Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.
A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.
Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.
The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.
F344 rats are an inbred strain of albino laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) that have been widely used in biomedical research due to their consistent and reliable genetic background, which facilitates the study of disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.
Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumors independently of the mechanism involved.
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
A subcategory of mucins that contain SIALIC ACID.
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
A plant genus of the family ZINGIBERACEAE, order Zingiberales, subclass Zingiberidae. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton is the source of Cardamom used in SPICES.
The period of history from 1451 through 1600 of the common era.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.
Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. The mutation of these genes is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI) and GARDNER SYNDROME, as well as some sporadic colorectal cancers.
The chromosome region which is active in nucleolus formation and which functions in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA.
The goosefoot plant family of the order Caryophyllales, subclass Caryophyllidae, class Magnoliopsida. It includes beets and chard (BETA VULGARIS), as well as SPINACH, and salt tolerant plants.
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.
A plant genus of the family ARACEAE. Members contain konjac glucomannan (MANNANS) and SEROTONIN.
Thirteen-carbon butene cyclohexene degradation products formed by the cleavage of CAROTENOIDS. They contribute to the flavor of some FRUIT. Ionone should not be confused with the similarly named ionol.
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.
A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with potent analgesic and antiarthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ankylosing SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).
A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to FRUCTOSE, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function.
A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.
A flavonol glycoside found in many plants, including BUCKWHEAT; TOBACCO; FORSYTHIA; HYDRANGEA; VIOLA, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility.
A plant genus of the family HIPPOCASTANACEAE (or SAPINDACEAE by some) that contains antimicrobial protein 1 and escin. A. hippocastanum is used in folk medicine for treating chronic venous insufficiency.
High molecular weight mucoproteins that protect the surface of EPITHELIAL CELLS by providing a barrier to particulate matter and microorganisms. Membrane-anchored mucins may have additional roles concerned with protein interactions at the cell surface.
Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.
A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.
A cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily.
The use of chemical compounds to prevent the development of a specific disease.
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.
A segment of the LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the CECUM; the COLON; and the RECTUM.
The blind sac or outpouching area of the LARGE INTESTINE that is below the entrance of the SMALL INTESTINE. It has a worm-like extension, the vermiform APPENDIX.
A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.
The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.
An inducibly-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes and INFLAMMATION. It is the target of COX2 INHIBITORS.
The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins.
The distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, between the SIGMOID COLON and the ANAL CANAL.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to form spermidine.
Biphenyl compounds substituted in any position by one or more amino groups. Permitted are any substituents except fused rings.
The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.
Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon.
A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.
Long-chain polymer of glucose containing 17-20% sulfur. It has been used as an anticoagulant and also has been shown to inhibit the binding of HIV-1 to CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES. It is commonly used as both an experimental and clinical laboratory reagent and has been investigated for use as an antiviral agent, in the treatment of hypolipidemia, and for the prevention of free radical damage, among other applications.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
A class of compounds composed of repeating 5-carbon units of HEMITERPENES.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.
Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.
A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
Enzyme complexes that catalyze the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS from the appropriate unsaturated FATTY ACIDS, molecular OXYGEN, and a reduced acceptor.
The consumption of edible substances.
A CALCIUM-independent subtype of nitric oxide synthase that may play a role in immune function. It is an inducible enzyme whose expression is transcriptionally regulated by a variety of CYTOKINES.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.
Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.
The growth of INTESTINAL POLYPS. Growth processes include neoplastic (ADENOMA and CARCINOMA) and non-neoplastic (hyperplastic, mucosal, inflammatory, and other polyps).
A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.
A method of data collection and a QUALITATIVE RESEARCH tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
A rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterium that is a genus of the family Bifidobacteriaceae, order Bifidobacteriales, class ACTINOBACTERIA. It inhabits the intestines and feces of humans as well as the human vagina.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced mutations independently of the mechanism involved.

Optimization of visibility and quantification of aberrant crypt foci in colonic mucosa in Wistar rats. (1/38)

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Enhanced induction of mucin-depleted foci in estrogen receptor {beta} knockout mice. (2/38)

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Toll-like receptor 2 signaling protects mice from tumor development in a mouse model of colitis-induced cancer. (3/38)

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Sodium butyrate does not decrease the evolution of precancerous lesions in rats. (4/38)

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Inhibition of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced mucin-depleted foci and O(6)-methylguanine DNA adducts in the rat colorectum by boiled garlic powder. (5/38)

The scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals, is reported not to decrease in boiled garlic (an odorless garlic preparation). We therefore examined the modifying effect of boiled garlic powder (BGP) on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced mucin-depleted foci (MDF) and aberrant crypt foci (ACF), preneoplastic lesions, in the rat colorectum. Male F344 rats (5 weeks old) were fed a basal diet, or experimental diets containing 5% or 1% BGP for 5 weeks. One week later, all rats were injected s.c. with DMH (40 mg/kg, once weekly for 2 weeks). At 10 weeks of age, all the rats were sacrificed, and the colorectum was evaluated for MDF and ACF. In rats given DMH and the 5% or 1% BGP diets (Groups 2 and 3), the numbers of MDF decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner, compared with the DMH and basal diet value (Group 1) (p<0.01). The numbers of ACF in Group 2, but not Group 3, showed a non-significant tendency to decrease. Next, the effects of BGP on the formation of DMH-induced O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) DNA adducts in rats were studied. Male F344 rats (5 weeks old) were fed the basal diet, or 10% BGP diet for 5 weeks. All rats were injected i.p. once with 40 mg/kg DMH at the end of week 5. The animals were sacrificed 6 hours after DMH injection to analyze the O6-MeG DNA adducts in the colorectal mucosa. Dietary administration of BGP significantly inhibited the O6-MeG DNA adduct levels in the colorectal mucosa, compared with the controls (p<0.01). These results suggested that BGP may exert chemopreventive effects against colon carcinogenesis at least in the initiation stage.  (+info)

Randomized phase II trial of sulindac, atorvastatin, and prebiotic dietary fiber for colorectal cancer chemoprevention. (6/38)

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Histomorphology of aberrant crypt foci in colorectal carcinoma. (7/38)

Colorectal carcinogenesis is a complex multistep process that includes changes in histomorphological appearance of the colonic mucosa and changes at molecular level. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) was first described by Bird in 1987 on examination of methylene-blue-stained colonic mucosa of azoxymethane-treated mice under light microscopy. Since then ACF was considered as the earliest preneoplastic change that can be seen in the colonic mucosa. The aim of this study was to look at the histomorphology and distribution of ACF in colorectal carcinoma. 50 formalin-fixed archival colectomy specimens for colorectal carcinoma were examined under light microscopy after staining with 0.2% methylene blue. ACF was identified by larger and darker crypts with thickened epithelium, and often elevated from adjacent normal mucosa. ACF was found in 41 of 50 colectomy specimens examined. There were 328 ACF consisting of 36 (11.0%) ACF without hyperplasia or dysplasia, 263 (80.2%) ACF with hyperplasia and 29 (8.8%) ACF with dysplasia. Of these 29 ACF with dysplasia, 25 showed low grade dysplasia and four high grade dysplasia. The density of ACF was higher in the left colon, those older than 65 years of age and among males but these findings were statistically not significant. The crypt multiplicity of hyperplastic ACF (30.149, SD 28.395) was larger than dysplastic ACF (20.613, SD 40.128). The spectrum of histological changes observed probably represent the evolution of ACF in colorectal carcinogenesis.  (+info)

Randomized double-blind trial of sulindac and etodolac to eradicate aberrant crypt foci and to prevent sporadic colorectal polyps. (8/38)

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Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are abnormal, enlarged and dysplastic (abnormally developing) crypts in the lining of the colon or rectum. They are considered to be early preneoplastic lesions, meaning they have the potential to develop into colon cancer. ACF can be detected through a microscopic examination of tissue samples taken during a colonoscopy.

The presence and number of ACF have been associated with an increased risk for developing colorectal cancer. They are often found in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease, particularly those with long-standing ulcerative colitis or Crohn's colitis. The identification and removal of ACF during a colonoscopy may help prevent the development of colorectal cancer.

Azoxymethane is a chemical compound that is used primarily in laboratory research. It is an organodihydroazoxy compound, and it is known to cause colon cancer in experimental animals, particularly rats and mice. As such, it is often used as a tool in studies of carcinogenesis and chemically induced colon tumors.

In scientific studies, azoxymethane is typically administered to laboratory animals in order to induce colon tumors. This allows researchers to study the mechanisms of cancer development and test potential therapies or preventive measures. It is important to note that while azoxymethane has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals, it does not necessarily mean that it poses the same risk to humans.

The use of azoxymethane in research is subject to strict regulations and guidelines, as with any potentially hazardous chemical. Researchers are required to follow safety protocols and take appropriate precautions when handling this compound to minimize risks to themselves and the environment.

A precancerous condition, also known as a premalignant condition, is a state of abnormal cellular growth and development that has a higher-than-normal potential to progress into cancer. These conditions are characterized by the presence of certain anomalies in the cells, such as dysplasia (abnormal changes in cell shape or size), which can indicate an increased risk for malignant transformation.

It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will eventually develop into cancer, and some may even regress on their own. However, individuals with precancerous conditions are often at a higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. Regular monitoring and appropriate medical interventions, if necessary, can help manage this risk and potentially prevent or detect cancer at an early stage when it is more treatable.

Examples of precancerous conditions include:

1. Dysplasia in the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN)
2. Atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular hyperplasia in the breast
3. Actinic keratosis on the skin
4. Leukoplakia in the mouth
5. Barrett's esophagus in the digestive tract

Regular medical check-ups, screenings, and lifestyle modifications are crucial for individuals with precancerous conditions to monitor their health and reduce the risk of cancer development.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine is a chemical compound with the formula (CH3)2N-NH2. It is a colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor. It is used in research and industry as a reducing agent and a rocket fuel component. It is also a potent carcinogen and is harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin. Long-term exposure can lead to cancer, particularly of the liver and digestive system.

Colonic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the large intestine, also known as the colon. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The two most common types of colonic neoplasms are adenomas and carcinomas.

Adenomas are benign tumors that can develop into cancer over time if left untreated. They are often found during routine colonoscopies and can be removed during the procedure.

Carcinomas, on the other hand, are malignant tumors that invade surrounding tissues and can spread to other parts of the body. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, and colonic neoplasms are a significant risk factor for developing this type of cancer.

Regular screenings for colonic neoplasms are recommended for individuals over the age of 50 or those with a family history of colorectal cancer or other risk factors. Early detection and removal of colonic neoplasms can significantly reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Carcinogens are agents (substances or mixtures of substances) that can cause cancer. They may be naturally occurring or man-made. Carcinogens can increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular DNA, disrupting cellular function, or promoting cell growth. Examples of carcinogens include certain chemicals found in tobacco smoke, asbestos, UV radiation from the sun, and some viruses.

It's important to note that not all exposures to carcinogens will result in cancer, and the risk typically depends on factors such as the level and duration of exposure, individual genetic susceptibility, and lifestyle choices. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies carcinogens into different groups based on the strength of evidence linking them to cancer:

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans

This information is based on medical research and may be subject to change as new studies become available. Always consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

The colon, also known as the large intestine, is a part of the digestive system in humans and other vertebrates. It is an organ that eliminates waste from the body and is located between the small intestine and the rectum. The main function of the colon is to absorb water and electrolytes from digested food, forming and storing feces until they are eliminated through the anus.

The colon is divided into several regions, including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus. The walls of the colon contain a layer of muscle that helps to move waste material through the organ by a process called peristalsis.

The inner surface of the colon is lined with mucous membrane, which secretes mucus to lubricate the passage of feces. The colon also contains a large population of bacteria, known as the gut microbiota, which play an important role in digestion and immunity.

F344 is a strain code used to designate an outbred stock of rats that has been inbreeded for over 100 generations. The F344 rats, also known as Fischer 344 rats, were originally developed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and are now widely used in biomedical research due to their consistent and reliable genetic background.

Inbred strains, like the F344, are created by mating genetically identical individuals (siblings or parents and offspring) for many generations until a state of complete homozygosity is reached, meaning that all members of the strain have identical genomes. This genetic uniformity makes inbred strains ideal for use in studies where consistent and reproducible results are important.

F344 rats are known for their longevity, with a median lifespan of around 27-31 months, making them useful for aging research. They also have a relatively low incidence of spontaneous tumors compared to other rat strains. However, they may be more susceptible to certain types of cancer and other diseases due to their inbred status.

It's important to note that while F344 rats are often used as a standard laboratory rat strain, there can still be some genetic variation between individual animals within the same strain, particularly if they come from different suppliers or breeding colonies. Therefore, it's always important to consider the source and history of any animal model when designing experiments and interpreting results.

Dimethylhydrazines are organic compounds that consist of two methyl groups (-CH3) bonded to a hydrazine molecule (N2H4). The most common dimethylhydrazine is 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, which is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. It is used as a rocket fuel and in the synthesis of other chemicals.

Dimethylhydrazines are highly reactive and can be hazardous to handle. They can cause skin and eye irritation, and prolonged exposure can lead to more serious health effects such as damage to the respiratory system, liver, and kidneys. Ingestion or inhalation of large amounts of dimethylhydrazines can be fatal.

It is important to handle dimethylhydrazines with care and follow proper safety precautions when working with them. This may include wearing protective clothing, gloves, and eye protection, as well as using appropriate ventilation and storage methods.

Anticarcinogenic agents are substances that prevent, inhibit or reduce the development of cancer. They can be natural or synthetic compounds that interfere with the process of carcinogenesis at various stages, such as initiation, promotion, and progression. Anticarcinogenic agents may work by preventing DNA damage, promoting DNA repair, reducing inflammation, inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death), or modulating immune responses.

Examples of anticarcinogenic agents include chemopreventive agents, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and retinoids; phytochemicals found in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods; and medications used to treat cancer, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies.

It is important to note that while some anticarcinogenic agents have been shown to be effective in preventing or reducing the risk of certain types of cancer, they may also have potential side effects and risks. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using any anticarcinogenic agent for cancer prevention or treatment purposes.

The intestinal mucosa is the innermost layer of the intestines, which comes into direct contact with digested food and microbes. It is a specialized epithelial tissue that plays crucial roles in nutrient absorption, barrier function, and immune defense. The intestinal mucosa is composed of several cell types, including absorptive enterocytes, mucus-secreting goblet cells, hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages.

The surface of the intestinal mucosa is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells, which are joined together by tight junctions to form a protective barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms. This barrier also allows for the selective absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The intestinal mucosa also contains numerous lymphoid follicles, known as Peyer's patches, which are involved in immune surveillance and defense against pathogens.

In addition to its role in absorption and immunity, the intestinal mucosa is also capable of producing hormones that regulate digestion and metabolism. Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosa can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and food allergies.

Sialomucins are a type of glycoprotein mucins that contain high amounts of sialic acid, which is a family of negatively charged sugars found on the surface of many cell types. These mucins are produced by the major salivary glands and are a major component of saliva. They play an important role in lubricating and protecting the oral cavity, as well as contributing to the mouth's ability to resist infection and damage.

Sialomucins have also been shown to have various biological functions, such as regulating cell adhesion, modulating immune responses, and serving as receptors for certain viruses and bacteria. Abnormalities in sialomucin expression or structure have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

Colonic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the colon, also known as the large intestine or large bowel. The colon is the final segment of the digestive system, responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, and storing and eliminating waste products.

Some common colonic diseases include:

1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): This includes conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause inflammation and irritation in the lining of the digestive tract.
2. Diverticular disease: This occurs when small pouches called diverticula form in the walls of the colon, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements.
3. Colorectal cancer: This is a type of cancer that develops in the colon or rectum, often starting as benign polyps that grow and become malignant over time.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): This is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements, but without any underlying structural or inflammatory causes.
5. Constipation: This is a common condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing stools, or both.
6. Infectious colitis: This occurs when the colon becomes infected with bacteria, viruses, or parasites, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.

Treatment for colonic diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, lifestyle changes, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

An adenoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops from glandular epithelial cells. These types of cells are responsible for producing and releasing fluids, such as hormones or digestive enzymes, into the surrounding tissues. Adenomas can occur in various organs and glands throughout the body, including the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and digestive systems.

Depending on their location, adenomas may cause different symptoms or remain asymptomatic. Some common examples of adenomas include:

1. Colorectal adenoma (also known as a polyp): These growths occur in the lining of the colon or rectum and can develop into colorectal cancer if left untreated. Regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, are essential for early detection and removal of these polyps.
2. Thyroid adenoma: This type of adenoma affects the thyroid gland and may result in an overproduction or underproduction of hormones, leading to conditions like hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).
3. Pituitary adenoma: These growths occur in the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain and controls various hormonal functions. Depending on their size and location, pituitary adenomas can cause vision problems, headaches, or hormonal imbalances that affect growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
4. Liver adenoma: These rare benign tumors develop in the liver and may not cause any symptoms unless they become large enough to press on surrounding organs or structures. In some cases, liver adenomas can rupture and cause internal bleeding.
5. Adrenal adenoma: These growths occur in the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys and produce hormones that regulate stress responses, metabolism, and blood pressure. Most adrenal adenomas are nonfunctioning, meaning they do not secrete excess hormones. However, functioning adrenal adenomas can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome or Conn's syndrome, depending on the type of hormone being overproduced.

It is essential to monitor and manage benign tumors like adenomas to prevent potential complications, such as rupture, bleeding, or hormonal imbalances. Treatment options may include surveillance with imaging studies, medication to manage hormonal issues, or surgical removal of the tumor in certain cases.

Elettaria is a genus of flowering plants in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is commonly known as cardamom and includes two main species, Elettaria cardamomum (green or true cardamom) and Elettaria ensal (black cardamom). These plants are native to India and Southeast Asia and have been used in traditional medicine and cooking for centuries.

Elettaria cardamomum is the more widely cultivated and commercially important of the two species, with its aromatic seeds and seed pods used as a spice and flavoring agent in both sweet and savory dishes around the world. The seeds are also used in traditional medicine to treat digestive issues, bad breath, and other conditions.

Elettaria ensal, on the other hand, is less commonly cultivated but has a stronger flavor and aroma than Elettaria cardamomum. It is often used as a substitute for black pepper in certain cuisines. The plant's roots and rhizomes are also used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including coughs, colds, and digestive issues.

It's worth noting that while Elettaria has been used in traditional medicine, there is limited scientific evidence to support its effectiveness for most therapeutic uses. As with any medical treatment or supplement, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider before using Elettaria for medicinal purposes.

I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. "Early Modern Period" is a term used in various academic fields, including history, literature, and art, to refer to a specific time frame, while "History" generally refers to the study of past events. The Early Modern Period is typically considered to span from the 15th century to the 18th century, not exclusively from 1451-1600.

In the context of medicine, the Early Modern Period could be defined as a time of significant developments and transformations in medical knowledge, practices, and institutions. This era saw the continuation of the ancient Greek and Roman medical traditions, the emergence of new ideas from the Islamic world, and the beginning of the modern scientific revolution.

During this period, several key events and figures shaped the course of medical history:

1. The invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century facilitated the dissemination of medical knowledge through printed books, enabling a more extensive exchange of ideas and information among scholars and practitioners.
2. The publication of influential texts, such as Andreas Vesalius' "De humani corporis fabrica" (On the Fabric of the Human Body), contributed to the development of anatomy and the understanding of the human body's structure and function.
3. The work of Paracelsus challenged the authority of ancient medical texts, promoted the use of chemicals and minerals in treatment, and emphasized the importance of observation and experimentation in medical practice.
4. The establishment of medical schools, hospitals, and professional organizations helped to standardize medical education, licensing, and practice.
5. The exploration and colonization of new lands brought Europeans into contact with diverse populations, cultures, and diseases, leading to the exchange of medical knowledge and the emergence of new approaches to understanding and treating illness.

In summary, while there may not be a specific medical definition for "History, Early Modern 1451-1600," this period was marked by significant advancements in medical knowledge, practices, and institutions that laid the foundation for modern medicine.

Colorectal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the colon or rectum, which can be benign or malignant. These growths can arise from the inner lining (mucosa) of the colon or rectum and can take various forms such as polyps, adenomas, or carcinomas.

Benign neoplasms, such as hyperplastic polyps and inflammatory polyps, are not cancerous but may need to be removed to prevent the development of malignant tumors. Adenomas, on the other hand, are precancerous lesions that can develop into colorectal cancer if left untreated.

Colorectal cancer is a malignant neoplasm that arises from the uncontrolled growth and division of cells in the colon or rectum. It is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Regular screening for colorectal neoplasms is recommended for individuals over the age of 50, as early detection and removal of precancerous lesions can significantly reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) gene is a tumor suppressor gene that provides instructions for making a protein called adenomatous polyposis coli. This protein plays a crucial role in regulating the growth and division of cells in the colon and rectum. Specifically, it helps to maintain the stability of the cell's genetic material (DNA) by controlling the process of beta-catenin degradation.

When the APC gene is mutated or altered, it can lead to an accumulation of beta-catenin in the cell, which can result in uncontrolled cell growth and division. This can ultimately lead to the development of colon polyps, which are benign growths that can become cancerous over time if left untreated.

Mutations in the APC gene are associated with several inherited cancer syndromes, including familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and attenuated FAP (AFAP). These conditions are characterized by the development of numerous colon polyps at a young age, which can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

The Nucleolus Organizer Region (NOR) is a specific region within the chromosomes, primarily in the short arm of the acrocentric chromosomes (chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22). It consists of clusters of repetitive DNA sequences that encode ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. During interphase, these regions form the nucleolus, a distinct structure within the nucleus where rRNA transcription, processing, and ribosome assembly occur. The number of NORs in an individual can vary, which has implications in certain genetic conditions and aging processes.

Chenopodiaceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as goosefoot family. It includes a number of genera and species that are commonly found in various parts of the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The plants in this family are characterized by their fleshy leaves and stems, and tiny flowers that lack petals.

Some well-known genera in Chenopodiaceae include Chenopodium (goosefoot), Atriplex (saltbush), and Beta (beet). Many of the plants in this family have economic importance as food crops, ornamental plants, and sources of medicinal compounds. For example, beets, spinach, and chard are all members of Chenopodiaceae that are commonly consumed as vegetables.

It's worth noting that recent taxonomic revisions have led to some changes in the classification of this family, with many of its genera now being placed in other families such as Amaranthaceae. However, the name Chenopodiaceae is still widely used and recognized in the scientific literature.

Intestinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissues of the intestines, which can be benign or malignant. These growths are called neoplasms and they result from uncontrolled cell division. In the case of intestinal neoplasms, these growths occur in the small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, or appendix.

Benign intestinal neoplasms are not cancerous and often do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to obstruct the intestines or cause bleeding. Common types of benign intestinal neoplasms include polyps, leiomyomas, and lipomas.

Malignant intestinal neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of malignant intestinal neoplasm is adenocarcinoma, which arises from the glandular cells lining the inside of the intestines. Other types of malignant intestinal neoplasms include lymphomas, sarcomas, and carcinoid tumors.

Symptoms of intestinal neoplasms can vary depending on their size, location, and type. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fatigue. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

"Amorphophallus" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae, also known as the aroid family. These plants are native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. They are characterized by their large, distinctive inflorescences, which are often accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor that attracts pollinators such as flies and beetles.

The name "Amorphophallus" comes from the Greek words "amorphos," meaning formless, and "phallos," meaning penis, and refers to the shape of the inflorescence in some species. The most well-known species is Amorphophallus titanum, also known as the corpse flower, which produces one of the largest and smelliest inflorescences in the plant kingdom.

In addition to their unusual inflorescences, many species of Amorphophallus are also grown for their large, starchy tubers, which are used as a food source in some cultures.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Norisoprenoids" is not a widely recognized or established term in medicine or medical chemistry. It appears to be a term used primarily in the field of plant metabolism and natural products chemistry, referring to a class of compounds that are derived from the degradation of carotenoids (a type of isoprenoid) and have lost one or more methyl groups.

If you're asking about this term in a different context or if there's specific medical relevance you have in mind, could you please provide more details? I'd be happy to help further if I can.

Cocarcinogenesis is a term used in the field of oncology to describe a process where exposure to certain chemicals or physical agents enhances the tumor-forming ability of a cancer-causing agent (carcinogen). A cocarcinogen does not have the ability to initiate cancer on its own, but it can promote the development and progression of cancer when combined with a carcinogen.

In other words, a cocarcinogen is a substance or factor that acts synergistically with a known carcinogen to increase the likelihood or speed up the development of cancer. This process can occur through various mechanisms, such as suppressing the immune system, promoting inflammation, increasing cell proliferation, or inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Examples of cocarcinogens include tobacco smoke, alcohol, certain viruses, and radiation. These agents can interact with carcinogens to increase the risk of cancer in individuals who are exposed to them. It is important to note that while cocarcinogens themselves may not directly cause cancer, they can significantly contribute to its development and progression when combined with other harmful substances or factors.

Etodolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and decrease fever. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that cause pain and inflammation in the body.

Etodolac is available in immediate-release and extended-release forms, and it can be taken orally as a tablet or capsule. It is typically used to treat conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other types of joint pain and inflammation.

As with all medications, etodolac can have side effects, including stomach ulcers, bleeding, and kidney or liver problems. It should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider, who can monitor for potential adverse effects and adjust the dosage as necessary. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the healthcare provider carefully when taking etodolac.

Inulin is a soluble fiber that is not digestible by human enzymes. It is a fructan, a type of carbohydrate made up of chains of fructose molecules, and is found in various plants such as chicory root, Jerusalem artichokes, and onions.

Inulin has a number of potential health benefits, including promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut (prebiotic effect), slowing down the absorption of sugar to help regulate blood glucose levels, and increasing feelings of fullness to aid in weight management. It is often used as a functional food ingredient or dietary supplement for these purposes.

Inulin can also be used as a diagnostic tool in medical testing to measure kidney function, as it is excreted unchanged in the urine.

Sulindac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. It works by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that contribute to inflammation and pain.

Sulindac is a prodrug, meaning that it is converted into its active form, sulindac sulfide, in the body. Sulindac sulfide has both analgesic (pain-relieving) and anti-inflammatory effects, making it useful for treating conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.

Like other NSAIDs, sulindac can cause side effects such as stomach ulcers, bleeding, and kidney damage, especially when taken at high doses or for long periods of time. It should be used with caution in people with a history of gastrointestinal (GI) problems, kidney disease, or liver disease.

It is important to note that this information is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. It is always recommended to consult with a doctor or pharmacist for medical advice.

Rutin is a flavonoid, a type of plant pigment that is found in various plants and foods including citrus fruits, buckwheat, and asparagus. It has antioxidant properties and is known to help strengthen blood vessels and reduce inflammation. In medical terms, rutin may be mentioned in the context of discussing treatments for conditions related to these effects, such as varicose veins or hemorrhoids. However, it's important to note that while rutin has potential health benefits, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and proper dosages.

"Aesculus" is a genus of flowering plants in the horse chestnut family, Sapindaceae. It includes several species of trees and shrubs that are native to North America and Asia. Some common names for trees in this genus include horse chestnuts, buckeyes, and Ohio buckeyes. The seeds of some species, known as conkers or buckeyes, are popular among children for games and crafts.

In a medical context, the term "Aesculus" is not commonly used. However, some species in this genus have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes. For example, the bark of the European horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum) has been used to treat circulatory problems and swelling, and its seeds have been used to make a homeopathic remedy for symptoms such as varicose veins and hemorrhoids. It is important to note that the use of these plants for medicinal purposes should be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as they can have side effects and interact with other medications.

Mucins are high molecular weight, heavily glycosylated proteins that are the major components of mucus. They are produced and secreted by specialized epithelial cells in various organs, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, as well as the eyes and ears.

Mucins have a characteristic structure consisting of a protein backbone with numerous attached oligosaccharide side chains, which give them their gel-forming properties and provide a protective barrier against pathogens, environmental insults, and digestive enzymes. They also play important roles in lubrication, hydration, and cell signaling.

Mucins can be classified into two main groups based on their structure and function: secreted mucins and membrane-bound mucins. Secreted mucins are released from cells and form a physical barrier on the surface of mucosal tissues, while membrane-bound mucins are integrated into the cell membrane and participate in cell adhesion and signaling processes.

Abnormalities in mucin production or function have been implicated in various diseases, including chronic inflammation, cancer, and cystic fibrosis.

Ras genes are a group of genes that encode for proteins involved in cell signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Mutations in Ras genes have been associated with various types of cancer, as well as other diseases such as developmental disorders and autoimmune diseases. The Ras protein family includes H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras, which are activated by growth factor receptors and other signals to activate downstream effectors involved in cell proliferation and survival. Abnormal activation of Ras signaling due to mutations or dysregulation can contribute to tumor development and progression.

Beta-catenin is a protein that plays a crucial role in gene transcription and cell-cell adhesion. It is a key component of the Wnt signaling pathway, which regulates various processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in adults.

In the absence of Wnt signals, beta-catenin forms a complex with other proteins, including adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and axin, which targets it for degradation by the proteasome. When Wnt ligands bind to their receptors, this complex is disrupted, allowing beta-catenin to accumulate in the cytoplasm and translocate to the nucleus. In the nucleus, beta-catenin interacts with T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (TCF/LEF) transcription factors to activate the transcription of target genes involved in cell fate determination, survival, and proliferation.

Mutations in the genes encoding components of the Wnt signaling pathway, including beta-catenin, have been implicated in various human diseases, such as cancer, developmental disorders, and degenerative conditions.

Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. It works by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that contribute to inflammation and pain.

Piroxicam is available as a prescription medication and is used to treat conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. It is typically taken orally in the form of tablets or capsules, and its effects can last for up to 12 hours.

Like other NSAIDs, piroxicam can cause side effects such as stomach ulcers, bleeding, and kidney problems, especially when used at high doses or for long periods of time. It is important to use piroxicam only as directed by a healthcare provider and to follow any recommended precautions.

Chemoprevention is a medical term that refers to the use of chemical agents, usually in the form of drugs or dietary supplements, to prevent or delay the development of cancer. These agents are typically designed to interfere with the molecular processes involved in cancer initiation, promotion, or progression.

There are several different approaches to chemoprevention, depending on the specific type of cancer and the individual patient's risk factors. Some chemopreventive agents work by blocking the action of hormones that can promote cancer growth, while others may inhibit the activity of enzymes involved in DNA damage or repair.

Chemoprevention is often used in individuals who are at high risk of developing cancer due to inherited genetic mutations, a history of precancerous lesions, or other factors. However, it is important to note that chemopreventive agents can have side effects and may not be appropriate for everyone. Therefore, they should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of numerous adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum. APC is caused by mutations in the APC gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene that helps regulate cell growth and division. When the APC gene is mutated, it can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of polyps, which can eventually become cancerous.

Individuals with APC typically develop hundreds to thousands of polyps in their colon and rectum, usually beginning in adolescence or early adulthood. If left untreated, APC can lead to colorectal cancer in nearly all affected individuals by the age of 40.

APC is an autosomal dominant disorder, which means that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent. However, some cases of APC may also occur spontaneously due to new mutations in the APC gene. Treatment for APC typically involves surgical removal of the colon and rectum (colectomy) to prevent the development of colorectal cancer. Regular surveillance with colonoscopy is also recommended to monitor for the development of new polyps.

Colonic polyps are abnormal growths that protrude from the inner wall of the colon (large intestine). They can vary in size, shape, and number. Most colonic polyps are benign, meaning they are not cancerous. However, some types of polyps, such as adenomas, have a higher risk of becoming cancerous over time if left untreated.

Colonic polyps often do not cause any symptoms, especially if they are small. Larger polyps may lead to symptoms like rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, or iron deficiency anemia. The exact cause of colonic polyps is not known, but factors such as age, family history, and certain medical conditions (like inflammatory bowel disease) can increase the risk of developing them.

Regular screening exams, such as colonoscopies, are recommended for individuals over the age of 50 to detect and remove polyps before they become cancerous. If you have a family history of colonic polyps or colorectal cancer, your doctor may recommend earlier or more frequent screenings.

Intestinal polyps are abnormal growths that protrude from the lining of the intestines. They can occur in any part of the digestive tract, including the colon and rectum (colorectal polyps), small intestine, or stomach. These growths vary in size, shape, and number. Most intestinal polyps are benign, meaning they are not cancerous. However, some types of polyps, such as adenomatous polyps, can become cancerous over time if left untreated.

Intestinal polyps can be asymptomatic or cause symptoms like rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, or anemia (in cases where there is chronic, slow bleeding). The exact cause of intestinal polyps is not fully understood, but factors such as age, family history, and certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing them. Regular screening exams, like colonoscopies, are essential for early detection and removal of polyps to prevent potential complications, including colorectal cancer.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract that extends from the cecum, where it joins the small intestine, to the anus. It is called "large" because it has a larger diameter compared to the small intestine and is responsible for several important functions in the digestive process.

The large intestine measures about 1.5 meters (5 feet) long in adults and consists of four main regions: the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes from undigested food materials, compact the remaining waste into feces, and store it until it is eliminated through defecation.

The large intestine also contains a diverse population of bacteria that aid in digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates, producing vitamins like vitamin K and some B vitamins, and competing with harmful microorganisms to maintain a healthy balance within the gut. Additionally, the large intestine plays a role in immune function and helps protect the body from pathogens through the production of mucus, antimicrobial substances, and the activation of immune cells.

The cecum is the first part of the large intestine, located at the junction of the small and large intestines. It is a pouch-like structure that connects to the ileum (the last part of the small intestine) and the ascending colon (the first part of the large intestine). The cecum is where the appendix is attached. Its function is to absorb water and electrolytes, and it also serves as a site for the fermentation of certain types of dietary fiber by gut bacteria. However, the exact functions of the cecum are not fully understood.

Methylene Blue is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C16H18ClN3S. It is primarily used as a medication, but can also be used as a dye or as a chemical reagent. As a medication, it is used in the treatment of methemoglobinemia (a condition where an abnormal amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood), as well as in some forms of poisoning and infections. It works by acting as a reducing agent, converting methemoglobin back to hemoglobin, which is the form of the protein that is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood. Methylene Blue has also been used off-label for other conditions, such as vasculitis and Alzheimer's disease, although its effectiveness for these uses is not well established.

It is important to note that Methylene Blue should be used with caution, as it can cause serious side effects in some people, particularly those with kidney or liver problems, or those who are taking certain medications. It is also important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when using this medication, as improper use can lead to toxicity.

DNA adducts are chemical modifications or alterations that occur when DNA molecules become attached to or bound with certain harmful substances, such as toxic chemicals or carcinogens. These attachments can disrupt the normal structure and function of the DNA, potentially leading to mutations, genetic damage, and an increased risk of cancer and other diseases.

DNA adducts are formed when a reactive molecule from a chemical agent binds covalently to a base in the DNA molecule. This process can occur either spontaneously or as a result of exposure to environmental toxins, such as those found in tobacco smoke, certain industrial chemicals, and some medications.

The formation of DNA adducts is often used as a biomarker for exposure to harmful substances, as well as an indicator of potential health risks associated with that exposure. Researchers can measure the levels of specific DNA adducts in biological samples, such as blood or urine, to assess the extent and duration of exposure to certain chemicals or toxins.

It's important to note that not all DNA adducts are necessarily harmful, and some may even play a role in normal cellular processes. However, high levels of certain DNA adducts have been linked to an increased risk of cancer and other diseases, making them a focus of ongoing research and investigation.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that play a role in inflammation, pain, and fever. COX-2 is primarily expressed in response to stimuli such as cytokines and growth factors, and its expression is associated with the development of inflammation.

COX-2 inhibitors are a class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that selectively block the activity of COX-2, reducing the production of prostaglandins and providing analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. These medications are often used to treat pain and inflammation associated with conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and headaches.

It's important to note that while COX-2 inhibitors can be effective in managing pain and inflammation, they may also increase the risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke, particularly when used at high doses or for extended periods. Therefore, it's essential to use these medications under the guidance of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.

Dietary fiber, also known as roughage, is the indigestible portion of plant foods that makes up the structural framework of the plants we eat. It is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, lignins, and waxes. Dietary fiber can be classified into two categories: soluble and insoluble.

Soluble fiber dissolves in water to form a gel-like material in the gut, which can help slow down digestion, increase feelings of fullness, and lower cholesterol levels. Soluble fiber is found in foods such as oats, barley, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts.

Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and passes through the gut intact, helping to add bulk to stools and promote regular bowel movements. Insoluble fiber is found in foods such as whole grains, bran, seeds, and the skins of fruits and vegetables.

Dietary fiber has numerous health benefits, including promoting healthy digestion, preventing constipation, reducing the risk of heart disease, controlling blood sugar levels, and aiding in weight management. The recommended daily intake of dietary fiber is 25-38 grams per day for adults, depending on age and gender.

The rectum is the lower end of the digestive tract, located between the sigmoid colon and the anus. It serves as a storage area for feces before they are eliminated from the body. The rectum is about 12 cm long in adults and is surrounded by layers of muscle that help control defecation. The mucous membrane lining the rectum allows for the detection of stool, which triggers the reflex to have a bowel movement.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is a protein that plays an essential role in the process of DNA replication and repair in eukaryotic cells. It functions as a cofactor for DNA polymerase delta, enhancing its activity during DNA synthesis. PCNA forms a sliding clamp around DNA, allowing it to move along the template and coordinate the actions of various enzymes involved in DNA metabolism.

PCNA is often used as a marker for cell proliferation because its levels increase in cells that are actively dividing or have been stimulated to enter the cell cycle. Immunostaining techniques can be used to detect PCNA and determine the proliferative status of tissues or cultures. In this context, 'proliferating' refers to the rapid multiplication of cells through cell division.

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a medical/biochemical term that refers to an enzyme (EC 4.1.1.17) involved in the metabolism of amino acids, particularly ornithine. This enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is a precursor for the synthesis of polyamines, such as spermidine and spermine. Polyamines play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and gene expression.

Ornithine decarboxylase is a rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, meaning that its activity regulates the overall production of these molecules. The regulation of ODC activity is tightly controlled at multiple levels, including transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications. Dysregulation of ODC activity has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory diseases.

Inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase have been explored as potential therapeutic agents for various diseases, including cancer, due to their ability to suppress polyamine synthesis and cell proliferation. However, the use of ODC inhibitors in clinical settings has faced challenges related to toxicity and limited efficacy.

Aminobiphenyl compounds are a group of chemical substances that contain two phenyl rings linked by a single carbon-nitrogen bond. The amino group (-NH2) is attached to one of the phenyl rings.

These compounds have been historically used in the manufacture of dyes and were also used as rubber accelerators. However, they have been largely phased out due to their carcinogenic properties. Exposure to certain aminobiphenyl compounds has been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in humans.

It is important to note that the medical definition of 'aminobiphenyl compounds' generally refers to their chemical structure and potential health hazards, rather than a specific medical condition or treatment.

The small intestine is the portion of the gastrointestinal tract that extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine (cecum). It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. The small intestine is divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

1. Duodenum: This is the shortest and widest part of the small intestine, approximately 10 inches long. It receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach and begins the process of further digestion with the help of various enzymes and bile from the liver and pancreas.
2. Jejunum: The jejunum is the middle section, which measures about 8 feet in length. It has a large surface area due to the presence of circular folds (plicae circulares), finger-like projections called villi, and microvilli on the surface of the absorptive cells (enterocytes). These structures increase the intestinal surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water.
3. Ileum: The ileum is the longest and final section of the small intestine, spanning about 12 feet. It continues the absorption process, mainly of vitamin B12, bile salts, and any remaining nutrients. At the end of the ileum, there is a valve called the ileocecal valve that prevents backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine.

The primary function of the small intestine is to absorb the majority of nutrients, electrolytes, and water from ingested food. The mucosal lining of the small intestine contains numerous goblet cells that secrete mucus, which protects the epithelial surface and facilitates the movement of chyme through peristalsis. Additionally, the small intestine hosts a diverse community of microbiota, which contributes to various physiological functions, including digestion, immunity, and protection against pathogens.

Imidazoles are a class of heterocyclic organic compounds that contain a double-bonded nitrogen atom and two additional nitrogen atoms in the ring. They have the chemical formula C3H4N2. In a medical context, imidazoles are commonly used as antifungal agents. Some examples of imidazole-derived antifungals include clotrimazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole. These medications work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and death of the fungal cells. Imidazoles may also have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.

A colonoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the large intestine, also known as the colon and rectum. It is performed using a flexible tube with a tiny camera on the end, called a colonoscope, which is inserted into the rectum and gently guided through the entire length of the colon.

The procedure allows doctors to visually inspect the lining of the colon for any abnormalities such as polyps, ulcers, inflammation, or cancer. If any polyps are found during the procedure, they can be removed immediately using special tools passed through the colonoscope. Colonoscopy is an important tool in the prevention and early detection of colorectal cancer, which is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide.

Patients are usually given a sedative to help them relax during the procedure, which is typically performed on an outpatient basis in a hospital or clinic setting. The entire procedure usually takes about 30-60 minutes to complete, although patients should plan to spend several hours at the medical facility for preparation and recovery.

"Random allocation," also known as "random assignment" or "randomization," is a process used in clinical trials and other research studies to distribute participants into different intervention groups (such as experimental group vs. control group) in a way that minimizes selection bias and ensures the groups are comparable at the start of the study.

In random allocation, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, and the assignment is typically made using a computer-generated randomization schedule or other objective methods. This process helps to ensure that any differences between the groups are due to the intervention being tested rather than pre-existing differences in the participants' characteristics.

Dextran sulfate is a type of polysaccharide (a complex carbohydrate) that is made up of repeating units of the sugar dextran, which has been sulfonated (introduced with a sulfonic acid group). It is commonly used as a molecular weight standard in laboratory research and can also be found in some medical products.

In medicine, dextran sulfate is often used as a treatment for hemodialysis patients to prevent the formation of blood clots in the dialyzer circuit. It works by binding to and inhibiting the activity of certain clotting factors in the blood. Dextran sulfate may also have anti-inflammatory effects, and it has been studied as a potential treatment for conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and hepatitis.

It is important to note that dextran sulfate can have side effects, including allergic reactions, low blood pressure, and bleeding. It should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds produced by a variety of plants, including cannabis. They are responsible for the distinctive aromas and flavors found in different strains of cannabis. Terpenes have been found to have various therapeutic benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties. Some terpenes may also enhance the psychoactive effects of THC, the main psychoactive compound in cannabis. It's important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the potential medical benefits and risks associated with terpenes.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular epithelial cells. These cells line the inside of many internal organs, including the breasts, prostate, colon, and lungs. Adenocarcinomas can occur in any of these organs, as well as in other locations where glands are present.

The term "adenocarcinoma" is used to describe a cancer that has features of glandular tissue, such as mucus-secreting cells or cells that produce hormones. These cancers often form glandular structures within the tumor mass and may produce mucus or other substances.

Adenocarcinomas are typically slow-growing and tend to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The prognosis for adenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and age.

Hyperplasia is a medical term that refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, leading to an enlargement of the affected area. It's a response to various stimuli such as hormones, chronic irritation, or inflammation. Hyperplasia can be physiological, like the growth of breast tissue during pregnancy, or pathological, like in the case of benign or malignant tumors. The process is generally reversible if the stimulus is removed. It's important to note that hyperplasia itself is not cancerous, but some forms of hyperplasia can increase the risk of developing cancer over time.

Neoplastic cell transformation is a process in which a normal cell undergoes genetic alterations that cause it to become cancerous or malignant. This process involves changes in the cell's DNA that result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, loss of contact inhibition, and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.

Neoplastic transformation can occur as a result of various factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, viral infections, chronic inflammation, and aging. These changes can lead to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which regulate cell growth and division.

The transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells is a complex and multi-step process that involves multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. It is characterized by several hallmarks, including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, enabling replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, activation of invasion and metastasis, reprogramming of energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction.

Neoplastic cell transformation is a fundamental concept in cancer biology and is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression. It also has important implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as identifying the specific genetic alterations that underlie neoplastic transformation can help guide targeted therapies and personalized medicine approaches.

Drug screening assays for antitumor agents are laboratory tests used to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of potential drugs or compounds that can inhibit the growth of tumor cells or induce their death. These assays are typically performed in vitro (in a test tube or petri dish) using cell cultures of various types of cancer cells.

The assays measure different parameters such as cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and cytotoxicity to determine the ability of the drug to kill or inhibit the growth of tumor cells. The results of these assays can help researchers identify promising antitumor agents that can be further developed for clinical use in cancer treatment.

There are different types of drug screening assays for antitumor agents, including high-throughput screening (HTS) assays, which allow for the rapid and automated testing of a large number of compounds against various cancer cell lines. Other types of assays include phenotypic screening assays, target-based screening assays, and functional screening assays, each with its own advantages and limitations.

Overall, drug screening assays for antitumor agents play a critical role in the development of new cancer therapies by providing valuable information on the activity and safety of potential drugs, helping to identify effective treatments and reduce the time and cost associated with bringing new drugs to market.

Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a group of enzymes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. They facilitate the conjugation of these compounds with glutathione, a tripeptide consisting of cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine, which results in more water-soluble products that can be easily excreted from the body.

GSTs play a crucial role in protecting cells against oxidative stress and chemical injury by neutralizing reactive electrophilic species and peroxides. They are found in various tissues, including the liver, kidneys, lungs, and intestines, and are classified into several families based on their structure and function.

Abnormalities in GST activity have been associated with increased susceptibility to certain diseases, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and respiratory diseases. Therefore, GSTs have become a subject of interest in toxicology, pharmacology, and clinical research.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Phytotherapy is the use of extracts of natural origin, especially plants or plant parts, for therapeutic purposes. It is also known as herbal medicine and is a traditional practice in many cultures. The active compounds in these plant extracts are believed to have various medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or sedative effects. Practitioners of phytotherapy may use the whole plant, dried parts, or concentrated extracts to prepare teas, capsules, tinctures, or ointments for therapeutic use. It is important to note that the effectiveness and safety of phytotherapy are not always supported by scientific evidence, and it should be used with caution and preferably under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Cell division is the process by which a single eukaryotic cell (a cell with a true nucleus) divides into two identical daughter cells. This complex process involves several stages, including replication of DNA, separation of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. It is a fundamental process for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. The stages of mitosis include prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm.

Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) during the production of gametes (sex cells). Meiosis results in four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity. The stages of meiosis include meiosis I and meiosis II, which are further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

In summary, cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two daughter cells, either through mitosis or meiosis. This process is critical for growth, development, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) are a class of medications that reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. They work by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that contribute to inflammation and cause blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, leading to symptoms such as pain, redness, warmth, and swelling.

NSAIDs are commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including arthritis, muscle strains and sprains, menstrual cramps, headaches, and fever. Some examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.

While NSAIDs are generally safe and effective when used as directed, they can have side effects, particularly when taken in large doses or for long periods of time. Common side effects include stomach ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, and increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about using NSAIDs.

Apoptosis is a programmed and controlled cell death process that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a natural process that helps maintain tissue homeostasis by eliminating damaged, infected, or unwanted cells. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes a series of morphological changes, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into membrane-bound vesicles called apoptotic bodies. These bodies are then recognized and engulfed by neighboring cells or phagocytic cells, preventing an inflammatory response. Apoptosis is regulated by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways that involve proteins such as caspases, Bcl-2 family members, and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs).

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Cell proliferation is the process by which cells increase in number, typically through the process of cell division. In the context of biology and medicine, it refers to the reproduction of cells that makes up living tissue, allowing growth, maintenance, and repair. It involves several stages including the transition from a phase of quiescence (G0 phase) to an active phase (G1 phase), DNA replication in the S phase, and mitosis or M phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Abnormal or uncontrolled cell proliferation is a characteristic feature of many diseases, including cancer, where deregulated cell cycle control leads to excessive and unregulated growth of cells, forming tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites in the body.

Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases (PTGS), also known as Cyclooxygenases (COX), are a group of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin G2 and H2, which are further metabolized to produce various prostaglandins and thromboxanes. These lipid mediators play crucial roles in several physiological processes such as inflammation, pain, fever, and blood clotting. There are two major isoforms of PTGS: PTGS-1 (COX-1) and PTGS-2 (COX-2). While COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and involved in homeostatic functions, COX-2 is usually induced during inflammation and tissue injury. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their therapeutic effects by inhibiting these enzymes, thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

The medical definition of "eating" refers to the process of consuming and ingesting food or nutrients into the body. This process typically involves several steps, including:

1. Food preparation: This may involve cleaning, chopping, cooking, or combining ingredients to make them ready for consumption.
2. Ingestion: The act of taking food or nutrients into the mouth and swallowing it.
3. Digestion: Once food is ingested, it travels down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is broken down by enzymes and acids to facilitate absorption of nutrients.
4. Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells throughout the body for use as energy or building blocks for growth and repair.
5. Elimination: Undigested food and waste products are eliminated from the body through the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

Eating is an essential function that provides the body with the nutrients it needs to maintain health, grow, and repair itself. Disorders of eating, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, can have serious consequences for physical and mental health.

Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II (NOS2), also known as Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. Unlike other isoforms of NOS, NOS2 is not constitutively expressed and its expression can be induced by various stimuli such as cytokines, lipopolysaccharides, and bacterial products. Once induced, NOS2 produces large amounts of NO, which plays a crucial role in the immune response against invading pathogens. However, excessive or prolonged production of NO by NOS2 has been implicated in various pathological conditions such as inflammation, septic shock, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. These cells cover organs, glands, and other structures within the body. Carcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breasts, prostate, colon, and pancreas. They are often characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Carcinomas can be further classified based on their appearance under a microscope, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that the body produces as a reaction to environmental and other pressures. Antioxidants are able to neutralize free radicals by donating an electron to them, thus stabilizing them and preventing them from causing further damage to the cells.

Antioxidants can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains. Some common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium. Antioxidants are also available as dietary supplements.

In addition to their role in protecting cells from damage, antioxidants have been studied for their potential to prevent or treat a number of health conditions, including cancer, heart disease, and age-related macular degeneration. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using antioxidant supplements.

Isoenzymes, also known as isoforms, are multiple forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same chemical reaction but differ in their amino acid sequence, structure, and/or kinetic properties. They are encoded by different genes or alternative splicing of the same gene. Isoenzymes can be found in various tissues and organs, and they play a crucial role in biological processes such as metabolism, detoxification, and cell signaling. Measurement of isoenzyme levels in body fluids (such as blood) can provide valuable diagnostic information for certain medical conditions, including tissue damage, inflammation, and various diseases.

Intestinal polyposis is a condition characterized by the presence of multiple polyps in the inner lining (mucosa) of the intestines. These polyps are abnormal growths that protrude from the intestinal wall and can vary in size, number, and type. Some common types of polyps include adenomatous, hyperplastic, and inflammatory polyps.

Intestinal polyposis can occur throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon). The condition can be inherited or acquired, and it is often associated with various genetic syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, and Lynch syndrome.

Depending on the type, size, and number of polyps, intestinal polyposis can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal malignancies. Regular surveillance, monitoring, and removal of polyps are essential for managing this condition and preventing complications.

A choristoma is a type of growth that occurs when normally functioning tissue is found in an abnormal location within the body. It is not cancerous or harmful, but it can cause problems if it presses on surrounding structures or causes symptoms. Choristomas are typically congenital, meaning they are present at birth, and are thought to occur due to developmental errors during embryonic growth. They can be found in various organs and tissues throughout the body, including the brain, eye, skin, and gastrointestinal tract.

"Focus groups" is a term from the field of social science research, rather than medicine. It does not have a specific medical definition. However, focus groups are sometimes used in medical research to gather data and insights from a small group of people on a specific topic or product. This can include gathering feedback on patient experiences, testing prototypes of medical devices or treatments, or exploring attitudes and perceptions related to health issues. The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the perspectives and needs of the target population through facilitated group discussion.

A "knockout" mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been deleted or "knocked out" using molecular biology techniques. This allows researchers to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes, as well as potential associations with human diseases. The mice are generated by introducing targeted DNA modifications into embryonic stem cells, which are then used to create a live animal. Knockout mice have been widely used in biomedical research to investigate gene function, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Bifidobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, non-motile, often branching anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other animals, as well as in fermented foods. These bacteria play an important role in maintaining the health and balance of the gut microbiota by aiding in digestion, producing vitamins, and preventing the growth of harmful bacteria.

Bifidobacteria are also known for their probiotic properties and are often used as dietary supplements to improve digestive health, boost the immune system, and alleviate symptoms of various gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.

There are over 50 species of Bifidobacterium, with some of the most common ones found in the human gut being B. bifidum, B. longum, B. breve, and B. adolescentis. These bacteria are characterized by their ability to ferment a variety of carbohydrates, including dietary fibers, oligosaccharides, and sugars, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, lactate, and formate as end products.

Bifidobacteria have a complex cell wall structure that contains unique polysaccharides called exopolysaccharides (EPS), which have been shown to have prebiotic properties and can stimulate the growth of other beneficial bacteria in the gut. Additionally, some strains of Bifidobacterium produce antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, further contributing to their probiotic effects.

Overall, Bifidobacterium is an important genus of beneficial bacteria that play a crucial role in maintaining gut health and promoting overall well-being.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Antimutagenic agents are substances that prevent or reduce the frequency of mutations in DNA, which can be caused by various factors such as radiation, chemicals, and free radicals. These agents work by preventing the formation of mutations or by repairing the damage already done to the DNA. They can be found naturally in foods, such as antioxidants, or they can be synthesized in a laboratory. Antimutagenic agents have potential use in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as in reducing the negative effects of environmental mutagens.

... (ACF) are clusters of abnormal tube-like glands in the lining of the colon and rectum. Aberrant crypt foci ... When looking for aberrant crypt foci with microscopy, methylene blue is used as a staining agent. The resulting figure is ... Resveratrol glucoside from transgenic alfalfa has been used for the prevention of aberrant crypt foci in mice. Takayama T, ... Miyanishi K, Hayashi T, Kukitsu T, Takanashi K, Ishiwatari H, Kogawa T, Abe T, Niitsu Y (Jul 2005). "Aberrant crypt foci: ...
Resveratrol glucoside from transgenic alfalfa prevents aberrant crypt foci in mice. Resveratroloside (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene ... "Resveratrol from Transgenic Alfalfa for Prevention of Aberrant Crypt Foci in Mice". Nutrition and Cancer. 62 (3): 351-361. doi: ...
Pretlow TP, Pretlow TG (November 2005). "Mutant KRAS in aberrant crypt foci (ACF): initiation of colorectal cancer?". ...
October 1998). "Aberrant crypt foci of the colon as precursors of adenoma and cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 339 ... 2-dimethylhydrazine produced significantly higher numbers of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) colon lesions than did the carcinogen ...
June 2005). "Metallothionein crypt-restricted immunopositivity indices (MTCRII) correlate with aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in ... crypt-restricted immunopositivity indices (MTCRII) monosomy 7 Mouse orthologue of ARX MRP4 Msi-1 Musashi Musashi-1 Mutant BCRP ...
"Mice overexpressing progastrin are predisposed for developing aberrant colonic crypt foci in response to AOM". American Journal ... "Activation of NF-κB is required for mediating proliferative and antiapoptotic effects of progastrin on proximal colonic crypts ...
... in drinking water enhance the growth of aberrant crypt foci in the mouse colon". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health ...
... is a tumor suppressor gene silenced by methylation in human colon aberrant crypt foci and cancers". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. ... 2006). "Association of aberrant methylation of tumor suppressor genes with tumor aggressiveness and BRAF mutation in papillary ...
... a human gene Aberrant crypt foci, a preneoplastic lesion on the mucosa of the colon or rectum Antecubital fossa, an area on the ...
Aberrant overexpression of Trop-2 has been described in several solid cancers, such as colorectal, renal, lung, and breast ... and tonsillar crypts. Trop-2 plays a role in tumor progression by actively interacting with several key molecular signaling ... A focused review on Trop-2-based antibody-drug conjugates and their predictive biomarkers". Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical ...
Almost every crypt in all tissue samples from this patient showed high expression of KU86. However, the majority of crypts in ... Field defects associated with gastrointestinal tract cancers also commonly displayed reduced apoptosis competence, aberrant ... These initial molecular changes may subsequently progress to cytologically recognizable premalignant foci of dysplasia, and ... The crypts with reduced or absent expression of ERCC1 or PMS2 usually occurred in large patches of adjacent crypts. Both ERCC1 ...
Aberrant methylation patterns are associated with certain human tumors and developmental abnormalities. DNA methyltransferase ... "MBD2-MBD3 complex binds to hemi-methylated DNA and forms a complex containing DNMT1 at the replication foci in late S phase". ... crypt expansion and altered differentiation timing of ISCs, and proliferation and maintenance of MaSCs. GRCh38: Ensembl release ... to form a complex at replication foci". Nature Genetics. 25 (3): 269-77. doi:10.1038/77023. PMID 10888872. S2CID 26149386. Kim ...
Abnormal (aberrant) methylation occurs as a normal consequence of normal aging and the risk of colorectal cancer increases as a ... Mutations can be inherited or acquired, and most probably occur in the intestinal crypt stem cell. The most commonly mutated ... or on discrete neoplastic foci in vitro. Yet there is evidence that more than 80% of the somatic mutations found in mutator ...
John Moore's Zeluco focuses on the nefarious plots of a single man who cannot control his passions. Like Ambrosio, Zeluco's ... In the confusion, Lorenzo finds a group of nuns and a young woman named Virginia hiding in the crypt. Lorenzo discovers a ... Blakemore argues that in England, the sexual demonization of the aberrant Catholic "Other" was part and parcel of the ... He takes Antonia to the crypt beneath the convent, where, she awakens from her drugged sleep and Ambrosio rapes her. Afterward ...
In 2009, two African American albinistic fashion models, Shaun Ross and Diandra Forrest, were the focus of an episode of the ... ISBN 978-0-7607-3979-2. "Tales From the Urban Crypt". New York Daily News Online. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. ... aberrant even before his experimentation, he subsequently became completely deranged. Albino bias is also alleged in modern ... and his albinism is not the central focus of his character. (While his name, or lack thereof, seems to indicate otherwise, all ...
His later work continued the focus on Liverpool; in particular, his 2005 novel Secret Stories (published in the U.S. in an ... This collection of juvenilia was published thirty years later, as a special issue of Crypt of Cthulhu magazine titled Ghostly ... as is common in Campbell's work involving aberrant mental states, it is not entirely apparent that these events have a ... Another issue of this magazine Crypt of Cthulhu No 43 (Hallowmas 1983), titled The Tomb-Herd and Others collects various early ...
Studies of this issue have focused mainly at the gene mutation level, as copy number variation, LOH and specific chromosomal ... leading to the accumulation of aberrant cells. Most mammalian cells can replicate a limited number of times due to progressive ... predispose to clonal expansions that encompass large numbers of crypts in some conditions such as Barrett's esophagus. He also ... Many of the somatic evolutionary studies have traditionally been focused on clonal expansion, as recurrent types of changes can ...
ISBN 0-262-54057-6. Dufresne, Todd (2000). Tales From the Freudian Crypt: The Death Drive in Text and Context. Stanford, ... ISBN 0-333-48638-2. Genosko, Gary (2002). Félix Guattari: An Aberrant Introduction. London: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-6034-8. ... who nevertheless found its approach to interpretation limited by its focus on the ideas of symbol and double meaning, Richard ...
Loss of that methylation can induce the aberrant expression of oncogenes, leading to cancer pathogenesis. Known mechanisms of ... or on discrete neoplastic foci in vitro. Yet there is evidence that more than 80% of the somatic mutations found in mutator ... natural selection of a mutant or epigenetically altered cell among the stem cells at the base of one of the intestinal crypts ... "Dynamic aberrant NF-κB spurs tumorigenesis: a new model encompassing the microenvironment". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. ...
March 2014). "Intestinal crypt homeostasis revealed at single-stem-cell level by in vivo live imaging". Nature. 507 (7492): 362 ... Yet the niche may also induce pathologies by imposing aberrant function on stem cells or other targets. The interplay between ... Gout S, Huot J (December 2008). "Role of cancer microenvironment in metastasis: focus on colon cancer". Cancer Microenvironment ... In particular in intestinal crypt, two distinct groups of SCs have been identified: the "border stem cells" located in the ...
However, the plaintiffs' side split into two camps: one led by Alain Vuarnet, those who felt that the trial should not focus on ... incompétent et aberrant du docteur Luc Jouret. Prenant la décision d'agir de sa propre Autorité, à l'encontre de toutes nos ... A ceremony in the order's crypt, organized with special effects, helped to confirm to the members the supernatural powers of " ... incompetent and aberrant behavior of Doctor Luc Jouret. Taking the decision to act on his own authority, against all our rules ...
However, some genetically normal iPSCs failed to produce all-iPSC mice because of aberrant epigenetic silencing of the ... March 2014). "De novo formation of insulin-producing "neo-β cell islets" from intestinal crypts". Cell Reports. 6 (6): 1046- ... January 2013). "Microenvironment-evoked cell lineage conversion: Shifting the focus from internal reprogramming to external ...
Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are clusters of abnormal tube-like glands in the lining of the colon and rectum. Aberrant crypt foci ... When looking for aberrant crypt foci with microscopy, methylene blue is used as a staining agent. The resulting figure is ... Resveratrol glucoside from transgenic alfalfa has been used for the prevention of aberrant crypt foci in mice. Takayama T, ... Miyanishi K, Hayashi T, Kukitsu T, Takanashi K, Ishiwatari H, Kogawa T, Abe T, Niitsu Y (Jul 2005). "Aberrant crypt foci: ...
... Cancer Prev Res ( ... induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation and associated biomarkers in male Fisher 344 rats. Five-week-old male Fisher 344 ...
... and Bovine Milk Attenuate Azoxymethane-induced Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci in Fischer 344 Rats ... AC: Aberrant crypts, ACF: Aberrant crypt foci, AOM: Azoxymethane, CM: Crypt multiplicity, FBM: Fermented bovine milk, FCM: ... Ability of aberrant crypt foci characteristics to predict colonic tumor incidence in rats fed cholic acid. Cancer Res., 53: ... Epidemiology of colonic aberrant crypt foci: Review and analysis of existing studies. Cancer Lett., 252: 171-183.. CrossRef ...
... promoted colon microinflammation and initiated preneoplastic lesions while also fostering the growth of aberrant crypt foci in ... the number of large aberrant crypt foci per colon (large ACF/colon), and (c) the number of aberrant crypt foci per colon (ACF/ ... Models of aberrant crypt foci initiation and promotion. In a first series of experiments, to examine the impact of E171 on the ... Aberrant crypt foci as predictors of colorectal neoplasia on repeat colonoscopy. Cancer Causes Control 23, 355-361 (2012). ...
Cannabinoid Effects on Experimental Colorectal Cancer Models Reduce Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF) and Tumor Volume: A Systematic ... Browsing Investigación clínica by Subject "Aberrant Crypt Foci". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. ...
Dietary artepillin C suppresses the formation of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in mouse colon.*. Dietary ... Dietary artepillin C suppresses the formation of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in mouse colon.* ... reduced significantly the frequency of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) by 39.2, 43.7 and 43.4%, respectively. In liver of the ... artepillin C suppresses the formation of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in mouse colon. ...
... and Streptococcus thermophilus against early colon carcinogenesis as measured by the reduction of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in ... Fermented Camel (Camelus dromedarius) and Bovine Milk Attenuate Azoxymethane-induced Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci in Fischer 344 ... Fermented Camel (Camelus dromedarius) and Bovine Milk Attenuate Azoxymethane-induced Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci in Fischer 344 ... Fermented Camel (Camelus dromedarius) and Bovine Milk Attenuate Azoxymethane-induced Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci in Fischer 344 ...
The main focus is on the latest in vitro and in vivo studies that present data regarding the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic ... Reduced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) number of polyps and tumors. [103]. Colon cancer. CT26. √. 5 mg/kg. CBD induces apoptosis, ... Treatment with just 1 mg/kg CBD significantly reduced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) polyps and tumors in male mice. Moreover, ... The main focus is on the latest in vitro and in vivo studies that present data regarding the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic ...
ACF: aberrant crypt foci; GCHP: goblet cell hyperplastic polyp; MVHP: microvesicular hyperplastic polyp; SSA: sessile serrated ... "Mutations in BRAF and KRAS differentially distinguish serrated versus non-serrated hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci in humans ... the hyperplastic or serrated aberrant crypt foci (ACF) (63%), but is rarely present in nonserrated ACF (6%) [33]. It is ... The remainder of this review will focus primarily on the more abundant BRAF V600E mutation and that which confers a significant ...
Introduction: Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are microscopic foci of enlarged and elevated crypts. Limited animal studies suggest ... N2 - Introduction: Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are microscopic foci of enlarged and elevated crypts. Limited animal studies ... AB - Introduction: Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are microscopic foci of enlarged and elevated crypts. Limited animal studies ... abstract = "Introduction: Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are microscopic foci of enlarged and elevated crypts. Limited animal ...
Induction of aberrant crypt foci in DNA mismatch repair-deficient mice by the food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6- ... Induction of aberrant crypt foci in DNA mismatch repair-deficient mice by the food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6- ... In contrast, the frequency of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), a preneoplastic biomarker for colon tumorigenesis, was increased by ...
Induction of aberrant crypt foci in DNA mismatch repair-deficient mice by the food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6- ... Induction of aberrant crypt foci in DNA mismatch repair-deficient mice by the food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6- ... Induction of aberrant crypt foci in DNA mismatch repair-deficient mice by the food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6- ...
Aberrant Crypt Foci and Human Colorectal Polyps: mathematical modelling and endoscopic image processing. Extracted from the FCT ...
BRAF mutations in aberrant crypt foci and hyperplastic polyposis. Am J Pathol. 2005 Apr. 166(4):1069-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Bruce W. R., Archer M. C., Corpet D. E., Medline A., Minkin S., Stamp D., Ya Y., Zhang X-M. Diet, aberrant crypt foci and ... Roncucci L., Stamp D., Medline A., Cullen J. B., Bruce W. R. Identification and quantification of aberrant crypt foci and ... The abbreviations used are: AOM, azoxymethane; PEG, polyethylene glycol; ACF, aberrant crypt foci; FAP, familial adenomatous ... A systematic review of aberrant crypt foci and tumor data, ranked by potency. Nutr. Cancer ...
2014). Chemoprevention of colonic aberrant crypt foci by Gynura procumbens in rats. ıJ. Ethnopharm. 151, 1194-1201. doi: ... decrease in azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in rats which indicates potential in preventing colon cancer (Shwter et al ...
Reduction in the total number of aberrant crypt foci, tumor cells, proliferation, and incidence of tumors with high-grade ... Reduction of damage to DNA from peripheral blood cells and reduction of multiplication of crypts and preneoplasic lesions of ...
Cannabinoid effects on experimental colorectal cancer models reduce aberrant crypt foci (acf) and tumor volume: A systematic ...
Se inhibition of aberrant colon crypt foci (ACF) formation was studied in rats fed diets supplemented with 0 or 2 ug Se/kg diet ... Title: PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CHEMICAL FORMS OF SE ON FORMATION OF ABERRANT CRYPT FOCI IN THE COLONS OF RATS WITH ...
Metformin suppresses colorectal aberrant crypt foci in a short-term clinical trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2010;3(9):1077- ... Metformin suppresses colorectal aberrant crypt foci in a short-term clinical trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2010;3(9):1077- ... Metformin suppresses azoxymethane-induced colorectal aberrant crypt foci by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Mol ... Metformin suppresses azoxymethane-induced colorectal aberrant crypt foci by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Mol ...
Gene expression patterns distinguish colonoscopically isolated human aberrant crypt foci from normal colonic mucosa. Cancer ... Aberrant expression of maspin in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease is associated with disease activity and neoplastic ... These include glandular deformity, branching of crypts, thickened muscularis mucosa, Paneth cell metaplasia, neuroendocrine ... we believe their aberrant expression in UC may provide a mechanism for epithelial hyper-proliferation and, in the context of ...
Effect of dietary fat on colonic protein kinase C and induction of aberrant crypt foci. Lafave, L.M., Kumarathasan, P., Bird, R ...
Whole almonds and almond fractions reduce aberrant crypt foci in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis ...
... and disease biomarkers the putative colon cancer precursor lesions aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colonic polyps. With ...
... three colon segments were stained with new methylene blue for analysis of aberrant crypt foci.. For P0 and F1 A-females, the ... were examined histologically for aberrant crypt foci; none were observed.. Histological examination of ovaries of 10 females ...
The effect of obesity on colon tumors could not be explained by differences in aberrant crypt foci number. Moreover, diet did ... Moreover, there was no difference in the number of aberrant crypt foci between these groups, and thus the effect of obesity ... There was no effect of NTR-1 on the number of aberrant crypt foci or tumor size, suggesting that NT/NTR-1 signaling promotes ... Crypt apoptosis and proliferation, which were measured at the same time, were increased in the HR relative to all other groups ...
S. A. A. Ghafar, L. S. Yazan, P. M. Tahir, and M. Ismail, "Kenaf seed supercritical fluid extract reduces aberrant crypt foci ... "Flax seed oil and flax seed meal reduce the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in ... This result has been supported by previous study showing that kenaf seed oil extracted by SFE reduced aberrant crypt foci (ACF ...
Chemopreventive / Tuber / Induced Colon Carcinogenesis: Study evaluated a tuber methanolic extract on aberrant crypt foci (ACF ... Chemopreventive effect of Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) blume tuber against aberrant crypt foci and cell proliferation in ...
Results showed a significant reduction in number of aberrant crypt foci and number of invasive adenocarcinomas. Results suggest ...
  • Oral doses of 80 and 160 mg/kg body weight of propolis or 10mg/kg of artepillin C (equi-amounts to 160 mg propolis) reduced significantly the frequency of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) by 39.2, 43.7 and 43.4%, respectively. (propolisscience.org)
  • Based on our recent silibinin efficacy studies in human colorectal cancer cells, we investigated the effects of its dietary feeding on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation and associated biomarkers in male Fisher 344 rats. (nih.gov)
  • This study was conducted to investigate the chemopreventive potential of camel ( Camelus dromedarius ) and bovine milk as well as the impact of fermenting these milks with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus thermophilus against early colon carcinogenesis as measured by the reduction of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in azoxymethane (AOM)-treated Fischer 344 rats. (scialert.net)
  • Dietary artepillin C suppresses the formation of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in mouse colon. (propolisscience.org)
  • In the azoxymethane-treated rat, when compared with saline-treated controls, significant changes in the enhanced backscattering markers were observed as early as 2 weeks after azoxymethane treatment (before the development of aberrant crypt foci and adenomas). (nih.gov)
  • Aberrant crypt foci form before colorectal polyps and are one of the earliest changes seen in the colon that may lead to cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Japanese researchers are assessing the use of metformin for colorectal cancer prevention, investigating whether use will prevent progression of dysplastic aberrant crypt foci (ACF). (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Another five years later, researchers put 44 smokers on turmeric curcumin supplements alone for a month, and measured changes in their colorectal aberrant crypt foci, which may act like precursors to polyps-which are the precursors to cancer. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • E171 or NM-105 for one week did not initiate intestinal inflammation, while a 100-day E171 treatment promoted colon microinflammation and initiated preneoplastic lesions while also fostering the growth of aberrant crypt foci in a chemically induced carcinogenesis model. (nature.com)
  • and disease biomarkers the putative colon cancer precursor lesions aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colonic polyps. (utoronto.ca)
  • These aberrant crypt foci are one of the earliest observable precancerous lesions and are often considered to be a strong indicator for cancer development," Seidel said. (nutraceuticalsworld.com)
  • Colons were scored for preneoplastic lesions: aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin-depleted foci (MDF). (univ-toulouse.fr)
  • They focused on two animal study models, one based on colon carcinogenesis in rats treated with the colon carcinogen, AOM 3 (2) , and the other based on carcinogenesis in mice with a defective Apc gene, such as Min mice (1) . (aacrjournals.org)
  • Se inhibition of aberrant colon crypt foci (ACF) formation was studied in rats fed diets supplemented with 0 or 2 ug Se/kg diet as selenite, selenate or selenomethionine, and carcinogenesis was induced with 3,2-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMABP). (usda.gov)
  • Another observation made was rats consuming dried plums had significantly reduced numbers of aberrant crypts, aberrant crypt foci and high-multiplicity aberrant crypt foci compared to control rats. (nutraceuticalsworld.com)
  • In contrast, the frequency of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), a preneoplastic biomarker for colon tumorigenesis, was increased by PhIP, and the increase due to PhIP was significantly greater in Mlh1(-/-) versus wild-type littermates. (oregonstate.edu)
  • High level of plasma insulin has also been demonstrated to significantly increase the formation of aberrant crypt foci in obese rat model with injection of AOM ( 21 ). (amegroups.org)
  • Given the strong link between the regulation of some of these genes and the growth and dissemination of gastrointestinal cancers, we believe their aberrant expression in UC may provide a mechanism for epithelial hyper-proliferation and, in the context of malignant transformation, for tumour growth. (bmj.com)
  • Resveratrol glucoside from transgenic alfalfa has been used for the prevention of aberrant crypt foci in mice. (wikipedia.org)
  • Induction of aberrant crypt foci in DNA mismatch repair-deficient mice by the food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP). (oregonstate.edu)
  • One theory proposes that ulcerative colitis occurs as a direct result of an aberrant immune response to "gut luminal antigen" in a genetically susceptible host. (medscape.com)
  • As a clinical researcher, my main focus is on finding improved therapies for autoimmune and cholestatic liver diseases, since an ideal therapy currently does not exist. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • Most epidemiological and experimental studies conducted to determine the effects of milk and dairy product consumption on neoplastic development have focused on bovine milk 5 - 8 , whereas information on camel milk and other types of milk are scarce. (scialert.net)
  • The 21st conference, hosted by the Ministry of Health of Vietnam and held in Hanoi during February 26-March 1, 2019, focused on bacterial and parasitic diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • 1991. Control of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced crypt hyperplasia by naturalkiller cells and its relevance to carcinogenics. (cdc.gov)
  • 3. Rectal aberrant crypt foci identified using high-magnification-chromoscopic colonoscopy: biomarkers for flat and depressed neoplasia. (nih.gov)
  • Role of aberrant crypt foci detected using high-magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy in human colorectal carcinogenesis. (m4bmarketingblog.com)
  • Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are putative precursors of colorectal adenomas and have been postulated as a potential biomarker for colorectal cancer. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Natural history of human aberrant crypt foci and correlation with risk factors for colorectal cancer. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Aberrant crypt foci in patients with a positive family history of sporadic colorectal cancer. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Risk factors for colorectal cancer in relation to number and size of aberrant crypt foci in humans. (nih.gov)
  • Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are microscopic surface abnormalities that are putative precursors to adenomas and CRC. (uconn.edu)
  • Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are clusters of abnormal tube-like glands in the lining of the colon and rectum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aberrant crypt foci form before colorectal polyps and are one of the earliest changes seen in the colon that may lead to cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aberrant crypt foci and microadenoma as markers for colon cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Initiation was assessed by the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the colon of rats 45 days after the start of a high-fat bacon-based diet. (univ-toulouse.fr)
  • ACF, which appear as isolated, grouped or raised crypts of increased size with slit-like or dilated openings, are hypothesized to be structural lesions that can serve as biomarkers for, or possibly as precursor lesions to, colorectal adenomas and cancers. (medscape.com)
  • 4. Number of aberrant crypt foci in the rectum is a useful surrogate marker of colorectal adenoma recurrence. (nih.gov)
  • hyperplasia aberrant crypt foci (ACF) adenoma herniation and adenocarcinoma) is usually endorsed. (healthyguide.info)
  • 1991. Control of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced crypt hyperplasia by naturalkiller cells and its relevance to carcinogenics. (cdc.gov)
  • Cite this: Aberrant Crypt Foci as Biomarkers for Colonic Dysplasia - Medscape - Sep 01, 2005. (medscape.com)
  • Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. (bvsalud.org)
  • HN - 2011 MH - Aberrant Crypt Foci UI - D058739 MN - C4.834.20 MS - Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. (nih.gov)
  • [ 27 ] Resection of a large, flat or sessile lesion, particularly when it is removed in pieces, or a polyp with a focus of high-grade dysplasia or cancer is often followed by repeat endoscopy in 3 months to confirm complete excision. (medscape.com)
  • In this brief review, we focus on reduction of cancer risk by dietary components and the relationship to suppression of inflammation. (koreamed.org)
  • 5. Investigation of the prevalence and number of aberrant crypt foci associated with human colorectal neoplasm. (nih.gov)
  • Major areas of discussion at the workshop included application of the original criteria to distinguish invasive adenocarcinomas from herniations of non-neoplastic or non-invasive crypts (a common problem in inflammation-associated models of intestinal neoplasia) definition of the term intra-mucosal carcinoma and assessment of serrated architecture. (healthyguide.info)
  • Aberrant crypt foci were counted 3 weeks after the cessation of DSS treatment. (nih.gov)
  • When looking for aberrant crypt foci with microscopy, methylene blue is used as a staining agent. (wikipedia.org)