus.

Prevention of fetal hypoxia includes proper prenatal care, avoiding harmful substances such as tobacco and alcohol, maintaining a healthy diet, and managing any underlying medical conditions. Early detection and treatment of fetal hypoxia can significantly improve outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

Down syndrome can be diagnosed before birth through prenatal testing, such as chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, or after birth through a blood test. The symptoms of Down syndrome can vary from person to person, but common physical features include:

* A flat face with a short neck and small ears
* A short stature
* A wide, short hands with short fingers
* A small head
* Almond-shaped eyes that are slanted upward
* A single crease in the palm of the hand

People with Down syndrome may also have cognitive delays and intellectual disability, as well as increased risk of certain medical conditions such as heart defects, gastrointestinal problems, and hearing and vision loss.

There is no cure for Down syndrome, but early intervention and proper medical care can greatly improve the quality of life for individuals with the condition. Treatment may include speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and special education programs. With appropriate support and resources, people with Down syndrome can lead fulfilling and productive lives.

Trisomy is caused by an extra copy of a chromosome, which can be due to one of three mechanisms:

1. Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome): This is the most common type of trisomy and occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21. It is estimated to occur in about 1 in every 700 births.
2. Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome): This type of trisomy occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 13. It is estimated to occur in about 1 in every 10,000 births.
3. Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome): This type of trisomy occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 18. It is estimated to occur in about 1 in every 2,500 births.

The symptoms of trisomy can vary depending on the type of trisomy and the severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include:

* Delayed physical growth and development
* Intellectual disability
* Distinctive facial features, such as a flat nose, small ears, and a wide, short face
* Heart defects
* Vision and hearing problems
* GI issues
* Increased risk of infection

Trisomy can be diagnosed before birth through prenatal testing, such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. After birth, it can be diagnosed through a blood test or by analyzing the child's DNA.

There is no cure for trisomy, but treatment and support are available to help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with the condition. This may include physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and medication to manage heart defects or other medical issues. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct physical abnormalities.

The prognosis for trisomy varies depending on the type of trisomy and the severity of the condition. Some forms of trisomy are more severe and can be life-threatening, while others may have a more mild impact on the individual's quality of life. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with trisomy can lead fulfilling lives.

In summary, trisomy is a genetic condition that occurs when there is an extra copy of a chromosome. It can cause a range of symptoms and can be diagnosed before or after birth. While there is no cure for trisomy, treatment and support are available to help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with the condition.

Infections caused by protozoa (single-celled organisms) that affect animals. Protozoa can cause a wide range of diseases in animals, including coccidiosis, giardiasis, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis. These infections can be transmitted through the feces of infected animals, contaminated food or water, or through the bite of an infected insect.

Some common protozoan infections found in animals include:

1. Coccidiosis: a parasitic infection caused by coccidia, which can affect the intestines and other organs of animals such as dogs, cats, and livestock.
2. Giardiasis: an intestinal infection caused by Giardia, which can affect both domestic animals and wildlife.
3. Leishmaniasis: a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania, which can affect animals such as dogs and cats as well as humans.
4. Toxoplasmosis: an infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can affect a wide range of animals, including cats, dogs, livestock, and wildlife.

Protozoan infections in animals can cause a variety of symptoms, such as diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, and lethargy, and can be diagnosed through laboratory tests such as fecal examinations or blood tests. Treatment may involve antiparasitic drugs, supportive care, and management of secondary infections. Prevention measures include vaccination, sanitation, and control of insect vectors.

Example sentences for "Hernia, Diaphragmatic" in english.

1. The baby was diagnosed with a diaphragmatic hernia at birth and underwent surgery to repair it within the first few days of life.
2. The patient experienced severe symptoms of a diaphragmatic hernia, including difficulty swallowing and recurrent vomiting, and was referred for surgical intervention.
3. The surgeon specialized in the repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias and had successfully treated many infants with this condition.

There are many different types of chromosome disorders, including:

1. Trisomy: This is a condition in which there is an extra copy of a chromosome. For example, Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
2. Monosomy: This is a condition in which there is a missing copy of a chromosome.
3. Turner syndrome: This is a condition in which there is only one X chromosome instead of two.
4. Klinefelter syndrome: This is a condition in which there are three X chromosomes instead of the typical two.
5. Chromosomal translocations: These are abnormalities in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.
6. Inversions: These are abnormalities in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end-to-end.
7. Deletions: These are abnormalities in which a portion of a chromosome is missing.
8. Duplications: These are abnormalities in which there is an extra copy of a segment of a chromosome.

Chromosome disorders can have a wide range of effects on the body, depending on the type and severity of the condition. Some common features of chromosome disorders include developmental delays, intellectual disability, growth problems, and physical abnormalities such as heart defects or facial anomalies.

There is no cure for chromosome disorders, but treatment and support are available to help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with these conditions. Treatment may include medications, therapies, and surgery, as well as support and resources for families and caregivers.

Preventive measures for chromosome disorders are not currently available, but research is ongoing to understand the causes of these conditions and to develop new treatments and interventions. Early detection and diagnosis can help identify chromosome disorders and provide appropriate support and resources for individuals and families.

In conclusion, chromosome disorders are a group of genetic conditions that affect the structure or number of chromosomes in an individual's cells. These conditions can have a wide range of effects on the body, and there is no cure, but treatment and support are available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Early detection and diagnosis are important for identifying chromosome disorders and providing appropriate support and resources for individuals and families.

1. Growth restriction: The baby may be smaller than expected due to limited growth potential.
2. Premature birth: The baby may be born prematurely due to the stress of placental insufficiency on the maternal body.
3. Low birth weight: The baby may have a low birth weight, which can increase the risk of health problems after birth.
4. Increased risk of stillbirth: Placental insufficiency can increase the risk of stillbirth, particularly in cases where the condition is severe or untreated.
5. Preeclampsia: This is a serious pregnancy complication that can cause high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and other symptoms.
6. Gestational diabetes: Women with placental insufficiency may be at increased risk of developing gestational diabetes, a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy.
7. Hypertension: Placental insufficiency can cause high blood pressure in the mother, which can lead to other complications such as preeclampsia.
8. Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM): This is a condition where the amniotic sac surrounding the baby ruptures before 37 weeks of gestation.
9. Fetal distress: The baby may experience stress and difficulty adapting to the womb environment, leading to fetal distress.
10. Increased risk of cognitive and behavioral problems: Children born with placental insufficiency may be at increased risk of developmental delays, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems.

Placental insufficiency can be caused by a range of factors, including:

1. Maternal hypertension or preeclampsia
2. Gestational diabetes
3. Fetal growth restriction
4. Multiple gestations (twins or triplets)
5. Uterine abnormalities or anomalies
6. Infections such as group B strep or urinary tract infections
7. Maternal age over 35 years
8. Obesity or overweight
9. Family history of placental insufficiency or other pregnancy complications
10. Other medical conditions, such as thyroid disorders or autoimmune diseases.

There are several methods for diagnosing placental insufficiency, including:

1. Ultrasound examination to assess fetal growth and well-being
2. Non-stress test (NST) to monitor fetal heart rate
3. Biophysical profile (BPP) to evaluate fetal movement and breathing movements
4. Doppler ultrasound to assess blood flow through the placenta
5. Placental growth factor (PGF) testing to measure the levels of this protein, which is produced by the placenta and can indicate placental insufficiency.

There are several treatment options for placental insufficiency, including:

1. Bed rest or hospitalization to monitor the mother and baby
2. Medications to stimulate fetal movement and improve blood flow to the placenta
3. Corticosteroids to promote fetal maturity and reduce the risk of preterm birth
4. Antibiotics to treat any underlying infections
5. Planned delivery, either vaginal or cesarean, if the condition is severe or if there are other complications present.

It's important for pregnant women to be aware of the risk factors and signs of placental insufficiency, as early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for both the mother and baby. Regular prenatal care and close monitoring by a healthcare provider can help identify any potential issues and ensure appropriate management.

Types of congenital heart defects include:

1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart, allowing abnormal blood flow.
2. Atrial septal defect (ASD): A hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart, also allowing abnormal blood flow.
3. Tetralogy of Fallot: A combination of four heart defects, including VSD, pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve), and abnormal development of the infundibulum (a part of the heart that connects the ventricles to the pulmonary artery).
4. Transposition of the great vessels: A condition in which the aorta and/or pulmonary artery are placed in the wrong position, disrupting blood flow.
5. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): A severe defect in which the left side of the heart is underdeveloped, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the body.
6. Pulmonary atresia: A condition in which the pulmonary valve does not form properly, blocking blood flow to the lungs.
7. Truncus arteriosus: A rare defect in which a single artery instead of two (aorta and pulmonary artery) arises from the heart.
8. Double-outlet right ventricle: A condition in which both the aorta and the pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle instead of the left ventricle.

Causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetics, environmental factors, and viral infections during pregnancy may play a role. Diagnosis is typically made through fetal echocardiography or cardiac ultrasound during pregnancy or after birth. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the defect and may include medication, surgery, or heart transplantation. With advances in medical technology and treatment, many children with congenital heart disease can lead active, healthy lives into adulthood.


Some common types of protozoan infections include:

1. Malaria: Caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito.
2. Giardiasis: Caused by the Giardia parasite, which can be found in contaminated food and water or spread through close contact with an infected person.
3. Amoebiasis: Caused by the Entamoeba parasite, which can infect the intestines and cause symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain.
4. Toxoplasmosis: Caused by the Toxoplasma parasite, which can be spread through contact with contaminated soil or cat feces.
5. Cryptosporidiosis: Caused by the Cryptosporidium parasite, which can be found in contaminated water and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea and stomach cramps.

Protozoan infections are typically treated with antiparasitic medications, and early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Causes:

There are several possible causes of oligohydramnios, including:

1. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM): This is when the amniotic sac that surrounds the fetus bursts early, before 37 weeks of gestation.
2. Preterm labor: When a woman goes into labor before 37 weeks of gestation, the amount of amniotic fluid may decrease.
3. Uteroplacental blood flow abnormalities: These can occur when there are problems with the placenta or the uterus that affect the flow of blood and oxygen to the fetus.
4. Maternal diabetes: Diabetes in the mother can cause a decrease in amniotic fluid.
5. Infections: Certain infections, such as group B streptococcus, can cause a decrease in amniotic fluid.
6. Kidney or urinary tract problems in the mother: These can affect the amount of amniotic fluid produced.
7. Multiple gestations (twins, triplets): The amount of amniotic fluid may be lower in multiple pregnancies.
8. Abnormal fetal development: In some cases, a chromosomal abnormality or other fetal problem can cause a decrease in amniotic fluid.

Symptoms:

Women with oligohydramnios may experience few or no symptoms at all. However, some women may notice:

1. Decreased fetal movement: With less amniotic fluid, the fetus may not be able to move as much, making it feel less active or even still.
2. Abnormal fetal positioning: The fetus may not be able to move into a normal position for delivery, which can make the delivery more difficult.
3. Increased risk of umbilical cord compression: If the umbilical cord is compressed by the placenta or other tissues, it can cause a decrease in blood flow to the fetus, leading to distress and potentially even stillbirth.
4. Preterm labor: Women with oligohydramnios may be at increased risk of going into preterm labor.

Treatment and Management:

There is no specific treatment for oligohydramnios. However, the condition is often monitored closely during pregnancy to ensure that the fetus is healthy and growing properly. The following steps may be taken to manage oligohydramnios:

1. Close monitoring: Regular ultrasound examinations are used to check the amount of amniotic fluid and fetal growth.
2. Fetal movement monitoring: The fetus's movements may be monitored to ensure that it is still active and healthy.
3. Increased prenatal care: Women with oligohydramnios may require more frequent prenatal appointments to monitor the condition and ensure that the fetus is healthy.
4. Hydration: Drinking plenty of water and other fluids can help to increase the amount of amniotic fluid.
5. Bed rest: In some cases, women with oligohydramnios may be advised to rest in bed to reduce the risk of preterm labor.
6. Medications: In severe cases, medications such as corticosteroids may be prescribed to help mature the fetal lungs and increase the chances of survival if the baby is born prematurely.
7. Induction of labor: If the condition persists or the fetus is not growing properly, induction of labor may be considered.

In conclusion, oligohydramnios can be a serious complication during pregnancy that can increase the risk of stillbirth and other complications. However, with close monitoring and appropriate management, the outcomes for both mother and baby can be improved. It is essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to monitor the condition and make any necessary adjustments to ensure a healthy pregnancy.

Some common examples of drug-induced abnormalities include:

1. Allergic reactions: Some drugs can cause an allergic reaction, which can lead to symptoms such as hives, itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing.
2. Side effects: Many drugs can cause side effects, such as nausea, dizziness, and fatigue, which can be mild or severe.
3. Toxic reactions: Some drugs can cause toxic reactions, which can damage the body's organs and tissues.
4. Autoimmune disorders: Certain drugs can trigger autoimmune disorders, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, which can cause a range of symptoms including joint pain, fatigue, and skin rashes.
5. Gastrointestinal problems: Some drugs can cause gastrointestinal problems, such as stomach ulcers, diarrhea, or constipation.
6. Neurological disorders: Certain drugs can cause neurological disorders, such as seizures, tremors, and changes in mood or behavior.
7. Cardiovascular problems: Some drugs can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems, such as heart attack or stroke.
8. Metabolic changes: Certain drugs can cause metabolic changes, such as weight gain or loss, and changes in blood sugar levels.
9. Endocrine disorders: Some drugs can affect the body's endocrine system, leading to hormonal imbalances and a range of symptoms including changes in mood, energy levels, and sexual function.
10. Kidney damage: Certain drugs can cause kidney damage or failure, especially in people with pre-existing kidney problems.

It's important to note that not all drugs will cause side effects, and the severity of side effects can vary depending on the individual and the specific drug being taken. However, it's important to be aware of the potential risks associated with any medication you are taking, and to discuss any concerns or questions you have with your healthcare provider.

1. Preeclampsia: A condition characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy, which can lead to complications such as stroke or premature birth.
2. Gestational diabetes: A type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, which can cause complications for both the mother and the baby if left untreated.
3. Placenta previa: A condition in which the placenta is located low in the uterus, covering the cervix, which can cause bleeding and other complications.
4. Premature labor: Labor that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation, which can increase the risk of health problems for the baby.
5. Fetal distress: A condition in which the fetus is not getting enough oxygen, which can lead to serious health problems or even death.
6. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.
7. Cesarean section (C-section) complications: Complications that may arise during a C-section, such as infection or bleeding.
8. Maternal infections: Infections that the mother may contract during pregnancy or childbirth, such as group B strep or urinary tract infections.
9. Preterm birth: Birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation, which can increase the risk of health problems for the baby.
10. Chromosomal abnormalities: Genetic disorders that may affect the baby's growth and development, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome.

It is important for pregnant women to receive regular prenatal care to monitor for any potential complications and ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome. In some cases, pregnancy complications may require medical interventions, such as hospitalization or surgery, to ensure the safety of both the mother and the baby.

Types of Fetal Distress:

1. Hypoxia (lack of oxygen): This is one of the most common causes of fetal distress, which can occur due to placental insufficiency, umbilical cord compression, or other issues that restrict the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
2. Acidosis: When the fetus's blood becomes too acidic, it can lead to fetal distress, as this can cause damage to the baby's organs and tissues.
3. Heart rate variability: Abnormal heart rate patterns in the fetus can indicate distress and may require closer monitoring or medical interventions.
4. Decreased movements: A decrease in fetal movement can be a sign of distress, particularly if it occurs suddenly or accompanied by other signs such as decreased heart rate or changes in fetal position.
5. Meconium staining: The presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid can indicate fetal distress, as it may be a sign of a prolonged or difficult labor.
6. Cephalopelvic disparity: When the fetus's head is too large to pass through the mother's pelvis, it can cause fetal distress and may require assisted delivery methods such as vacuum extraction or cesarean section.
7. Prolonged labor: A prolonged labor can lead to fetal distress due to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the fetus.
8. Maternal complications: Maternal complications such as high blood pressure, preeclampsia, or infection can also cause fetal distress.

Signs and Symptoms of Fetal Distress:

1. Changes in fetal heart rate: An abnormal heart rate pattern may indicate fetal distress, including tachycardia (rapid heart rate), bradycardia (slow heart rate), or variability in heart rate.
2. Decreased fetal movement: A decrease in fetal movement or lack of response to movement can be a sign of fetal distress.
3. Changes in fetal position: Abnormal fetal position, such as breech presentation or shoulder dystocia, can cause fetal distress.
4. Decreased muscle tone: Weak or floppy muscles in the fetus can indicate fetal distress.
5. Cyanosis (blue skin): A bluish tint to the skin may indicate that the fetus is not getting enough oxygen.
6. Acidosis (high blood acidity): An increase in blood acidity can lead to fetal distress and may require immediate medical intervention.
7. Respiratory distress: Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing can be a sign of fetal distress.
8. Umbilical cord issues: Problems with the umbilical cord, such as a prolapsed cord or a cord that is wrapped around the fetus's neck, can cause fetal distress.

Treatment and Management of Fetal Distress:

1. Oxygen supplementation: Providing oxygen to the fetus through a mask or nasal tubes may help improve oxygenation.
2. Intravenous (IV) fluids and medications: Administering IV fluids and medications can help stabilize the fetus and manage symptoms such as low blood pressure, low heart rate, or high acidity in the blood.
3. Fetal heart rate monitoring: Close monitoring of the fetus's heart rate may help identify signs of distress early on.
4. Uterine massage: Gentle massage of the uterus may help improve blood flow to the fetus.
5. Delivery: In some cases, delivery may be necessary to immediately address fetal distress.
6. Neonatal care: If the baby is born with signs of distress, immediate neonatal care may be necessary to ensure proper respiratory and cardiac function.

Prevention of Fetal Distress:

1. Proper prenatal care: Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can help identify potential issues before they become critical.
2. Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and drug use during pregnancy: These substances can increase the risk of fetal distress.
3. Maintaining a healthy diet and weight gain during pregnancy: A balanced diet and appropriate weight gain can help ensure proper fetal growth and development.
4. Managing chronic medical conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes: Proper management of these conditions can reduce the risk of fetal distress.
5. Avoiding excessive exercise and heat exposure during pregnancy: Overexertion and overheating can increase the risk of fetal distress.
6. Proper use of medications: Some medications can increase the risk of fetal distress, so it is important to discuss any medications with a healthcare provider before taking them during pregnancy.

Some examples of multiple abnormalities include:

1. Multiple chronic conditions: An individual may have multiple chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and heart disease, which can affect their quality of life and increase their risk of complications.
2. Congenital anomalies: Some individuals may be born with multiple physical abnormalities or birth defects, such as heart defects, limb abnormalities, or facial deformities.
3. Mental health disorders: Individuals may experience multiple mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder, which can impact their cognitive functioning and daily life.
4. Neurological conditions: Some individuals may have multiple neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and stroke, which can affect their cognitive and physical functioning.
5. Genetic disorders: Individuals with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome, may experience a range of physical and developmental abnormalities.

The term "multiple abnormalities" is often used in medical research and clinical practice to describe individuals who have complex health needs and require comprehensive care. It is important for healthcare providers to recognize and address the multiple needs of these individuals to improve their overall health outcomes.

Symptoms of campylobacter infections include:

* Diarrhea (often bloody)
* Fever
* Abdominal pain and cramping
* Nausea and vomiting
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Muscle pain

Transmission of campylobacter infections can occur through the fecal-oral route, contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected animal or person. Risk factors for developing a campylobacter infection include eating undercooked poultry, unpasteurized dairy products, and untreated water.

Diagnosis of campylobacter infections typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and medical imaging. Laboratory tests may include culture isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or immunological assays to detect the presence of Campylobacter bacteria.

Treatment of campylobacter infections typically involves antibiotics such as macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and ceftriaxone. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, or sepsis.

Prevention of campylobacter infections includes proper handling and cooking of food, especially poultry, good hygiene practices, and safe water consumption. Vaccines are also being developed to prevent campylobacter infections in animals and humans.

Overall, campylobacter infections can cause a wide range of illnesses, from mild to severe, and proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention measures are essential to reduce the risk of complications and death.

The term 'fetal resorption' was first introduced by German anatomist and physiologist Karl Ludwig in the late 19th century. Since then, it has been extensively studied in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, and is widely recognized as a critical aspect of fetal development.

Fetal resorption can be observed during ultrasound examinations, where it appears as a decrease in the size of the placenta and umbilical cord over time. This process typically begins around 12 weeks of gestation and continues until about 20 weeks, when the fetus is able to sustain itself without relying on the mother's nutrients and oxygen.

While fetal resorption is a normal and necessary process during pregnancy, there are certain complications that can arise if it occurs too early or too late in pregnancy. For example, if the process begins too early, it can lead to a condition known as 'fetal growth restriction,' where the fetus does not receive enough nutrients and oxygen to grow and develop properly. On the other hand, if the process continues too long, it can result in a condition known as 'macrosomia,' where the fetus becomes too large for the mother's body to safely deliver.

In summary, fetal resorption is a critical aspect of fetal development that occurs during pregnancy, where the developing fetus absorbs nutrients and oxygen from the mother's body, resulting in a decrease in the size of the placenta and umbilical cord. While it is a normal process, there are certain complications that can arise if it occurs too early or too late in pregnancy.

Congenital Abnormalities are relatively common, and they affect approximately 1 in every 30 children born worldwide. Some of the most common types of Congenital Abnormalities include:

Heart Defects: These are abnormalities that affect the structure or function of the heart. They can range from mild to severe and can be caused by genetics, viral infections, or other factors. Examples include holes in the heart, narrowed valves, and enlarged heart chambers.

Neural Tube Defects: These are abnormalities that affect the brain and spine. They occur when the neural tube, which forms the brain and spine, does not close properly during fetal development. Examples include anencephaly (absence of a major portion of the brain), spina bifida (incomplete closure of the spine), and encephalocele (protrusion of the brain or meninges through a skull defect).

Chromosomal Abnormalities: These are changes in the number or structure of chromosomes that can affect physical and mental development. Examples include Down syndrome (an extra copy of chromosome 21), Turner syndrome (a missing or partially deleted X chromosome), and Klinefelter syndrome (an extra X chromosome).

Other types of Congenital Abnormalities include cleft lip and palate, clubfoot, and polydactyly (extra fingers or toes).

Congenital Abnormalities can be diagnosed before birth through prenatal testing such as ultrasound, blood tests, and amniocentesis. After birth, they can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging studies, and genetic testing. Treatment for Congenital Abnormalities varies depending on the type and severity of the condition, and may include surgery, medication, and other forms of therapy. In some cases, the abnormality may be minor and may not require any treatment, while in other cases, it may be more severe and may require ongoing medical care throughout the person's life.

The exact cause of gastroschisis is not known, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors during fetal development. The condition is often associated with other congenital anomalies, such as chromosomal abnormalities or other structural defects.

Symptoms of gastroschisis usually become apparent shortly after birth and may include:

* A protrusion of the intestines through a hole in the abdominal wall near the navel
* Abdominal swelling or distension
* Vomiting and feeding difficulties
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Abnormal bowel movements or gas

Gastroschisis is typically diagnosed shortly after birth, based on physical examination and imaging studies such as ultrasound or X-ray. Treatment usually involves surgical repair of the defect, which may involve closing the opening in the abdominal wall and/or repairing any damage to the intestines. In some cases, the intestines may need to be removed from the abdominal cavity and placed in a temporary bag outside the body (called an ostomy) until the baby is old enough to undergo definitive surgery.

The long-term outlook for infants with gastroschisis depends on the severity of the defect and any associated anomalies. In general, most babies with gastroschisis can be successfully treated and will go on to lead normal, healthy lives. However, some may experience ongoing bowel or digestive problems, and a small percentage may have long-term developmental delays or other complications.

Cattle diseases refer to any health issues that affect cattle, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, as well as genetic disorders and environmental factors. These diseases can have a significant impact on the health and productivity of cattle, as well as the livelihoods of farmers and ranchers who rely on them for their livelihood.

Types of Cattle Diseases

There are many different types of cattle diseases, including:

1. Bacterial diseases, such as brucellosis, anthrax, and botulism.
2. Viral diseases, such as bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and bluetongue.
3. Parasitic diseases, such as heartwater and gapeworm.
4. Genetic disorders, such as polledness and cleft palate.
5. Environmental factors, such as heat stress and nutritional deficiencies.

Symptoms of Cattle Diseases

The symptoms of cattle diseases can vary depending on the specific disease, but may include:

1. Fever and respiratory problems
2. Diarrhea and vomiting
3. Weight loss and depression
4. Swelling and pain in joints or limbs
5. Discharge from the eyes or nose
6. Coughing or difficulty breathing
7. Lameness or reluctance to move
8. Changes in behavior, such as aggression or lethargy

Diagnosis and Treatment of Cattle Diseases

Diagnosing cattle diseases can be challenging, as the symptoms may be similar for different conditions. However, veterinarians use a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and medical history to make a diagnosis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and may include antibiotics, vaccines, anti-inflammatory drugs, and supportive care such as fluids and nutritional supplements.

Prevention of Cattle Diseases

Preventing cattle diseases is essential for maintaining the health and productivity of your herd. Some preventative measures include:

1. Proper nutrition and hydration
2. Regular vaccinations and parasite control
3. Sanitary living conditions and frequent cleaning
4. Monitoring for signs of illness and seeking prompt veterinary care if symptoms arise
5. Implementing biosecurity measures such as isolating sick animals and quarantining new animals before introduction to the herd.

It is important to work closely with a veterinarian to develop a comprehensive health plan for your cattle herd, as they can provide guidance on vaccination schedules, parasite control methods, and disease prevention strategies tailored to your specific needs.

Conclusion
Cattle diseases can have a significant impact on the productivity and profitability of your herd, as well as the overall health of your animals. It is essential to be aware of the common cattle diseases, their symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods to ensure the health and well-being of your herd.

By working closely with a veterinarian and implementing preventative measures such as proper nutrition and sanitary living conditions, you can help protect your cattle from disease and maintain a productive and profitable herd. Remember, prevention is key when it comes to managing cattle diseases.

Isoimmunization is a condition that occurs when an individual has antibodies against their own red blood cell antigens, specifically the Rh antigen. This can happen due to various reasons such as:

1. Incompatibility between the mother's and father's Rh antigens, leading to the development of antibodies in the mother during pregnancy or childbirth.
2. Blood transfusions from an incompatible donor.
3. Certain medical conditions like autoimmune hemolytic anemia or bone marrow transplantation.

Rh isoimmunization can lead to a range of complications, including:

1. Hemolytic disease of the newborn: This is a condition where the baby's red blood cells are destroyed by the mother's antibodies, leading to anemia, jaundice, and other serious complications.
2. Rh hemolytic crisis: This is a severe and potentially life-threatening complication that can occur during pregnancy or childbirth.
3. Chronic hemolytic anemia: This is a condition where the red blood cells are continuously destroyed, leading to anemia and other complications.

Rh isoimmunization can be diagnosed through blood tests such as the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) or the indirect Coombs test (ICT). Treatment typically involves managing any underlying conditions and monitoring for complications. In severe cases, a bone marrow transplant may be necessary. Prevention is key, and women who are Rh-negative should receive an injection of Rh immune globulin during pregnancy to prevent the development of antibodies against the Rh antigen.

Synonyms for Spina Bifida Cystica:

* Myelomeningocele
* Neural tube defect
* Spina bifida occulta

Types of Spina Bifida Cystica:

* Myelomeningocele: the most severe form, characterized by a sac-like protrusion of the spinal cord and meninges through a open lesion on the back.
* Meningocele: a less severe form, characterized by a protrusion of the meninges only, without the spinal cord.
* Spina bifida occulta: a mild form, characterized by a small lesion or defect in the spine that does not protrude.

Causes and Risk Factors:

* Genetic mutations
* Maternal vitamin deficiency (folate, iron)
* Environmental factors (exposure to toxins, radiation)

Symptoms:

* Incontinence
* Hydrocephalus (fluid accumulation in the brain)
* Orthopedic deformities (kyphosis, scoliosis)
* Intellectual disability
* Seizures

Diagnosis:

* Ultrasound during pregnancy
* Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) after birth

Treatment and Management:

* Surgery to close the lesion and correct anatomical abnormalities
* Physical therapy to improve motor function and prevent deformities
* Occupational therapy to improve daily living skills
* Intellectual disability support services

Prognosis:

* Depends on severity of the defect and presence of other health issues.

Incidence:

* Approximately 1 in 1,000 births in the United States.

Prevention:

* Prenatal folic acid supplementation can prevent up to 70% of cases.

Note: This information is a general overview and not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you have any concerns or questions, consult a qualified healthcare professional.

Pregnancy in diabetics is typically classified into three categories:

1. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): This type of diabetes develops during pregnancy, typically after 24 weeks of gestation. It is caused by hormonal changes that interfere with insulin's ability to regulate blood sugar levels.
2. Pre-existing diabetes: Women who have already been diagnosed with diabetes before becoming pregnant are considered to have pre-existing diabetes. This type of diabetes can be either type 1 or type 2.
3. Type 1 diabetes in pregnancy: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that typically develops in childhood or young adulthood. Women who have type 1 diabetes and become pregnant require careful management of their blood sugar levels to ensure the health of both themselves and their baby.

Pregnancy in diabetics requires close monitoring and careful management throughout the pregnancy. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are essential to identify any potential complications early on and prevent them from becoming more serious. Some of the common complications associated with pregnancy in diabetics include:

1. Gestational hypertension: This is a type of high blood pressure that develops during pregnancy, particularly in women who have gestational diabetes. It can increase the risk of preeclampsia and other complications.
2. Preeclampsia: This is a serious condition that can cause damage to organs such as the liver, kidneys, and brain. Women with pre-existing diabetes are at higher risk of developing preeclampsia.
3. Macrosomia: As mentioned earlier, this is a condition where the baby grows larger than average, which can increase the risk of complications during delivery.
4. Hypoglycemia: This is a condition where the blood sugar levels become too low, which can be dangerous for both the mother and the baby.
5. Jaundice: This is a condition that causes yellowing of the skin and eyes due to high bilirubin levels in the blood. It is more common in newborns of diabetic mothers.
6. Respiratory distress syndrome: This is a condition where the baby's lungs are not fully developed, which can lead to breathing difficulties.
7. Type 2 diabetes: Women who develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
8. Cholestasis of pregnancy: This is a condition where the liver produces too much bile, which can cause itching and liver damage. It is more common in women with gestational diabetes.
9. Premature birth: Babies born to mothers with diabetes are at higher risk of being born prematurely, which can increase the risk of complications.
10. Congenital anomalies: There is an increased risk of certain birth defects in babies born to mothers with diabetes, such as heart and brain defects.

It's important for pregnant women who have been diagnosed with gestational diabetes to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and reduce the risks associated with it. This may involve monitoring blood sugar levels regularly, taking insulin or other medications as prescribed, and making any necessary lifestyle changes.

The condition is caused by sensitization of the mother's immune system to the Rh factor, which can occur when the mother's blood comes into contact with the fetus's blood during pregnancy or childbirth. The antibodies produced by the mother's immune system can attack the red blood cells of the fetus, leading to hemolytic anemia and potentially causing stillbirth or death in the newborn.

Erythroblastosis fetalis is diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels of antibodies against the Rh factor. Treatment typically involves the administration of Rh immune globulin, which can help to prevent the mother's immune system from producing more antibodies against the Rh factor and reduce the risk of complications for the fetus. In severe cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary to increase the newborn's red blood cell count.

Erythroblastosis fetalis is a serious condition that requires close monitoring and proper medical management to prevent complications and ensure the best possible outcome for both the mother and the baby.

Causes of Polyhydramnios:

There are several possible causes of polyhydramnios, including:

1. Chromosomal abnormalities: Genetic disorders such as Down syndrome can cause an excessive amount of amniotic fluid.
2. Maternal diabetes: Diabetes in the mother can cause an imbalance in the placenta and lead to polyhydramnios.
3. Previous stillbirth: Women who have had a previous stillbirth are at higher risk for developing polyhydramnios in subsequent pregnancies.
4. Fetal anomalies: Abnormalities in the fetus, such as heart or spinal cord defects, can cause an accumulation of amniotic fluid.
5. Maternal hypertension: High blood pressure in the mother can lead to polyhydramnios.
6. Preeclampsia: This is a condition that causes high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys.
7. Urinary tract infections: Infections in the urinary tract can cause an excessive amount of amniotic fluid.
8. Maternal obesity: Obese women are at higher risk for developing polyhydramnios due to their increased body mass index (BMI).

Symptoms of Polyhydramnios:

Polyhydramnios can cause a range of symptoms, including:

1. Enlarged uterus: The uterus may become enlarged due to the excessive amount of amniotic fluid.
2. Abdominal pain: Women with polyhydramnios may experience abdominal pain and discomfort.
3. Increased urination: Drinking more water may be necessary to accommodate the excessive amount of amniotic fluid.
4. Pressure on the bladder: The excessive fluid can put pressure on the bladder, leading to frequent urination and discomfort.
5. Difficulty breathing: In severe cases, the excessive fluid can put pressure on the lungs, making it difficult to breathe.
6. Premature labor: Polyhydramnios can increase the risk of premature labor.
7. Preterm rupture of membranes (PROM): The amniotic sac may rupture before 37 weeks of gestation, leading to preterm labor and delivery.
8. Fetal distress: The excessive fluid can cause fetal distress, which can lead to complications during delivery.

Treatment of Polyhydramnios:

Treatment for polyhydramnios depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some possible treatments include:

1. Bed rest or hospitalization: Women with polyhydramnios may be advised to rest in bed or be hospitalized to monitor the condition and prevent complications.
2. Diuretics: Medications that increase urine production can help reduce the amount of amniotic fluid.
3. Amnioreduction: A procedure in which a needle is inserted into the uterus to remove excess amniotic fluid.
4. Induction of labor: In severe cases, labor may be induced to prevent complications.
5. Cesarean section: If the condition is not resolved with other treatments, a cesarean section may be necessary to deliver the baby safely.

In conclusion, polyhydramnios is a condition characterized by an excessive amount of amniotic fluid during pregnancy. It can cause discomfort, difficulty breathing, and increase the risk of complications such as premature labor and preterm rupture of membranes. Treatment options include bed rest, diuretics, amnioreduction, induction of labor, and cesarean section. If you suspect you have polyhydramnios, it is essential to consult with your healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects can affect various aspects of the child's development, including:

1. Physical growth and development: PDEDs can lead to changes in the child's physical growth patterns, such as reduced birth weight, short stature, or delayed puberty.
2. Brain development: Prenatal exposure to certain substances can affect brain development, leading to learning disabilities, memory problems, and cognitive delays.
3. Behavioral and emotional development: Children exposed to PDEDs may exhibit behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as anxiety, depression, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
4. Immune system functioning: Prenatal exposure to certain substances can affect the immune system's development, making children more susceptible to infections and autoimmune diseases.
5. Reproductive health: Exposure to certain chemicals during fetal development may disrupt the reproductive system, leading to fertility problems or an increased risk of infertility later in life.

The diagnosis of Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects often requires a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, as well as specialized tests such as imaging studies or laboratory assessments. Treatment for PDEDs typically involves addressing the underlying cause of exposure and providing appropriate interventions to manage any associated symptoms or developmental delays.

In summary, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects can have a profound impact on a child's growth, development, and overall health later in life. It is essential for healthcare providers to be aware of the potential risks and to monitor children exposed to substances during fetal development for any signs of PDEDs. With early diagnosis and appropriate interventions, it may be possible to mitigate or prevent some of these effects and improve outcomes for affected children.

The term "anencephaly" comes from the Greek words "ane" meaning "without" and "encephalos" meaning "brain". It was first described by German anatomist Wilhelm His in 1879.

Anencephaly occurs when the neural tube, which is the precursor to the brain and spinal cord, fails to properly close during embryonic development. This can be due to a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, environmental exposures, or unknown causes.

The symptoms of anencephaly are severe and typically include:

* Absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp
* Enlarged ventricles in the brain
* Missing or underdeveloped facial features, such as eyes, nose, and mouth
* Underdeveloped brain stem and cerebellum
* Spina bifida, a condition in which the spine does not properly close during development

There is no treatment for anencephaly, and the condition is usually diagnosed prenatally through ultrasound examination. In some cases, the condition may be detected after birth, but the prognosis is always poor.

The prevalence of anencephaly is difficult to determine due to its rarity, but it is estimated to occur in approximately 1 in every 10,000 births. It is more common in males than females and may be associated with other congenital anomalies, such as heart defects or gastrointestinal abnormalities.

Overall, anencephaly is a severe and tragic condition that results in stillbirth or early death. While the exact cause is unknown, it is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors during embryonic development.

There are several types of placenta diseases that can occur during pregnancy, including:

1. Placenta previa: This is a condition in which the placenta partially or completely covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and other complications.
2. Placental abruption: This is a condition in which the placenta separates from the uterus, which can cause bleeding and can lead to premature delivery.
3. Placental invasion: This is a condition in which the placenta grows into the muscle of the uterus, which can cause complications during delivery.
4. Placental insufficiency: This is a condition in which the placenta does not function properly, which can lead to growth restriction and other complications.
5. Chorioamnionitis: This is an infection of the placenta and amniotic fluid, which can cause fever, chills, and other symptoms.
6. Placental tumors: These are rare growths that can occur on the placenta during pregnancy.
7. Placental blood clots: These are blood clots that can form in the placenta, which can cause complications such as preterm labor and delivery.
8. Preeclampsia: This is a condition that causes high blood pressure and other symptoms during pregnancy, which can lead to complications such as placental abruption and preterm delivery.
9. Gestational diabetes: This is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy, which can increase the risk of placenta diseases.
10. Hypertension: This is high blood pressure during pregnancy, which can increase the risk of placenta diseases such as preeclampsia and placental abruption.
11. Multiple births: Women who are carrying multiple babies (twins, triplets, etc.) may be at higher risk for placenta diseases due to the increased demands on the placenta.
12. Age: Women who are over 35 years old may be at higher risk for placenta diseases due to age-related changes in the placenta and other factors.
13. Obesity: Women who are obese may be at higher risk for placenta diseases due to increased inflammation and other factors.
14. Smoking: Smoking during pregnancy can increase the risk of placenta diseases due to the harmful effects of smoking on the placenta and other organs.
15. Poor prenatal care: Women who do not receive adequate prenatal care may be at higher risk for placenta diseases due to lack of monitoring and treatment.
16. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and kidney disease, can increase the risk of placenta diseases.
17. Infections: Women who develop infections during pregnancy, such as group B strep or urinary tract infections, may be at higher risk for placenta diseases.
18. Previous history of placenta problems: Women who have had previous complications with the placenta, such as placenta previa or placental abruption, may be at higher risk for placenta diseases in future pregnancies.

It's important to note that many women who experience one or more of these risk factors will not develop placenta diseases, and some women who do develop placenta diseases may not have any known risk factors. If you have any concerns about your health or your baby's health during pregnancy, it is important to discuss them with your healthcare provider.

There are several types of aneuploidy, including:

1. Trisomy: This is the presence of an extra copy of a chromosome. For example, Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
2. Monosomy: This is the absence of a chromosome.
3. Mosaicism: This is the presence of both normal and abnormal cells in the body.
4. Uniparental disomy: This is the presence of two copies of a chromosome from one parent, rather than one copy each from both parents.

Aneuploidy can occur due to various factors such as errors during cell division, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, or inheritance of an abnormal number of chromosomes from one's parents. The risk of aneuploidy increases with age, especially for women over the age of 35, as their eggs are more prone to errors during meiosis (the process by which egg cells are produced).

Aneuploidy can be diagnosed through various methods such as karyotyping (examining chromosomes under a microscope), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or quantitative PCR. Treatment for aneuploidy depends on the underlying cause and the specific health problems it has caused. In some cases, treatment may involve managing symptoms, while in others, it may involve correcting the genetic abnormality itself.

In summary, aneuploidy is a condition where there is an abnormal number of chromosomes present in a cell, which can lead to various developmental and health problems. It can occur due to various factors and can be diagnosed through different methods. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and the specific health problems it has caused.

There are several types of chromosome aberrations, including:

1. Chromosomal deletions: Loss of a portion of a chromosome.
2. Chromosomal duplications: Extra copies of a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome.
3. Chromosomal translocations: A change in the position of a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome.
4. Chromosomal inversions: A reversal of a segment of a chromosome.
5. Chromosomal amplifications: An increase in the number of copies of a particular chromosome or gene.

Chromosome aberrations can be detected through various techniques, such as karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). These tests can help identify changes in the chromosomal makeup of cells and provide information about the underlying genetic causes of disease.

Chromosome aberrations are associated with a wide range of diseases, including:

1. Cancer: Chromosome abnormalities are common in cancer cells and can contribute to the development and progression of cancer.
2. Birth defects: Many birth defects are caused by chromosome abnormalities, such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
3. Neurological disorders: Chromosome aberrations have been linked to various neurological disorders, including autism and intellectual disability.
4. Immunodeficiency diseases: Some immunodeficiency diseases, such as X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), are caused by chromosome abnormalities.
5. Infectious diseases: Chromosome aberrations can increase the risk of infection with certain viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
6. Ageing: Chromosome aberrations have been linked to the ageing process and may contribute to the development of age-related diseases.
7. Radiation exposure: Exposure to radiation can cause chromosome abnormalities, which can increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.
8. Genetic disorders: Many genetic disorders are caused by chromosome aberrations, such as Turner syndrome (45,X), which is caused by a missing X chromosome.
9. Rare diseases: Chromosome aberrations can cause rare diseases, such as Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), which is caused by an extra copy of the X chromosome.
10. Infertility: Chromosome abnormalities can contribute to infertility in both men and women.

Understanding the causes and consequences of chromosome aberrations is important for developing effective treatments and improving human health.

1. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD): This is a type of cancer that develops in the tissues that support a growing fetus. It is the most common type of pregnancy complication neoplastic and can be treated with chemotherapy or surgery.
2. Placental-site trophoblastic tumors (PSTT): These are rare types of GTD that develop in the placenta. They tend to grow slowly and are usually diagnosed after delivery.
3. Invasive mole: This is a type of GTD that grows quickly and can invade nearby tissues. It is usually found in the placenta but can also be found in other parts of the body.
4. Molar pregnancy: This is a rare condition where abnormal cells grow in the uterus instead of a fetus. It can develop into a GTD if left untreated.
5. Breast cancer: Although rare, breast cancer can also occur during pregnancy or within a year after delivery. Treatment options for breast cancer during pregnancy are similar to those for non-pregnant women.
6. Other types of cancer: Other types of cancer that can develop during pregnancy or after delivery include cervical, ovarian, and lymphoma. These cancers are rare but can be more aggressive in pregnant women due to the immune system's suppressed state.

Pregnancy complications neoplastic are diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as ultrasound and MRI, and tissue biopsies. Treatment options vary depending on the type and stage of cancer but may include chemotherapy, surgery, or both. In some cases, delivery may be necessary to ensure the safety of the mother and the fetus.

It is essential for pregnant women to receive regular prenatal care to ensure early detection and treatment of any potential complications, including pregnancy complications neoplastic. Women should discuss their risk factors and any concerns they may have with their healthcare provider to develop a plan for appropriate monitoring and management throughout their pregnancy. With timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many women with pregnancy complications neoplastic can deliver healthy babies and successfully manage their cancer.

Micrognathism can lead to several oral health issues, including difficulty chewing, speaking, and breathing. It can also cause aesthetic concerns, as the smaller lower jaw can give the appearance of a "weak" or "receding" chin.

Treatment options for micrognathism depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In mild cases, orthodontic treatment may be sufficient to correct the bite and improve oral function. In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to lengthen the lower jaw and achieve proper alignment of the teeth and jaws.

In addition to oral health issues, micrognathism can also impact an individual's overall quality of life, as it can affect their self-esteem and confidence. Therefore, it is important for individuals with micrognathism to receive proper diagnosis and treatment from a team of specialists, including orthodontists, oral surgeons, and other healthcare professionals.

Word origin:

Micrognathism comes from the Greek words "mikros," meaning small, and "gnathos," meaning jaw.

Example sentence:

"The patient was diagnosed with micrognathism, which was causing difficulty chewing and speaking, as well as aesthetic concerns."

During fetofetal transfusion, blood flows from one fetus to another through the placenta, which is a vital organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetuses and removes waste products. The transfer of blood can occur through various channels, including the placental vasculature, umbilical cord, or other fetal-maternal interfaces.

There are different types of fetofetal transfusion, depending on the direction of blood flow:

1. Fetofetal transfusion in utero (in the womb): This is the most common type, where blood flows from one fetus to another within the womb.
2. Fetofetal transfusion through the placenta: In this type, blood flows from one fetus to the other through the placenta, which acts as a filter and regulates the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother's bloodstream and the fetuses'.
3. Fetofetal transfusion through the umbilical cord: This type occurs when the umbilical cord becomes tangled or compressed, causing blood to flow from one fetus to another.

The causes of fetofetal transfusion are not yet fully understood, but it is believed to be more common in multiple gestations (twins, triplets, etc.) and in cases where there is a placental abnormality or other complications during pregnancy.

Fetofetal transfusion can have both positive and negative effects on the development and health of the fetuses. On one hand, it can provide beneficial effects, such as:

1. Increased blood volume and oxygen supply: The transferred blood can help increase the blood volume and oxygen supply to the recipient fetus, which may be beneficial for its development and growth.
2. Improved nutrient supply: The transferred blood can also provide an increased supply of nutrients to the recipient fetus, which may improve its overall health and development.

However, fetofetal transfusion can also have negative effects, such as:

1. Anemia in the donor fetus: The loss of blood from the donor fetus can lead to anemia, which can negatively affect its growth and development.
2. Increased risk of complications: Fetofetal transfusion can increase the risk of complications during pregnancy, such as preterm labor, preeclampsia, and placental abruption.
3. Adverse effects on fetal development: The transferred blood can also contain substances that are not beneficial for the recipient fetus, which can lead to adverse effects on its development and growth.

Fetofetal transfusion is usually detected during routine ultrasound examinations, where it may appear as an abnormal flow of blood between the fetuses or as a collection of blood in the placenta or umbilical cord. If diagnosed early, fetofetal transfusion can be monitored and managed with regular ultrasound examinations and close maternal monitoring. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own without any complications.

In severe cases, however, fetofetal transfusion may require medical intervention, such as:

1. Blood sampling: Blood samples may be taken from the donor fetus to determine the extent of the transfer and to monitor the health of both fetuses.
2. Corticosteroid therapy: Corticosteroids may be administered to the mother to promote fetal maturity and reduce the risk of complications.
3. Planned delivery: In some cases, planned delivery may be necessary to avoid any potential risks to the fetuses.

It is important for pregnant women who have a multiple pregnancy to be aware of the risk of fetofetal transfusion and to seek regular prenatal care to monitor the health of both fetuses. Early detection and management can help reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes for both fetuses.

The syndrome is named after the American neurologist Dr. Arthur Dandy and British pediatrician Dr. Norman Walker, who first described it in the early 20th century. It is also known as hydrocephalus type I or cerebellar hydrocephalus.

DWS typically affects children, usually girls, between 3 and 18 months of age. The symptoms can vary in severity and may include:

* Enlarged skull
* Abnormal posture and gait
* Delayed development of motor skills
* Intellectual disability
* Seizures
* Vision problems

The exact cause of Dandy-Walker Syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development. It can occur as an isolated condition or in combination with other congenital anomalies.

There is no cure for DWS, but treatment options may include:

* Shunts to drain excess CSF
* Physical therapy and occupational therapy
* Speech and language therapy
* Seizure medication
* Monitoring with regular imaging studies

The prognosis for children with Dandy-Walker Syndrome varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of other medical issues. Some individuals may experience significant developmental delays and intellectual disability, while others may have milder symptoms. With appropriate treatment and support, many individuals with DWS can lead fulfilling lives.

The word "holoprosencephaly" comes from the Greek words "holos," meaning "whole," "prosencephalon," meaning "front part of the brain," and "-ly," indicating a condition or characteristic. The term was first used in the medical literature in the late 19th century to describe this specific type of brain malformation.

In individuals with holoprosencephaly, the two hemispheres of the brain do not properly separate, leading to various abnormalities and impairments. Depending on the severity and location of the defect, symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include:

1. Facial abnormalities, such as a single eye or no nose.
2. Cognitive impairments, including intellectual disability and developmental delays.
3. Motor difficulties, such as weakness or paralysis on one side of the body.
4. Seizures and other neurological problems.
5. Delayed speech and language development.
6. Behavioral challenges, including autism and anxiety.

The exact cause of holoprosencephaly is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations or environmental factors during early fetal development. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of prenatal imaging, such as ultrasound or MRI, and postnatal examination, including physical examination and neuroimaging studies.

There is no standard treatment for holoprosencephaly, and management of the condition usually involves a multidisciplinary approach involving neurosurgeons, neurologists, developmental pediatricians, and other specialists. Treatment may include surgery to correct physical abnormalities, medication to control seizures or other neurological symptoms, and various forms of therapy to address cognitive, motor, and behavioral challenges.

The prognosis for holoprosencephaly varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of any additional birth defects or medical issues. Some individuals with holoprosencephaly may have a relatively mild form of the condition and can lead active, fulfilling lives with appropriate support and management, while others may experience significant cognitive and physical challenges that require ongoing care and support.

Types of Breech Presentation:

There are three main types of breech presentation, which include:

1. Complete Breech: In this type, all four limbs are flexed and the buttocks are down.
2. Frank Breech: In this type, the legs are straight and the buttocks are down.
3. Footling Breech: In this type, one or both feet are down, and the legs may be flexed or straight.

Causes of Breech Presentation:

The exact cause of breech presentation is not known, but some factors that may contribute to it include:

1. Multiple pregnancy (twins or triplets)
2. Abnormal shape of the uterus or cervix
3. Previous cesarean section
4. Smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy
5. Premature rupture of membranes
6. Fetal growth restriction
7. Maternal age (over 35 years)
8. Past history of breech presentation

Symptoms:

There may be no symptoms in early pregnancy, but as the fetus grows and moves down into the pelvis, the following symptoms may occur:

1. Abdominal pain or discomfort
2. Back pain
3. Pressure sensation in the rectum or vagina
4. Difficulty passing urine
5. Frequent urination
6. Pale or blue-tinged skin color (cyanosis)
7. Weak or irregular fetal heartbeat

Diagnosis:

Breech presentation can be diagnosed by ultrasound examination, which is usually done between 32 and 34 weeks of gestation. The ultrasound can show the position of the fetus and determine whether it is in a breech position. Other tests that may be used to confirm the diagnosis include:

1. External cephalic version (ECV): This is a procedure where the healthcare provider attempts to manually turn the fetus to a head-down position.
2. Fetal fibronectin testing: This is a test done on a sample of cells taken from the cervix to determine whether the fetus is in a breech position.

Treatment:

The goal of treatment for breech presentation is to turn the fetus to a head-down position or to deliver the baby safely by cesarean section. The following are some common treatments for breech presentation:

1. External cephalic version (ECV): This procedure can be done between 32 and 34 weeks of gestation and involves manually turning the fetus to a head-down position.
2. Breech tilt: This is a technique where the mother is placed on her hands and knees and slowly tilts her body to help turn the fetus to a head-down position.
3. Cesarean section: If the fetus cannot be turned to a head-down position, a cesarean section may be necessary to deliver the baby safely.

Prevention:

There is no guaranteed way to prevent breech presentation, but there are some factors that may reduce the risk of breech presentation. These include:

1. Multiple pregnancy: Women carrying twins or higher-order multiples are at a higher risk for breech presentation.
2. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM): If the amniotic sac breaks before 34 weeks of gestation, it may increase the risk of breech presentation.
3. Abnormalities in the shape of the uterus or cervix: Women with abnormalities in the shape of their uterus or cervix may be at a higher risk for breech presentation.
4. Smoking: Smoking during pregnancy may increase the risk of breech presentation.
5. Multiple previous births: Women who have had multiple previous births are at a higher risk for breech presentation in future pregnancies.
6. Maternal age: Women over 35 years old are at a higher risk for breech presentation.
7. Fetal macrosomia: If the baby is larger than average, it may increase the risk of breech presentation.
8. Maternal obesity: Obese women are at a higher risk for breech presentation.
9. Poor fetal positioning: If the fetus does not move into the correct position in the womb, it may increase the risk of breech presentation.

Management:

If a breech presentation is detected during pregnancy, there are several management options available to the mother and her healthcare provider. These include:

1. Expectant management: In some cases, a breech presentation may be monitored with regular ultrasound examinations and the pregnancy may be allowed to progress naturally.
2. External cephalic version (ECV): This is a procedure in which a healthcare provider manually rotates the fetus into the correct position. ECV is usually performed between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
3. Breech extraction: In some cases, a cesarean section may be necessary to deliver the baby safely. This is especially true if the baby is in a breech position and there are other complications present.
4. Vaginal breech delivery: This is an option for women who have had a previous cesarean section or who are experiencing complications with a repeat cesarean section. A vaginal breech delivery may be attempted, but it requires specialized training and equipment.

It's important to note that each woman's situation is unique, and the management of a breech presentation will depend on individual factors such as the mother's overall health, the baby's size and position, and any other complications that may be present. It's important for pregnant women to discuss their options with their healthcare provider and make an informed decision about their care.

Note: This definition is based on the current medical knowledge and may change as new research and discoveries are made.

The term "agenesis" refers to the failure of a structure to develop properly during fetal development. The corpus callosum is one of the largest white matter structures in the brain and plays a critical role in integrating sensory, motor, and cognitive information from both hemispheres.

Agenesis of Corpus Callosum can be caused by various genetic or environmental factors, such as:

1. Genetic mutations or deletions
2. Fetal exposure to certain drugs or infections during pregnancy
3. Maternal diabetes or other metabolic disorders
4. Trauma during pregnancy or childbirth
5. Brain injury or infection during early childhood.

Symptoms of Agenesis of Corpus Callosum can vary depending on the severity and location of the agenesis, but may include:

1. Delayed development of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking
2. Difficulty with language processing and speech articulation
3. Poor coordination and balance
4. Seizures or other neurological problems
5. Intellectual disability or developmental delays
6. Behavioral problems such as anxiety, depression, or autism spectrum disorder.

Diagnosis of Agenesis of Corpus Callosum typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and genetic testing. Treatment for the condition may involve a multidisciplinary approach, including physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and medication to control seizures or other symptoms. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the brain or to correct anatomical abnormalities.

Prognosis for individuals with Agenesis of Corpus Callosum varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of any additional health problems. However, early diagnosis and intervention can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life for these individuals. With appropriate treatment and support, many individuals with Agenesis of Corpus Callosum are able to lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.

There are several types of NTDs, including:

1. Anencephaly: A severe form of NTD where a large portion of the neural tube does not develop, resulting in the absence of a major part of the brain and skull.
2. Spina Bifida: A type of NTD where the spine does not close properly, leading to varying degrees of neurological damage and physical disability.
3. Encephalocele: A type of NTD where the brain or meninges protrude through a opening in the skull.
4. Meningomyelocele: A type of NTD where the spinal cord and meninges protrude through a opening in the back.

Causes and risk factors:

1. Genetic mutations: Some NTDs can be caused by genetic mutations that affect the development of the neural tube.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as folic acid deficiency, has been linked to an increased risk of NTDs.
3. Maternal health: Women with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or obesity, are at a higher risk of having a child with NTDs.

Symptoms and diagnosis:

1. Anencephaly: Severely underdeveloped brain, absence of skull, and often death shortly after birth.
2. Spina Bifida: Difficulty walking, weakness or paralysis in the legs, bladder and bowel problems, and intellectual disability.
3. Encephalocele: Protrusion of brain or meninges through a opening in the skull, which can cause developmental delays, seizures, and intellectual disability.
4. Meningomyelocele: Protrusion of spinal cord and meninges through a opening in the back, which can cause weakness or paralysis in the legs, bladder and bowel problems, and intellectual disability.

Treatment and management:

1. Surgery: Depending on the type and severity of the NTD, surgery may be necessary to close the opening in the skull or back, or to release compressed tissue.
2. Physical therapy: To help improve mobility and strength in affected limbs.
3. Occupational therapy: To help with daily activities and fine motor skills.
4. Speech therapy: To help with communication and language development.
5. Medications: To manage seizures, pain, and other symptoms.
6. Nutritional support: To ensure adequate nutrition and growth.
7. Supportive care: To help manage the physical and emotional challenges of living with an NTD.

Prevention:

1. Folic acid supplements: Taking a daily folic acid supplement during pregnancy can help prevent NTDs.
2. Good nutrition: Eating a balanced diet that includes foods rich in folate, such as leafy greens, citrus fruits, and beans, can help prevent NTDs.
3. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco: Both alcohol and tobacco use have been linked to an increased risk of NTDs.
4. Getting regular prenatal care: Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider during pregnancy can help identify potential problems early on and reduce the risk of NTDs.
5. Avoiding infections: Infections such as rubella (German measles) can increase the risk of NTDs, so it's important to avoid exposure to these infections during pregnancy.

It's important to note that not all NTDs can be prevented, and some may be caused by genetic factors or other causes that are not yet fully understood. However, taking steps to maintain good health and getting regular prenatal care can help reduce the risk of NTDs and improve outcomes for babies born with these conditions.

Symptoms of HLHS may include:

1. Blue tint to the skin, lips, and nails (cyanosis)
2. Rapid breathing
3. Fatigue
4. Poor feeding or inability to gain weight
5. Weak or absent pulse in the left arm or leg

Diagnosis of HLHS is typically made prenatally by ultrasound examination, and may also be confirmed after birth by echocardiogram or other diagnostic tests.

Treatment for HLHS usually involves a series of surgeries and catheterizations to repair or replace the affected heart structures. These procedures may include:

1. Shunt procedure: A small tube is placed between the right and left sides of the heart to allow oxygenated blood to flow to the underdeveloped left side.
2. Bidirectional Glenn procedure: A surgical procedure that connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic valve, allowing blood to be pumped to both the lungs and the body.
3. Fontan procedure: A surgical procedure that redirects blood flow from the upper body to the lungs, bypassing the underdeveloped left ventricle.
4. Heart transplantation: In some cases, a heart transplant may be necessary if other procedures are not successful or if there is significant damage to the heart.

Early detection and treatment of HLHS are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes. Children with HLHS require close monitoring and frequent medical evaluations throughout their lives to manage any potential issues that may arise. With appropriate treatment, many individuals with HLHS can lead active and productive lives well into adulthood.

The effects of radiation on the human body can vary depending on the dose received, the duration of exposure, and the type of radiation. Higher doses can cause more severe damage, while lower doses may only produce subtle changes. Some common forms of radiation-induced abnormalities include:

1. Genetic damage: Ionizing radiation can alter the DNA molecule, leading to mutations that can be passed on to future generations. This can increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.
2. Cancer: Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation can cause an increased risk of developing cancer, particularly leukemia and other types of tumors.
3. Radiation burns: High-dose radiation can cause damage to skin and other tissues, leading to painful burns that can be difficult to heal.
4. Immune system suppression: Ionizing radiation can weaken the immune system, making it more difficult for the body to fight off infections and diseases.
5. Thyroid problems: Exposure to radioactive iodine isotopes can damage the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism or other thyroid disorders.
6. Bone marrow failure: High-dose radiation can damage bone marrow, leading to a decrease in blood cells and an increased risk of infection and bleeding.
7. Cognitive impairment: Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation has been linked to a higher risk of cognitive impairment and other neurological problems.
8. Reproductive effects: Ionizing radiation can damage the reproductive system, leading to infertility or an increased risk of birth defects.
9. Skin changes: Radiation can cause changes in skin pigmentation, thickening, and scarring.
10. Hair loss: Radiation can cause hair loss, particularly in areas exposed to high levels of radiation.

It is important to note that the severity of these effects depends on the dose of radiation received, as well as other factors such as the duration of exposure and the type of radiation.

Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.

There are several ways to measure body weight, including:

1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.

It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.

"Will the Fetus Be Aborted?" A few days after the car bombing attempt on Bari's life on May 24, 1990, a letter from someone ...
In 1994, Jello Biafra and Mojo Nixon included a parody "Will the Fetus Be Aborted?" on their album Prairie Home Invasion. In ... bobpowers1bobpowers1 (28 May 2012). "Will the Fetus Be Aborted? - Jello Biafra and Mojo Nixon" - via YouTube. The Youngbloods ...
Cherney's song about tree spiking, "Spike a Tree for Jesus" is one example; "Will This Fetus Be Aborted?", sung as a counter- ...
"Indianapolis Mayor Discloses Wife Aborted Abnormal Fetus". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 10 August 1991. Retrieved 15 ...
Signs in aborted fetuses are highly variable. Encephalomyocarditis Virus, reviewed and published by Wikivet at http://en. ...
Survivors of the Abortion Holocaust, a group which uses graphic imagery of aborted fetuses in protest against abortion. Susan B ... Graham, Ruth (October 16, 2015). "The Man Behind the Aborted-Fetus Signs". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 2, 2016. Wyler, Grace ... an organization generally promulgating right to life views which uses graphic images of aborted fetuses. The Center for Medical ...
Goldberg, Carey (2007-08-10). "Shots assist in aborting fetuses". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-09-16. ReligiousTolerance. ... that kills the partially delivered living fetus". Additionally, a doctor may extract a fetus past the navel and then " ... Removing a dead fetus does not meet the federal legal definition of "partial-birth abortion", which specifies that partial live ... For example, the IDX procedure may be used to remove a deceased fetus (e.g. due to a miscarriage or feticide) that is developed ...
Tim Murphy (2011-12-06). "Aborted Fetus Campaign Ads Hit the Airwaves in Iowa". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2012-01-01. Eggerton, ...
16,433 aborted fetuses were buried in unmarked graves at the cemetery on donated land. The fetuses were found in a shipping ... "Aborted Fetuses Buried With Reagan Eulogy". The New York Times. Los Angeles. 8 October 1985. p. A23. Retrieved 2014-03-08. ...
Green, Emma (May 14, 2016). "State-Mandated Mourning for Aborted Fetuses". The Atlantic. Hays, Holly. "Indiana abortion law ... The bill banned abortion if the reason for the procedure given by the woman was the fetus' race or gender or a fetal ... Pence, who used to work for a free-market think tank, was a booster of Bush's aborted 2005 plan to partially privatize Social ... including one that prohibited abortions if the reason for the procedure was the fetus's race, gender, or disability. After ...
The Priests for Life provides a collection of photos of live babies as well as aborted fetuses, via the internet. Its photos ... Frank Pavone uses aborted fetus in message for Election Day". National Catholic Reporter. 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2020-04-24. ... Criddle, Cristina (2016-11-10). "Pro-life Catholic priest put an aborted foetus on altar in support for Donald Trump". The ... Smith, Peter Jesserer (14 November 2016). "Father Pavone Faces Diocesan Investigation Over Aborted Baby on Altar". National ...
"Undercover Antiabortion Video Showed Images of Stillborn - Not Aborted - Fetus". Yahoo Health. September 18, 2015. "The ... Attorney General Maura Healey found that aborted fetuses are disposed of properly in a report that "voiced strong support for" ... "intact fetuses" allegations: CMP's accusations that this conversation somehow refers to "intact fetuses", which were never ... Watch a fully formed fetus on the table, its heart beating, its legs kicking, while someone says, 'We have to keep it alive to ...
"Mom allegedly forced to abort mature fetus". Shanghai Daily. June 14, 2012.[dead link] Jiang Yue; Lei Ying (June 19, 2012). 陕西孕 ... She was taken into an operating room and restrained by two men as she was injected with a poison to kill the fetus. Feng later ... "Officials forcibly abort the baby of Feng Jianmei, who was 7 months pregnant" (Press release). All Girls Allowed. June 12, 2012 ... Edward Wong (June 26, 2012). "Forced to Abort, Chinese Woman Under Pressure". The New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2012. " ...
Stack, Liam (November 30, 2016). "Texas Will Require Burial of Aborted Fetuses". The New York Times. Retrieved December 1, 2016 ... Perchick, Michael (December 1, 2016). "New Texas Provisions Require Burial or Cremation of Aborted Fetuses". USA Today (from ... approved new rules that require facilities that perform abortions either to bury or cremate the aborted, rather than dispose of ... a bill into law banning dismemberment and partial-birth abortions and requiring either burial or cremation of the aborted. That ...
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Carson defended his past use of tissue from aborted fetuses for medical research in part, by stating, "to not use the tissue ... subsequently identified research that Carson himself had performed and published using tissue from fetuses aborted in the 9th ... "Carson defends his research on aborted fetuses". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: uses authors ... recorded by an anti-abortion group showed Planned Parenthood officials discussing the donation of tissue from aborted fetuses ...
The resulting stress causes the fetuses to abort. Rodents have advanced cognitive abilities. They can quickly learn to avoid ...
PER.C6, a retinal cell line that was isolated from an aborted fetus in 1985 was used by Janssen in development of COVID-19 ... Those who, however, for reasons of conscience, refuse vaccines produced with cell lines from aborted fetuses, must do their ... Neporent, Liz (February 2, 2015). "What Aborted Fetuses Have to Do With Vaccines". ABC News. Retrieved December 8, 2020. " ... or from stem cells originally taken from aborted fetuses. Fetal cell lines have been used in the manufacture of vaccines since ...
The site includes the burial grounds of new-born and aborted fetuses. Some of the burials seem to have been so-called "vampire ...
... these families often go on to abort female fetuses. At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 73.88% of the population in the ... In Jhajjar, parents are able to illegally learn the gender of the fetus through secret early morning ultrasounds at registered ...
"Hamid Karzai's Famous Hat Made From Aborted Lamb Fetuses". Associated Press. 25 March 2015. Son, Junghwa (2000). Indian ...
Associated Press (April 24, 2002). "Hamid Karzai's Famous Hat Made From Aborted Lamb Fetuses". Fox News. Archived from the ... induced early delivery or by killing the mother sheep and removing the fetus. Rather than killing healthy female sheep, farmers ...
"Hamid Karzai's Famous Hat Made From Aborted Lamb Fetuses". Fox News. 24 April 2002. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. ...
... these families often go on to abort female fetuses. Jhajjar has its own railway station, with code JHJ. The railway station of ... In Jhajjar, parents are able to illegally learn the gender of the fetus through secret early morning ultrasounds at registered ...
A positive serological sample from an aborted fetus is also diagnostic of leptospirosis. Various antibiotics such as ... Shaked Y, Shpilberg O, Samra D, Samra Y (August 1993). "Leptospirosis in pregnancy and its effect on the fetus: case report and ...
Campfield sponsored a bill to issue death certificates for aborted fetuses in 2007. Campfield said he wanted people to be able ...
... prohibited government-employed doctors from aborting a fetus they believed to be viable; prohibited the use of state employees ...
... proceeds unchecked and the late-term fetus is rapidly aborted. Similar events occur with the early-term fetus, but as a much ... Performing ultrasounds revealed either dead fetuses or live fetuses with slow heart rates and lethargic movements. All the ... However, the fetus is well known to be poorly immune protected, as is the eye, and extracellular tissue fluids such as the ... Mares which aborted are treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics to avoid bacterial infections. The foals born from mares ...
Al-Alaiyan, S; Alfaleh, KM (Jan 2012). "Aborting a Malformed Fetus: A Debatable Issue in Saudi Arabia". Journal of Clinical ... Ultrasound of fetus with Down syndrome showing a large bladder Enlarged NT and absent nasal bone in a fetus at 11 weeks with ... Some in the United States who are anti-abortion support abortion if the fetus is disabled, while others do not. Of a group of ... Most of the time, Down syndrome is caused by a random mistake in cell division during early development of the fetus, but not ...
Millions of female fetuses have been aborted since the 1970s. China outlawed sex selective abortions in 2005, but the law is ... women have chosen to abort and forced to abort because of laws, social pressures, discovery of secret pregnancy, and community ... An overdose could lead to death of the mother and fetus. The efficacy of these products is very low with a high mortality rate ... The article also reported that women as far along as 8.5 months pregnant were forced to abort, usually by an injection of ...
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Screening can determine the sex of the fetus. Prenatal testing can help a couple decide whether to abort the pregnancy. Like ... Prenatal testing: Prenatal testing is used to look for diseases and conditions in a fetus or embryo before it is born. This ... These non-invasive techniques can evaluate risk of a condition, but cannot determine with certainty if the fetus has a ... More invasive prenatal methods are slightly more risky for the fetus and involve needles or probes being inserted into the ...
These cells were acquired from a fetus that spontaneously aborted after ten weeks in gestation. One of the most formidable ... Foremost among these abnormalities is the fact that the neurons are usually harvested as neural stem cells from a fetus and are ... Harvesting neural stem cells requires sacrificing the developing fetus, a process considered too costly to perform on many ...
Despite McCorvey's desire to abort her pregnancy, Thornton was not aborted as a fetus, because the court proceedings in Roe v. ... She grew up not knowing that she was the fetus in the Roe case until her birth mother appeared on the Today show in 1989 and ... ever thank her for not aborting me". She reflected, "When someone's pregnant with a baby, and they don't want that baby, that ...
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At a back-alley abortion clinic/brothel, a reluctant woman's aborted fetus is flushed down a toilet into the sewer system where ...
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Furthermore, the U.S. Constitution does not comprehend an embryo or fetus to be a "person," in the legal sense of that word. In ... or not relevant to the pregnant woman's decision to abort.The Eighth Circuit found that the district court had based its ... and to force physicians to convey disclosures regarding the woman's relationship to the fetus and the humanity of the fetus. In ... a fetus). Almost twenty years after Roe, the Supreme Court issued its next major abortion decision in a case challenging a ...
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Spencer first used a method that involved packing the uterus so that it would expel the fetus along with the foreign material. ... prove that Mary had neither miscarried during those two weeks of bleeding before her appointment with Spencer nor been aborted ...
... "cremation or interment of aborted or miscarried fetuses." The group has often clashed with another Texas anti-abortion group, ... The fetus had suffered from oxygen deprivation and was suspected to be non-viable; the fetus's lower extremities were deformed ... "Brain-Dead Marlise Munoz's Fetus Is "Distinctly Abnormal." Please, Texas, Let This Nightmare End". Slate.com. Retrieved 25 ... "Brain-dead Tarrant woman's fetus is 'distinctly abnormal,' attorneys say". The Associated Press/ The Dallas Morning News. ...
... she became pregnant and was ordered by her mother to undergo an abortion and to bury the aborted fetus in their backyard. Van ...
According to Catalano's study, assuming women in East Germany did not opt to abort male fetuses more than female fetuses, the ... report that cold weather is an environmental stressor, and women subjected to colder weather abort frail male fetuses in ... Third, families have widespread access to technology to selectively abort female foetuses. Some of the factors suggested as ... the use of ultrasound technology and sex-selective abortion of female fetuses and, probably to a more limited degree, neglect ...
Females do not abort the fetus when there is a lack of food, and they also give birth when it is most convenient for the ...
From these invoices he claimed the Texas schools were using tax dollars to purchase aborted fetal tissue, since Planned ... Parenthood was known to give fetuses to the California company. In a statement, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El ...
... "it is morally acceptable to receive Covid-19 vaccines that have used cell lines from aborted fetuses in their research and ... refuse vaccines produced with cell lines from aborted fetuses, must do their utmost to avoid, by other prophylactic means and ... "Pontifical Academy for Life Statement: Moral Reflections on Vaccines Prepared from Cells Derived from Aborted Human Foetuses". ...
Justice Harry Blackmun ruled that fetuses were not citizens. The citizenship of women is emphasized because fetuses are not ... permitting doctors to legally abort pregnancies that pose a risk to a pregnant woman's physical or mental health. These two ... The fetus may not have developed normally. Physical problems may exist with the uterus or cervix. A birth defect is a physical ... "Pro-life" emphasizes the right of the embryo or fetus to gestate to term and be born. Both terms are considered loaded in ...
While there Hannah is forced to live in austerity and create a doll to represent her aborted fetus which she is supposed to ... Hannah had an illegal abortion and was picked up immediately afterwards and convicted of the murder of her fetus. Because she ...
The Los Angeles fetus disposal scandal was the 1982 discovery of over 16,000 aborted fetuses being improperly stored at Malvin ... In late May, Van de Kamp stated every fetus would be examined to determine if the fetus was aborted illegally. In 1982 ... McGarry, TW (7 October 1985). "Fetuses Buried-With Hymns, Prayers". Los Angeles Times. p. A3. "Aborted Fetuses Get Religious ... The tally of fetuses was estimated at "up to 17,000" in May 1982, and was later finally set at 16,431. A count of 193 fetuses ...
After the release in April 2009, the band supported Cannibal Corpse and Dying Fetus on a tour. In July 2009, Blunos departed ... Trigger the Bloodshed were contacted by drummer Daniel Wilding, formerly of the Belgium-based Aborted, who joined the band ...
Aborted, African Corpse, Alcest, Alogia, Alpha Tiger, Amorphis, Armaroth, Artillery, As It Comes, Asphyx, Benighted, Black ... Dying Fetus, Emergency Gate, Ensiferum, Enslaved, Eternal Deformity, Exhumed, Extreme Smoke 57, Eyehategod, From the Depth, ... Aborted, Vreid, Korpiklaani, Sadist, Full Blown Chaos, Animosity, Prospect, Noctiferia, Eventide, Ars Moriendi, Sardonic, ... Dying Fetus, Electric Wizard, Exodus, Gloryhammer, Graveyard, Immolation, Incantation, Marduk, Melechesh, Obscura, Skálmöld, ...
Fay Redwine of the VCU Medical Center stated: "Any of us could show you the same image in a fetus who is not being aborted." ... This was the first time the images of an aborted fetus were given an electronic platform, as opposed to the printed form of the ... The size of the ultrasound image and of the fetus model used was also misleading, appearing to show a fetus the size of a full- ... "the fetus is thrashing about in alarm." Hobbins questioned the titular "scream", noting that "the fetus spends lots of time ...
"An Aborted Dinner Date" was the show's pilot episode. The episode features Felix the Fetus, which was made and operated by the ... Stone, Matt (October 2006). That's My Bush! The Definitive Collection: "An Aborted Dinner Date" (Audio commentary) (DVD). ... "An Aborted Dinner Date" (Audio commentary) (DVD). Paramount Home Entertainment. {{cite AV media}}: ,format= requires ,url= ( ...
In 1992, the Narragansett Times was heavily criticized for publishing photos of aborted human fetuses. The images were part of ... Amid the ensuing controversy, executives for the Narragansett Times said that they did not know pictures of aborted fetuses ...
Additionally, they used every edible part of the bison-organs, brains, fetuses, and placental membranes included. As a ... who fear that the small percentage of bison that carry brucellosis will infect livestock and cause cows to abort their first ...
... not and should not in any way imply that there is a moral endorsement of the use of cell lines proceeding from aborted fetuses ...
"High court rejects plea to abort 33-week-old fetus". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 July 2018. "Supreme Court denies pregnant ... "Rohtak: Doctors to abort baby of 10-year-old who was raped by stepfather". Hindustan Times. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2018 ... "HC lets woman abort 24-week foetus with heart condition". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 July 2018. "Bombay HC Allows ... "Mumbai woman can abort 24-week foetus with brain abnormalities as SC gives nod". Hindustan Times. 28 July 2017. Retrieved 2 ...
Wednesday as congressional Republicans said they will investigate whether Planned Parenthood is selling organs from aborted ...
Diaphragmatic view of diseased liver from an aborted ovine fetus (fetus B) with possible Francisellaceae infection, Uruguay. A ... Diaphragmatic view of diseased liver from an aborted ovine fetus (fetus B) with possible Francisellaceae infection, Uruguay. A ... Autopsies on twin aborted fetuses (A and B) showed similar gross lesions (Table 1), consisting of severe multifocal widespread ... Pathologic and Immunohistochemical Evidence of Possible Francisellaceae among Aborted Ovine Fetuses, Uruguay On This Page ...
He looked up to a minister-murderer, thought President Obama was the "antichrist," and spoke of "aborted fetuses" waiting for ... Planned Parenthood Shooter Dreamed of Aborted Fetuses at the Gates of Heaven. ... "met by all the aborted fetuses at the gates of heaven and they would thank him … for what he did because his actions saved ... lives of other unborn fetuses." Its uncanny how much protection resembles terrorism. ...
Planned Parenthood Lied To Congress About Selling Aborted Fetuses. by brettafarley. October 30, 2020. October 30, 2020. 0803 ...
A pregnant Louisiana woman will be forced to travel to another state to abort her fetus, which is missing part of its skull and ... A pregnant Louisiana woman will be forced to travel to another state to abort her fetus, which is missing part of its skull and ... Woman Forced To Travel From Louisiana To Abort Fetus Missing Skull. 21 August 2022. by admin ... Her fetus has acrania, the absence of a skull, and cant survive outside the womb. Now, she has to travel out of state for ...
... holds burial service for aborted fetuses out of goodwill The young man has been collecting aborted fetuses since high school ... Vietnamese woman builds graveyard for aborted fetuses The graveyard has been the burial ground for 28 fetuses and counting ... The fetus was aborted at 31 weeks pregnant, weighing only 1.6 kilograms ... Fetus dies as abortion pills mistakenly given to mother in southern Vietnam Three expectant mothers at the same medical center ...
DYING FETUS, SUICIDE SILENCE, BORN OF OSIRIS, ABORTED & More Booked For Chaos & Carnage Tour. ...
Some displayed graphic images of aborted fetuses.. "Please repent," Ray Loebker says to a woman walking toward the abortion ... "If you have a fetus that doesnt have a brain, do you insinuate that the women are making a bad decision? That to me is so ... womens health at risk by creating an atmosphere that makes physicians anxious about performing abortions even when the fetus ...
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The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary. ~ H.L. Mencken ...
The findings in the aborted fetus were not reported. The other two patients were at 16 weeks and 36 weeks of gestation at the ...
GUILLEN: So you would harvest stem cells from the aborted fetus for purposes of research? But you know how controversial that ... Zavos concurs that we will abort. GUILLEN: When you said the word "abort," you know, lots of people are going think, oh my gosh ...
... you dont have to abort the fetus. But for some reason killing the baby seems first and foremost the top of the list what has ...
Handel is fine with aborting a fetus that tests positive for Down syndrome?. No, shes not, Handel said. Her campaign called ... Group says GOP candidate Karen Handel would be OK aborting child with Down syndrome. * ... Palin] has a son with Down syndrome, and under Karen Handels laws, Handel would have felt like it was OK to go in and abort ... GRTL failed to provide any evidence whatsoever for the statement that Handel thinks it is fine to abort a child because it has ...
In addition, an unknown number of fetuses affected by these birth defects are aborted. All infants with anencephaly die shortly ...
He also aborted healthy late-term fetuses in cases where two doctors certified that carrying the fetus to term would cause the ... So, aborting a fetus is murder? How about destroying a nations infrastructure, e.g., water treatment plants, resulting in ... Her doctors advised her they could save her life with another round of chemotherapy; but the fetus would have to be aborted. ... George Tiller) So, does Sullivan think aborting a fetus with severe or fatal birth defects was wrong or preventing a pregnant ...
Higher seropositive optical density values for the ELISA were observed among older cattle and cattle that aborted, compared ... Prototype recovered from an aborted California sea lion fetus.. SMSV-15. 3.461. Prototype strain recovered from vesicular ... Prototype strain recovered from an aborted California sea lion fetus and also isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a ... of vesicular exanthema of swine-like calicivirus in tissues from a naturally infected spontaneously aborted bovine fetus. J Am ...
Palin should have just aborted the fetus, her body, her choice, right? in response to my argument that the situation showed ... Palin should have just aborted the fetus.. Her body, her choice, right? ...
The inner ear was isolated from aborted human fetuses ranging from W8 to W12 post conception. Signed informed consent of the ... Fetuses were carefully staged according to generally accepted guidelines67. The foot length, distal, and proximal arm length ... donors for procurement of the aborted fetuses and for use of tissues in research was obtained (after the donors decision to ... Right and left cochleae from the same fetus are shown. The prosensory domain (PSD) and the spiral ganglion (SG) are indicated. ...
... abort all homozygous fetuses; and prevent marriage between gene carriers. Gene frequency becomes constant with the second or ...
Alabama judge allows teen to sue on behalf of aborted fetus - Caleb Parke, Fox News ... Experts gather in Rome to fight barbaric use of aborted babies in vaccines - Diane Montagna, LifeSiteNews ...
He also falsely claimed that the Covid-19 vaccine contained aborted fetus cells. ...
... that all of those fetuses and infants will go to Heaven. So that means that all aborted fetuses of all ages are in Heaven! ... Some considerations about the destiny of miscarriage fetuses need to be provided. Since miscarriaged fetuses are not ... They want to abort. My humanity. My personhood. My soul. I suffer the cruelest. Abortion of all. The death of my spirit. Now I ... What has a fetus, who might survive the abortion in the womb, got to look forward to? He can most certainly look forward to the ...
... abort all homozygous fetuses; and prevent marriage between gene carriers. Gene frequency becomes constant with the second or ... Abortion of all affected fetuses is also not practical.. In this study, the fertility scalar m was only applied to homozygotes ... to carry out prenatal diagnosis of the disease and to abort all homozygotes; ... for some homozygotes and do prenatal diagnosis and abortion of affected fetuses for some pregnancies, we expect the resultant ...
She cannot treat her fetus as she pleases after it is aborted, nor can she abort a viable fetus. The state no longer has to ... 1. Physical ramifications of aborting the fetus. 2. Psychological ramifications of aborting the fetus. ... aborting a viable fetus (to put it crudely) is a bigger waste than aborting a nonviable one. A viable fetus is worth more than ... When a woman chooses to abort a pregnancy before the fetus is viable, and after the fetus is viable.. If a woman has no ...
In none is the option of aborting the fetus given serious consideration. In the last of these, the abortion clinic is even ... treated as a sight gag, and Juno decides to carry the pregnancy to term, seemingly on a whim, upon hearing that her fetus has ...
M.E. answers: Yes, I 100% really and truly believe that aborting a fetus ends a human life (I personally dislike using the term ... Do you, really and truly, believe that aborting a fetus is murder? I ask this because its been shown historically that making ...
WI-38 is a diploid human cell culture line composed of fibroblasts derived from lung tissue of an aborted female fetus. ... Wherever "fetal cells" and "cell line" are mentioned, this indicates material obtained from an aborted fetus. Were these ... is a diploid human cell culture line composed of fibroblasts derived from lung tissue of a 14-week-old aborted male fetus. ... they do not identify the cells as being derived from electively aborted human fetuses." ...
  • She spontaneously aborted her fetuses. (cdc.gov)
  • 11. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms in spontaneously aborted fetuses. (nih.gov)
  • This fetus was spontaneously aborted from its mother who was ill with Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Because the fetus' condition - acrania - is not specifically named in the state law as an exception to Louisiana's abortion ban, Nancy Davis, 36, will travel several states away where she can obtain an abortion. (usanews-today.com)
  • The fetus was diagnosed after an ultrasound at just ten weeks of pregnancy, and Davis' doctor recommend she get an abortion, according to Crump. (usanews-today.com)
  • On Friday, Davis was planning to travel to Florida or South Carolina, where she would still be eligible for an abortion, given the diagnosis of the fetus. (usanews-today.com)
  • Earlier this month, a Florida court ruled that a teen mom was not "mature" enough to decide to have an abortion and must carry the fetus to term. (usanews-today.com)
  • In the last of these, the abortion clinic is even treated as a sight gag, and Juno decides to carry the pregnancy to term, seemingly on a whim, upon hearing that her fetus has fingernails. (raintaxi.com)
  • A mammalian fetus expelled by INDUCED ABORTION or SPONTANEOUS ABORTION . (nih.gov)
  • If pro-lifers are consistent, then victims of incest or rape have to carry the fetus to term, a constant reminder of the crime committed against them. (eastcountymagazine.org)
  • Jackson said the statute includes exceptions for fetuses which are not viable outside a mother's womb. (usanews-today.com)
  • It seems to be simply assumed by these folks (biwah, for example) that the woman should have complete moral control over the fetus until it becomes viable. (patterico.com)
  • Why does society have no say in the treatment of a non-viable fetus? (patterico.com)
  • He also aborted healthy late-term fetuses in cases where two doctors certified that carrying the fetus to term would cause the woman 'substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function. (eastcountymagazine.org)
  • So, is the fetus more important than the mother? (eastcountymagazine.org)
  • It also seems to me that the mother isn't a spectator, but another party with important claims to rights that are potentially in direct conflict with the fetus' entitlement to moral respect. (patterico.com)
  • A pregnant Louisiana woman will be forced to travel to another state to abort her fetus, which is missing part of its skull and would die soon after birth, according to the woman's attorney. (usanews-today.com)
  • When Will Texas Execute A Woman Who Self-Aborts a Fetus? (lawyersgunsmoneyblog.com)
  • Could the woman do simply whatever she likes with the fetus, including deliberate torture? (patterico.com)
  • After Handel called for the resignation of GRTL's leadership, the group backed so far off its statement that Crozier claimed she wasn't really talking about aborting children with Down syndrome. (politifact.com)
  • Other people who undergo genetic testing will be informed that a genetic disorder or genetic susceptibility has been identified in their fetus, their children, or themselves. (nih.gov)
  • According to a Wikipedia article on George Tiller: "Tiller treated patients who discovered late in pregnancy that their fetuses had severe or fatal birth defects. (eastcountymagazine.org)
  • Diaphragmatic view of diseased liver from an aborted ovine fetus (fetus B) with possible Francisellaceae infection, Uruguay. (cdc.gov)
  • So in my view, a fetus acquires progressively more right to "moral respect" in the 2-month to 9-month window. (patterico.com)

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