ABO Blood-Group System
Blood Group Antigens
Rh-Hr Blood-Group System
Blood Grouping and Crossmatching
MNSs Blood-Group System
Kell Blood-Group System
Blood Group Incompatibility
Lewis Blood-Group System
P Blood-Group System
Glycophorin
Duffy Blood-Group System
Erythroblastosis, Fetal
Isoantibodies
Erythrocytes
Alleles
Phenotype
Trichophytin
Forssman Antigen
Erythrocyte Membrane
von Willebrand Factor
Tissue and Organ Procurement
Tissue Donors
Organ Transplantation
Automobile Driver Examination
Biometric Identification
Ethics, Medical
Infantile cystinosis in France: genetics, incidence, geographic distribution. (1/1160)
A national distribution of 66 French patients, from 49 sibships, has been studied. Segregation analysis, using the maximum likelihood method, was found to agree with the theoretical values expected in recessive autosomal inheritance. The birthplaces of these patients show an unequal geographic distribution of cystinosis, the incidence being higher in Western France. Compared with the total number of live births during the period 1959 to 1972, the minimum incidence of the condition in the province of Brittany is 1 per 25 909, and the gene frequency 0.0062. In the rest of France, the minimum incidence is 1 per 326,440 and the gene frequency 0.0018. Application of Dahlberg's formula gives a similar result. The mean inbreeding coefficient is 530 X 10(-5), a figure 23 times higher than the mean coefficient of France. An indirect test of inbreeding, the distance between parental birthplaces, was studied, first using the French administrative boundaries, second by using kilometers. This distance was constantly smaller for the parents of patients than for the parents of controls. Analysis of two erythrocyte polymorphisms (ABO and Rh) showed a large excess of group A patients when compared with overall French data. These findings are difficult to interpret on genetic grounds. The genetic reasons for the unequal geographic distribution of cystinosis in France are discussed. (+info)Acquisition of human blood group antigens by Schistosoma mansoni. (2/1160)
Juvenile forms of Schistosoma mansoni (schistosomula) have been cultured in human blood of various specificities and tested for the presence of blood group substances on their surfaces. The tests employed were survival following transfer into rhesus monkeys immunized against human blood substances, mixed agglutination reactions, and immunofluorescence. A, B, H AND Lewisb+ antigens were expressed at the surface when the parasites were cultured in blood of appropriate specificities. Rhesus, M N S, AND Duffy antigens could not be detected on the parasite surface following culture. The evidence suggests that the expressed blood group antigens are of host origin and are acquired by the parasite during culture, probably in the form of glycolipids or megaloglycolipids. It is likely that these substances are also acquired by parasites in the bloodstream of man. They may serve to mask surface parasite antigens, and so enable schistosomes to evade parasite-specific humoral or cellular immune responses. (+info)H (0) blood group determinant is present on soluble human L-selectin expressed in BHK-cells. (3/1160)
In the present study we show that the H (0) blood group determinant Fuc alpha1-2Gal beta1-4GlcNAc beta1-R is present on N-linked glycans of soluble human L-selectin recombinantly expressed in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. The glycans were isolated using complementary HPLC techniques and characterized by a combination of exoglycosidase digestion and mass spectrometry. The linkage of the fucose residues was determined by incubation of the glycans with specific fucosidases. The H blood determinant Fuc alpha1-2Gal beta1-4GlcNAc beta1 was detected for bi-, 2,4 branched tri- and tetraantennary structures. To our knowledge, the proposed oligosaccharide structures represent a new glycosylation motif for recombinant glycoproteins expressed on BHK cells. (+info)Poly-N-acetyllactosamine synthesis in branched N-glycans is controlled by complemental branch specificity of I-extension enzyme and beta1,4-galactosyltransferase I. (4/1160)
Poly-N-acetyllactosamine is a unique carbohydrate that can carry various functional oligosaccharides, such as sialyl Lewis X. It has been shown that the amount of poly-N-acetyllactosamine is increased in N-glycans, when they contain Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->6(Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1 -->2)Manalpha1-->6 branched structure. To determine how this increased synthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamines takes place, the branched acceptor was incubated with a mixture of i-extension enzyme (iGnT) and beta1, 4galactosyltransferase I (beta4Gal-TI). First, N-acetyllactosamine repeats were more readily added to the branched acceptor than the summation of poly-N-acetyllactosamines formed individually on each unbranched acceptor. Surprisingly, poly-N-acetyllactosamine was more efficiently formed on Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->2Manalpha-->R side chain than in Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->6Manalpha-->R, due to preferential action of iGnT on Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->2Manalpha-->R side chain. On the other hand, galactosylation was much more efficient on beta1,6-linked GlcNAc than beta1,2-linked GlcNAc, preferentially forming Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->6(GlcNAcbeta1-->2)Manalph a1-->6Manbeta -->R. Starting with this preformed acceptor, N-acetyllactosamine repeats were added almost equally to Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->6Manalpha-->R and Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->2Manalpha-->R side chains. Taken together, these results indicate that the complemental branch specificity of iGnT and beta4Gal-TI leads to efficient and equal addition of N-acetyllactosamine repeats on both side chains of GlcNAcbeta1-->6(GlcNAcbeta1-->2)Manalpha1-->6Manbet a-->R structure, which is consistent with the structures found in nature. The results also suggest that the addition of Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->6 side chain on Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->2Man-->R side chain converts the acceptor to one that is much more favorable for iGnT and beta4Gal-TI. (+info)A predominantly hydrophobic recognition of H-antigenic sugars by winged bean acidic lectin: a thermodynamic study. (5/1160)
The thermodynamics of binding of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) acidic agglutinin to the H-antigenic oligosaccharide (Fucalpha1-2Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-oMe) and its deoxy and methoxy congeners were determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. We report a relatively hydrophobically driven binding of winged bean acidic agglutinin to the congeners of the above sugar. This conclusion is arrived, from the binding parameters of the fucosyl congeners, the nature of the enthalpy-entropy compensation plots and the temperature dependence of binding enthalpies of some of the congeners. Thus, the binding site of winged bean acidic agglutinin must be quite extended to accommodate the trisaccharide, with non-polar loci that recognize the fucosyl moiety of the H-antigenic determinant. (+info)Normal human serum contains natural antibodies reactive with autologous ABO blood group antigens. (6/1160)
It is widely accepted that the serum of healthy individuals contains natural antibodies only against those blood group A or B antigens that are not expressed on the individual's red blood cells. The mechanisms involved in tolerance to autologous blood group antigens remain unclear. In the present study, we show that IgM and IgG antibodies reactive with autologous blood group antigens are present in the immunoglobulin fraction of normal human serum. Natural IgG anti-A antibodies purified by affinity chromatography from IgG of individuals of blood group A exhibited an affinity for A trisaccharide antigen in the micromolar range and agglutinated A red cells at sixfold higher concentrations than those required for agglutination with affinity-purified anti-A IgG of individuals of blood group B. Whereas autoantibodies reactive with self A and B antigens are readily detected in purified IgG and IgM fractions, their expression is restricted in whole serum as a result of complementary interactions between variable regions of antibodies. These observations suggest that tolerance to autologous ABO blood group antigens is dependent on peripheral control of antibody autoreactivity. (+info)Purification and characterization of an anti-(A+B) specific lectin from the mushroom Hygrophorus hypothejus. (7/1160)
A lectin (HHL) was isolated from the fruiting body of the mushroom Hygrophorus hypothejus by a combination of affinity chromatography on stromas of group B erythrocytes embedded in polyacrylamide gel, and DEAE-trisacryl and gel filtration chromatography. Its molecular mass, as determined by gel filtration, is estimated to be 68000 kDa and its structure is tetrameric with four identical subunits assembled with non-covalent bonds. HHL agglutinates specifically A and B blood group erythrocytes and in hemagglutination inhibition assays, exhibits sugar-binding specificity toward lactose, the anomeric alpha form being more effective than the beta form. (+info)Alteration of sialyl Lewis epitope expression in pterygium. (8/1160)
PURPOSE: Mucin-related antigens are abundantly expressed by the cells of the normal human conjunctiva. The pattern of these antigens in pterygium, and especially the role of Galbeta1-3GlcNAc alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal III), sialyltransferase necessary to build the sialyl-Le(a) (Lewis(a)) antigen, were studied. METHODS: Immunoperoxidase staining was performed on 28 pterygia using different monoclonal antibodies: anti-M1 (against the peptidic core of gastric mucins encoded by MUC 5AC gene), anti-Le(a)(7LE), anti-sialyl Le(a)(NS 19-9), and anti-Le(b)(2-25LE). A serologic Lewis determination was done in 18 patients. ST3Gal III sialyltransferase expression was also studied in 10 healthy conjunctiva and 10 pterygia by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase was used as an endogenous internal control. RESULTS: First, Le(a), sialyl Le(a), and Le(b) immunoreactivities either decreased or were no longer detectable in pterygium goblet cells as opposed to normal conjunctiva. Second, unlike in pterygium, the Lewis immunoreactivity, which is mainly located in the surface epithelial cells in the normal conjunctiva, was occasionally restricted to the epithelial cells of the deep layers. However, M1 mucins did show an identical pattern expression in a normal conjunctiva and pterygium. ST3Gal III expression was significantly lower in pterygium (0.20+/-0.02 AU [arbitrary units]) than in normal conjunctiva (0.95+/-0.12 AU). CONCLUSIONS: ST3Gal III gene is less expressed in pterygium than in normal conjunctiva. This observation could explain the decrease of sialyl Le(a) expression observed in pterygium by immunohistology. (+info)The ABO blood-group system is a classification system used in blood transfusion medicine to determine the compatibility of donated blood with a recipient's blood. It is based on the presence or absence of two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs), as well as the corresponding antibodies present in the plasma.
There are four main blood types in the ABO system:
1. Type A: These individuals have A antigens on their RBCs and anti-B antibodies in their plasma.
2. Type B: They have B antigens on their RBCs and anti-A antibodies in their plasma.
3. Type AB: They have both A and B antigens on their RBCs but no natural antibodies against either A or B antigens.
4. Type O: They do not have any A or B antigens on their RBCs, but they have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma.
Transfusing blood from a donor with incompatible ABO antigens can lead to an immune response, causing the destruction of donated RBCs and potentially life-threatening complications such as acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. Therefore, it is crucial to match the ABO blood type between donors and recipients before performing a blood transfusion.
Blood group antigens are molecular markers found on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and sometimes other types of cells in the body. These antigens are proteins, carbohydrates, or glycoproteins that can stimulate an immune response when foreign antigens are introduced into the body.
There are several different blood group systems, but the most well-known is the ABO system, which includes A, B, AB, and O blood groups. The antigens in this system are called ABO antigens. Individuals with type A blood have A antigens on their RBCs, those with type B blood have B antigens, those with type AB blood have both A and B antigens, and those with type O blood have neither A nor B antigens.
Another important blood group system is the Rh system, which includes the D antigen. Individuals who have this antigen are considered Rh-positive, while those who do not have it are considered Rh-negative.
Blood group antigens can cause complications during blood transfusions and pregnancy if there is a mismatch between the donor's or fetus's antigens and the recipient's antibodies. For example, if a person with type A blood receives type B blood, their anti-B antibodies will attack the foreign B antigens on the donated RBCs, causing a potentially life-threatening transfusion reaction. Similarly, if an Rh-negative woman becomes pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus, her immune system may produce anti-D antibodies that can cross the placenta and attack the fetal RBCs, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn.
It is important for medical professionals to determine a patient's blood group before performing a transfusion or pregnancy-related procedures to avoid these complications.
The Rh-Hr blood group system is a complex system of antigens found on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs), which is separate from the more well-known ABO blood group system. The term "Rh" refers to the Rhesus monkey, as these antigens were first discovered in rhesus macaques.
The Rh system consists of several antigens, but the most important ones are the D antigen (also known as the Rh factor) and the hr/Hr antigens. The D antigen is the one that determines whether a person's blood is Rh-positive or Rh-negative. If the D antigen is present, the blood is Rh-positive; if it is absent, the blood is Rh-negative.
The hr/Hr antigens are less well known but can still cause problems in blood transfusions and pregnancy. The Hr antigen is relatively rare, found in only about 1% of the population, while the hr antigen is more common.
When a person with Rh-negative blood is exposed to Rh-positive blood (for example, through a transfusion or during pregnancy), their immune system may produce antibodies against the D antigen. This can cause problems if they later receive a transfusion with Rh-positive blood or if they become pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus.
The Rh-Hr blood group system is important in blood transfusions and obstetrics, as it can help ensure that patients receive compatible blood and prevent complications during pregnancy.
Blood grouping, also known as blood typing, is the process of determining a person's ABO and Rh (Rhesus) blood type. The ABO blood group system includes four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O, based on the presence or absence of antigens A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The Rh blood group system is another important classification system that determines whether the Rh factor (a protein also found on the surface of red blood cells) is present or absent.
Knowing a person's blood type is crucial in transfusion medicine to ensure compatibility between donor and recipient blood. If a patient receives an incompatible blood type, it can trigger an immune response leading to serious complications such as hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), kidney failure, or even death.
Crossmatching is a laboratory test performed before a blood transfusion to determine the compatibility between the donor's and recipient's blood. It involves mixing a small sample of the donor's red blood cells with the recipient's serum (the liquid portion of the blood containing antibodies) and observing for any agglutination (clumping) or hemolysis. If there is no reaction, the blood is considered compatible, and the transfusion can proceed.
In summary, blood grouping and crossmatching are essential tests in transfusion medicine to ensure compatibility between donor and recipient blood and prevent adverse reactions that could harm the patient's health.
The MNSs blood group system is one of the human blood group systems, which is a classification of blood types based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). This system is named after the first two letters of the surnames of the discoverers, Landsteiner and Levine, and the "s" stands for "slight."
The MNSs system includes three main antigens: M, N, and S. The M and N antigens are found on nearly all individuals, except for those who are genetically predisposed to lack both M and N antigens (M+N- or M-N-). These individuals have the "null" phenotype, also known as the "Ms" phenotype.
The S antigen is present in about 80% of people, while the s antigen is found in approximately 20% of people. The presence or absence of these antigens determines an individual's MNSs blood type. There are eight main MNSs blood types: M, N, MN, MS, NS, M+m, N+s, and M+N+S+s+.
The clinical significance of the MNSs system is relatively low compared to other blood group systems like ABO and Rh. However, it can still play a role in transfusion medicine, as antibodies against MNSs antigens may cause hemolytic transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in rare cases. Therefore, it is essential to consider the MNSs blood group when performing pretransfusion testing and during pregnancy to ensure compatible blood products and prevent complications.
The Kell blood-group system is one of the human blood group systems, which is a set of red blood cell antigens (proteins or carbohydrates) found on the surface of red blood cells. The Kell system consists of more than 30 antigens, but the two most important ones are K and k.
The Kell antigen is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that if an individual inherits one Kell antigen from either parent, they will express the Kell antigen on their red blood cells. The k antigen is a weaker form of the Kell antigen and is also inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
Individuals who are Kell positive (K+) can produce antibodies against the Kell antigen if they are exposed to it through blood transfusion or pregnancy. These antibodies can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn in subsequent pregnancies with a Kell-negative (K-) fetus.
Therefore, it is important to determine the Kell status of both donors and recipients in blood transfusions and pregnant women to prevent complications.
Blood group incompatibility refers to a situation where the blood type of a donor and a recipient are not compatible, leading to an immune response and destruction of the donated red blood cells. This is because the recipient's immune system recognizes the donor's red blood cells as foreign due to the presence of incompatible antigens on their surface.
The most common type of blood group incompatibility occurs between individuals with different ABO blood types, such as when a person with type O blood receives type A, B, or AB blood. This can lead to agglutination and hemolysis of the donated red blood cells, causing potentially life-threatening complications such as hemolytic transfusion reaction.
Another type of blood group incompatibility occurs between Rh-negative mothers and their Rh-positive fetuses. If a mother's immune system is exposed to her fetus's Rh-positive red blood cells during pregnancy or childbirth, she may develop antibodies against them. This can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn if the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh-positive fetus in the future.
To prevent these complications, it is essential to ensure that donated blood is compatible with the recipient's blood type before transfusion and that appropriate measures are taken during pregnancy and childbirth to prevent sensitization of Rh-negative mothers to Rh-positive red blood cells.
The Lewis blood-group system is one of the human blood group systems, which is based on the presence or absence of two antigens: Lea and Leb. These antigens are carbohydrate structures that can be found on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) as well as other cells and in various body fluids.
The Lewis system is unique because its antigens are not normally present at birth, but instead develop during early childhood or later in life due to the action of certain enzymes in the digestive tract. The production of Lea and Leb antigens depends on the activity of two genes, FUT3 (also known as Lewis gene) and FUT2 (also known as Secretor gene).
There are four main phenotypes or blood types in the Lewis system:
1. Le(a+b-): This is the most common phenotype, where individuals have both Lea and Leb antigens on their RBCs.
2. Le(a-b+): In this phenotype, individuals lack the Lea antigen but have the Leb antigen on their RBCs.
3. Le(a-b-): This is a rare phenotype where neither Lea nor Leb antigens are present on the RBCs.
4. Le(a+b+): In this phenotype, individuals have both Lea and Leb antigens on their RBCs due to the simultaneous expression of FUT3 and FUT2 genes.
The Lewis blood-group system is not typically associated with transfusion reactions or hemolytic diseases, unlike other blood group systems such as ABO and Rh. However, the presence or absence of Lewis antigens can still have implications for certain medical conditions and tests, including:
* Infectious diseases: Some bacteria and viruses can use the Lewis antigens as receptors to attach to and infect host cells. For example, Helicobacter pylori, which causes gastritis and peptic ulcers, binds to Lea antigens in the stomach.
* Autoimmune disorders: In some cases, autoantibodies against Lewis antigens have been found in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
* Pregnancy: The Lewis antigens can be expressed on the surface of placental cells, and changes in their expression have been linked to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction.
* Blood typing: Although not a primary factor in blood transfusion compatibility, the Lewis blood-group system is still considered when determining the best match for patients who require frequent transfusions or organ transplants.
The P blood group system is one of the rarest blood group systems in humans, with only a few antigens discovered so far. The main antigens in this system are P1 and P, which can be either present or absent on red blood cells (RBCs). The presence or absence of these antigens determines an individual's P blood group type.
The P1 antigen is a carbohydrate structure found on the surface of RBCs in individuals with the P1 phenotype, while those with the p phenotype lack this antigen. The P antigen is a protein found on the surface of RBCs in both P1 and p individuals.
Individuals with the P1 phenotype can develop antibodies against the P antigen if they are exposed to RBCs that lack the P1 antigen, such as those from a person with the p phenotype. Similarly, individuals with the p phenotype can develop antibodies against the P1 antigen if they are exposed to RBCs that have the P1 antigen.
Transfusion reactions can occur if an individual receives blood from a donor with a different P blood group type, leading to the destruction of RBCs and potentially life-threatening complications. Therefore, it is essential to determine an individual's P blood group type before transfusing blood or performing other medical procedures that involve RBCs.
Overall, the P blood group system is a complex and relatively rare system that requires careful consideration in medical settings to ensure safe and effective treatment.
Glycophorin is a type of protein found on the surface of red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes. These proteins are heavily glycosylated, meaning they have many carbohydrate chains attached to them. Glycophorins play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and flexibility of the red blood cell membrane, and they also help to mediate interactions between the red blood cells and other cells or molecules in the body.
There are several different types of glycophorin proteins, including glycophorin A, B, C, and D. Glycophorin A is the most abundant type and is often used as a marker for identifying the ABO blood group. Mutations in the genes that encode glycophorin proteins can lead to various blood disorders, such as hereditary spherocytosis and hemolytic anemia.
The Duffy blood group system is a system of identifying blood types based on the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The antigens in this system are proteins called Duffy antigens, which are receptors for the malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax.
There are two major Duffy antigens, Fya and Fyb, and individuals can be either positive or negative for each of these antigens. This means that there are four main Duffy blood types: Fy(a+b-), Fy(a-b+), Fy(a+b+), and Fy(a-b-).
The Duffy blood group system is important in blood transfusions to prevent a potentially dangerous immune response known as a transfusion reaction. If a person receives blood that contains antigens that their body recognizes as foreign, their immune system may attack the transfused red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, and in severe cases, kidney failure or even death.
Additionally, the Duffy blood group system has been found to be associated with susceptibility to certain diseases. For example, individuals who are negative for both Fya and Fyb antigens (Fy(a-b-)) are resistant to infection by Plasmodium vivax, one of the malarial parasites that causes malaria in humans. This is because the Duffy antigens serve as receptors for the parasite to enter and infect red blood cells.
Erythroblastosis, fetal is a medical condition that occurs in the fetus or newborn when there is an incompatibility between the fetal and maternal blood types, specifically related to the Rh factor or ABO blood group system. This incompatibility leads to the destruction of the fetal red blood cells by the mother's immune system, resulting in the release of bilirubin, which can cause jaundice, anemia, and other complications.
In cases where the mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive, the mother may develop antibodies against the Rh factor during pregnancy or after delivery, leading to hemolysis (breakdown) of the fetal red blood cells in subsequent pregnancies if preventive measures are not taken. This is known as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
Similarly, incompatibility between the ABO blood groups can also lead to HDN, although it is generally less severe than Rh incompatibility. In this case, the mother's immune system produces antibodies against the fetal red blood cells, leading to their destruction and subsequent complications.
Fetal erythroblastosis is a serious condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. Treatment options include intrauterine transfusions, phototherapy, and exchange transfusions in severe cases. Preventive measures such as Rh immune globulin (RhIG) injections can help prevent the development of antibodies in Rh-negative mothers, reducing the risk of HDN in subsequent pregnancies.
Isoantibodies are antibodies produced by the immune system that recognize and react to antigens (markers) found on the cells or tissues of another individual of the same species. These antigens are typically proteins or carbohydrates present on the surface of red blood cells, but they can also be found on other cell types.
Isoantibodies are formed when an individual is exposed to foreign antigens, usually through blood transfusions, pregnancy, or tissue transplantation. The exposure triggers the immune system to produce specific antibodies against these antigens, which can cause a harmful immune response if the individual receives another transfusion or transplant from the same donor in the future.
There are two main types of isoantibodies:
1. Agglutinins: These are IgM antibodies that cause red blood cells to clump together (agglutinate) when mixed with the corresponding antigen. They develop rapidly after exposure and can cause immediate transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn in pregnant women.
2. Hemolysins: These are IgG antibodies that destroy red blood cells by causing their membranes to become more permeable, leading to lysis (bursting) of the cells and release of hemoglobin into the plasma. They take longer to develop but can cause delayed transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn in pregnant women.
Isoantibodies are detected through blood tests, such as the crossmatch test, which determines compatibility between a donor's and recipient's blood before transfusions or transplants.
Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the most common type of blood cell in circulating blood in mammals. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow and have a biconcave shape, which allows them to fold and bend easily as they pass through narrow blood vessels. They do not have a nucleus or mitochondria, which makes them more flexible but also limits their ability to reproduce or repair themselves.
In humans, erythrocytes are typically disc-shaped and measure about 7 micrometers in diameter. They contain the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. The lifespan of an erythrocyte is approximately 120 days, after which it is broken down in the liver and spleen.
Abnormalities in erythrocyte count or function can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, polycythemia, and sickle cell disease.
An allele is a variant form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes.
Each person typically inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent. If the two alleles are identical, a person is said to be homozygous for that trait. If the alleles are different, the person is heterozygous.
For example, the ABO blood group system has three alleles, A, B, and O, which determine a person's blood type. If a person inherits two A alleles, they will have type A blood; if they inherit one A and one B allele, they will have type AB blood; if they inherit two B alleles, they will have type B blood; and if they inherit two O alleles, they will have type O blood.
Alleles can also influence traits such as eye color, hair color, height, and other physical characteristics. Some alleles are dominant, meaning that only one copy of the allele is needed to express the trait, while others are recessive, meaning that two copies of the allele are needed to express the trait.
A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.
Placental diseases, also known as placental pathologies, refer to a group of conditions that affect the development and function of the placenta during pregnancy. The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus while removing waste products.
Placental diseases can have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus, including preterm labor, growth restriction, stillbirth, and long-term health problems for the child. Some common placental diseases include:
1. Placental abruption: This occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery, causing bleeding and potentially harming the fetus.
2. Placental previa: This is a condition where the placenta implants in the lower part of the uterus, covering the cervix. It can cause bleeding and may require cesarean delivery.
3. Preeclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Placental dysfunction is thought to play a role in its development.
4. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): This occurs when the fetus does not grow properly due to poor placental function, leading to low birth weight and potential health problems.
5. Chorioamnionitis: This is an infection of the membranes surrounding the fetus, which can lead to preterm labor and other complications.
6. Placental infarction: This occurs when a portion of the placenta dies due to a lack of blood flow, which can lead to growth restriction or stillbirth.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment of placental diseases are essential for ensuring the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the fetus.
Trichophytin is not a medical condition or diagnosis, but rather a preparation used in skin tests to help identify whether someone has a sensitivity or allergic reaction to the fungus called Trichophyton. This fungus can cause various skin infections such as athlete's foot, ringworm, and jock itch. The trichophytin preparation contains antigens derived from the Trichophyton fungus, which are introduced into the skin to trigger an immune response. If a person is allergic or sensitive to the fungus, their body will mount a reaction, which can be observed and measured as part of the skin test. This information helps healthcare professionals diagnose and manage fungal infections and related allergies.
The Forssman antigen is a type of heterophile antigen, which is a substance that can stimulate an immune response in animals of different species. It was first discovered by the Swedish bacteriologist, John Forssman, in 1911. The Forssman antigen is found in a variety of tissues and organs, including the kidney, liver, and brain, in many different animal species, including humans.
The Forssman antigen is unique because it can induce the production of antibodies that cross-react with tissues from other species. This means that an immune response to the Forssman antigen in one species can also recognize and react with similar antigens in another species, leading to the possibility of cross-species immune reactions.
The Forssman antigen is a complex glycosphingolipid molecule that is found on the surface of cells. It is not clear what role, if any, the Forssman antigen plays in normal physiological processes. However, its presence has been implicated in various disease processes, including autoimmune disorders and transplant rejection.
In summary, the Forssman antigen is a heterophile antigen found in a variety of tissues and organs in many different animal species, including humans. It can induce cross-reacting antibodies and has been implicated in various disease processes.
An erythrocyte, also known as a red blood cell, is a type of cell that circulates in the blood and is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. The erythrocyte membrane refers to the thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the erythrocyte and helps to maintain its shape and stability.
The erythrocyte membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer, which contains various proteins and carbohydrates. These components help to regulate the movement of molecules into and out of the erythrocyte, as well as provide structural support and protection for the cell.
The main lipids found in the erythrocyte membrane are phospholipids and cholesterol, which are arranged in a bilayer structure with the hydrophilic (water-loving) heads facing outward and the hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails facing inward. This arrangement helps to maintain the integrity of the membrane and prevent the leakage of cellular components.
The proteins found in the erythrocyte membrane include integral proteins, which span the entire width of the membrane, and peripheral proteins, which are attached to the inner or outer surface of the membrane. These proteins play a variety of roles, such as transporting molecules across the membrane, maintaining the shape of the erythrocyte, and interacting with other cells and proteins in the body.
The carbohydrates found in the erythrocyte membrane are attached to the outer surface of the membrane and help to identify the cell as part of the body's own immune system. They also play a role in cell-cell recognition and adhesion.
Overall, the erythrocyte membrane is a complex and dynamic structure that plays a critical role in maintaining the function and integrity of red blood cells.
Von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a large multimeric glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in hemostasis, the process which leads to the cessation of bleeding and the formation of a blood clot. It was named after Erik Adolf von Willebrand, a Finnish physician who first described the disorder associated with its deficiency, known as von Willebrand disease (vWD).
The primary functions of vWF include:
1. Platelet adhesion and aggregation: vWF mediates the initial attachment of platelets to damaged blood vessel walls by binding to exposed collagen fibers and then interacting with glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) receptors on the surface of platelets, facilitating platelet adhesion. Subsequently, vWF also promotes platelet-platelet interactions (aggregation) through its interaction with platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) receptors under high shear stress conditions found in areas of turbulent blood flow, such as arterioles and the capillary bed.
2. Transport and stabilization of coagulation factor VIII: vWF serves as a carrier protein for coagulation factor VIII (FVIII), protecting it from proteolytic degradation and maintaining its stability in circulation. This interaction between vWF and FVIII is essential for the proper functioning of the coagulation cascade, particularly in the context of vWD, where impaired FVIII function can lead to bleeding disorders.
3. Wound healing: vWF contributes to wound healing by promoting platelet adhesion and aggregation at the site of injury, which facilitates the formation of a provisional fibrin-based clot that serves as a scaffold for tissue repair and regeneration.
In summary, von Willebrand factor is a vital hemostatic protein involved in platelet adhesion, aggregation, coagulation factor VIII stabilization, and wound healing. Deficiencies or dysfunctions in vWF can lead to bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease.
Tissue and organ procurement is the process of obtaining viable tissues and organs from deceased or living donors for the purpose of transplantation, research, or education. This procedure is performed by trained medical professionals in a sterile environment, adhering to strict medical standards and ethical guidelines. The tissues and organs that can be procured include hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, pancreases, intestines, corneas, skin, bones, tendons, and heart valves. The process involves a thorough medical evaluation of the donor, as well as consent from the donor or their next of kin. After procurement, the tissues and organs are preserved and transported to recipients in need.
A tissue donor is an individual who has agreed to allow organs and tissues to be removed from their body after death for the purpose of transplantation to restore the health or save the life of another person. The tissues that can be donated include corneas, heart valves, skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, veins, and cartilage. These tissues can enhance the quality of life for many recipients and are often used in reconstructive surgeries. It is important to note that tissue donation does not interfere with an open casket funeral or other cultural or religious practices related to death and grieving.
Organ transplantation is a surgical procedure where an organ or tissue from one person (donor) is removed and placed into another person (recipient) whose organ or tissue is not functioning properly or has been damaged beyond repair. The goal of this complex procedure is to replace the non-functioning organ with a healthy one, thereby improving the recipient's quality of life and overall survival.
Organs that can be transplanted include the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas, and intestines. Tissues such as corneas, skin, heart valves, and bones can also be transplanted. The donor may be deceased or living, depending on the type of organ and the medical circumstances.
Organ transplantation is a significant and life-changing event for both the recipient and their families. It requires careful evaluation, matching, and coordination between the donor and recipient, as well as rigorous post-transplant care to ensure the success of the procedure and minimize the risk of rejection.
The Automobile Driver Examination is a medical definition that refers to the process of evaluating an individual's physical and mental fitness to operate a motor vehicle. The examination typically includes a series of tests designed to assess the person's vision, hearing, reaction time, cognitive abilities, and overall health status.
The purpose of the examination is to ensure that drivers are capable of operating their vehicles safely and reducing the risk of accidents on the road. In many jurisdictions, driver examinations are required for individuals seeking to obtain a new driver's license or renew an existing one, particularly for those in certain age groups or with medical conditions that may affect their ability to drive.
The examination is usually conducted by a licensed healthcare professional, such as a doctor or nurse practitioner, who has been trained to assess the driver's fitness to operate a motor vehicle. The results of the examination are then used to determine whether the individual is medically fit to drive and what, if any, restrictions or accommodations may be necessary to ensure their safety and the safety of others on the road.
Biometric identification is the use of automated processes to identify a person based on their unique physical or behavioral characteristics. These characteristics, known as biometrics, can include fingerprints, facial recognition, iris scans, voice patterns, and other distinctive traits that are difficult to replicate or forge. Biometric identification systems work by capturing and analyzing these features with specialized hardware and software, comparing them against a database of known individuals to find a match.
Biometric identification is becoming increasingly popular in security applications, such as access control for buildings and devices, border control, and law enforcement. It offers several advantages over traditional methods of identification, such as passwords or ID cards, which can be lost, stolen, or easily replicated. By contrast, biometric traits are unique to each individual and cannot be easily changed or duplicated.
However, there are also concerns around privacy and the potential for misuse of biometric data. It is important that appropriate safeguards are in place to protect individuals' personal information and prevent unauthorized access or use.
Medical ethics is a branch of ethics that deals with moral issues in medical care, research, and practice. It provides a framework for addressing questions related to patient autonomy, informed consent, confidentiality, distributive justice, beneficentia (doing good), and non-maleficence (not doing harm). Medical ethics also involves the application of ethical principles such as respect for persons, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice to specific medical cases and situations. It is a crucial component of medical education and practice, helping healthcare professionals make informed decisions that promote patient well-being while respecting their rights and dignity.
Clinical ethics refers to the branch of applied ethics that deals with ethical issues in clinical settings, such as hospitals and other healthcare facilities. It involves the application of moral principles and values to decision-making in clinical practice, with the aim of promoting patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
Clinical ethics often involves addressing complex ethical dilemmas that arise in the context of patient care, such as end-of-life decisions, informed consent, confidentiality, resource allocation, and research involving human subjects. Clinical ethicists may work as part of an institutional ethics committee or provide consultation services to healthcare providers, patients, and families facing ethical challenges.
The principles of clinical ethics are grounded in respect for patient autonomy, which includes the right to make informed decisions about their own care. Beneficence refers to the obligation to act in the best interests of the patient, while non-maleficence involves avoiding harm to the patient. Justice requires fair and equitable distribution of healthcare resources and respect for the rights and dignity of all patients.
Effective clinical ethics decision-making also involves careful consideration of contextual factors, such as cultural differences, religious beliefs, and social values, that may influence ethical judgments in particular cases. Clinical ethicists use a variety of methods to analyze ethical issues, including case consultation, ethical analysis frameworks, and moral deliberation processes that involve all stakeholders in the decision-making process.
ABO blood group system
ABO (gene)
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)
William Lorenzo Moss
Glycosylation
Isoantibodies
Blood type
Elvin A. Kabat
Α-Galactosidase
Glycoprotein
Blood type distribution by country
Transferase
1900 in science
List of polymorphisms
World Blood Donor Day
Packed red blood cells
Blood donation
Blood
4
Rh blood group system
Glycosyltransferase
History of medicine
Names for the number 0 in English
FUT1
FUT2
Von Willebrand factor
Americas
Human blood group systems
Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Alloimmunity
ABO blood group system - Wikipedia
DADAMOwiki: History of Natural Selection in Man, The ABO(H) Blood Group System
ABO blood type A is associated with increased risk of ARDS in whites following both major trauma and severe sepsis
ABO Blood Group System and RH Factor | MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology)
Blood banking:- part 1- Blood Groups ABO and Rh System, Blood Grouping Procedures - Labpedia.net
OMIA:001089-9555: Blood group system ABO in Papio anubis (olive baboon) - OMIA - Online Mendelian Inheritance in...
WHO EMRO | Distribution of ABO and Rh D blood groups in the population of Poonch district, Azad Jammu and Kashmir | Volume 15,...
Are unilateral and bilateral patellar tendinopathy distinguished by differences in anthropometry, body composition, or muscle...
Mendelian randomization analysis of plasma levels of CD209 and MICB proteins and the risk of varicose veins of lower...
EPTIS - Proficiency testing program in Blood Tests (EPTIS-ID 151683)
Linear and Nonlinear Models of Heredity for Blood Groups and Rhesus Factor
Referanser - Helsedirektoratet
Immunization Information and Courses from LabCE - LabCE
Transplant - Legal, Ethical, Problems | Britannica
h2g2 - Blood Groups - an Overview - Edited Entry
Liana O. Abroyan - Articles - Scientific Research Publishing
Transfusion of ABO-group identical red blood cells following uncrossmatched transfusion does not lead to higher mortality in...
ABO Blood Grouping Archives - MedicoInfo
von Willebrand Factor Antigen (Factor VIII:R Antigen): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels
Advancements in Transfusion Medicine: Towards the Era of Universal Blood
Association of ABO Blood Group and Body Mass Index: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Ghanaian Population
RHCE Rh blood group CcEe antigens [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
1.blood group | PPT
Neuroethics & Law Blog
WTS database | WHO FCTC
Care provided to surgical patient who refused blood - Health & Disability Commissioner
Antibody Screening: Overview, Clinical Indications/Applications, Test Performance
Joe Chaffin, Author at Blood Bank Guy
BBGE 002: Dr. Pat Kopko on Platelet Refractoriness
Antigens55
- The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
- These blood groups are made on the basis of presence or absence of special proteins found on erythrocytes (red blood cells) which are known as antigens. (markhorjournal.com)
- AB blood group has both the antigens A and B at the same time while blood group O is due to complete absence of any antigen. (markhorjournal.com)
- An antibody has capability to agglutinate the antigens found on red blood cells. (markhorjournal.com)
- Rh blood group system includes 49 defined antigens with 5 most common antigens including c, C, D and E [6]. (markhorjournal.com)
- Prevalence of principal Rh blood group antigens in blood donors at the blood bank of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India. (markhorjournal.com)
- In Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. (markhorjournal.com)
- these 2 genes decide which ABO antigens are present on the RBC membrane. (labpedia.net)
- ABO genes do not actually code for the production of ABO antigens but rather produce specific glycosyl-transferases that add sugars to the basic precursor substance. (labpedia.net)
- Tests for the ABH secretion may help establish the true ABO group of an individual whose red blood cell antigens are poorly developed. (labpedia.net)
- Blood grouping is done based on the presence of antigens on the surface of RBCs. (labpedia.net)
- The ABO blood group antigens appear to have been important throughout our evolution because the frequencies of different ABO blood types vary among different populations, suggesting that a particular blood type conferred a selection advantage. (scialert.net)
- The ABO blood group antigens are encoded by one genetic locus, the ABO locus, which has three alternative (allelic) forms- A, B and O. It is well known that the heredity of blood groups behaves according to the Mendelian rules. (scialert.net)
- Everyone in the world can be classified into four categories: A, B, AB and O. Definition of each category depends on the 'antigens' present on red blood cells, and the 'antibodies' present in the blood plasma. (h2g2.com)
- The antigens of the ABO system are present on the surface of red blood cells. (h2g2.com)
- People with blood group A have A-antigens, and people with blood group B have B-antigens. (h2g2.com)
- As can be seen, having only one A or B gene is enough to produce the antigens creating the blood group, while two copies of the O gene are needed to produce group O. If someone has the A and B genes, they have the AB blood group 1 . (h2g2.com)
- Similarly, a person with group B exposed to A-antigens will produce A-antibodies. (h2g2.com)
- If you are O blood group, you have no antigens, and therefore your blood can be given to anyone of A, B, AB or O group. (h2g2.com)
- If the blood reacts with either or both of the antibodies, it must contain the relevant antigens. (h2g2.com)
- The A- and B-antigens all begin life as a protein called H, which is found on red blood cells from people with all four blood groups. (h2g2.com)
- Some people cannot make the H protein at all 3 , and so cannot make ABO antigens, regardless of what ABO genes they have. (h2g2.com)
- For transfusion purposes, these people are classed as blood group 'O', as they have no A- or B-antigens. (h2g2.com)
- 10 The presence of ABO antigens on RBC surfaces requires that careful blood-typing must be carried out prior to transfusion to avoid adverse and sometimes fatal hemolytic transfusion reactions. (cap.org)
- 11 The promise of developing universal blood could eliminate the barrier of matching ABO antigens for blood transfusions, which is time-consuming and limits inventory. (cap.org)
- Glycoprotein antigens on the extracellular surface of the RBC membrane determine an individual's blood group. (cap.org)
- 1 ] and Beardmore and Karimi-Booshehri [ 2 ] linking ABO blood type to intelligence and socioeconomic class, respectively, have been decades old, and the potential mechanism by which ABO antigens determine these consequences was not underscored. (hindawi.com)
- evidence suggests that blood group antigens may play a biological role in some disease pathogenesis [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The proposed mechanism believed to underlie how ABO blood group may influence cardiovascular disease risk involves the possible regulatory effect of ABO antigens on plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) [ 18 , 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The Rh blood group includes this gene which encodes both the RhC and RhE antigens on a single polypeptide and a second gene which encodes the RhD protein. (nih.gov)
- Variant genotypes associated with reduced expression of RhCE antigens among Brazilian blood donors. (nih.gov)
- Red blood cells (RBCs) carry numerous protein and carbohydrate antigens on their surface. (medscape.com)
- There are over 600 antigens, which are separated into 30 blood group systems. (medscape.com)
- The presence or absence of these antigens in an individual is important, because they determine the type of blood that should be given in case a blood transfusion is necessary. (medscape.com)
- If a person is exposed to blood with different antigens than his or her own, he or she may form antibodies that can result in extravascular and/or intravascular hemolysis when the recipient is reintroduced to the same antigens in a future transfusion. (medscape.com)
- The antibody screening test performed in a clinical laboratory and/or blood bank is designed to detect the presence of unexpected antibodies, especially alloantibodies in the serum to antigens of the non-ABO blood group system: Duffy, Kell, Kidd, MNS, P, and certain Rh types that are considered clinically significant. (medscape.com)
- Your blood type is determined by the antigens present in the blood. (womanjunction.com)
- Antigens, on the other hand, are found on the surface of red blood cells. (womanjunction.com)
- Blood groups (antigens) are proteins, glycoproteins or glycolipids inherited surface markers on the red blood cell membranes, which determine the blood phenotypes of human beings. (academicjournals.org)
- There are 36 blood group systems with over 300 antigens. (academicjournals.org)
- These markers (also called antigens ) are proteins and sugars that our bodies use to identify the blood cells as belonging in us. (kidshealth.org)
- Typical isoantigens are the BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS. (lookformedical.com)
- Donor and recipient pairs should be of identical ABO blood group, and in addition should be matched as closely as possible for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in order to minimize the likelihood of allograft rejection. (lookformedical.com)
- ABO and Rhesus blood group antigens tests were also performed using standard tile protocols. (bvsalud.org)
- Your immune system reacts to foreign red blood cells when they have markers, called antigens, that are unlike the antigens on your own cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- The unfamiliar antigens trigger your immune system to make RBC antibodies to destroy the foreign red blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- If you don't have Rh antigens on your blood cells, but your unborn baby does, then you have Rh incompatibility. (medlineplus.gov)
- If the baby's biological father is Rh-positive (has Rh antigens), or their blood type is unknown, you will be treated as if you and your baby have Rh incompatibility. (medlineplus.gov)
- Kell antigens are a group of red blood cell antigens that can trigger a strong immune response if you don't have Kell antigens in your own blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- We phenotyped saliva for human blood group antigens and tested feces for rotavirus. (cdc.gov)
- Recent findings showed that human blood group antigens (HBGAs) might be involved in rotavirus attachment to intestinal cells ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ). (cdc.gov)
- However, in some studies, no association has been observed between HBGAs from blood cells ( 10 ), including Lewis antigens ( 11 ), and rotavirus infection. (cdc.gov)
- The disorder usually results from incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood groups, often Rho(D) antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
- In women who have Rh-negative blood and who are carrying a fetus with Rh-positive blood, fetal RBCs stimulate maternal antibody production against the Rh antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
- At the first prenatal visit, all women are screened for blood type, Rh type, and anti-Rho(D) and other antibodies that are formed in response to antigens and that can cause erythroblastosis fetalis (reflex antibody screening). (msdmanuals.com)
Karl Landsteiner8
- The ABO blood types were first discovered by an Austrian physician, Karl Landsteiner, working at the Pathological-Anatomical Institute of the University of Vienna (now Medical University of Vienna). (wikipedia.org)
- Austrian immunologist, Karl Landsteiner was the first person to give and describe the system in 1900 [1]. (markhorjournal.com)
- This system was given by again Karl Landsteiner and A. S. Weiner in 1940. (markhorjournal.com)
- Karl Landsteiner opened the door of blood banking. (labpedia.net)
- The human ABO blood group was discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1900 ( Landsteiner, 1900 ) and its mode of inheritance through multiple alleles at a single generic locus was established by Felix Bernstein a quarter century later ( Bernstein, 1925 ). (scialert.net)
- This day also marks the birthday of Karl Landsteiner who founded the ABO blood grouping system," said Dr. Saranajeewa. (dailymirror.lk)
- These gene combinations were discovered in 1943 by American scientist Alexander Wiener (a colleague of Karl Landsteiner, who originally discovered the ABO system). (blood.co.uk)
- The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been discovered by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner, who found three different blood types in 1900 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for his work. (causticsodapodcast.com)
Donor14
- In emergency condition, when blood transfusion is required, the blood groups of donor and recipients are cross matched because there can be compatibility issues which can lead to deleterious consequences as red blood cells are attacked. (markhorjournal.com)
- Blood grouping is done for the donor and the recipient (Crossmatch). (labpedia.net)
- Resilient blood centers implemented operational changes and intensified donor recruitment efforts to stabilize the situation. (cap.org)
- 16 With the goal of large-scale production of enzyme-treated universal RBC, the focus was turned on treating type A blood (40% of donor population). (cap.org)
- A study of the principles of clinical immunohematology (blood bank) relative to the ABO and Rh blood group system, various other erythrocyte antigen systems, ABO discrepancies, antibody screening, antibody identification, compatibility testing, donor requirements, preparation of blood components relative to transfusion medicine, disease states and clinical testing methodologies. (usca.edu)
- For a safe transfusion, a blood donor and recipient should be ABO and Rh D compatible. (academicjournals.org)
- The need for donor blood was felt during the assassination of late Prime Minister S.W.R.D Bandaranaike and at the time the blood bank was a single room located in the heart of Colombo. (dailymirror.lk)
- In view of World Blood Donor Day (WBDD) held yesterday (June 14) the NBTS organised events to appreciate donors and organisers. (dailymirror.lk)
- World Blood Donor Day is one of the major global events hosted by the World Health Organisation apart from other seven global days they celebrate. (dailymirror.lk)
- To get a blood transfusion safely, a person's immune system must recognize the donor cells as a match to his or her own cells. (kidshealth.org)
- When a patient requires a blood transfusion, they can usually be given blood from a donor based on their ABO group and Rh type only. (blood.co.uk)
- In this proce- ate data for health planners to utilize in dure, the person's serum was mixed with future clinical, epidemiological and anthro- blood cells of a donor of known blood group pological studies to watch for agglutination. (who.int)
- Before a blood transfusion , the test can help show whether donor blood is compatible (well matched) with your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- If your blood has antibodies to the donor blood, your immune system will attack the red blood cells in the transfusion. (medlineplus.gov)
Antibodies24
- In his paper, he referred to the specific blood group interactions as isoagglutination, and also introduced the concept of agglutinins (antibodies), which is the actual basis of antigen-antibody reaction in the ABO system. (wikipedia.org)
- ABO antibodies are passively obtained from mother in children well before birth. (markhorjournal.com)
- Blood group ABO system antibodies are stimulated by the bacteria and the other substances in our surroundings. (labpedia.net)
- antibodies in the reverse grouping may be undetectable. (labpedia.net)
- Cardiac allotransplantation across the ABO-blood group barrier by the neutralization of preformed antibodies: the baboon as a model for the human. (omia.org)
- Put very simply, antibodies are proteins that make up part of the immune system . (h2g2.com)
- The important outcome of all this is that if you give B blood to someone of A blood group, then the anti-B antibodies cause all the new blood cells to stick together and block up all the blood vessels. (h2g2.com)
- A blood sample is mixed with anti-A and anti-B antibodies. (h2g2.com)
- The immune system makes proteins called antibodies that act as protectors if foreign cells enter the body. (kidshealth.org)
- Depending on which blood type you have, your immune system will make antibodies to react against other blood types. (kidshealth.org)
- If a patient gets the wrong blood type, the antibodies immediately set out to destroy the invading cells. (kidshealth.org)
- Because your blood contains the A marker, it makes B antibodies. (kidshealth.org)
- Your body will have both A and B antibodies and will therefore feel the need to defend itself against A, B, and AB blood. (kidshealth.org)
- An RBC (red blood cell) antibody screen is a blood test that looks for RBC antibodies in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- These antibodies destroy red blood cells that are different from your own (foreign). (medlineplus.gov)
- Antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to attack germs and other foreign substances in your body, including some foreign red blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- During pregnancy , the test can show whether you have RBC antibodies that could attack your unborn baby's red blood cells, causing a very serious type of anemia in the baby. (medlineplus.gov)
- If your blood mixes with your baby's blood, you will make RBC antibodies that attack your baby's blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- That's because it takes time for your body to make antibodies, and exposure to the baby's blood mostly happens during childbirth, if at all. (medlineplus.gov)
- But Rh antibodies could cause problems in future pregnancies, or if you need a blood transfusion. (medlineplus.gov)
- Your immune system will not make Rh antibodies, so you won't have Rh incompatibility. (medlineplus.gov)
- But you may still have an RBC antibody screen to look for other less common red blood cell antibodies that could also affect your baby. (medlineplus.gov)
- In most cases, Kell RBC antibodies develop over time after exposure through several blood transfusions. (medlineplus.gov)
- Hemolytic disease of the fetus and neonate is hemolytic anemia in the fetus (or neonate, as erythroblastosis neonatorum) caused by transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies to fetal red blood cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Genes9
- Antigen production is under control of two genes I A and I B . People whose blood group is A have antigen A in their red blood cells. (markhorjournal.com)
- The inheritance of the H- gene is independent of the inheritance of ABO genes. (labpedia.net)
- Offspring blood type is established by specific genes inherited from his parents. (scialert.net)
- However, transmission of blood group AB in a family as if by a single chromosome or allele, instead of by two separate chromosomes or genes were reported and this led to the discovery of a very rare blood group called cis-AB. (scialert.net)
- Each biological parent passes down one of two ABO genes, with A and B being dominant and O being recessive (each copy of gene is called an Allele). (womanjunction.com)
- There are three kinds of genes here, A, B, and O. The A gene will cause a person to have red blood cells with the A protein in them, and the B gene will cause a person to have red blood cells with the B protein in them. (blogspot.com)
- So if someone's genes are AA or AO or OA, they will have A protein and be of blood type A. Someone whose genes are BB or BO or OB will have B protein and be of blood type B. Someone whose genes are AB or BA will have both proteins and be of blood type AB. (blogspot.com)
- So people who have hh in their genes always appear to have blood type O, because no A or B protein is being made in their bodies even though the A or the B gene might be physically present. (blogspot.com)
- The Ro subtype is simply blood with a certain combination of genes. (blood.co.uk)
20221
- For human blood transfusions, it is the most important of the 44 different blood type (or group) classification systems currently recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusions (ISBT) as of December 2022. (wikipedia.org)
Substances4
- Antibody formation is due to stimulus of contact with ABO like antigenic substances naturally [4]. (markhorjournal.com)
- These properties are determined by the substances found on the surface of the red blood cells. (scialert.net)
- There are approximately 200 blood group substances identified and categorized into 19 distinct systems. (scialert.net)
- They are able to recognize foreign substances, like germs, and alert your immune system, which then takes care of the threat. (womanjunction.com)
Phenotypes2
- The blood group phenotypes were detected by the classic slide method. (who.int)
- A child receives one of the three alleles from each parent, giving rise to six possible genotypes and four possible blood types (phenotypes) ( Table 2 ). (scialert.net)
Transfusions7
- These efforts aim to address challenges like blood shortages, alloimmunization, and improve the overall success and safety of transfusions. (cap.org)
- Blood transfusions are a lifesaving treatment for many Americans. (kidshealth.org)
- Blood transfusions are one of the most frequent lifesaving procedures hospitals do. (kidshealth.org)
- But when a patient requires multiple blood transfusions, they need to be given more extensively matched blood. (blood.co.uk)
- With some medical conditions, however, patients can require ongoing multiple blood transfusions, sometimes for the rest of their lives. (blood.co.uk)
- So, if a patient has the Ro subtype and requires ongoing multiple transfusions, usually they need blood of the Ro subtype. (blood.co.uk)
- Blood transfusions and pregnancy are two ways that you may come into contact with foreign red blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Antibody7
- So the basic principle of blood donation is that there should be no antibody to match the RBCs' surface antigen. (labpedia.net)
- A new concept in inhibiting antibody-mediated rejection--experience with ABO-incompatible cardiac allografting in the baboon. (omia.org)
- Antibody screening is routinely used in conjunction with typing and crossmatch before the administration of blood products, especially RBCs, to avoid transfusion reactions and to prevent notably decreased survival of transfused RBCs. (medscape.com)
- An RBC antibody screen helps match you to blood that won't cause a harmful reaction. (medlineplus.gov)
- Other causes of maternal anti-Rh antibody production include injection with needles contaminated with Rh-positive blood and inadvertent transfusion of Rh-positive blood. (msdmanuals.com)
- If women have Rh-negative blood and test positive for anti-Rho(D) or they test positive for another antibody that can cause erythroblastosis fetalis, the father's blood type and zygosity (if paternity is certain) are determined. (msdmanuals.com)
- If he has Rh-negative blood and is negative for the antigen corresponding to the antibody identified in the mother, no further testing is necessary. (msdmanuals.com)
Crossmatch1
- ABO system and blood crossmatch study in baboon: importance of designing a primate blood bank for orthotopic pig-to-baboon liver xenotransplantation. (omia.org)
Landsteiner's4
- The Human 'ABO' Blood Group System discovered by Landsteiner's in 1901. (medicoinfo.org)
- The principle of Blood grouping is based on the Landsteiner's Law. (medicoinfo.org)
- 2 Karl Landsteiner's discovery of ABO blood groups and Rh factor in the early 20th century led to the provision of matched blood products to patients to prevent hemolytic complications and enhance safety. (cap.org)
- Due to inadequate communication at the time it was subsequently found that Czech serologist Jan Janský had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups but Landsteiner's independent discovery had been accepted by the scientific world while Janský remained in relative obscurity. (causticsodapodcast.com)
Clinical4
- Efficacy of double filtration plasmapheresis pretreatment in clinical ABO-incompatible transplantation and experimental pig-to-baboon xenotransplantation. (omia.org)
- A study of the principles of the physical, chemical and microscopic analysis of urine and non-blood body fluids relative to disease states and their clinical testing methodologies. (usca.edu)
- Among them, ABO and Rh are of clinical significance. (academicjournals.org)
- The ABO and Rhesus blood group systems are very important clinical tools that are commonly used in blood transfusion and their associations with various disease conditions have been widely reported. (bvsalud.org)
Kell1
- Dean L. The Kell blood group. (markhorjournal.com)
Donors10
- People who have blood group AB can receive blood from any other type so they are called universal donors. (markhorjournal.com)
- Similarly people with blood group O can donate blood to all types thus are called as universal donors. (markhorjournal.com)
- 9 Blood centers are actively urging healthy donors to contribute, bearing in mind that only 3% of eligible Americans donate blood. (cap.org)
- In some other countries there are donors who are paid, but here blood donation is100% voluntary. (dailymirror.lk)
- We screen the donors before collecting blood, but sometimes they may not understand what we ask for or they may conceal information and in order to avoid the consequences we conduct the second screening as well. (dailymirror.lk)
- So there's always a need for blood donors. (kidshealth.org)
- About 15% of blood donors are high school and college students. (kidshealth.org)
- As of January 2016, 2% of the regular blood donors in England have the Ro subtype. (blood.co.uk)
- Methodology: This study investigated the prevalence of malaria among 550 blood donors aged 18 to 60 years from blood bank units of some selected hospitals in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, using gold standard microscopy for malaria parasite detection. (bvsalud.org)
- Conclusion: A high prevalence of malaria parasitaemia was observed among blood donors in FCT, Abuja, Nigeria in this study. (bvsalud.org)
19013
- The next year, in 1901, he made a definitive observation that blood serum of an individual would agglutinate with only those of certain individuals. (wikipedia.org)
- He took his blood sample and the blood sample of 6 of his colleagues in 1901. (labpedia.net)
- Since 1901, more than 20 distinct blood group systems have been characterized but the ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups remain the most clinically important. (who.int)
Prevalence4
- The prevalence of overweight, obesity, blood type O, and rhesus positive observed among students in this study is largely similar to what has been reported in published studies in Ghana and from other countries. (hindawi.com)
- The distribution pattern of the ABO blood antigen varies by the prevalence type among different populations in the world. (hindawi.com)
- The distribution of infection on the basis of age revealed the highest prevalence rate of malaria among the 20- 29yrs age group. (bvsalud.org)
- The prevalence of blood group B among the sick children was significantly lower (P = 0.00373) than the other blood group types. (bvsalud.org)
Abstract1
- ABSTRACT We evaluated the distribution of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) D blood groups in the population of Poonch district in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. (who.int)
Genetic3
- They were also the first to explain the genetic inheritance of the blood groups. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, D'Adamo's [ 3 ] popular blood type diet, without proven scientific evidence, was theoretically based on the belief that each ABO blood group carries the genetic information of their diets [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The blood samples from the males were ployed in population genetic and anthro- collected at various sites including the pological studies [ 1,2 ]. (who.int)
Humans3
- This was the first evidence that blood variations exist in humans - it was believed that all humans have similar blood. (wikipedia.org)
- It is well known that the gene which determines blood group in humans has three different alleles, A, B, C and that there are four groups of blood, A, B, AB and O. The aim is to investigate the transmission of blood groups from parents to their offspring. (scialert.net)
- There are three alleles or versions of the blood type gene: A, B and C. Since, humans are diploid organisms (meaning we carry a double set of chromosomes-one from each parent), blood types are determined by two alleles ( Table 1 ). (scialert.net)
Complications2
- It helps to know what blood group you belong to because receiving incompatible blood can result in complications. (womanjunction.com)
- En dépit des progrès médicaux, les complications obstétricales occasionnent de nombreuses admissions en réanimation et sont des sources de létalité importante. (bvsalud.org)
Antigenic1
- Blood groups are distinguished by the blood s antigenic properties. (scialert.net)
Inheritance2
- The theory for the inheritance of the ABO blood groups was first time described by Bernstein in 1924. (labpedia.net)
- Now concerning the inheritance of the ABO groups, the precise mechanism may change, although the triple allele theory of Bernstein is adequate for all practical purposes. (scialert.net)
Monkeys4
- ABO blood types are also present in other primates such as apes and Old World monkeys. (wikipedia.org)
- It has been reported that ABO blood group types are also present in Order primates of class mammalia and also in Old World Monkeys [3]. (markhorjournal.com)
- The name Rh is given due to use of blood of Rhesus monkeys to determine the presence of Rh antigen in basic test. (markhorjournal.com)
- The other important blood group is known as the rhesus group, after the monkeys in which it was discovered. (h2g2.com)
Type59
- Based on this he classified human blood into three groups, namely group A, group B, and group C. He defined that group A blood agglutinates with group B, but never with its own type. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1910, Ludwik Hirszfeld and Emil Freiherr von Dungern introduced the term 0 (null) for the group Landsteiner designated as C, and AB for the type discovered by Sturli and von Decastello. (wikipedia.org)
- Czech serologist Jan Janský independently introduced blood type classification in 1907 in a local journal. (wikipedia.org)
- The Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia is the essential desk reference for Dr. D'Adamo's work. (dadamo.com)
- This is the first book to draw on the thousands of medical studies proving the connection between blood type and disease. (dadamo.com)
- Blood type A has been associated with increased risk of vascular diseases and differential circulating levels of proteins related to inflammation and endothelial function. (nih.gov)
- Blood type A is associated with an increased risk of ARDS in white patients with major trauma and severe sepsis. (nih.gov)
- This type of system is also due to proteins present on red blood cells. (markhorjournal.com)
- The different types within a system are the result of the action of different alleles at a locus that usually encodes an enzyme that catalyses the creation of the feature of the glycoprotein unique to that type, e.g. the presence of a particular sugar at the end of a short chain of sugars. (omia.org)
- Thus, the genotypes AO and AA express blood type A, BO and BB express blood type B, AB expresses blood type AB and OO expresses blood type O. (scialert.net)
- these two combine to establish his blood type. (scialert.net)
- Most clinically significant shortages are seen in the availability of universal blood , ie, type O RBC. (cap.org)
- Type O blood is compatible with all blood types and is needed during urgent/emergent surgeries, trauma, and other situations where blood bank testing cannot be completed, and blood products are needed as an immediate lifesaving measure. (cap.org)
- The H-antigen with the fucosyl galactose end chain is present on type O blood and is the base structure of the ABO blood group system. (cap.org)
- Other blood types differ from type O in the presence of an additional sugar antigen, α- N-acetyl galactose for type A, α-galactose for type B, or both for type AB, on the core of the nonimmunogenic H-antigen (Figure 1). (cap.org)
- This basic biochemistry concept forms the basis for developing universal type O blood by enzyme treatment. (cap.org)
- 5 ] in a systematic review of published data on blood type diet concluded that there was no scientific proof to assess the effectiveness of the blood type diet. (hindawi.com)
- The authors recommended a validation study for the purported health benefits of blood type diets. (hindawi.com)
- 6 ] conducted the first study to examine the association between blood type diets and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health in experimental and control groups. (hindawi.com)
- therefore, blood type diet hypothesis is not valid scientifically. (hindawi.com)
- Nonetheless, the relationship between certain diseases and ABO blood type probably appears to have received good attention over the past five decades. (hindawi.com)
- The half-life of vWF is approximately 12 hours (range, 9-15 h), and its clearance is faster in persons with blood type 0. (medscape.com)
- Each type is determined by the glycoprotein coating on red blood cells. (womanjunction.com)
- If you're looking to calculate the blood type of a child or parents use our calculators below. (womanjunction.com)
- Below that you'll find much more information about each blood type and how the blood type is determined. (womanjunction.com)
- Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of the A or B antigen on the surface of said cells. (womanjunction.com)
- It is important to determine blood type in case you will need a blood transfusion or are planning to donate blood. (womanjunction.com)
- Your blood type is inherited. (womanjunction.com)
- For instance, both parents have type A blood. (womanjunction.com)
- An AA, AO, or OA combination from both parent results in blood type A while an OO combination results in blood Type O. (womanjunction.com)
- Basically, if both parents are type A, they can either have a child with type A blood or type O blood, with the former being a far greater chance. (womanjunction.com)
- Let's say both parents are of type O blood. (womanjunction.com)
- Blood type determination is usually done through a test. (womanjunction.com)
- Suppose a mother has type O blood while the father has type AB blood. (womanjunction.com)
- What are the blood type possibilities of their child? (womanjunction.com)
- How is blood type determined in the ABO blood group system? (elitetutorslab.com)
- What is the difference between blood type and Rh factor? (elitetutorslab.com)
- Is ABO grouping your blood type? (elitetutorslab.com)
- Moving on to the ABO blood type system. (blogspot.com)
- So your father might actually have an A or B gene to give you even though his apparent blood type was O, if he also had hh. (blogspot.com)
- Find your mother's blood type across the top, your father's along the side, and your possible blood types in the box. (blogspot.com)
- To keep the blood supply safe, every donation is tested for blood type and checked for infectious diseases. (kidshealth.org)
- But not everyone has the same blood type. (kidshealth.org)
- Categorizing blood according to type helps prevent reactions when someone gets a blood transfusion. (kidshealth.org)
- Red blood cells have markers on their surface that characterize the cell type. (kidshealth.org)
- This blood type has a marker known as A. (kidshealth.org)
- This blood type has both A and B markers. (kidshealth.org)
- This blood type has neither A nor B markers. (kidshealth.org)
- This blood type doesn't have A or B markers, and it doesn't have Rh factor. (kidshealth.org)
- This blood type has A marker only. (kidshealth.org)
- This blood type has A marker and Rh factor, but not B marker. (kidshealth.org)
- This blood type has A and B markers, but not Rh factor. (kidshealth.org)
- This blood type has all three types of markers - A, B, and Rh factor. (kidshealth.org)
- Let's say you have type A blood. (kidshealth.org)
- If B markers (found in type B or type AB blood) enter your body, your type A immune system gets fired up against them. (kidshealth.org)
- So as a person with type B blood, you could get a transfusion from someone with B or O blood, but not A or AB. (kidshealth.org)
- If you have both A and B markers on the surface of your cells (type AB blood), your body does not need to fight the presence of either. (kidshealth.org)
- But if you have type O blood, your red blood cells have no A or B markers. (kidshealth.org)
- Seems there is a new process being explored that can turn all blood to type o. (causticsodapodcast.com)
Types18
- He asserted: [It] may be said that there exist at least two different types of agglutinins, one in A, another one in B, and both together in C. The red blood cells are inert to the agglutinins which are present in the same serum. (wikipedia.org)
- ABO glycosyltransferases catalyze antigen modifications on various glycans and glycoproteins and determine the ABO blood types. (nih.gov)
- The objective of this study was to determine the association of ABO blood types with ARDS risk in patients with major trauma and severe sepsis. (nih.gov)
- There are many systems which are used to classify blood group types in man, the most common types are MN, ABO and Rh blood group systems. (markhorjournal.com)
- Among the above mentioned types, ABO blood group system is most common which is used to classify blood group types. (markhorjournal.com)
- This system explains four types of blood groups which include A, B, AB and O [2]. (markhorjournal.com)
- The second most common system to classify blood group types is Rh system [5]. (markhorjournal.com)
- Each blood group system consists of a set of blood types, each of which corresponds to a particular antigen (usually a glycoprotein) on the surface of red blood cells. (omia.org)
- We consider linear and nonlinear stochastic models for transmission of blood types and Rhesus factor from parents to their offspring and investigate long run behavior of these models. (scialert.net)
- A mother can have any of the four blood types and so does the father. (womanjunction.com)
- Which blood group system classifies human blood into four major types: A, B, AB, and O? (inprogrammer.com)
- enter blood types for both parents and find out possible blood types for a child, or blood types for one parent and one child and find out possible blood types for the other parent. (blogspot.com)
- The Rh blood types (+ and -) are separate from the ABO blood types. (blogspot.com)
- What Are the Blood Types? (kidshealth.org)
- O positive blood is one of the two most common blood types (the other being A positive). (kidshealth.org)
- Along with O positive, it's one of the two most common blood types. (kidshealth.org)
- Why Are Blood Types Important? (kidshealth.org)
- Incompatibilities of ABO blood types do not cause erythroblastosis fetalis. (msdmanuals.com)
Locus2
- Genotyping the baboon ABO histo-blood group locus by two-color fluorescence SSCP. (omia.org)
- The ABO groups are inherited through multiple alleles at one locus, as seen by Bernstein nearly 80 yeas ago ( Bernstein, 1925 ). (scialert.net)
Heart transplantation1
- The role of ABO blood group compatibility in heart transplantation between closely related animal species. (omia.org)
Populations1
- The distribution of these 2 blood groups has been repeatedly investigated in various populations all over the world during the last half-century. (who.int)
Platelets6
- whole blood after collection should not be stored at refrigerator temperatures (+2°C to +4°C) owing to cold-induced binding of vWF to platelets and selective loss of vWF:Ag in plasma. (medscape.com)
- Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (which are found in a liquid called plasma). (womanjunction.com)
- In all those blood samples the main components are platelets which are the by-product. (dailymirror.lk)
- We do a processing out of the whole blood units where we prepare red blood cells, platelets, plasma and cryoprecipitate. (dailymirror.lk)
- a blood disease characterized by an abnormally small number of platelets in the blood. (wordinn.com)
- an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot. (wordinn.com)
Transferase1
- While O-gene encodes for inactive transferase enzyme and ultimately leads to the formation of blood group O. (labpedia.net)
Recipient1
- Sometimes this worked, but on many occasions the recipient of the blood became very ill and, more often than not, died. (h2g2.com)
Human7
- In 1900, he found that red blood cells would clump together (agglutinate) when mixed in test tubes with sera from different persons, and that some human blood also agglutinated with animal blood. (wikipedia.org)
- Sequence comparison of baboon ABO histo-blood group alleles: lesions found in O alleles differ between human and baboon. (omia.org)
- A scanning electron micrograph of a human T lymphocyte (or T cell) from the immune system of a healthy person. (britannica.com)
- Researchers are investigating several approaches, such as enzymatic treatments of RBCs, the generation of RBCs from human induced pluripotent stem cells, and the development of artificial oxygen carriers, all with the goal of advancing universal blood. (cap.org)
- Topics include today's hospital and laboratory structure, healthcare delivery systems, human resource management, principles of financial management and laboratory process improvement and research design. (usca.edu)
- The study of human blood cellularity and the testing used to determine hematological disease states and conditions. (usca.edu)
- Without blood survival is impossible and the only way we could get blood is through another human being. (dailymirror.lk)
19001
- German scientist Karl Lan dsteiner first described blood groups having inherited differences in 1900. (labpedia.net)
Platelet1
- She has published extensively on TRALI and other topics, including platelet refractoriness, transfusion in ABO-incompatible HPC transplantation, and blood transfusion practices. (bbguy.org)
Hemolytic1
- The etiology of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. (markhorjournal.com)
Incompatible2
Immune10
- These mechanisms, which collectively make up the immune system , cannot, unfortunately, differentiate between disease-causing microorganisms and the cells of a lifesaving transplant. (britannica.com)
- Both are perceived as foreign, and both are subject to attack by the immune system. (britannica.com)
- In order to understand why rejection occurs and how it may be prevented, it is necessary to know something of the operations of the immune system. (britannica.com)
- The key cells of the immune system are the white blood cells known as lymphocytes. (britannica.com)
- Their job is to bind to anything that the body does not recognise, thus labelling it as an invader and directing other parts of the immune system to destroy it. (h2g2.com)
- An antigen is any protein or carbohydrate molecule that can be recognised by the immune system. (h2g2.com)
- Strychnos camptoneura (Loganiaceae) is used in Congolese traditional medicine to treat various diseases such as malaria and diabetes, but not much is known about its effects on the immune system. (academicjournals.org)
- The sophisticated immune system protects the body against infections. (laboratoryhub.com)
- The immune system fights infections to restore health. (laboratoryhub.com)
- The immune system is the body's protection against invaders. (kidshealth.org)
Titer1
- BACKGROUND: Questions persist about the safety of switching non-group O recipients of group O uncrossmatched red blood cells (RBC) or low titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) to ABO-identical RBCs during their resuscitation. (duke.edu)
Plasma5
- Plasma prothrombin time (PPT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are coagulation tests routinely performed in laboratories to evaluate the function of the coagulation system. (academicjournals.org)
- The general job of the lymph nodes is to carry the plasma which gets squeezed out of the blood vessels in the capillary beds by hydrostatic and oncotic pressure (pressure across semi-permeable membranes from the difference in concentration of solutes - kinda like how eating salty food makes you really thirsty). (causticsodapodcast.com)
- the introduction of blood or blood plasma into a vein or artery. (wordinn.com)
- a place for storing whole blood or blood plasma. (wordinn.com)
- Association of ABO(H) and I blood group system development with von Willebrand factor and Factor VIII plasma levels in children and adolescents. (medscape.com)
Donation4
- In the early days of medicine, doctors made the quite reasonable assumption that, if someone was a little short of blood, a quick donation from a friend or relative would solve all their problems. (h2g2.com)
- In Sri Lanka, the NBTS is the sole agent for the Ministry of Health in voluntary blood donation and they also maintain the national blood centre here in Narahenpita along with another regional blood centre in Kamburugamuwa, Matara. (dailymirror.lk)
- They conduct their own blood donation campaigns to accommodate the requirements of all hospitals in that cluster. (dailymirror.lk)
- One blood donation can save up to three lives. (kidshealth.org)
Rhesus Factor2
- Briefly discuss the ABO blood typing and the Rhesus factor. (elitetutorslab.com)
- What is the rhesus factor, and how does it play a role in blood typing? (elitetutorslab.com)
Cells13
- Persons which have blood group B have antigen B in their red blood cells. (markhorjournal.com)
- Blood Cells Mol Dis 23:242-51, 1997. (omia.org)
- Scholars@Duke publication: Transfusion of ABO-group identical red blood cells following uncrossmatched transfusion does not lead to higher mortality in civilian trauma patients. (duke.edu)
- Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. (womanjunction.com)
- Top 21 Difference Between Red Blood Cells And White Blood. (laboratoryhub.com)
- Individuals with sickle cell disease have abnormal, or 'sickle shaped', red blood cells. (blood.co.uk)
- The abnormal red blood cells cannot transport oxygen around the body, have a shorter lifespan and aren't replaced as quickly by the body as normal, healthy red blood cells. (blood.co.uk)
- Furthermore the abnormal red blood cells are unable to move around as easily as normal, healthy red blood cells, and the abnormal shape can block blood vessels. (blood.co.uk)
- Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a low concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. (wordinn.com)
- Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body`s tissues. (wordinn.com)
- When the level of hemoglobin or red blood cells falls below the normal range, it can lead to a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen effectively. (wordinn.com)
- passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue. (wordinn.com)
- Fetal red blood cells (RBCs) normally move across the placenta to the maternal circulation throughout pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)
Physiology1
- Similarly, group B blood agglutinates with group A. Group C blood is different in that it agglutinates with both A and B. This was the discovery of blood groups for which Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930. (wikipedia.org)
Need a blood transfusion1
- Your health care provider may order an RBC screen if you need a blood transfusion or if you're pregnant. (medlineplus.gov)
Father's blood1
- I have just found my deceased father's blood group, and it has got me worried. (blogspot.com)
Serum1
- Women were grouped according to smoking status, confirmed by maternal serum cotinine measurements, and analyte levels between groups were compared. (who.int)
Clinically significant1
- The Rh blood group system is the second most clinically significant of the blood groups, second only to ABO. (nih.gov)
RBCs2
Principle1
- In principle, the rhesus blood group is simpler than ABO, having only two groups: positive and negative. (h2g2.com)
Significance1
- Speaking to Mirror Health Capsule, NBTS Deputy Director Dr. Deepa Saranajeewa highlighted the significance of WBDD, the screening process and the importance of donating blood. (dailymirror.lk)
Transfusion medicine3
- The field of transfusion medicine (TM) plays a crucial role in healthcare with approximately 16 million blood components transfused annually in the US, saving lives in emergencies, surgeries, cancer treatments, and various medical conditions. (cap.org)
- OK, I'll tell you right up front: This is NOT an episode that will increase your knowledge of blood banking/transfusion medicine in any way! (bbguy.org)
- I created Blood Bank Guy in 1998 to teach the essentials of Transfusion Medicine to those who are "learners" in the field. (bbguy.org)
Survival1
- At 24-h and 30-days, there were no differences in survival between the groups. (duke.edu)
Newborn2
- Blood grouping is done in the expected mother and newborn to rule out Rh-incompatibility. (labpedia.net)
- It is logical to perform only forward grouping in newborn babies. (labpedia.net)
Diagnosis1
- used in tissue matching and blood grouping and diagnosis of infections. (wordinn.com)