Abducens Nerve Injury

Abducens Nerve

Abducens Nerve Diseases

Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Horner Syndrome

Cavernous Sinus

Diplopia

Petrous Bone

Cranial Nerve Diseases

Trochlear Nerve

Eye Pain

Ophthalmoplegia

Oculomotor Nerve

Sciatic Nerve

Oculomotor Muscles

Cranial Nerve Neoplasms

Cranial Nerve Injuries

Skull Fracture, Basilar

Trigeminal Nerve

Paralysis

Oculomotor Nerve Diseases

Duane Retraction Syndrome

Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries

Optic Nerve Injuries

Nerve Compression Syndromes

Mucocele

Wounds and Injuries

Facial Nerve Injuries

Eye Movements

Electronystagmography

Peripheral Nerves

Dura Mater

Spinal Nerves

Cranial Fossa, Posterior

Nerve Crush

Nerve Regeneration

Sciatic Neuropathy

Skull Base

Neuralgia

Trigeminal Nerve Injuries

Lingual Nerve Injuries

Turtles

What does abducens nerve injury mean?

Abducens Nerve Injury; Abducens Neuropathy, Traumatic; Sixth-Nerve Palsy, Traumatic

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Esotropia

List of MeSH codes (C10)

Sixth nerve palsy

List of MeSH codes (C21)

Abducens nerve

Posterior clinoid processes

Lateral rectus muscle

Anesthesia for eye surgery

Trochlear nerve

Infantile esotropia

Conjugate gaze palsy

Cavernous sinus

Cranial nerve disease

Cranial nerves

Superior orbital fissure

Synkinesis

Vestibulospinal tract

Optic nerve

Outline of the human brain

Vergence

Facial motor nucleus

Medial rectus muscle

Hydrocephalus

Pituitary apoplexy

Brain herniation

Diabetic neuropathy

Smile surgery

Gorgonopsia

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Multiple sclerosis signs and symptoms

Human brain

Palsy50

• The central anatomy of the sixth nerve predicts (correctly) that infarcts affecting the dorsal pons at the level of the abducens nucleus can also affect the facial nerve, producing an ipsilateral facial palsy together with a lateral rectus palsy. (wikipedia.org)
• The anatomy also predicts (correctly) that infarcts involving the ventral pons can affect the sixth nerve and the corticospinal tract simultaneously, producing a lateral rectus palsy associated with a contralateral hemiparesis. (wikipedia.org)
• She received both intravenous and oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for a total of 6 weeks, and she continued physiotherapy for the facial nerve palsy. (medscape.com)
• Gradenigo syndrome should be considered in patients with suppurative otitis media who present with orbital/retro-orbital pain and/or cranial nerve palsies, especially palsy of the sixth nerve. (medscape.com)
• PURPOSE: To estimate the spontaneous recovery rate of isolated traumatic sixth-nerve palsy. (elsevier.com)
• RESULTS: The Kaplan- Meier survival estimate of spontaneous recovery at 6 months was 27% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5% to 44%) in unilateral traumatic sixth-nerve palsy and 12% (95% CI, 0%, to 33%) in bilateral traumatic sixth-nerve palsy. (elsevier.com)
• CONCLUSION: Spontaneous recovery from isolated traumatic sixth-nerve palsy may be lower than previously reported. (elsevier.com)
• The anatomical studies of this region is helpful in operative management strategies, as well as in explaining the abducens nerve palsy mechanisms. (dergisi.org)
• Sixth nerve palsy, or abducens nerve palsy, is a disorder associated with dysfunction of cranial nerve VI (the abducens nerve), which is responsible for causing contraction of the lateral rectus muscle to abduct (i.e., turn out) the eye. (bluerocktel.com)
• This is also called cranial nerve VI or abducens palsy. (bluerocktel.com)
• Double vision is the most common symptom of sixth nerve palsy. (bluerocktel.com)
• Idiopathic abducens nerve palsy is a benign condition and can be managed conservatively in children after excluding the potential more serious causes like raised intracranial tension, meningoencephalitis, multiple cranial nerve palsy as seen in cavernous sinus infection and thrombosis, stroke, tumour or demyelinating events in brain stem. (bluerocktel.com)
• Furthermore, how is 6th nerve palsy treated? (bluerocktel.com)
• We describe a patient with isolated right abducens nerve palsy due to vascular compression of the Science topic Paralysis. (bluerocktel.com)
• he has to present instead of a unilateral or bilateral abducens nerve palsy. (bluerocktel.com)
• Abducens nerve palsy was much improved If inflammation of the sixth nerve is suspected, medications called corticosteroids may be used. (bluerocktel.com)
• Other common causes of sixth nerve palsy in children include: Injury, especially a skull fracture. (bluerocktel.com)
• A 39-year-old healthy female with a rare complication of left side abducens nerve palsy suffered from high fever, chillness, severe headache and muscle soreness for 5 days, and physical examination revealed only mild skin rash over trunk and negative meningeal signs. (bluerocktel.com)
• Sixth nerve palsy as the initial presenting sign of metastatic prostate cancer. (ucdenver.edu)
• The exact cause of vaccination-related cranial nerve palsy in children is not known. (medlineplus.gov)
• Recovery is usually complete in case of benign sixth nerve palsy in childhood. (medlineplus.gov)
• A palsy of the 6th cranial nerve impairs the ability to turn the eye outward. (msdmanuals.com)
• Sixth cranial nerve palsy has many causes, including damage to small blood vessels by diabetes, but the cause is often unidentified. (msdmanuals.com)
• Doctors can identify 6th cranial nerve palsy based on the symptoms, but tests, including brain imaging, are done to try to identify the cause. (msdmanuals.com)
• Sixth cranial nerve palsy usually resolves whether the cause is identified or not. (msdmanuals.com)
• If 6th cranial nerve palsy occurs alone (without other cranial nerve palsies), its cause is often never identified. (msdmanuals.com)
• Other symptoms in people with 6th cranial nerve palsy depend on the cause. (msdmanuals.com)
• Muscles) vi abducens nerve palsy also may occur. (gatech.edu)
• Bilateral sixth nerve palsy is common, but bilateral simultaneous seventh nerve palsy has not been reported. (ruralneuropractice.com)
• OBJECTIVE: Oculomotor nerve palsy greatly impairs the patient's daily life. (elsevier.com)
• Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy Following Chiropractic Neck Manipulation. (harvard.edu)
• Hypoglossal nerve palsy after airway management for general anesthesia: an analysis of 69 patients. (harvard.edu)
• Isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy secondary to an atlantooccipital joint juxtafacet synovial cyst. (harvard.edu)
• Unilateral headache and hypoglossal nerve palsy: a report of three cases. (harvard.edu)
• Third Nerve Palsy, also called Oculomotor Palsy, occurs when the third cranial nerve becomes injured or diseased. (optometrists.org)
• As the third cranial nerve controls many of the eye's muscles and functions, palsy of this nerve can result in complete or partial paralysis of the eye. (optometrists.org)
• Fourth Nerve Palsy, also known as Superior Oblique Palsy or Trochlear Nerve Palsy, occurs when the fourth cranial nerve becomes diseased or damaged. (optometrists.org)
• Sixth nerve palsy, also called abducens nerve palsy, is a rare condition that occurs when the sixth cranial nerve, also called the abducens nerve, becomes damaged. (optometrists.org)
• Each year, around 11 in 100,000 people are diagnosed with sixth nerve palsy. (optometrists.org)
• Fourth cranial nerve palsy impairs the superior oblique muscle, causing paresis of vertical gaze, mainly in adduction. (merckmanuals.com)
• Fourth cranial nerve palsy may affect one or both eyes. (merckmanuals.com)
• Microvascular cranial nerve palsy can cause double vision, droopy eyelid, and other problems with eyesight. (wjmc.org)
• Third nerve palsy can cause an eyelid to sag and droop, double vision, trouble moving the eye, and a pupil that is bigger than normal. (wjmc.org)
• Fourth nerve palsy causes the eye or eyes to turn abnormally. (wjmc.org)
• Sixth nerve palsy can cause abnormal movement of the eye and double vision. (wjmc.org)
• An Italian Journal of Pediatrics study is entitled Partial third nerve palsy after Measles Mumps Rubella vaccination and states, "MMR viruses are neurotropic. (deeprootsathome.com)
• Four developed other cranial neuropathies, including abducens palsy and trigeminal sensory nerve involvement. (sharylattkisson.com)
• o Binocular Diplopia: Indicative of cranial nerve palsy or ocular muscle problems, or a brainstem problem. (kupdf.net)
• Elevated intracranial pressure may cause an abducens nerve (CN6) palsy, causing diplopia. (emcrit.org)
• Other possible sources of injury are neurological, in which the nerve or the foramen it passes through are affected, leading to CN XI palsy. (statpearls.com)

Trigeminal nerve8

• thinning of the dural sheath of the abducens nerve, anastomosis with the sympathetic plexus and trigeminal nerve, and fibrous extensions to the Meckel's cave and internal carotid artery. (dergisi.org)
• Results In 41% of meningiomas, the trigeminal nerve is encased by the tumor. (elsevier.com)
• In 38% of the meningiomas, the trigeminal nerve is in the SL part of the tumor, and it is in 20% of the IL portion of the tumor. (elsevier.com)
• The trigeminal nerve innervates structures originating from the branchial arches. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• Those nerves are the trigeminal nerve, the abducens nerve, the facial nerve, and the vestibulocochlear nerve. (sciencetrends.com)
• The trigeminal nerve is the largest and most complex of the 12 cranial nerves (CNs). (medscape.com)
• Schematic representation of the trigeminal nerve with its central connections. (medscape.com)
• The semilunar (gasserian or trigeminal) ganglion is the great sensory ganglion of CN V. It contains the sensory cell bodies of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary divisions). (medscape.com)

Optic nerve11

• Optic nerve & chiasm MTD: conservatively 10 Gy, point dose 12 Gy. (wikibooks.org)
• Ganglion cells in the inner lining of the eye called retina receive the captured images and send them to the brain through the optic nerve. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• Serious injury to the retina or the optic nerve can lead to blindness or anopsia. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• With the increase in cerebral pressure, the optic nerve enlarges and disrupts information transfer to the brain from the nerve, leading to vision problems. (medicinenet.com)
• On physical examination, papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve) is found. (medicinenet.com)
• o OPTIC NERVE COMPRESSION: Caused by an intracranial neoplasm, or pituitary adenoma. (kupdf.net)
• o It indicates either severe macular disease or optic nerve disease in the affected eye. (kupdf.net)
• Optic neuritis is an inflammatory injury of the optic nerve that causes vision loss, which is common in MS and other CNS inflammatory disorders. (medscape.com)
• Because these axons pass through the retina, there are no photoreceptors at the very back of the eye, where the optic nerve begins. (qrpdxpropagationantennas.com)
• Here the nerve fibres from the light-sensitive cells leave the eyeball to form the optic nerve. (dualjuridik.org)
• We then performed the 3-piece orbitozygomatic approach on 31 patients (12 pituitary tumors, 5 sphenoid wing meningiomas, 4 craniopharyngiomas , 1 optic nerve glioma, 7 anterior circulation aneurysms, 1 posterior circulation aneurysm, and 1 temporal uncal cavernoma) between March 2005 and December 2007 (Table 1). (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

Muscles25

• The abducens nerve or abducent nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VI, or simply CN VI, is a cranial nerve in humans and various other animals that controls the movement of the lateral rectus muscle, one of the extraocular muscles responsible for outward gaze. (wikipedia.org)
• Blunt injury to the cheek can result in a blow-out fracture of the orbit with hematoma or entrapment of the soft tissues and extraocular muscles, restricting upward and downward eye movement. (medscape.com)
• The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (tabers.com)
• The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS of the PONS and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the EYE. (ucdenver.edu)
• McGee S. Nerves of the eye muscles (III, IV, and VI): approach to diplopia. (medlineplus.gov)
• Diseases of the eye muscles or oculomotor cranial nerves (iii, iv, and vi) are considered infranuclear. (icd9data.com)
• There are 12 cranial nerves which are divided into nerves for the special senses, the motor nerves for the head muscles, and the nerves innervating the structures originating from thebranchial arches. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• Cranial nerves that innervate the muscles in the head include the oculomotor (cranial nerve III), the trochlear (cranial nerve IV), abducens (cranial nerve VI) and the hypoglossal (cranial nerve XII) nerves. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• Together with the trochlear and abducens nerves, this nerve innervates the external muscles of your eyeball and controls the size of the pupil, thus protecting it from over exposure to too much light. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• This is another motor nerve that functions to control the eye muscles, enabling you to turn the eyes. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• This nerve supplies the muscles, which help you to chew, and the taste buds in the tongue, which enable you to taste. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• This motor nerve supplies other muscles to the eyes and enables you to turn your eyes laterally (to the outer side). (newhealthadvisor.org)
• The nuclei and fascicles of the nerve are located in the medulla, and the nerve exits the skull via the hypoglossal foramen and innervates the muscles of the tongue. (harvard.edu)
• The third cranial nerve controls the actions of four external eye muscles. (optometrists.org)
• This nerve helps manage muscles that control eye movement as well as the size of the pupil. (wjmc.org)
• The nerves carry information about sensation from around the body and transmit messages to control the muscles of the body. (lymphoma.org.au)
• It is the motor nerve for the muscles of mastication and contains proprioceptive fibers. (medscape.com)
• All these muscles are innervated by cervical spinal nerves, and most of these muscles act primarily to move and stabilize the head. (tipilandia.es)
• and the peripheral nervous system , which includes all the nerves that connect the central nervous system to the muscles and organs. (osmosis.org)
• The brain might be compared to a computer and its memory banks, the spinal cord to the conducting cable for the computer's input and output, and the nerves to a circuit supplying input information to the cable and transmitting the output to muscles and organs. (thefreedictionary.com)
• Both the cranial roots of the accessory nerve and the vagus nerve originate from the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve and travel to the laryngeal muscles, supplying the motor fibers. (statpearls.com)
• The phrenic nerves arise at the superior aspects of the lateral borders of the anterior scalene muscles. (anatomy.app)
• These nerves descend along the anterior surfaces of the mentioned muscles. (anatomy.app)
• In the distal forearm, the radial artery and nerve are sandwiched between the brachioradialis and the deep flexor muscles. (teachmeanatomy.info)
• Which nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles that result in the gag reflex? (openstax.org)

Bilateral abducens nerve1

• Von Graefe and Möbius accepted only cases with congenital facial diplegia and bilateral abducens nerve palsies as constituting Möbius syndrome. (medscape.com)

Facial nerve10

• Axons from the facial nerve loop around the abducens nucleus, creating a slight bulge (the facial colliculus) that is visible on the dorsal surface of the floor of the fourth ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
• citation needed] The abducens nerve emerges from the brainstem at the junction of the pons and the medulla, superior to the medullary pyramid, and medial to the facial nerve. (wikipedia.org)
• The average annual incidence rate of facial nerve paralysis is 23-25 patients/100,000 population. (ruralneuropractice.com)
• His CT thorax was normal [ Figure 2 ], magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain plain, and contrast showed bilateral facial nerve enhancement and normal parenchyma [ Figure 2 ]. (ruralneuropractice.com)
• Then, the ipsilateral facial nerve was exposed at the stylomastoid foramen and connected side-to-end to one extremity of a peroneal nerve autograft. (elsevier.com)
• This health problem occurs when the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve) is affected. (wjmc.org)
• The facial nerve is one of the 12 cranial nerves that emerge directly from the brain. (deeprootsathome.com)
• A "safety zone," described to avoid lesions of the facial nerve, is placed below the zygomatic arch just anterior to the tragus. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
• The incision penetrates the external layer of the temporal fascia and the interfascial fat, and proceeds further in this plane to protect the frontal branch of the facial nerve. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
• Posterior to the infratemporal region, the facial nerve (CN VII) can be seen briefly adjacent to the posterior belly of the digastic muscle. (medstore.ie)

Nuclei11

• The abducens nucleus is close to the midline, like the other motor nuclei that control eye movements (the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei). (wikipedia.org)
• The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (tabers.com)
• Nuclear disorders are caused by disease of the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nuclei in the brain stem. (icd9data.com)
• Labeled neurons were also seen in the ipsilateral abducens (12%), motor trigeminus (7%), trochlear (23%), and contralateral trochlear (34%) nuclei. (elsevier.com)
• CONCLUSION: The central rearrangement of the extraocular muscle nuclei after facial-to-oculomotor nerve anastomosis represents an original example of plasticity. (elsevier.com)
• Diseases of the twelfth cranial (hypoglossal) nerve or nuclei. (harvard.edu)
• Lower brain stem diseases, including ischemia and MOTOR NEURON DISEASES may affect the nuclei or nerve fascicles. (harvard.edu)
• it is composed of neurons and neuolgi a or supporting cell .Grey matter is composed principally of nerve bodies and is concentrated in the cerebral cortex and the nuclei and basal ganglia.White matter is composed nerve cell processes which from tract connecting various parts of the brain with other. (kullabs.org)
• All vertebrates possess a conserved set of vestibular sensory epithelia that project, via the eighth nerve, to a conserved set of hindbrain vestibular structures: superior, lateral (or Deiters), medial and descending (inferior or spinal) vestibular nuclei ( Figure 1A ). (elifesciences.org)
• A ) Schematic diagrams of hindbrain coronal sections showing the four main vestibular nuclei of vertebrates that receive direct input form the VIIIth (vestibular) nerve. (elifesciences.org)
• B-C ) Schematic diagrams of hindbrain coronal sections depicting the mammalian ( B ) and avian ( C ) hindbrain first order auditory nuclei that receive direct input from the VIIIth (auditory) nerve and the main second order nuclei to which they project. (elifesciences.org)

Vestibulocochlear3

• The nerves that serve your special senses are the olfactory (cranial nerve I), the ocular (cranial nerve II) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). (newhealthadvisor.org)
• A series of cranial nerves, including the optic (CN II), oculomotor (CN III), trigeminal (CN V), the abducens (CN VI) and the combined facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves can be seen piercing the dura. (medstore.ie)
• Which type of reflex is the jaw-jerk reflex that is part of the cranial nerve exam for the vestibulocochlear nerve? (openstax.org)

Diplopia7

• Damage to the peripheral part of the abducens nerve will cause double vision (diplopia), due to the unopposed muscle tone of the medial rectus muscle. (wikipedia.org)
• Complete interruption of the peripheral sixth nerve causes diplopia (double vision), due to the unopposed action of the medial rectus muscle. (wikipedia.org)
• The condition was subsequently diagnosed as transient diplopia due to temporary paralysis of lateral rectus muscle due to involvement of the VI cranial nerve. (who.int)
• Blunt head injury also may be associated with nonspecific sixth cranial nerve (abducens) weakness and severe diplopia when gazing to the affected side. (medscape.com)
• Eye movement disorders: third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsies and other causes of diplopia and ocular misalignment. (medlineplus.gov)
• With increased pressure, the sixth cranial nerve (nerves abducens) that controls eyeball movements may not function properly and cause diplopia ( double vision ). (medicinenet.com)
• o Myasthenia Gravis (MG): Diplopia without pain is often the presenting complaint in MG. EYE PAIN: o The cornea is innervated by the Ophthalmic Nerve, CN V1. (kupdf.net)

Nucleus6

• The abducens nucleus is located in the pons, on the floor of the fourth ventricle, at the level of the facial colliculus. (wikipedia.org)
• citation needed] Motor axons leaving the abducens nucleus run ventrally and caudally through the pons. (wikipedia.org)
• [ 6 ] INO results from damage to interneurons within the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) coursing from the cranial nerve (CN) VI nucleus in the dorsomedial pons to the contralateral medial rectus subnucleus of CN III in the upper midbrain. (medscape.com)
• A somatic motor nerve originating in the abducens nucleus in the pons. (tabers.com)
• Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control. (ucdenver.edu)
• The corticobulbar fibers exit at the appropriate level of the brainstem to synapse on the lower motor neurons of the cranial nerves ( V, VII, IX, XII, the motor regions of cranial nerve X in the nucleus ambiguus. (recapem.com)

Nervus abducens1

• It was found that the nervus abducens was surrounded by arachnoid membrane and dural sheath at the petroclival region. (dergisi.org)

Palsies4

• In patients with cranial nerve palsies, steroids have been used to speed recovery by reducing inflammation, edema, and nerve compression. (medscape.com)
• This finding, in conjunction with retro-orbital pain, otorrhea, and ipsilateral sixth nerve palsies, led to the final diagnosis of Gradenigo syndrome. (medscape.com)
• The sixth and seventh nerve palsies improved slowly, and a decrease in the ear discharge, headache, and left orbital pain were noted. (medscape.com)
• Examples are a tumor at the jugular foramen, which causes cranial nerve palsies such as Collet-Sicard syndrome, involving the cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII, and Vernet syndrome, involving the cranial nerves IX, X, and XI. (statpearls.com)

Dorsal3

• It is the smallest cranial nerve and it supplies the dorsal oblique eye muscle. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• Both fibular nerves provide some innervation to the dorsal region of the foot as well. (qrpdxpropagationantennas.com)
• Nerves: dorsal rami of the spinal nerves. (tipilandia.es)

Nervous System11

• By: Anthony T. Villegas R. Overview of structures and functions: NERVOUS SYSTEM The functional unit of the nervous system is the nerve cells or neurons The nervous system is composed of the : Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord serves as a connecting link between the brain & the periphery. (bluerocktel.com)
• The neuronal cell bodies of a nerve's axons are in the brain, the spinal cord, or ganglia, but the nerves run only in the peripheral nervous system. (tabers.com)
• Nerves with axons that conduct electrochemical impulses toward the central nervous system (CNS) are afferent, nerves with axons that conduct impulses away from the CNS are efferent, and nerves with both afferent and efferent axons are mixed. (tabers.com)
• The overall goal of this course is to provide the foundation for understanding the impairments of sensation, action and cognition that accompany injury, disease or dysfunction in the central nervous system. (coursera.org)
• Their peripheral terminals (nerve endings) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the central nervous system. (lecturio.com)
• The nerves and ganglia are components of the ______ nervous system. (freezingblue.com)
• Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM . (nih.gov)
• The nervous system is built up of nerve cells, called neurons, which are supported and protected by other cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
• Nonmyelinated axons that are outside the central nervous system are enclosed only in a tubelike neurilemma sheath composed of Schwann cells, which are necessary for nerve regeneration. (thefreedictionary.com)
• Sensory (afferent) nerve fibers deliver impulses from receptor terminals in the skin and organs to the central nervous system via the peripheral nervous system. (thefreedictionary.com)
• These viruses can migrate with the help of sensory as well as motor nerve endings and have ability of retrograde as well as antegrade spread along the olfactory nervous system due to the unique anatomical organisation of olfactory nerves and olfactory bulb in the nasal cavity and fore brain. (neuroradiologycases.com)

Pons4

• The human abducens nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic pons. (wikipedia.org)
• Mass lesions that push the brainstem downward can damage the nerve by stretching it between the point where it emerges from the pons and the point where it hooks over the petrous temporal bone. (wikipedia.org)
• The Pons also serves as a point of origin for multiple different nerves . (sciencetrends.com)
• Burkett et al successfully visualized trigeminal fibers entering the pons at the nerve root entry zone (NREZ) and descending through the spinal trigeminal tract using robust diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI). (medscape.com)

Innervate7

• the inferior alveolar nerves innervate the lower teeth and gingivae. (tabers.com)
• The anterior superior alveolar nerves, branches of the infraorbital nerve (from CN V2), run in canals in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and innervate the upper incisors, canines, premolars, and often part of the first molar. (tabers.com)
• The posterior superior alveolar nerves (also from CN V2) innervate the rest of the upper molars. (tabers.com)
• The nerves that innervate the structures originating from the branchial arches are the trigeminal (cranial nerve V), facial (cranial nerve VII), glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve IX), vagus (cranial nerve X) and the spinal accessory (cranial nerve XI) nerves. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• The cranial nerves are twelve pairs of nerves that travel outside the skull via foramina to innervate various structures. (statpearls.com)
• The sensory fibers of the phrenic nerves innervate the pericardium , central part of the diaphragm , mediastinal pleura , diaphragmatic pleura and parietal peritoneum. (anatomy.app)
• The phrenic nerves are the only nerves that innervate the main respiratory muscle. (anatomy.app)

Anatomy5

• The anatomy of the abducens nerve at the petroclival region was defined in detail through microsurgical dissections in 4 cadavers and histological examination in one. (dergisi.org)
• Microscopic anatomy showing nerve cells from the brain. (qrpdxpropagationantennas.com)
• This activity reviews the anatomy of the nerve and describes the evaluation and treatment of accessory nerve injury. (statpearls.com)
• Review the anatomy of the accessory nerve. (statpearls.com)
• Most of the ascending ramus of the mandible and the zygomatic arch have been removed to demonstrate some of the infratemporal fossa anatomy, including the inferior alveolar artery and nerve and lingual nerve (resting on the medial pterygoid), the posterior deep temporal artery (resting on the lateral pterygoid), and the articulation of the mandibular condyle with the glenoid fossa. (medstore.ie)

Ipsilateral1

• Cranial nerve VI, also known as the abducens nerve, innervates the ipsilateral lateral rectus (LR), which functions to abduct the ipsilateral eye. (bluerocktel.com)

Somatic3

• It is a somatic efferent nerve. (wikipedia.org)
• The abducens nerve carries axons of type GSE, general somatic efferent. (wikipedia.org)
• The glans flaps are assembled by somatic and abducens nerves aferents centrally to the sternum and clavicle. (gatech.edu)

Peripheral Nerves2

• Nerves arising directly from the brain are called cranial nerves, while those arising from the spinal cord are called peripheral nerves. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• Benfotiamine is a synthetic vitamin B1 that is liposoluble than manifold increases his penetration in brain and peripheral nerves compared to thiamine. (biomedgrid.com)

Disorder5

• Cranial mononeuropathy VI is a nerve disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
• Because there are common nerve pathways through the skull, the same disorder that damages the sixth cranial nerve may affect other cranial nerves (such as the third or fourth cranial nerve). (medlineplus.gov)
• Neuropathy is a disorder caused by nerve damage. (wjmc.org)
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a CNS disorder that is characterized by both inflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms of brain and spinal cord injury. (medscape.com)
• People with hypoglossal nerve disorder have difficulty speaking, chewing, and swallowing. (msdmanuals.com)

Ophthalmic3

• It divides into three branches called the ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve and mandibular nerve. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• The ophthalmic nerve or V1 has a sensory function and it further subdivides into the lacrimal, the frontal, the nasociliary and the infratrochlear branches. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory. (medscape.com)

Vagus nerve6

• The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is a sensory nerve emerging from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and facial nerves, and innervating the lower part of the tympanic membrane and the floor of the external auditory canal. (tabers.com)
• The cranial roots of CN XI could be considered part of the vagus nerve when factoring in the function of the two nerves. (statpearls.com)
• It exits the skull through the jugular foramen adjacent to the vagus nerve. (statpearls.com)
• The accessory nerve leaves the jugular foramen along with the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and vagus nerve (CN X). It travels to the SCM, either superficial or deep, and then enters the trapezius muscle, where a major trunk of the accessory nerve converges with C2, C3, or both. (statpearls.com)
• It goes anteriorly over the medial aspect of the left subclavian artery and passes anterior to the aortic arch and left vagus nerve (CN X) . The left phrenic nerve also goes anterior to its corresponding pulmonary hilum. (anatomy.app)
• The posterior belly of the digastric angles superficially to obscure the internal and external carotid arteries and the internal jugular vein, which have been dissected from the carotid sheath (alongside the vagus nerve [CN X]). At the angle of the mandible, and along the inferior margin of the corpus, the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) rests just adjacent to the central tendon of the digastric and the external carotid artery. (medstore.ie)

Posterior9

• Lidocaine containing 1:80,000 epinephrine for right posterior superior alveolar nerve block was administered in the mucobuccal fold above the third molar to be extracted at our hospital. (who.int)
• The nerve may also be injured by diseases of the posterior fossa or skull base. (harvard.edu)
• You are afraid she might have injured the nerves in her posterior neck triangle. (mockdocs.org)
• [2] The spinal accessory nerve descends alongside the internal jugular vein, coursing posterior to the styloid process, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, and sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) before entering the posterior cervical triangle. (statpearls.com)
• The traveling pathway of this nerve provides a functional significance to the structures in the posterior neck. (statpearls.com)
• The most common cause for accessory nerve injury is iatrogenic, such as lymph node biopsies that involve the posterior triangle of the neck, neck surgeries including removal of a tumor, carotid or internal jugular vein surgeries, neck dissection (including radical, selective, and modified), or cosmetic surgery (e.g., facelift) from the mechanical stress exerted on the neck due to positioning throughout the procedure. (statpearls.com)
• The accessory nerve injury most likely occurs due to iatrogenic causes, such as posterior and lateral cervical triangle surgeries. (statpearls.com)
• The high likelihood of SAN injury with posterior and lateral neck surgeries led to exploring the various options with neck dissections such as radical, selective, and modified neck dissections in different studies. (statpearls.com)
• Once in the abdominal cavity, both nerves divide into three branches - anterior , lateral (anterolateral) and posterior . (anatomy.app)

Paralysis2

• There is less chance of recovery in case of complete paralysis of the sixth nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
• It follows facial paralysis and seems to be due to straying of the regenerating nerve fibers, some of those destined for the salivary glands going to the lacrimal glands. (thefreedictionary.com)

Supplies the lateral rectus2

• The abducens nerve supplies the lateral rectus muscle of the human eye. (wikipedia.org)
• the sixth cranial nerve (VI), which supplies the lateral rectus muscle of each eyeball, responsible for turning the eye outwards. (datasn.io)

Cavernous sinus3

• Other processes that can damage the sixth nerve include strokes (infarctions), demyelination, infections (e.g. meningitis), cavernous sinus diseases and various neuropathies. (wikipedia.org)
• Graz, 1998 (Austria) PMID 9420071 -- "Dose-response tolerance of the visual pathways and cranial nerves of the cavernous sinus to stereotactic radiosurgery. (wikibooks.org)
• Pittsburgh/MGH, 1993 PMID 8407394 -- "Tolerance of cranial nerves of the cavernous sinus to radiosurgery. (wikibooks.org)

Spinal nerves2

• The spinal nerves arise in the spinal cord, 31 pairs radiating to either side of the body: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. (thefreedictionary.com)
• The phrenic nerve originates primarily from the ventral ramus of the fourth cervical spinal nerve (C4) with additional branches from the C3 and C5 spinal nerves. (anatomy.app)

Sixth cranial7

• Kontzialis M, Choudhri AF, Patel VR, Subramanian PS, Ishii M, Gallia GL, Aygun N, Blitz AM. High-Resolution 3D Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Sixth Cranial Nerve: Anatomic and Pathologic Considerations by Segment. (ucdenver.edu)
• It affects the function of the sixth cranial (skull) nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
• Cranial mononeuropathy VI is damage to the sixth cranial nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
• When the sixth cranial nerve doesn't work properly, you can't turn your eye outward toward your ear. (medlineplus.gov)
• The sixth cranial nerve is responsible for sending signals to the lateral rectus muscle. (optometrists.org)
• When the sixth cranial nerve becomes damaged, it prevents the lateral rectus muscle from operating and results in an inward eye turn (esotropia) and double vision. (optometrists.org)
• It affects the sixth cranial nerve, which also helps control eye movement. (wjmc.org)

Disorders7

• Some of these disorders, such as tumors and brain abscesses, increase pressure within the skull and put pressure on (compress) the nerve. (msdmanuals.com)
• Other disorders, such as a blocked artery, interfere with blood flow to the nerve. (msdmanuals.com)
• thus, they can be considered cranial nerve disorders, neuro-ophthalmologic. (merckmanuals.com)
• The neuroanatomy of coma can be divided into three major categories: diffuse brain dysfunction or bithalamic injury, primary brain stem disorders, and secondary brain stem compression from supratentorial and infratentorial mass lesions. (mhmedical.com)
• Disorders of the 12th cranial nerve (hypoglossal nerve) cause weakness or wasting (atrophy) of the tongue on the affected side. (msdmanuals.com)
• Treatment of hypoglossal nerve disorders depends on the cause. (msdmanuals.com)
• Our understanding of disorders of consciousness has not kept pace with the advances in neurosurgical management that have decreased mortality following severe injury. (locked-in.com)

Brainstem6

• The nerve enters the subarachnoid space (more precisely, the pontine cistern) when it emerges from the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
• The long course of the abducens nerve between the brainstem and the eye makes it vulnerable to injury at many levels. (wikipedia.org)
• Whether nerve, brainstem, or muscle aplasia is the primary event has not been established. (medscape.com)
• When nerves in the brain or brainstem are affected, it is called cranial neuropathy. (wjmc.org)
• The cranial nerves are those that arise directly from your brain or brainstem. (wjmc.org)
• Schwannomas (neuromas) are benign tumors that arise from the nerve sheath (covering) of cranial nerves along-side the cerebellum and brainstem. (pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org)

Sheath1

• Medial to the femoral nerve is the femoral sheath, an extension of transversalis and iliopsoas fascia. (reviseanatomy.com)

Occur3

• Iatrogenic injury is also known to occur, with the abducens nerve being the most commonly injured cranial nerve in halo orthosis placement. (wikipedia.org)
• These occur when the immune system attacks one's own cranial nerves. (wjmc.org)
• This can occur because of severe cerebral edema , like after a traumatic head injury . (osmosis.org)

Eyeball2

• The oculomotor nerve serves to lift the eyelid, rotate the eyeball superiorly, and constrict the opening of the eye (pupil) on exposure to light. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• The eyelids serve multiple purposes including protecting the eyeball from injury, controlling the amount of light that enters the eye and also constantly lubricating the eyeball with tears secreted by the lacrimal gland during blinking. (drpetersakol.com)

Neck4

• Overview of the Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs of nerves-the cranial nerves-lead directly from the brain to various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. (msdmanuals.com)
• These nerves pass from the brain through openings in the skull called foramina, to supply various parts of the head and neck, although some have extensions to the body. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• Certain neck surgeries can result in iatrogenic injury to the accessory nerve. (statpearls.com)
• Which of the following nerves controls movements of the neck? (openstax.org)

Cranial neuropathies1

• If several different cranial nerves are affected, it is called multiple cranial neuropathies (MCN). (wjmc.org)

Accessory Nerve Injuries2

• Describe the common and less common etiologies of accessory nerve injuries. (statpearls.com)
• Outline the management considerations for patients with accessory nerve injuries. (statpearls.com)

Axons3

• Visceral motor nerves can contain pre- or postganglionic sympathetic or parasympathetic axons. (unboundmedicine.com)
• The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. (nih.gov)
• Finally, upper motor neuron axons synapse onto lower motor nerves within the anterior horn of the spinal cord grey matter. (recapem.com)

Conduction1

• The assessment of nerve injury includes a careful neurological examination, sometimes accompanied by tests, e.g., electromyography or nerve conduction studies. (tabers.com)

Dysfunction1

• Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. (liu.edu)

Phrenic7

• Nerve: phrenic, lower six intercostals. (tipilandia.es)
• However, the right and left phrenic nerves have slightly different courses in the thorax described below. (anatomy.app)
• The right phrenic nerve passes anteriorly over the lateral aspect of the right subclavian artery and enters the thorax via the superior thoracic aperture. (anatomy.app)
• After passing lateral to the right atrium and ventricle of the heart, the right phrenic nerve enters the abdominal cavity by either piercing the diaphragm near its caval foramen or by going through it. (anatomy.app)
• The left phrenic nerve also descends into the thorax via the superior thoracic aperture. (anatomy.app)
• The left phrenic nerve continues to descend along the left ventricle of the heart and pierces the diaphragm at its central tendon near the apex of the heart. (anatomy.app)
• The motor fibers of the phrenic nerves supply only the diaphragm and are the sole sources of its motor innervation. (anatomy.app)

Idiopathic1

• suggested in a study that idiopathic brachial plexitis may affect the accessory nerve and could be sparked by surgeries. (statpearls.com)

Motor nerve2

• This is a motor nerve that controls the movement of the eyes. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• 4 transmission of message by motor nerve or effector nerve towards the effective region. (kullabs.org)

Sympathetic2

• A sympathetic nerve to the heart that carries impulses that speed the heart rate. (tabers.com)
• Nerve: primarily parasympathetic S2-S4 , secondarily sympathetic TL2. (tipilandia.es)

Mandibular nerve3

• A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (tabers.com)
• The mandibular nerve or V3 has mixed sensory and motor functions. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• The motor root passes under the ganglion to join the sensory division of the mandibular nerve and exits the skull through foramen ovale. (medscape.com)

Oculomotor nerve5

• Damage to the oculomotor nerve may result in abnormal eye movements (strabismus) or absence of pupillary light reflexes. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• After oculomotor nerve injury, when the central nerve stump is not available, neurotization of the distal nerve stump with a donor nerve may be performed. (elsevier.com)
• Here, we present an experimental anatomic study in rats related to the motor nuclear organization after facial-to-oculomotor nerve anastomosis. (elsevier.com)
• METHODS: In adult rats, the right oculomotor nerve was transected at the skull base. (elsevier.com)
• The other extremity of the nerve autograft was connected end-to-end to the distal stump of the transected oculomotor nerve. (elsevier.com)

Hypoglossal nerve5

• Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
• This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
• Below are the most recent publications written about "Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
• Radiology quiz case 2: hypoglossal nerve schwannoma of the submandibularspace. (harvard.edu)
• Paraganglioma of the hypoglossal nerve. (harvard.edu)

Disease4

• Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease where the immune system attacks the healthy nerve. (optometrists.org)
• For example, Lyme disease often affects the seventh nerve. (wjmc.org)
• Injury and disease to these parts of our brain can result in a variety of complex neurological problems, which can even have life threatening consequences. (osmosis.org)
• Syringomyelia, brachial neuritis, poliomyelitis, and motor neuron disease are other possible causes of CN XI injury. (statpearls.com)

Anterior4

• Our aim was to gather data about the variation of cranial nerve locations in diverse petroclival pathologies and clarify the most common pathologic variations confirmed during the anterior petrosal approach. (elsevier.com)
• This bone forms the anterior part of the thoracic cage , thus participating in the protection of internal thoracic organs from injury. (anatomy.app)
• The Femoral nerve also supplies sensation to the anterior and medial aspect of the thigh via anterior cutaneous branches. (reviseanatomy.com)
• Which nerve is responsible for taste, as well as salivation, in the anterior oral cavity? (openstax.org)

Neurons2

• The pathophysiologic mechanisms involve overactivity of intracranial and extracranial nociceptors Nociceptors Peripheral afferent neurons which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. (lecturio.com)
• a cluster of nerve cell bodies (neurons) on a peripheral nerve is called a ganglion. (thefreedictionary.com)

Sensory nerve3

• This sensory nerve enables you to have the sense of smell (olfaction). (newhealthadvisor.org)
• This sensory nerve transforms information from the environment into visual images to the brain. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• The maxillary nerve or V2 is also a sensory nerve that branches further into an infraorbital, the zygomatic, andthe pterygopalatine nerves. (newhealthadvisor.org)

Brain14

• A nerve that conducts impulses toward the brain or spinal cord. (tabers.com)
• We now begin in earnest our lessons on neuroanatomy with the surface of the human brain, including a brief run through the cranial nerves and the blood supply to the CNS. (coursera.org)
• The cranial nerves each have a name, but they are also known by their corresponding Roman numerals, which name them from the topmost to the bottommost location of origin in the brain. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• In answeringthe question, it is helpful to begin with some knowledge about the three groups of nerves coming from the brain. (newhealthadvisor.org)
• What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)? (optometrists.org)
• What Are Acquired Brain Injuries? (optometrists.org)
• The largest at-risk group for suffering a brain injury are males between 40 and 49 years old. (optometrists.org)
• Acquired brain injury (ABI). (optometrists.org)
• Can the eyes and visual system be affected by a brain injury? (optometrists.org)
• Yes, Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in significant vision problems, unfortunately these often remain undiagnosed for years, dramatically impacting the quality of life. (optometrists.org)
• The brain and spinal cord are protected from injuries by cerebrospinal fluid, which is produced and simultaneously absorbed by the blood vessels such that the amount of fluid remains the same. (medicinenet.com)
• for anoxic brain injury, failure to recover pupillary responses or corneal reflexes in the first 24 hours is a poor prognostic sign. (mhmedical.com)
• The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. (nih.gov)
• As the accessory nerve travels down and away from the brain, the cranial and spinal pieces of the nerve come together to form the spinal accessory nerve (SAN). (statpearls.com)

Traumatic injury2

• The chances of recovery are less in children than in adults in case of traumatic injury of the nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
• Elderly patients have no greater risk of traumatic injury compared with visiting a medical practitioner for neuro-musculoskeletal problems, however some underlying conditions may increase risk. (biomedcentral.com)

Skull3

• 4 Keio Üniversitesi Nöroşirürji, AB.D., Tokyo IAdvances in skull base surgery increased the clinical importance of the petroclival part of the abducens nerve. (dergisi.org)
• Sometimes cancer can press on cranial nerves as they run through the skull. (wjmc.org)
• The spinal accessory nerve is formed by the fusion of cranial and spinal contributions within the skull base. (statpearls.com)

Ganglia1

• Grouped and interconnected ganglia form a plexus, or nerve center. (thefreedictionary.com)