Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (from Stedman, 25th ed)
The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.
Diseases of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve or its nucleus in the midbrain. The nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. Clinical manifestations include weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes vertical DIPLOPIA that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly. Head tilt may be seen as a compensatory mechanism for diplopia and rotation of the visual axis. Common etiologies include CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.
Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles.
Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.
The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)
The 4th cranial nerve. The trochlear nerve carries the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscles of the eye.
The outer margins of the ABDOMEN, extending from the osteocartilaginous thoracic cage to the PELVIS. Though its major part is muscular, the abdominal wall consists of at least seven layers: the SKIN, subcutaneous fat, deep FASCIA; ABDOMINAL MUSCLES, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, and the parietal PERITONEUM.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
Disorders that feature impairment of eye movements as a primary manifestation of disease. These conditions may be divided into infranuclear, nuclear, and supranuclear disorders. Diseases of the eye muscles or oculomotor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) are considered infranuclear. Nuclear disorders are caused by disease of the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nuclei in the BRAIN STEM. Supranuclear disorders are produced by dysfunction of higher order sensory and motor systems that control eye movements, including neural networks in the CEREBRAL CORTEX; BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM; and BRAIN STEM. Ocular torticollis refers to a head tilt that is caused by an ocular misalignment. Opsoclonus refers to rapid, conjugate oscillations of the eyes in multiple directions, which may occur as a parainfectious or paraneoplastic condition (e.g., OPSOCLONUS-MYOCLONUS SYNDROME). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p240)
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.
Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.
A long flat muscle that extends along the whole length of both sides of the abdomen. It flexes the vertebral column, particularly the lumbar portion; it also tenses the anterior abdominal wall and assists in compressing the abdominal contents. It is frequently the site of hematomas. In reconstructive surgery it is often used for the creation of myocutaneous flaps. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th American ed, p491)
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.
These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.
A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction.
Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.
Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.
The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.
Fractures of the bones in the orbit, which include parts of the frontal, ethmoidal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and the maxilla and zygoma.
Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.
Developmental events leading to the formation of adult muscular system, which includes differentiation of the various types of muscle cell precursors, migration of myoblasts, activation of myogenesis and development of muscle anchorage.
Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.
A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle.
Respiratory muscles that arise from the lower border of one rib and insert into the upper border of the adjoining rib, and contract during inspiration or respiration. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.
An abnormal twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis.
The ventral rami of the thoracic nerves from segments T1 through T11. The intercostal nerves supply motor and sensory innervation to the thorax and abdomen. The skin and muscles supplied by a given pair are called, respectively, a dermatome and a myotome.
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. With a complete oculomotor palsy, the eyelid will be paralyzed, the eye will be in an abducted and inferior position, and the pupil will be markedly dilated. Commonly associated conditions include neoplasms, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, ischemia (especially in association with DIABETES MELLITUS), and aneurysmal compression. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p270)
That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.
The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.
The resection or removal of the innervation of a muscle or muscle tissue.
The position or attitude of the body.
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.
Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type I MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have low ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment.
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
Fibrous bands or cords of CONNECTIVE TISSUE at the ends of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that serve to attach the MUSCLES to bones and other structures.
Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SMOOTH MUSCLE).
Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.
The act of BREATHING in.
The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus).
Muscular contractions characterized by increase in tension without change in length.
Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
Family of large marine CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA. These are called clawed lobsters because they bear pincers on the first three pairs of legs. The American lobster and Cape lobster in the genus Homarus are commonly used for food.
Non-therapeutic positive end-expiratory pressure occurring frequently in patients with severe airway obstruction. It can appear with or without the administration of external positive end-expiratory pressure (POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION). It presents an important load on the inspiratory muscles which are operating at a mechanical disadvantage due to hyperinflation. Auto-PEEP may cause profound hypotension that should be treated by intravascular volume expansion, increasing the time for expiration, and/or changing from assist mode to intermittent mandatory ventilation mode. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1127)
The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.
One of two types of muscle in the body, characterized by the array of bands observed under microscope. Striated muscles can be divided into two subtypes: the CARDIAC MUSCLE and the SKELETAL MUSCLE.

The abdominal muscles, also known as the abdominals or abs, are a group of muscles in the anterior (front) wall of the abdominopelvic cavity. They play a crucial role in maintaining posture, supporting the trunk, and facilitating movement of the torso. The main abdominal muscles include:

1. Rectus Abdominis: These are the pair of long, flat muscles that run vertically along the middle of the anterior abdominal wall. They are often referred to as the "six-pack" muscles due to their visible, segmented appearance in well-trained individuals. The primary function of the rectus abdominis is to flex the spine, allowing for actions such as sitting up from a lying down position or performing a crunch exercise.

2. External Obliques: These are the largest and most superficial of the oblique muscles, located on the lateral (side) aspects of the abdominal wall. They run diagonally downward and forward from the lower ribs to the iliac crest (the upper part of the pelvis) and the pubic tubercle (a bony prominence at the front of the pelvis). The external obliques help rotate and flex the trunk, as well as assist in side-bending and exhalation.

3. Internal Obliques: These muscles lie deep to the external obliques and run diagonally downward and backward from the lower ribs to the iliac crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba (the strong band of connective tissue that runs vertically along the midline of the abdomen). The internal obliques help rotate and flex the trunk, as well as assist in forced exhalation and increasing intra-abdominal pressure during actions such as coughing or lifting heavy objects.

4. Transversus Abdominis: This is the deepest of the abdominal muscles, located inner to both the internal obliques and the rectus sheath (a strong, fibrous covering that surrounds the rectus abdominis). The transversus abdominis runs horizontally around the abdomen, attaching to the lower six ribs, the thoracolumbar fascia (a broad sheet of connective tissue spanning from the lower back to the pelvis), and the pubic crest (the front part of the pelvic bone). The transversus abdominis helps maintain core stability by compressing the abdominal contents and increasing intra-abdominal pressure.

Together, these muscles form the muscular "corset" of the abdomen, providing support, stability, and flexibility to the trunk. They also play a crucial role in respiration, posture, and various movements such as bending, twisting, and lifting.

The oculomotor muscles are a group of extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye. They include:

1. Superior rectus: This muscle is responsible for elevating the eye and helping with inward rotation (intorsion) when looking downwards.
2. Inferior rectus: It depresses the eye and helps with outward rotation (extorsion) when looking upwards.
3. Medial rectus: This muscle adducts, or moves, the eye towards the midline of the face.
4. Inferior oblique: The inferior oblique muscle intorts and elevates the eye.
5. Superior oblique: It extorts and depresses the eye.

These muscles work together to allow for smooth and precise movements of the eyes, enabling tasks such as tracking moving objects, reading, and maintaining visual fixation on a single point in space.

The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye. It innervates the superior oblique muscle, which helps in depressing and rotating the eye downwards and outwards. Trochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and impair its function, leading to symptoms such as double vision (diplopia), vertical misalignment of the eyes, and difficulty with depth perception.

Trochlear nerve diseases can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, inflammation, infection, or tumors. Some common conditions that affect the trochlear nerve include:

1. Trochlear nerve palsy: This is a weakness or paralysis of the trochlear nerve, which can cause vertical and torsional diplopia, especially when looking downwards or to the side. It can be congenital or acquired due to trauma, compression, or other causes.
2. Aneurysm: Aneurysms in the vicinity of the trochlear nerve can compress or damage it, leading to palsy and diplopia.
3. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) due to infection or other causes can affect the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.
4. Multiple sclerosis (MS): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, including the cranial nerves. MS can cause demyelination of the trochlear nerve, leading to palsy and diplopia.
5. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at risk of developing diabetic neuropathy, which can affect any peripheral nerve, including the trochlear nerve.
6. Tumors: Space-occupying lesions in the brain or skull base, such as meningiomas, schwannomas, or pituitary adenomas, can compress the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.

The diagnosis of trochlear nerve diseases involves a thorough neurological examination, including assessment of eye movements and alignment. Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans may be ordered to identify any structural lesions causing compression or damage to the nerve. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve surgical intervention, medication, or observation.

Ophthalmoplegia is a medical term that refers to the paralysis or weakness of the eye muscles, which can result in double vision (diplopia) or difficulty moving the eyes. It can be caused by various conditions, including nerve damage, muscle disorders, or neurological diseases such as myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmoplegia can affect one or more eye muscles and can be partial or complete. Depending on the underlying cause, ophthalmoplegia may be treatable with medications, surgery, or other interventions.

A muscle is a soft tissue in our body that contracts to produce force and motion. It is composed mainly of specialized cells called muscle fibers, which are bound together by connective tissue. There are three types of muscles: skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac. Skeletal muscles attach to bones and help in movement, while smooth muscles are found within the walls of organs and blood vessels, helping with functions like digestion and circulation. Cardiac muscle is the specific type that makes up the heart, allowing it to pump blood throughout the body.

Diplopia is a medical term that refers to the condition where a person sees two images of a single object. It is commonly known as double vision. This can occur due to various reasons, such as nerve damage or misalignment of the eyes. Diplopia can be temporary or chronic and can affect one or both eyes. If you're experiencing diplopia, it's essential to consult an eye care professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is a motor nerve that originates from the midbrain. It controls the majority of the eye muscles, including the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that raises the upper eyelid, and the extraocular muscles that enable various movements of the eye such as looking upward, downward, inward, and outward. Additionally, it carries parasympathetic fibers responsible for pupillary constriction and accommodation (focusing on near objects). Damage to this nerve can result in various ocular motor disorders, including strabismus, ptosis, and pupillary abnormalities.

Strabismus is a condition of the ocular muscles where the eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions. One eye may turn inward, outward, upward, or downward while the other one remains fixed and aligns normally. This misalignment can occur occasionally or constantly. Strabismus is also commonly referred to as crossed eyes or walleye. The condition can lead to visual impairments such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and depth perception problems if not treated promptly and effectively, usually through surgery, glasses, or vision therapy.

The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is a nerve that originates in the midbrain and innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. This muscle helps with the downward and outward movement of the eye, playing a crucial role in controlling eye movements and maintaining binocular vision. The trochlear nerve's main function is to provide motor (efferent) innervation to the superior oblique muscle, enabling fine-tuning of eye movements during activities such as reading, writing, or driving. Damage to this nerve can result in vertical diplopia (double vision), strabismus (eye misalignment), and other visual impairments.

The abdominal wall refers to the group of muscles, fascia (sheaths of connective tissue), and skin that make up the front and sides of the abdomen, extending from the thorax (chest) to the pelvis. It provides protection to the abdominal organs, supports the trunk, and allows for movement of the torso.

The main muscles of the anterior abdominal wall include:

1. Rectus sheaths (Rectus Abdominis): paired vertical muscles running from the pubic symphysis to the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7.
2. External obliques: thin, irregular muscles that lie over the lower part of the abdomen and run diagonally downward and forward from the lower ribs to the iliac crest (pelvic bone) and pubic tubercle.
3. Internal obliques: thicker muscles that lie under the external obliques, running diagonally upward and forward from the iliac crest to the lower ribs.
4. Transverse abdominis: deepest of the abdominal muscles, lying horizontally across the abdomen, attaching from the lower ribs to the pelvis.

These muscles are interconnected by various layers of fascia and aponeuroses (flat, broad tendons), forming a complex structure that allows for both stability and mobility. The linea alba, a fibrous band, runs down the midline of the anterior abdominal wall, connecting the rectus sheaths.

Damage to the abdominal wall can occur due to trauma, surgery, or various medical conditions, which may require surgical intervention for repair.

Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.

EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.

EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.

Ocular motility disorders refer to a group of conditions that affect the movement of the eyes. These disorders can result from nerve damage, muscle dysfunction, or brain injuries. They can cause abnormal eye alignment, limited range of motion, and difficulty coordinating eye movements. Common symptoms include double vision, blurry vision, strabismus (crossed eyes), nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), and difficulty tracking moving objects. Ocular motility disorders can be congenital or acquired and may require medical intervention to correct or manage the condition.

Muscle contraction is the physiological process in which muscle fibers shorten and generate force, leading to movement or stability of a body part. This process involves the sliding filament theory where thick and thin filaments within the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscles) slide past each other, facilitated by the interaction between myosin heads and actin filaments. The energy required for this action is provided by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary, and they play a crucial role in various bodily functions such as locomotion, circulation, respiration, and posture maintenance.

Ophthalmologic surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries performed on the eye and its surrounding structures by trained medical professionals called ophthalmologists. These procedures aim to correct or improve vision, diagnose and treat eye diseases or injuries, and enhance the overall health and functionality of the eye. Some common examples of ophthalmologic surgical procedures include:

1. Cataract Surgery: This procedure involves removing a cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).
2. LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis): A type of refractive surgery that uses a laser to reshape the cornea, correcting nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
3. Glaucoma Surgery: Several surgical options are available for treating glaucoma, including laser trabeculoplasty, traditional trabeculectomy, and various drainage device implantations. These procedures aim to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) and prevent further optic nerve damage.
4. Corneal Transplant: This procedure involves replacing a damaged or diseased cornea with a healthy donor cornea to restore vision and improve the eye's appearance.
5. Vitreoretinal Surgery: These procedures focus on treating issues within the vitreous humor (gel-like substance filling the eye) and the retina, such as retinal detachment, macular holes, or diabetic retinopathy.
6. Strabismus Surgery: This procedure aims to correct misalignment of the eyes (strabismus) by adjusting the muscles responsible for eye movement.
7. Oculoplastic Surgery: These procedures involve reconstructive, cosmetic, and functional surgeries around the eye, such as eyelid repair, removal of tumors, or orbital fracture repairs.
8. Pediatric Ophthalmologic Procedures: Various surgical interventions are performed on children to treat conditions like congenital cataracts, amblyopia (lazy eye), or blocked tear ducts.

These are just a few examples of ophthalmic surgical procedures. The specific treatment plan will depend on the individual's condition and overall health.

The rectus abdominis is a paired, flat, and long muscle in the anterior (front) wall of the abdomen. It runs from the pubic symphysis (the joint where the two pubic bones meet in the front of the pelvis) to the xiphoid process (the lower end of the sternum or breastbone) and costal cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs.

The rectus abdominis is responsible for flexing the lumbar spine (lower back), which helps in bending forward or sitting up from a lying down position. It also contributes to maintaining proper posture and stabilizing the pelvis and spine. The muscle's visibility, especially in its lower portion, is often associated with a "six-pack" appearance in well-trained individuals.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

Muscle proteins are a type of protein that are found in muscle tissue and are responsible for providing structure, strength, and functionality to muscles. The two major types of muscle proteins are:

1. Contractile proteins: These include actin and myosin, which are responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. They work together to cause muscle movement by sliding along each other and shortening the muscle fibers.
2. Structural proteins: These include titin, nebulin, and desmin, which provide structural support and stability to muscle fibers. Titin is the largest protein in the human body and acts as a molecular spring that helps maintain the integrity of the sarcomere (the basic unit of muscle contraction). Nebulin helps regulate the length of the sarcomere, while desmin forms a network of filaments that connects adjacent muscle fibers together.

Overall, muscle proteins play a critical role in maintaining muscle health and function, and their dysregulation can lead to various muscle-related disorders such as muscular dystrophy, myopathies, and sarcopenia.

Respiratory muscles are a group of muscles involved in the process of breathing. They include the diaphragm, intercostal muscles (located between the ribs), scalene muscles (located in the neck), and abdominal muscles. These muscles work together to allow the chest cavity to expand or contract, which draws air into or pushes it out of the lungs. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for breathing, contracting to increase the volume of the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs during inhalation. The intercostal muscles help to further expand the ribcage, while the abdominal muscles assist in exhaling by compressing the abdomen and pushing up on the diaphragm.

Exotropia is a type of ocular misalignment or strabismus, where one eye turns outward (towards the ear) while the other eye remains aligned straight ahead. This condition can be constant or intermittent and may result in limited or absent depth perception, double vision, and in some cases, amblyopia (lazy eye). Exotropia is typically diagnosed during childhood through a comprehensive eye examination by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. Treatment options include eyeglasses, prism lenses, vision therapy, or surgery, depending on the severity and frequency of the misalignment.

Smooth muscle, also known as involuntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and functions without conscious effort. These muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels, as well as in the eyes, skin, and other areas of the body.

Smooth muscle fibers are shorter and narrower than skeletal muscle fibers and do not have striations or sarcomeres, which give skeletal muscle its striped appearance. Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system through the release of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, which bind to receptors on the smooth muscle cells and cause them to contract or relax.

Smooth muscle plays an important role in many physiological processes, including digestion, circulation, respiration, and elimination. It can also contribute to various medical conditions, such as hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and genitourinary dysfunction, when it becomes overactive or underactive.

A diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. It plays a vital role in the process of breathing as it contracts and flattens to draw air into the lungs (inhalation) and relaxes and returns to its domed shape to expel air out of the lungs (exhalation).

In addition, a diaphragm is also a type of barrier method of birth control. It is a flexible dome-shaped device made of silicone that fits over the cervix inside the vagina. When used correctly and consistently, it prevents sperm from entering the uterus and fertilizing an egg, thereby preventing pregnancy.

Skeletal muscle fibers, also known as striated muscle fibers, are the type of muscle cells that make up skeletal muscles, which are responsible for voluntary movements of the body. These muscle fibers are long, cylindrical, and multinucleated, meaning they contain multiple nuclei. They are surrounded by a connective tissue layer called the endomysium, and many fibers are bundled together into fascicles, which are then surrounded by another layer of connective tissue called the perimysium.

Skeletal muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, which are long, thread-like structures that run the length of the fiber. Myofibrils contain repeating units called sarcomeres, which are responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers. Sarcomeres are composed of thick and thin filaments, which slide past each other during muscle contraction to shorten the sarcomere and generate force.

Skeletal muscle fibers can be further classified into two main types based on their contractile properties: slow-twitch (type I) and fast-twitch (type II). Slow-twitch fibers have a high endurance capacity and are used for sustained, low-intensity activities such as maintaining posture. Fast-twitch fibers, on the other hand, have a higher contractile speed and force generation capacity but fatigue more quickly and are used for powerful, explosive movements.

A smooth muscle within the vascular system refers to the involuntary, innervated muscle that is found in the walls of blood vessels. These muscles are responsible for controlling the diameter of the blood vessels, which in turn regulates blood flow and blood pressure. They are called "smooth" muscles because their individual muscle cells do not have the striations, or cross-striped patterns, that are observed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Smooth muscle in the vascular system is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and by hormones, and can contract or relax slowly over a period of time.

Orbital fractures refer to breaks in the bones that make up the eye socket, also known as the orbit. These bones include the maxilla, zygoma, frontal bone, and palatine bone. Orbital fractures can occur due to trauma, such as a blunt force injury or a penetrating wound.

There are several types of orbital fractures, including:

1. Blowout fracture: This occurs when the thin bone of the orbital floor is broken, often due to a direct blow to the eye. The force of the impact can cause the eyeball to move backward, breaking the bone and sometimes trapping the muscle that moves the eye (the inferior rectus).
2. Blow-in fracture: This type of fracture involves the breakage of the orbital roof, which is the bone that forms the upper boundary of the orbit. It typically occurs due to high-impact trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a significant height.
3. Direct fracture: A direct fracture happens when there is a break in one or more of the bones that form the walls of the orbit. This type of fracture can result from a variety of traumas, including motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and assaults.
4. Indirect fracture: An indirect fracture occurs when the force of an injury is transmitted to the orbit through tissues surrounding it, causing the bone to break. The most common type of indirect orbital fracture is a blowout fracture.

Orbital fractures can cause various symptoms, including pain, swelling, bruising, and double vision. In some cases, the fracture may also lead to enophthalmos (sinking of the eye into the orbit) or telecanthus (increased distance between the inner corners of the eyes). Imaging tests, such as CT scans, are often used to diagnose orbital fractures and determine the best course of treatment. Treatment may include observation, pain management, and in some cases, surgery to repair the fracture and restore normal function.

In medical terms, the orbit refers to the bony cavity or socket in the skull that contains and protects the eye (eyeball) and its associated structures, including muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and the lacrimal gland. The orbit is made up of several bones: the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla bone, and palatine bone. These bones form a pyramid-like shape that provides protection for the eye while also allowing for a range of movements.

Muscle development, also known as muscle hypertrophy, refers to the increase in size and mass of the muscles through a process called myofiber growth. This is primarily achieved through resistance or strength training exercises that cause micro-tears in the muscle fibers, leading to an inflammatory response and the release of hormones that promote muscle growth. As the muscles repair themselves, they become larger and stronger than before. Proper nutrition, including adequate protein intake, and rest are also essential components of muscle development.

It is important to note that while muscle development can lead to an increase in strength and muscular endurance, it does not necessarily result in improved athletic performance or overall fitness. A well-rounded exercise program that includes cardiovascular activity, flexibility training, and resistance exercises is recommended for optimal health and fitness outcomes.

Eye movements, also known as ocular motility, refer to the voluntary or involuntary motion of the eyes that allows for visual exploration of our environment. There are several types of eye movements, including:

1. Saccades: rapid, ballistic movements that quickly shift the gaze from one point to another.
2. Pursuits: smooth, slow movements that allow the eyes to follow a moving object.
3. Vergences: coordinated movements of both eyes in opposite directions, usually in response to a three-dimensional stimulus.
4. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR): automatic eye movements that help stabilize the gaze during head movement.
5. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN): rhythmic eye movements that occur in response to large moving visual patterns, such as when looking out of a moving vehicle.

Abnormalities in eye movements can indicate neurological or ophthalmological disorders and are often assessed during clinical examinations.

Muscle fatigue is a condition characterized by a reduction in the ability of a muscle to generate force or power, typically after prolonged or strenuous exercise. It is often accompanied by sensations of tiredness, weakness, and discomfort in the affected muscle(s). The underlying mechanisms of muscle fatigue are complex and involve both peripheral factors (such as changes in muscle metabolism, ion handling, and neuromuscular transmission) and central factors (such as changes in the nervous system's ability to activate muscles). Muscle fatigue can also occur as a result of various medical conditions or medications that impair muscle function.

The intercostal muscles are a group of muscles located between the ribs (intercostal spaces) in the thoracic region of the body. They play a crucial role in the process of breathing by assisting in the expansion and contraction of the chest wall during inspiration and expiration.

There are two sets of intercostal muscles: the external intercostals and the internal intercostals. The external intercostals run from the lower edge of one rib to the upper edge of the next lower rib, forming a layer that extends from the tubercles of the ribs down to the costochondral junctions (where the rib meets the cartilage). These muscles help elevate the ribcage during inspiration.

The internal intercostals are deeper and run in the opposite direction, originating at the lower edge of a rib and inserting into the upper edge of the next higher rib. They assist in lowering the ribcage during expiration.

Additionally, there is a third layer called the innermost intercostal muscles, which are even deeper than the internal intercostals and have similar functions. The intercostal membranes connect the ends of the ribs and complete the muscle layers between the ribs. Together, these muscles help maintain the structural integrity of the chest wall and contribute to respiratory function.

Esotropia is a type of ocular misalignment, also known as strabismus, in which one eye turns inward toward the nose. This condition can be constant or intermittent and may result in double vision or loss of depth perception. Esotropia is often classified based on its cause, age of onset, and frequency. Common forms include congenital esotropia, acquired esotropia, and accommodative esotropia. Treatment typically involves corrective eyewear, eye exercises, or surgery to realign the eyes.

A "torsion abnormality" is not a standard medical term, but I believe you are asking about torsional deformities or abnormalities related to torsion. Torsion refers to a twisting force or movement that can cause structures to rotate around their long axis. In the context of medical definitions:

Torsional abnormality could refer to a congenital or acquired condition where anatomical structures, such as blood vessels, muscles, tendons, or bones, are twisted or rotated in an abnormal way. This can lead to various complications depending on the structure involved and the degree of torsion.

For instance, in congenital torsional deformities of long bones (like tibia or femur), the rotation of the bone axis can cause issues with gait, posture, and joint function. In some cases, this may require surgical intervention to correct the abnormality.

In the context of vascular torsion abnormalities, such as mesenteric torsion, it could lead to bowel ischemia due to the twisting of blood vessels that supply the intestines. This can be a surgical emergency and requires immediate intervention to restore blood flow and prevent further damage.

It's essential to consult with a medical professional for a precise diagnosis and treatment options if you or someone else experiences symptoms related to torsional abnormalities.

Intercostal nerves are the bundles of nerve fibers that originate from the thoracic spinal cord (T1 to T11) and provide sensory and motor innervation to the thorax, abdomen, and walls of the chest. They run between the ribs (intercostal spaces), hence the name intercostal nerves.

Each intercostal nerve has two components:

1. The lateral cutaneous branch: This branch provides sensory innervation to the skin on the side of the chest wall and abdomen.
2. The anterior cutaneous branch: This branch provides sensory innervation to the skin on the front of the chest and abdomen.

Additionally, each intercostal nerve also gives off a muscular branch that supplies motor innervation to the intercostal muscles (the muscles between the ribs) and the upper abdominal wall muscles. The lowest intercostal nerve (T11) also provides sensory innervation to a small area of skin over the buttock.

Intercostal nerves are important in clinical practice, as they can be affected by various conditions such as herpes zoster (shingles), rib fractures, or thoracic outlet syndrome, leading to pain and sensory changes in the chest wall.

In medical terms, pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area on an object or body surface. It is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in clinical settings. For example, blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries and is recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (when the heart beats and pushes blood out) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats).

Pressure can also refer to the pressure exerted on a wound or incision to help control bleeding, or the pressure inside the skull or spinal canal. High or low pressure in different body systems can indicate various medical conditions and require appropriate treatment.

The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is responsible for controlling several important eye movements and functions. Oculomotor nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can lead to various symptoms related to eye movement and function. Here's a medical definition of oculomotor nerve diseases:

Oculomotor nerve diseases are a group of medical disorders characterized by the dysfunction or damage to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), resulting in impaired eye movements, abnormalities in pupillary response, and potential effects on eyelid position. These conditions can be congenital, acquired, or traumatic in nature and may lead to partial or complete paralysis of the nerve. Common oculomotor nerve diseases include oculomotor nerve palsy, third nerve ganglionopathies, and compressive oculomotor neuropathies caused by various pathologies such as aneurysms, tumors, or infections.

The abdomen refers to the portion of the body that lies between the thorax (chest) and the pelvis. It is a musculo-fascial cavity containing the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. The abdominal cavity is divided into several regions and quadrants for medical description and examination purposes. These include the upper and lower abdomen, as well as nine quadrants formed by the intersection of the midline and a horizontal line drawn at the level of the umbilicus (navel).

The major organs located within the abdominal cavity include:

1. Stomach - muscular organ responsible for initial digestion of food
2. Small intestine - long, coiled tube where most nutrient absorption occurs
3. Large intestine - consists of the colon and rectum; absorbs water and stores waste products
4. Liver - largest internal organ, involved in protein synthesis, detoxification, and metabolism
5. Pancreas - secretes digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin
6. Spleen - filters blood and removes old red blood cells
7. Kidneys - pair of organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine
8. Adrenal glands - sit atop each kidney, produce hormones that regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response

The abdomen is an essential part of the human body, playing a crucial role in digestion, absorption, and elimination of food and waste materials, as well as various metabolic processes.

Respiratory mechanics refers to the biomechanical properties and processes that involve the movement of air through the respiratory system during breathing. It encompasses the mechanical behavior of the lungs, chest wall, and the muscles of respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Respiratory mechanics includes several key components:

1. **Compliance**: The ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand and recoil during breathing. High compliance means that the structures can easily expand and recoil, while low compliance indicates greater resistance to expansion and recoil.
2. **Resistance**: The opposition to airflow within the respiratory system, primarily due to the friction between the air and the airway walls. Airway resistance is influenced by factors such as airway diameter, length, and the viscosity of the air.
3. **Lung volumes and capacities**: These are the amounts of air present in the lungs during different phases of the breathing cycle. They include tidal volume (the amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing), inspiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume), expiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume), and residual volume (the air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum exhalation).
4. **Work of breathing**: The energy required to overcome the resistance and elastic forces during breathing. This work is primarily performed by the respiratory muscles, which contract to generate negative intrathoracic pressure and expand the chest wall, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
5. **Pressure-volume relationships**: These describe how changes in lung volume are associated with changes in pressure within the respiratory system. Important pressure components include alveolar pressure (the pressure inside the alveoli), pleural pressure (the pressure between the lungs and the chest wall), and transpulmonary pressure (the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures).

Understanding respiratory mechanics is crucial for diagnosing and managing various respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

Fast-twitch muscle fibers, also known as type II fibers, are a type of skeletal muscle fiber that are characterized by their rapid contraction and relaxation rates. These fibers have a larger diameter and contain a higher concentration of glycogen, which serves as a quick source of energy for muscle contractions. Fast-twitch fibers are further divided into two subcategories: type IIa and type IIb (or type IIx). Type IIa fibers have a moderate amount of mitochondria and can utilize both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways, making them fatigue-resistant. Type IIb fibers, on the other hand, have fewer mitochondria and primarily use anaerobic metabolism, leading to faster fatigue. Fast-twitch fibers are typically used in activities that require quick, powerful movements such as sprinting or weightlifting.

Muscle denervation is a medical term that refers to the loss of nerve supply to a muscle or group of muscles. This can occur due to various reasons, such as injury to the nerves, nerve compression, or certain medical conditions like neuromuscular disorders. When the nerve supply to the muscle is interrupted, it can lead to muscle weakness, atrophy (wasting), and ultimately, paralysis.

In denervation, the communication between the nervous system and the muscle is disrupted, which means that the muscle no longer receives signals from the brain to contract and move. Over time, this can result in significant muscle wasting and disability, depending on the severity and extent of the denervation.

Denervation may be treated with various therapies, including physical therapy, medication, or surgical intervention, such as nerve grafting or muscle transfers, to restore function and prevent further muscle wasting. The specific treatment approach will depend on the underlying cause and severity of the denervation.

Posture is the position or alignment of body parts supported by the muscles, especially the spine and head in relation to the vertebral column. It can be described as static (related to a stationary position) or dynamic (related to movement). Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. Poor posture can lead to various health issues such as back pain, neck pain, headaches, and respiratory problems.

Muscle relaxation, in a medical context, refers to the process of reducing tension and promoting relaxation in the skeletal muscles. This can be achieved through various techniques, including progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), where individuals consciously tense and then release specific muscle groups in a systematic manner.

PMR has been shown to help reduce anxiety, stress, and muscle tightness, and improve overall well-being. It is often used as a complementary therapy in conjunction with other treatments for conditions such as chronic pain, headaches, and insomnia.

Additionally, muscle relaxation can also be facilitated through pharmacological interventions, such as the use of muscle relaxant medications. These drugs work by inhibiting the transmission of signals between nerves and muscles, leading to a reduction in muscle tone and spasticity. They are commonly used to treat conditions such as multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injuries.

Slow-twitch muscle fibers, also known as type I muscle fibers, are specialized skeletal muscle cells that contract relatively slowly and generate less force than fast-twitch fibers. However, they can maintain contraction for longer periods of time and have a higher resistance to fatigue. These fibers primarily use oxygen and aerobic metabolism to produce energy, making them highly efficient during prolonged, lower-intensity activities such as long-distance running or cycling. Slow-twitch muscle fibers also have an abundant blood supply, which allows for efficient delivery of oxygen and removal of waste products.

Medical Definition of Respiration:

Respiration, in physiology, is the process by which an organism takes in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide. It's also known as breathing. This process is essential for most forms of life because it provides the necessary oxygen for cellular respiration, where the cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and releases waste products, primarily carbon dioxide.

In humans and other mammals, respiration is a two-stage process:

1. Breathing (or external respiration): This involves the exchange of gases with the environment. Air enters the lungs through the mouth or nose, then passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, finally reaching the alveoli where the actual gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

2. Cellular respiration (or internal respiration): This is the process by which cells convert glucose and other nutrients into ATP, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen. The carbon dioxide produced during this process then diffuses out of the cells and into the bloodstream to be exhaled during breathing.

In summary, respiration is a vital physiological function that enables organisms to obtain the necessary oxygen for cellular metabolism while eliminating waste products like carbon dioxide.

A tendon is the strong, flexible band of tissue that connects muscle to bone. It helps transfer the force produced by the muscle to allow various movements of our body parts. Tendons are made up of collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles and have a poor blood supply, making them prone to injuries and slow to heal. Examples include the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscle to the heel bone, and the patellar tendon, which connects the kneecap to the shinbone.

Smooth muscle myocytes are specialized cells that make up the contractile portion of non-striated, or smooth, muscles. These muscles are found in various organs and structures throughout the body, including the walls of blood vessels, the digestive system, the respiratory system, and the reproductive system.

Smooth muscle myocytes are smaller than their striated counterparts (skeletal and cardiac muscle cells) and have a single nucleus. They lack the distinctive banding pattern seen in striated muscles and instead have a uniform appearance of actin and myosin filaments. Smooth muscle myocytes are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which allows them to contract and relax involuntarily.

These cells play an essential role in many physiological processes, such as regulating blood flow, moving food through the digestive tract, and facilitating childbirth. They can also contribute to various pathological conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and gastrointestinal disorders.

Mitochondria in muscle, also known as the "powerhouses" of the cell, are organelles that play a crucial role in generating energy for muscle cells through a process called cellular respiration. They convert the chemical energy found in glucose and oxygen into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the main source of energy used by cells.

Muscle cells contain a high number of mitochondria due to their high energy demands for muscle contraction and relaxation. The number and size of mitochondria in muscle fibers can vary depending on the type of muscle fiber, with slow-twitch, aerobic fibers having more numerous and larger mitochondria than fast-twitch, anaerobic fibers.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to various muscle disorders, including mitochondrial myopathies, which are characterized by muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and other symptoms related to impaired energy production in the muscle cells.

Inhalation is the act or process of breathing in where air or other gases are drawn into the lungs. It's also known as inspiration. This process involves several muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles between the ribs, working together to expand the chest cavity and decrease the pressure within the thorax, which then causes air to flow into the lungs.

In a medical context, inhalation can also refer to the administration of medications or therapeutic gases through the respiratory tract, typically using an inhaler or nebulizer. This route of administration allows for direct delivery of the medication to the lungs, where it can be quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and exert its effects.

Neck muscles, also known as cervical muscles, are a group of muscles that provide movement, support, and stability to the neck region. They are responsible for various functions such as flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending of the head and neck. The main neck muscles include:

1. Sternocleidomastoid: This muscle is located on either side of the neck and is responsible for rotating and flexing the head. It also helps in tilting the head to the same side.

2. Trapezius: This large, flat muscle covers the back of the neck, shoulders, and upper back. It is involved in movements like shrugging the shoulders, rotating and extending the head, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade).

3. Scalenes: These three pairs of muscles are located on the side of the neck and assist in flexing, rotating, and laterally bending the neck. They also help with breathing by elevating the first two ribs during inspiration.

4. Suboccipitals: These four small muscles are located at the base of the skull and are responsible for fine movements of the head, such as tilting and rotating.

5. Longus Colli and Longus Capitis: These muscles are deep neck flexors that help with flexing the head and neck forward.

6. Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis: These muscles are located at the back of the neck and assist in extending, rotating, and laterally bending the head and neck.

7. Levator Scapulae: This muscle is located at the side and back of the neck, connecting the cervical vertebrae to the scapula. It helps with rotation, extension, and elevation of the head and scapula.

Isometric contraction is a type of muscle activation where the muscle contracts without any change in the length of the muscle or movement at the joint. This occurs when the force generated by the muscle matches the external force opposing it, resulting in a balanced state with no visible movement. It is commonly experienced during activities such as holding a heavy object in static position or trying to push against an immovable object. Isometric contractions are important in maintaining posture and providing stability to joints.

Connective tissue is a type of biological tissue that provides support, strength, and protection to various structures in the body. It is composed of cells called fibroblasts, which produce extracellular matrix components such as collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. These components give connective tissue its unique properties, including tensile strength, elasticity, and resistance to compression.

There are several types of connective tissue in the body, each with its own specific functions and characteristics. Some examples include:

1. Loose or Areolar Connective Tissue: This type of connective tissue is found throughout the body and provides cushioning and support to organs and other structures. It contains a large amount of ground substance, which allows for the movement and gliding of adjacent tissues.
2. Dense Connective Tissue: This type of connective tissue has a higher concentration of collagen fibers than loose connective tissue, making it stronger and less flexible. Dense connective tissue can be further divided into two categories: regular (or parallel) and irregular. Regular dense connective tissue, such as tendons and ligaments, has collagen fibers that run parallel to each other, providing great tensile strength. Irregular dense connective tissue, such as the dermis of the skin, has collagen fibers arranged in a more haphazard pattern, providing support and flexibility.
3. Adipose Tissue: This type of connective tissue is primarily composed of fat cells called adipocytes. Adipose tissue serves as an energy storage reservoir and provides insulation and cushioning to the body.
4. Cartilage: A firm, flexible type of connective tissue that contains chondrocytes within a matrix of collagen and proteoglycans. Cartilage is found in various parts of the body, including the joints, nose, ears, and trachea.
5. Bone: A specialized form of connective tissue that consists of an organic matrix (mainly collagen) and an inorganic mineral component (hydroxyapatite). Bone provides structural support to the body and serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions.
6. Blood: Although not traditionally considered connective tissue, blood does contain elements of connective tissue, such as plasma proteins and leukocytes (white blood cells). Blood transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nephropidae" is not a medical term. It is actually a taxonomic category in zoology, specifically a family of decapod crustaceans that includes lobsters and crayfish. If you have a question related to biology or veterinary medicine, I'd be happy to try to help with that.

Intrinsic Positive-Pressure Respiration (IPPR) is a type of positive-pressure breathing that occurs naturally within the body, without the use of mechanical ventilation or other external devices. It is also known as "auto-PEEP" or "occult PEEP," where PEEP stands for Positive End-Expiratory Pressure.

In normal, spontaneous breathing, the pressure inside the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs becomes slightly negative during inhalation and returns to atmospheric pressure during exhalation. However, certain lung conditions or patient efforts can lead to an increase in resistance to airflow during exhalation, causing positive pressure to persist within the alveoli at the end of expiration. This results in intrinsic PEEP or auto-PEEP.

IPPR can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Air trapping due to obstructive lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma
2. High respiratory rates leading to incomplete exhalation before the next inspiration begins
3. Inadequate expiratory time, often seen in mechanically ventilated patients with high tidal volumes and/or low respiratory rates
4. Dynamic hyperinflation due to increased minute ventilation or high inspiratory flow rates
5. Bronchoconstriction or airway narrowing, which can occur during an asthma attack or in certain other lung conditions

IPPR has several clinical implications, such as reduced venous return and cardiac output, increased work of breathing, and potential for lung injury due to overdistension (volutrauma). Healthcare providers must consider IPPR when managing patients with respiratory distress, especially those on mechanical ventilation, to optimize their care and prevent complications.

Binocular vision refers to the ability to use both eyes together to create a single, three-dimensional image of our surroundings. This is achieved through a process called binocular fusion, where the images from each eye are aligned and combined in the brain to form a unified perception.

The term "binocular vision" specifically refers to the way that our visual system integrates information from both eyes to create depth perception and enhance visual clarity. When we view an object with both eyes, they focus on the same point in space and send slightly different images to the brain due to their slightly different positions. The brain then combines these images to create a single, three-dimensional image that allows us to perceive depth and distance.

Binocular vision is important for many everyday activities, such as driving, reading, and playing sports. Disorders of binocular vision can lead to symptoms such as double vision, eye strain, and difficulty with depth perception.

Striated muscle, also known as skeletal or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle tissue that is characterized by the presence of distinct light and dark bands, or striations, when viewed under a microscope. These striations correspond to the arrangement of sarcomeres, which are the functional units of muscle fibers.

Striated muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated by signals from the nervous system. It is attached to bones via tendons and is responsible for producing movements of the body. Striated muscle fibers are multinucleated, meaning that they contain many nuclei, and are composed of numerous myofibrils, which are rope-like structures that run the length of the fiber.

The myofibrils are composed of thick and thin filaments that slide past each other to cause muscle contraction. The thick filaments are made up of the protein myosin, while the thin filaments are composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin. When a nerve impulse arrives at the muscle fiber, it triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which bind to troponin and cause a conformational change that exposes the binding sites on actin for myosin. The myosin heads then bind to the actin filaments and pull them towards the center of the sarcomere, causing the muscle fiber to shorten and contract.

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... serratus posterior inferior muscle, abdominal internal oblique muscle, and transverse abdominal muscle. In the lumbar region, ... it is tensioned by the action of the latissimus dorsi muscle, gluteus maximus muscle, and the hamstring muscles), and lifting ... and the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall (quadratus lumborum, and psoas major: 1137 ) on the other.: 1137 It spans the ... replaced by the splenius muscle. In the thoracic region, it forms a thin fibrous fascial covering for extensor muscles ...
... and the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle; it inserts onto the lateral lip of the bicipital groove. It ... "Muscles within muscles: Coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks". J ... and from the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle. From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their ... ", "pectoral muscle", or "chest muscle", because it is the largest and most superficial muscle in the chest area. It arises ...
... the internal oblique upward and forward, and the transverse abdominal horizontally forward. The transverse abdominal muscle is ... When strengthened, the abdominal muscles provide flexibility as well. The abdominal muscles can be worked by practicing ... There are three layers of muscles in the abdominal wall. They are, from the outside to the inside: external oblique, internal ... The rectus abdominals' function is to bend one's back forward (flexion). The main work of the abdominal muscles is to bend the ...
The lateral superficial muscles, the transversus and external and internal oblique muscles, originate on the rib cage and on ... it is topographically classified as a posterior abdominal muscle but functionally as a hip muscle. Iliopsoas flexes and ... The muscles of the abdominal wall are subdivided into a superficial and a deep group. The superficial group is subdivided into ... The muscles of the hip are divided into a dorsal and a ventral group. The dorsal hip muscles are either inserted into the ...
... and the internal and external oblique muscles. It contains the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles, as well as vessels and ... "Anterior Abdominal Wall: The Rectus Abdominis Muscle" Anatomy image:7180 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - anterior layer ... is a tough fibrous compartment formed by the aponeuroses of the transverse abdominal muscle, ... ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0. Flynn, William; Vickerton, Paula (2023), "Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis: Abdominal Wall", StatPearls, ...
... muscle Abdominal internal oblique muscle Extraocular muscles Inferior oblique muscle Superior oblique muscle Oblique muscle of ... Several muscles in the human body may be referred to as an oblique muscle: Abdominal wall Abdominal external oblique ... common in baseball This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Oblique muscle. If an internal link led ... auricle, part of the outer ear Oblique strain, an injury of either of these muscles, ...
... distributing branches to the gluteal and abdominal muscles, and anastomosing in their course with the superior gluteal artery, ... The iliac branch of the iliolumbar artery (ramus iliacus) descends to supply the iliacus muscle; some offsets, running between ... the muscle and the bone, anastomose with the iliac branches of the obturator artery; one of these enters an oblique canal to ...
... external oblique muscle and internal oblique muscle). These press the abdominal organs cranially (upward) into the diaphragm, ... The diaphragm is the major muscle responsible for breathing. It is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdominal ... Along with the diaphragm, the intercostal muscles are one of the most important groups of respiratory muscles. These muscles ... Accessory muscles of respiration are muscles that assist, but do not play a primary role, in breathing. Use of these while at ...
... aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle. There is still a great deal of disagreement about its innervation and its ... O'NEILL, M. N.; FOLAN-CURRAN, J. (1998-08-01). "Case report: bilateral sternalis muscles with a bilateral pectoralis major ... Sternalis muscle visible in an individual who also has an accessory abdominal pectoralis major, and an axillary arch of the ... The sternalis muscle may be a variation of the pectoralis major or of the rectus abdominis. The sternalis is a muscle that runs ...
The straight crunch, the Oblique crunch, and balance exercises with the gym ball are some of the workouts for abdominal ... In order to prevent future lower back injuries strength training to the abdominal muscles is necessary to strengthen the ... Muscle strain is one of the most common injuries in tennis. When an isolated large-energy appears during the muscle contraction ... Muscle, cartilage, nerves, bursae, ligaments and tendons may be damaged from overuse. The repetitive use of a particular muscle ...
... abdominal muscles MeSH A02.633.567.050.375 - abdominal oblique muscles MeSH A02.633.567.050.750 - pelvic floor MeSH A02.633. ... superficial back muscles MeSH A02.633.567.300 - deltoid muscle MeSH A02.633.567.400 - facial muscles MeSH A02.633.567.425 - ... masseter muscle MeSH A02.633.567.600.700 - pterygoid muscles MeSH A02.633.567.600.850 - temporal muscle MeSH A02.633.567.650 - ... pasoas muscles MeSH A02.633.567.850 - quadriceps muscle MeSH A02.633.567.900 - respiratory muscles MeSH A02.633.567.900.300 - ...
... abdominis muscle and continues anteriorly in the abdominal wall between the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles ... The lateral cutaneous branch ("iliac branch") pierces the internal oblique muscles and the external oblique muscles immediately ... continues onward between the abdominal internal oblique and transverse muscles. It then pierces the internal oblique, becomes ... nerve may be damaged at the points where it passes through the internal oblique muscle and the external oblique muscles. It is ...
... repositioned abdominal external oblique muscles, and wider iliocostalis muscles on the back, which all would improve walking ... important in muscle attachment around the shoulder joint) is well defined. Muscle scarring patterns on the clavicle indicate a ... The pubic bone is broad and square, and the muscle scarring on the body is weak to moderate, which suggest that MH2 is female. ... The ulna also supports strong attachment for the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. The olecranon fossa is large and deep and there ...
... also external oblique muscle, or exterior oblique) is the largest and outermost of the three flat abdominal muscles of the ... The internal oblique muscle is just deep to the external oblique muscle. The external oblique muscle is supplied by ventral ... Lumbar triangle External abdominal oblique muscle. Anterior abdominal wall. Deep dissection. Anterior view. This article ... Posterior part of abdominal external oblique muscle labeled. The subcutaneous inguinal ring. Transverse section through the ...
Dissection of anterolateral abdominal wall. Superficial vessels and nerves; Scarpas fascia; external oblique muscles and ... The left half of the specimen has been dissected to demonstrate the investing fascia (11) of the external oblique muscle and ... Dissection of anterolateral abdominal wall. Superficial vessels and nerves; Scarpas fascia; external oblique muscles and ... On the right side of the specimen the fascia of the external oblique has been removed. Cutaneous nerves and vessels have been ...
Kelly was one of the first surgeons to attempt to correct excess abdominal skin and fat. ... The nerve supply to the abdominal wall is via intercostal nerves VIII-XXII. These nerves pass between the internal oblique and ... Diastasis of the rectus muscles should be noted. The condition and strength of the abdominal wall should be evaluated. The ... In the lower third, the posterior sheath is absent, and all 3 aponeurotic layers pass anterior to the rectus muscle, except the ...
Here are five exercises to help prevent immobility and maintain proper muscle and joint function in the body. ... Contract your oblique abdominal muscles and return to the starting position. Dont allow your chest to fall forward and try to ... 5 Exercises to Help Maintain Proper Muscle and Joint Function. Here are five exercises to help prevent immobility - especially ... Seated Abdominal Press. Seated abdominal exercises allow you to strengthen your core. Maintaining your core strength is key to ...
... in shape for ski season means the difference between enjoying those deep December powder days and grimacing between muscle ... Seated Oblique Twist. Sit on floor with knees bent and feet elevated at a 45-degree angle. Contract abdominal muscles to ... in shape for ski season means the difference between enjoying those deep December powder days and grimacing between muscle ... Contract abdominal muscles to stabilize trunk and spine. Drop your body by flexing knees and hips. Rapidly explode upward. Land ...
Deltoid muscle. *. External and internal abdominal oblique. * muscles. *. Levator scapulae muscle. *. Longus cervicis and ...
There are only three angles that the muscle fibers can go when compared to the midline: parallel, perpendicular, and oblique. ... Fibers Every Which WayAnatomy and PhysiologyThe MusclesActing in ConcertFibers Every Which Way Muscles are sometimes named by ... virtue of the direction of the muscle fibers. ... and oblique. Abdominal muscles easily illustrate all three ... Muscles are sometimes named by virtue of the direction of the muscle fibers. There are only three angles that the muscle fibers ...
Conclusion: The addition of an inspiratory load has a significant effect on the breathing pattern and respiratory muscle ... The measurements were repeated using two different interfaces (nasal and oral). Chest wall volumes and respiratory muscle ... The measurements were repeated using two different interfaces (nasal and oral). Chest wall volumes and respiratory muscle ... and parasternal portion of the intercostal muscles (RMS values, p , 0.01) when compared to quiet breathing, regardless of the ...
They were slightly decreased in the internal oblique. However, because the level of contraction of the abdominal muscles was so ... McGill SM, Norman RW, Sharratt MT {1990}. The effect of an abdominal belt on trunk muscle activity and intra-abdominal pressure ... Dependent measures included mean EMG signals from the erector spinae and the external oblique abdominal muscles. The effect of ... activity of the erector spinae and oblique abdominal trunk muscles. Compression loads on the spine were also estimated using a ...
... muscles while the external oblique stratum develops into external oblique abdominis muscle (Walmsley). Later in development, ... by the aponeuroses of three anterolateral abdominal muscles: external oblique abdominis (EOA), internal oblique abdominis (IOA ... by the aponeurosis of external oblique abdominis muscle. Below the costal margin, the internal oblique abdominis muscle in all ... Urquart, D.; Hodges, P. & Story, I. Postural activity of the abdominal muscles varies between regions of these muscles and ...
By dividing the transversus abdominis muscle from the oblique internal muscles, it will become possible to approximate both the ... internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles.. Because abdominal wall hernias are defects of the fascia of the abdominal ... The Spigelian hernia is an uncommon hernia at a weak spot between the oblique abdominal muscles and the rectus abdominis. ... Here, the anterior and posterior rectus sheaths connect with the three lateral abdominal wall muscles: the external oblique, ...
The main branches were located between the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles. The nerves branched and ... Closing the abdominal wall in 3 layers with the transverse abdominal muscle separately might prevent damage to neighboring ... abdominal wall, iatrogenic disease, kidney, thoracic nerves, urologic surgical procedures Persistent URL doi.org/10.1016/j.juro ... and the subcostal nerve in the abdominal wall to determine a safe zone for lumbotomy. Materials and Methods: We dissected 11 ...
The external and internal oblique muscles make up the next-deepest layers of abdominal muscle. The external obliques are ... the left internal oblique helps you do the same on the opposite side. The final abdominal muscle is the transverse abdominis. ... Layers of abdominal muscles are connected to these bones and wrap around the front and side of the body in a basket-weave ... The most superficial abdominal muscle is the rectus abdominis. It runs in a straight line up the middle of the trunk, from the ...
Theres no one abdominal exercise that comprehensively works all the muscles of the core, but the oblique crunch come close. ... Dont rush, slow, methodical movements help maximize muscle activation. *Ensure you twist from the centre of the chest to get ... In a 30-minute CXWORX workout you focus on the torso and sling muscles; tightening your tummy and butt, as well as improving ... As you exhale, engage your core muscles to extend your legs to 45 degrees and reach your arms back ...
The result is a more efficient and complete core training of the abdominal, oblique, and back muscles. ... core training accessory has enabled athletes to get the full range of motion necessary to train the entire abdominal muscle ... THE ABDOMINAL TRAINING GYM MAT, WITH NEW PROPRIETARY FOAM BLEND CONSTRUCTION. Soft to the touch but firm in use, the new and ... Positioned under the lower back, the contoured AbMat enables a full extension of the abdominals at the beginning of a sit-up by ...
Flutter kick oblique crunches are excellent for hitting the obliques and overall core to strengthen and tighten the abdominal ... This stomach toning exercise will target all of the abdominal muscles but focus mainly on the oblique muscles. These muscles ... Muscles Targeted: A properly performed deadlift will activate almost every muscle in your body from… ... Your oblique muscles are located at the sides of your abdomen.. Why This Exercise is Important: Doing flutter kick oblique ...
The core is referred to the parts of your upper torso such as the abdominal and oblique muscles. Making these muscles better ... All of this is possible with muscle memory, as our muscle memory develops, our brain needs less time to align our body ... When it comes to building the oblique muscles, there is almost certainly no other exercise that is as productive as this one. ... The exercise is great for the abdominal muscles. It only adds on more value, as the workout doesnt include weight. ...
Kelly was one of the first surgeons to attempt to correct excess abdominal skin and fat. ... The nerve supply to the abdominal wall is via intercostal nerves VIII-XXII. These nerves pass between the internal oblique and ... Diastasis of the rectus muscles should be noted. The condition and strength of the abdominal wall should be evaluated. The ... In the lower third, the posterior sheath is absent, and all 3 aponeurotic layers pass anterior to the rectus muscle, except the ...
Because of the steadily increased intra-abdominal pressure, pregnancy may induce herniation or make an existing one visible. ... Muscle length, separation, and insertion angle grow significantly as the pregnancy progresses. The abdominal muscles ... Upper rectus abdominis relative integrated electromyography (EMG) rose throughout all abdominal workouts, but external oblique ... Muscles And Fascial Structures Changes. The rectus abdominis muscles general anatomy changes during pregnancy. ...
... weighted situps can give core muscles a new challenge. And you dont need anything fancy to do them. ... So they dont work as many muscle groups. A crunch only works the abdominal muscles, whereas a situp also works muscles in the ... Add an oblique twist. To tone and tighten your oblique muscles, include a set of twist situps. ... Your abdominal muscles and other muscle groups have to work harder, resulting in tighter abs and a stronger core. ...
... through the external and internal oblique muscles till the needle tip reaches the space above the transversus abdominis muscle. ... The abdominal wall nerves pass through the connective tissue (fascia) between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis ... A TAP or transversus abdominis plane block numbs the abdominal muscles and skin in preparation for surgery. ... The stomach wall is composed of five pairs of muscles. Two pairs of muscles, the rectus abdominis and the pyramidalis run ...
side bends - to strengthen the oblique abdominal muscles;. *squatting with raised hands - good for the whole body workout. ... One of the privileges of this whole body vibration plate is that its movements are designed to improve stance and muscle tone. ... During the workouts on the platform, you dont feel tired, the heart works at a normal pace, and the muscles at the same time ... The vibration platforms have significantly expanded: their work is based on the ability of muscles to contract and relax up to ...
Then swing them over to the other side, back and forth, focusing on using oblique abdominal muscles as propulsion. ... Restricted flexibility leads to joint and muscle stiffness and muscle shortening, which is also a natural consequence of aging ... 4. Abdominal Scissor Kicks. Lying on the back, lift shoulders slightly off the ground, squeeze abdominals and lift legs off the ... 9. Cat cow oblique stretch. 10. Backwards bridge. Simple Workouts to Improve Flexibility. Indeed, certain strength exercises ...
extracted synergies from the muscle activity of 12 lower limb muscles recorded during single-leg landing from a lateral jump on ... on stable surfaces reduced the activation of the erector spinae but increased the activation of the abdominal external oblique ... 3.3.2. Muscle Synergies. The concept of muscle synergies is based on the fact that the CNS must constantly deal with an ... As regards electromyography applications, these further keywords were used: EMG, motor module, muscle coordination, muscle ...
Anteriorly the lower muscles become continuous with the external oblique muscles in the anterolateral abdominal wall. As their ... The external intercostal muscles are the outermost muscle of the three intercostal muscles and arise from the lower border of ... The external (or outermost) intercostal muscles are important muscles of respiration. They number eleven on each side and are ... External intercostal muscle contraction causes expansion of the thoracic cavity in the transverse dimension and causes an ...
The Sides - Abdominal Oblique Muscles: abdominal strain, hernias, back pain. * The Front - Rectus Abdominus and Transverse ... Tendons connect muscles to bones. A strain is an injury to either a muscle or a tendon. The strain may be a stretch in your ... The roof is the diaphragm, the back wall are the muscles of the back, the side walls are the oblique abdominal walls, the front ... Planks are so beneficial since it engages all the muscle groups of the abdominal cavity. How to Perform a Plank:. The plank ...
... the transverse abdominae and the internal and external obdominal oblique muscles. As well as supporting the abdominal viscera, ... The Iliopsoas Muscle Group consisting of psoas major, psoas minor and iliacus lies and attaches onto the ventral side of the ... The flexor chain of muscles, particularly the abdominal and iliopsoas groups, if weak, will inhibit engagement. Tension within ... Abdominal Muscles. These consist of the rectus abdominae, ... This muscle group is one of the main contributors to hip ...
Transverse abdominis- Located on the front and side of the abdominal wall, beneath the internal oblique muscle. Provides ... What actions do core muscles perform? The core muscles serve as an important link between the muscles of the upper and lower ... they are considered to be the muscles of the back, side, and abdominal regions of the trunk. These muscles connect the upper ... Rectus abdominis - Also known as the "abs", this paired muscle runs vertically on each side of the abdominal wall. The abs are ...
... external abdominal oblique and cranial sartorius muscle flaps for a large defect of abdominal wall in a dog after surgical ... Other displaced muscles include the bicep femoris, adductor and gracilis muscle.[24] Cases are also reported between the ... external abdominal oblique and cranial sartorius muscle flaps for a large defect of abdominal wall in a dog after surgical ... The lipoma almost completely replaced the affected muscle, with only a few muscle fibres attaching the muscle belly proximally ...
These workouts use your abdominal muscles, your oblique muscles on the sides of your body, and the muscles in your back. They ... Strength through your core means that your stabilizer muscles keep everything in line while the larger muscle groups work ... Think of your core as all the muscles from your hips to your shoulders on the front, sides, and back of your body. ... Often neglected are your back muscles. Overworking one side and skipping the other side can lead to imbalances and injury. ...
  • Here, the anterior and posterior rectus sheaths connect with the three lateral abdominal wall muscles: the external oblique, the internal oblique and the transverse abdominal. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • This illustration demonstrates how the anterior and posterior rectus sheath are formed by the aponeuroses of the external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • The main branches were located between the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles. (eur.nl)
  • Closing the abdominal wall in 3 layers with the transverse abdominal muscle separately might prevent damage to neighboring nerves. (eur.nl)
  • External intercostal muscle contraction causes expansion of the thoracic cavity in the transverse dimension and causes an influx of air into the lungs during inspiration. (radiopaedia.org)
  • These consist of the rectus abdominae, the transverse abdominae and the internal and external obdominal oblique muscles. (horsesinsideout.com)
  • Transverse abdominis- Located on the front and side of the abdominal wall, beneath the internal oblique muscle. (edocamerica.com)
  • Across the superior half of the anterior abdominal skin, these lines are oriented in a transverse direction. (medscape.com)
  • Anteriorly the lower muscles become continuous with the external oblique muscles in the anterolateral abdominal wall. (radiopaedia.org)
  • These muscles and their fascial attachments interdigitate and unite to form a sturdy, protective musculofascial layer that gives strength and support to the anterolateral abdominal wall (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • The external oblique functions to pull the chest downwards and compress the abdominal cavity, which increases the intra-abdominal pressure as in a Valsalva maneuver. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is insufficient scientific evidence to conclude that wearing back belts reduces risk of injury to the back based on changes in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and trunk muscle electromyography (EMG). (cdc.gov)
  • Because of the steadily increased intra-abdominal pressure, pregnancy may induce herniation or make an existing one visible. (washingtonindependent.com)
  • For a transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, an anesthetic injection is administered in the area between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles in the stomach wall. (hdkino.org)
  • The abdominal wall nerves pass through the connective tissue (fascia) between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. (hdkino.org)
  • The abdominal wall is composed of 5 paired muscles: 2 vertical muscles (the rectus abdominis and the pyramidalis) and 3 layered, flat muscles (the external abdominal oblique, the internal abdominal oblique, and the transversus abdominis muscles). (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] Although aponeurotic suturing in the midline was noted to be able to reduce anterior projection of the abdominal wall, it did little to reduce the diameter of the waist. (medscape.com)
  • There are only three angles that the muscle fibers can go when compared to the midline: parallel, perpendicular, and oblique. (infoplease.com)
  • The linea alba is a line formed by the aponeuroses of the right and left rectus muscle and connects both muscles in the midline. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Two pairs of muscles, the rectus abdominis and the pyramidalis run vertically over the abdomen on either side of the vertical abdominal midline (linea alba). (hdkino.org)
  • A laparoscope was placed through a cannula inserted on the abdominal midline caudal to the umbilicus. (avma.org)
  • This aponeurosis formed from fibres from either side of the external oblique decussates at the linea alba. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle forms the inguinal ligament. (wikipedia.org)
  • a deep lamina that fused with the aponeurosis of transverses abdominis at the lateral border of rectus abdominis and a superficial lamina that fused with aponeurosis of external oblique abdominis mid-way between the medial and lateral borders of rectus abdominis muscle. (scielo.cl)
  • En todos los casos, la aponeurosis del músculo oblicuo interno del abdomen se dividió en dos láminas, una lámina profunda que se fusionaba con la aponeurosis del músculo transverso del abdomen en el borde lateral del músculo recto del abdomen y una lámina superficial que se fusionaba con la aponeurosis del músculo oblicuo externo del abdomen a mitad del recorrido entre los bordes medial y lateral del músculo recto del abdomen. (scielo.cl)
  • In the healthy female dogs, the serosa and muscular layer of the bladder were incised and sutured to the aponeurosis of the external and internal abdominal oblique muscles. (avma.org)
  • As the external abdominal oblique courses in an inferior medial direction, its muscle fibers change from thick muscle to a fibrous aponeurosis that inserts medially in the linea alba. (medscape.com)
  • Inferiorly, the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis folds back on itself to form the inguinal ligament between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle before inserting onto the pubic tubercle and the anterior half of the iliac crest. (medscape.com)
  • The abdominal external oblique muscle (also external oblique muscle, or exterior oblique) is the largest and outermost of the three flat abdominal muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen. (wikipedia.org)
  • The external oblique is situated on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir el patrón de formación de la vaina del músculo recto del abdomen en una población seleccionada de Kenia. (scielo.cl)
  • La formación de la vaina del músculo recto del abdomen se analizó en 80 sujetos (47 hombres, 33 mujeres) durante autopsias y disección de cadáveres. (scielo.cl)
  • El patrón de formación de la vaina del músculo recto del abdomen, entre los kenianos muestra algunas variaciones que no han sido reportadas en trabajos anteriores. (scielo.cl)
  • Your oblique muscles are located at the sides of your abdomen. (shapefit.com)
  • Core exercises teach the muscles in your abdomen, low back, hips and pelvis to work in concert with one another. (edocamerica.com)
  • The linea semilunaris is a curved tendinous line that is located lateral to the rectus abdominis muscle on both sides. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Squats were performed on a force platform with electromyographic (EMG) activity of the anterior deltoid (AD), rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and lateral gastrocnemius (GA) recorded throughout. (researchgate.net)
  • Babcock forceps placed through a cannula inserted lateral to the right margin of the rectus abdominus muscle were used to exteriorize the pyloric antrum, a longitudinal incision was made through the serosa and muscular layer of the pyloric antrum, and the seromuscular layer of the pyloric antrum was sutured to the transversus abdominus muscle. (avma.org)
  • Relaxation phenomenon in lumbar trunk muscles during lateral bending. (cdc.gov)
  • Myoelectric activities in lumbar muscles and biomechanical analyses were carried out to determine if a flexion/relaxation phenomenon arose in lateral trunk bending. (cdc.gov)
  • Although erector spinae muscles showed no relaxation during lateral bending from upright to maximum bend, they did exhibit relaxation during straightening from maximum bend to upright. (cdc.gov)
  • The left half of the specimen has been dissected to demonstrate the investing fascia (11) of the external oblique muscle and Scarpa's fascia (14). (stanford.edu)
  • On the right side of the specimen the fascia of the external oblique has been removed. (stanford.edu)
  • Because abdominal wall hernias are defects of the fascia of the abdominal wall, these fascia layers need to be brought together during surgery. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • The layers of the abdominal wall consist of the skin, superficial fascia, and muscles. (medscape.com)
  • The superficial fascia of the abdominal wall is the next layer encountered just deep to the skin. (medscape.com)
  • The external (or outermost ) intercostal muscles are important muscles of respiration. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The external intercostal muscles are the outermost muscle of the three intercostal muscles and arise from the lower border of the rib above the respective intercostal space. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Side plank Posterior view of muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column. (wikipedia.org)
  • Posterior part of abdominal external oblique muscle labeled. (wikipedia.org)
  • La pared posterior de la vaina del músculo recto era aponeurótica en 71 (88,5%) casos, las paredes restantes eran musculoaponeuróticas y sólo se observaron en varones. (scielo.cl)
  • 1998). This sheath has two walls, anterior and posterior, that enclose rectus abdominis muscle and its neurovascular bundle. (scielo.cl)
  • During pregnancy, the larger uterus pulls the intestinal loops to the abdominal cavity's superior and posterior regions. (washingtonindependent.com)
  • 0.05) activity in the posterior aspect of the trunk (ES) and all lower-body muscles during the concentric phase. (researchgate.net)
  • The internal oblique muscle is just deep to the external oblique muscle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The internal oblique muscle functions similarly except it rotates ipsilaterally. (wikipedia.org)
  • In both batters and pitchers it can affect the contralateral (leading) side external oblique, or the trailing internal oblique. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lastly, the external and internal obliques are both superficial to the transversus abdominus, but their fibers run at oblique angles (see Figure 9.4). (infoplease.com)
  • As their name indicates, they are external to the internal intercostal muscles . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Muscular branches from the intercostal nerves of the respective intercostal space (T1-T11), which run with the intercostal vessels under the costal groove in between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles . (radiopaedia.org)
  • They are stronger than the internal intercostal muscles. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The muscle also contributes to the inguinal canal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Toward the inferior half of the abdominal skin, these lines begin to assume a slightly more oblique course in an inferior medial direction toward the groin, paralleling the inguinal crease. (medscape.com)
  • Volume of the hernia sac in relation to the total peritoneal volume, also called "loss of domain", in order to determine whether there is enough space to reduce all herniated contents into the abdominal cavity without risk of recurrence or ventilatory restriction. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • The abdominal cavity is the largest hollow space in the body. (medscape.com)
  • The external oblique muscle is supplied by ventral branches of the lower six thoracoabdominal nerves and the subcostal nerve on each side. (wikipedia.org)
  • It also performs ipsilateral (same side) side-bending and contralateral (opposite side) rotation: the right external oblique would side-bend to the right and rotate to the left, and vice versa. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1978, Psillakis first suggested suture plication of the external oblique musculature after raising it in a beltlike fashion. (medscape.com)
  • The triangle of Petit is formed by the top of the pelvic bone (iliac crest) and the edges of the external oblique and back muscles (latissimus dorsi). (hdkino.org)
  • 2006 stated that the external oblique and rectus abdominis were significantly less active during the Ab-Slide exercise performed as an eccentric than during the crunch exercise performed as a concentric and the crunch exercise could prefer for abdominal exercise. (researchgate.net)
  • When an external load was used in bent postures or quiet standing, trunk muscle myoelectric activities increased. (cdc.gov)
  • The external abdominal oblique muscle is the largest and most superficial of the 3 paired, flat abdominal muscles. (medscape.com)
  • Contract abdominal muscles to stabilize trunk and spine. (outsidebozeman.com)
  • The abdominal muscles stabilize and support the ribs and pelvis (that is, the trunk) and help us stay upright when we stand, lift, bend, or walk. (triathlete.com)
  • The main function of the abdominal muscles is to stabilize the ribs and pelvis against the force of gravity. (triathlete.com)
  • The Iliopsoas Muscle Group consisting of psoas major, psoas minor and iliacus lies and attaches onto the ventral side of the lumbar spine, pelvis and the minor trochantor of the femur. (horsesinsideout.com)
  • As well as supporting the abdominal viscera, aiding breathing and defecation , they also work together to help to create flexion (lift) and latero-flexion of the thoraco-lumbar region of the spine. (horsesinsideout.com)
  • Erector spinae - A bundle of muscles and tendons that runs vertically, connecting the vertebrae from the cervical (neck) to the lumbar (lower back) regions. (edocamerica.com)
  • A 22 muscle biomechanical model was used to compute contraction forces in lumbar trunk muscles and compression and shear load acting on the spine for each task and each subject. (cdc.gov)
  • Since its inception over 20 years ago, this fundamental core training accessory has enabled athletes to get the full range of motion necessary to train the entire abdominal muscle groups, as its curved shape helps to flex the spine and lengthen the ab muscles for more effective sit-ups and crunches. (roguefitness.com)
  • This guide will look at using flutter kick oblique crunches to tone and firm your stomach. (shapefit.com)
  • Doing flutter kick oblique crunches is a very important part of any abdominal exercise program because they will target your oblique muscles very well. (shapefit.com)
  • These digitations are arranged in an oblique line which runs inferiorly and anteriorly, with the upper digitations being attached close to the cartilages of the corresponding ribs, the lowest to the apex of the cartilage of the last rib, the intermediate ones to the ribs at some distance from their cartilages. (wikipedia.org)
  • Seated abdominal exercises allow you to strengthen your core. (intermountainhealthcare.org)
  • With so many different abdominal exercises you may find it difficult to know which movements will suit you best. (shapefit.com)
  • Many other abdominal exercises neglect these muscles. (shapefit.com)
  • Most core exercises incorporate the use of abdominal and back muscles in a coordinated manner. (edocamerica.com)
  • Besides they compared muscle activity during some isolated trunk exercises and squat exercises. (researchgate.net)
  • In addition, they reported that isometric exercises such as prone bridge could provide adequate stimulation for the core muscles. (researchgate.net)
  • RA muscle activation was measured during the KTB and STB exercises in 12 healthy young men. (researchgate.net)
  • OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate synergistic relationship between the muscles of the local and global systems during three modified side bridge exercises compared with traditional side bridge (TSB). (iospress.com)
  • The "dorsi" in latissimus dorsi tells you that the muscle is dorsal. (infoplease.com)
  • Muscles are sometimes named by virtue of the direction of the muscle fibers. (infoplease.com)
  • the transversus abdominus is a deep muscle with perpendicular fibers. (infoplease.com)
  • Primary muscles activated during a situp include the rectus abdominis , which are the muscle fibers in front of the torso. (healthline.com)
  • Its vibrating oscillation movements activate muscle fibers throughout your body, being suitable for both active and passive training. (complainterator.com)
  • Purpose: In a descriptive, inventorial anatomical study we mapped the course of the 10th and 11th intercostal nerves, and the subcostal nerve in the abdominal wall to determine a safe zone for lumbotomy. (eur.nl)
  • The nerves branched and extensively varied in the abdominal wall. (eur.nl)
  • A transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a procedure to anesthetize the nerves that provide sensation and muscle function to the abdominal wall and skin. (hdkino.org)
  • An anesthetic solution injected in this region blocks these nerves from sending pain signals from the abdominal wall to the brain. (hdkino.org)
  • The abdominal skin is innervated in a segmental pattern by the anterior rami of the T7-L1 thoracoabdominal nerves. (medscape.com)
  • Positioned under the lower back, the contoured AbMat enables a full extension of the abdominals at the beginning of a sit-up by tilting the spine, which is not possible on a flat surface. (roguefitness.com)
  • While the extra resistance challenges your abdominal muscles, the extra weight can also cause injury to your back and spine. (healthline.com)
  • There are multiple layers of muscles that control various levels of movement in the spine. (tigerfitness.com)
  • These muscles connect the upper body to the lower body and are important in stabilizing the spine. (edocamerica.com)
  • Other muscles worked include the obliques, the quadricep muscles , and the hip flexors , which are the muscles connecting your thigh bone to your pelvis. (healthline.com)
  • This muscle group is one of the main contributors to hip flexion and movement of the pelvis through flexion of the lumbo-sacral junction. (horsesinsideout.com)
  • The most significant area of the defect is around and below the umbilicus, where excess skin over a diastasis of the rectus muscles is most apparent. (medscape.com)
  • Condition of the abdominal wall musculature and the ratio between the defect and the width of the rectus muscles (RDR). (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Since muscle movements come in pairs, and antagonistic pairs perform them, be sure to pay close attention to which side of the bone the insertion is on, because the agonist and antagonists insertions will be on opposite sides. (infoplease.com)
  • Think of your core as all the muscles from your hips to your shoulders on the front, sides, and back of your body. (usms.org)
  • These workouts use your abdominal muscles, your oblique muscles on the sides of your body, and the muscles in your back. (usms.org)
  • Anterior abdominal wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • The latter is identifiable as a distinct layer of deep within the tela subcutanea in the lower part of the abdominal wall. (stanford.edu)
  • The abdominal deformity is excess skin and subcutaneous tissue and laxity of the abdominal wall musculature. (medscape.com)
  • Pregnancy stretches the skin beyond its biomechanical capability to spring back and stretches the musculoaponeurotic structures of the abdominal wall. (medscape.com)
  • Massive weight loss, whether from dieting or after a gastric bypass surgery, also plays a role in excess skin and laxity of the abdominal wall. (medscape.com)
  • It includes (1) excess skin and subcutaneous tissue and (2) laxity of the abdominal wall musculature. (medscape.com)
  • Chest wall volumes and respiratory muscle activity were assessed with optoelectronic plethysmography and surface electromyography, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
  • The anterior wall of the rectus sheath in all cases was aponeurotic and firmly attached to rectus abdominis muscle. (scielo.cl)
  • Usually the anterior wall is made up of the aponeuroses of EOA and IOA above the arcuate and aponeuroses of all the three anterolateral abdominal muscles below this line (Williams et al . (scielo.cl)
  • Due to increased complex abdominal wall surgery, pre-operative CT planning with abdominal wall mapping has gained increasing attention. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • In this article we will adress the key imaging features of complex abdominal wall hernias. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Abdominal wall hernias can be divided into primary hernias, that are not related to incisions and incisional hernias. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • Primary abdominal hernias are hernias, that are located at certain weak spots in the abdominal wall. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • The stomach wall is composed of five pairs of muscles. (hdkino.org)
  • Rectus abdominis - Also known as the "abs", this paired muscle runs vertically on each side of the abdominal wall. (edocamerica.com)
  • Objective -To develop a technique for laparoscopic gastropexy in dogs and evaluate effects on stomach position and strength of the adhesion between the stomach and abdominal wall. (avma.org)
  • Results -In all dogs, stomach position and the onset of gastric emptying were normal 25 days after surgery, and the pyloric antrum was firmly attached to the abdominal wall 30 days after surgery. (avma.org)
  • Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -The laparoscopic gastropexy technique described in the present study could be performed quickly and easily by an experienced surgeon, resulted in a strong fibrous adhesion between the stomach and abdominal wall, and appeared to cause minimal stress to the dogs. (avma.org)
  • In the healthy male dogs, the serosal surface of the bladder was sutured to the abdominal wall. (avma.org)
  • The anatomic planes of the abdominal wall are made up of multiple muscular and fascial layers that interdigitate and unite to form a sturdy, protective musculofascial layer that protects the visceral organs and provides strength and stability to the body's trunk. (medscape.com)
  • The abdominal wall has few anatomic landmarks. (medscape.com)
  • Layers of the abdominal wall. (medscape.com)
  • The columns will include, in addition to the muscle name, the origin, the insertion, the muscle action (or movement), and the motor nerve that provides the stimulus for the muscle to contract (see The Structure of the Muscles and Muscle Cells ). (infoplease.com)
  • In most humans (especially females), the oblique is not visible, due to subcutaneous fat deposits and the small size of the muscle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The remaining are flat muscles that form three layers of muscles on either side of the linea alba. (hdkino.org)
  • Abdominal hernias are usually a clinical diagnosis and have been considered a simple problem to be repaired. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • In order to get the best results in the shortest space of time you must ensure that your chosen exercise targets all of the muscles in your stomach. (shapefit.com)
  • This stomach toning exercise will target all of the abdominal muscles but focus mainly on the oblique muscles. (shapefit.com)
  • Situps are a simple, yet effective workout for tightening and strengthening your core muscles without any special equipment. (healthline.com)
  • What actions do core muscles perform? (edocamerica.com)
  • The core muscles serve as an important link between the muscles of the upper and lower body. (edocamerica.com)
  • Even desk jobs can be less taxing to the back when core muscles are strong. (edocamerica.com)
  • RESULTS: The results indicate that PLS was effective as TSB on trunk muscle activity. (iospress.com)
  • This medical-grade, closed-cell material not only offers antibacterial and moisture-resistant properties, but also adds to the density and structural integrity of the mat, preventing the arch from flattening out over time, so you get a consistent abdominal workout day to day, year to year. (roguefitness.com)
  • Holding additional weight while doing situps provides additional resistance, providing a greater workout for your abdominal muscles. (healthline.com)
  • Yet, the added resistance from the weight increases the intensity of the workout, resulting in stronger muscles. (healthline.com)
  • Try this full-body dynamic stretch routine before a workout to warm up muscles and prepare them for the upcoming feat. Complete each move for 15 to 20 seconds and repeat 1 to 2 more times if desired. (bistromd.com)
  • Post-workout, try this static stretching routine to allow muscles to cool down and begin the repair process by preventing excessive stiffness. (bistromd.com)
  • It arises from the lower 8 ribs and interdigitations of the serratus anterior muscle. (medscape.com)
  • As the linea alba is an avascular area, it is frequently used as point of entrance for open abdominal surgery. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • The benefits of stretching your lower back on a regular basis include improving your range of motion, reducing back pain, and increasing the flexibility of tendons, ligaments, and muscles. (intermountainhealthcare.org)
  • Back belts are also known as weight lifting devices, supports, or aids, and abdominal belts, which are primarily designed for use in the general population. (cdc.gov)
  • The result is a more efficient and complete core training of the abdominal, oblique, and back muscles. (roguefitness.com)
  • A relaxed neck with no tension in the top line extensor chain of muscles is also essential for the back to swing. (horsesinsideout.com)
  • Although definitions of which muscles constitute the core vary, in general, they are considered to be the muscles of the back, side, and abdominal regions of the trunk. (edocamerica.com)
  • Often neglected are your back muscles. (usms.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to compare muscle activity and kinetics during the back squat and overhead squat performed at three relative intensities (60, 75 and 90% 3RM). (researchgate.net)
  • Aspe and Swinton, (2014) compared the muscle activity between the back and overhead squat with different intensities. (researchgate.net)
  • Important muscular structures that surround the abdominal organs are shown in this figure. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • This is related to the degree of both mental and muscular relaxation and recruitment of the flexor chain of muscles. (horsesinsideout.com)
  • The cranial portion of the muscle is supplied by the lower intercostal arteries, whereas the caudal portion is supplied by a branches of either the deep circumflex iliac artery or the iliolumbar artery. (wikipedia.org)
  • The flat abdominal plane is broken up only by the costal margins, anterior superior iliac spines, and the umbilicus. (medscape.com)
  • If joints and muscles aren't properly maintained, basic movements may cause pain or even injury. (intermountainhealthcare.org)
  • Muscles are, after all, all about movements. (infoplease.com)
  • You will often be asked to know the movements of the muscles. (infoplease.com)
  • Created for maximum fitness and health profits with minimal stress, the best vibration machine is able to help you relax the muscles, speeding up your movements. (complainterator.com)
  • The present study is the first one to compare the RA muscle activity using EMG for the KTB and STB movements performed in different manners with oscillating and without oscillating. (researchgate.net)
  • The aim of this study was to compare the rectus abdominis (RA) muscle activation during the kipping toes-to-bar (KTB) and the strict toes-to-bar (STB) movements. (researchgate.net)
  • The Spigelian hernia is an uncommon hernia at a weak spot between the oblique abdominal muscles and the rectus abdominis. (radiologyassistant.nl)
  • The flexor chain of muscles, particularly the abdominal and iliopsoas groups, if weak, will inhibit engagement. (horsesinsideout.com)
  • Backing up is an excellent exercise for strengthening the flexor chain of muscles. (horsesinsideout.com)
  • histopathological examination revealed infiltration of adipose tissue cells within the muscle belly and tendon sheath of the deep digital flexor muscle. (thieme-connect.com)
  • because the abdominal muscles, when strongly contracted, interfere with breathing. (triathlete.com)
  • 3 ] [ 12 ] Infiltrative lipomas can cause pressure atrophy of muscles, pain and may interfere mechanically with normal movement and locomotion. (thieme-connect.com)
  • The most common cause of abdominal deformity is pregnancy, most often multiple pregnancies. (medscape.com)
  • Abdominal muscles may be both morphologically and functionally affected by pregnancy. (mdpi.com)
  • The oblique strain is a common baseball injury, particularly in pitchers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Awkward or inefficient movement patterns, injury and trauma can damage the muscle (i.e. a strain, tear, or rupture). (tigerfitness.com)