Nitriles: Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.beta-Glucosidase: An exocellulase with specificity for a variety of beta-D-glycoside substrates. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides with release of GLUCOSE.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.GlucosidesFungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Pregnanediones: Pregnane derivatives in which two side-chain methyl groups or two methylene groups in the ring skeleton (or a combination thereof) have been oxidized to keto groups.Androstatrienes: Derivatives of the steroid androstane having three double bonds at any site in any of the rings.QuinoxalinesAndrostenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma PROGESTERONE. It is the immediate precursor of 5-alpha-pregnan-3-alpha-ol-20-one (ALLOPREGNANOLONE), a neuroactive steroid that binds with GABA(A) RECEPTOR.Androstanes: The family of steroids from which the androgens are derived.2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.Spiro Compounds: A group of compounds consisting in part of two rings sharing one atom (usually a carbon) in common.Androstenediols: Unsaturated androstane derivatives which are substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position in the ring system.Pregnanes: Saturated derivatives of the steroid pregnane. The 5-beta series includes PROGESTERONE and related hormones; the 5-alpha series includes forms generally excreted in the urine.Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).Isatin: An indole-dione that is obtained by oxidation of indigo blue. It is a MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR and high levels have been found in urine of PARKINSONISM patients.Receptors, Glutamate: Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.Ketosteroids: Steroid derivatives formed by oxidation of a methyl group on the side chain or a methylene group in the ring skeleton to form a ketone.17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.Hydroxyprogesterones: Metabolites or derivatives of PROGESTERONE with hydroxyl group substitution at various sites.alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.Pregnenes: Unsaturated derivatives of PREGNANES.Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.Secosteroids: Steroids in which fission of one or more ring structures and concomitant addition of a hydrogen atom at each terminal group has occurred.Benzopyrenes: A class of chemicals that contain an anthracene ring with a naphthalene ring attached to it.Steroid Isomerases: Enzymes that catalyze the transposition of double bond(s) in a steroid molecule. EC 5.3.3.Indolequinones: INDOLES which have two keto groups forming QUINONES like structures of the indole aromatic ring.Receptors, AMPA: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Diketopiperazines: Piperazines with two keto oxygens.Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).Aromatase Inhibitors: Compounds that inhibit AROMATASE in order to reduce production of estrogenic steroid hormones.Estrenes: Unsaturated derivatives of the ESTRANES with methyl groups at carbon-13, with no carbon at carbon-10, and with no more than one carbon at carbon-17. They must contain one or more double bonds.Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.ButanonesReceptors, Kainic Acid: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for KAINIC ACID.Pyrazolones: Compounds with a five-membered heterocyclic ring with two nitrogens and a keto OXYGEN. Some are inhibitors of TNF-ALPHA production.Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms.Succinimides: A subclass of IMIDES with the general structure of pyrrolidinedione. They are prepared by the distillation of ammonium succinate. They are sweet-tasting compounds that are used as chemical intermediates and plant growth stimulants.Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.Indicators and Reagents: Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: Enzymes of the oxidoreductase class that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.-.Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.Cyclohexanes: Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons.Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.Indoles: Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.GABA-A Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA-A RECEPTORS thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous GABA-A RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Topoisomerase Inhibitors: Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASES.GABA Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Pregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid, derived from CHOLESTEROL and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. Pregnenolone is the precursor to GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.Oxidoreductases: The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Benzylidene Compounds: Compounds containing the PhCH= radical.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists: Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.Pregnenediones: Unsaturated pregnane derivatives containing two keto groups on side chains or ring structures.Isoindoles: Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number two carbon, in contrast to INDOLES which have the nitrogen adjacent to the six-membered ring.Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Plantaginaceae which yield cardiotonic DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES. The most useful species are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea.Diacetyl: Carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods.Cyclization: Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Pyrrolidinones: A group of compounds that are derivatives of oxo-pyrrolidines. A member of this group is 2-oxo pyrrolidine, which is an intermediate in the manufacture of polyvinylpyrrolidone. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)KetonesSteroids: A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Oximes: Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.Androstenes: Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.Norpregnadienes: Pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.Androsterone: A metabolite of TESTOSTERONE or ANDROSTENEDIONE with a 3-alpha-hydroxyl group and without the double bond. The 3-beta hydroxyl isomer is epiandrosterone.Evoked Potentials: Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.Progesterone: The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from the UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and extending into the INFRARED RAYS frequencies.Quinazolinones: Chemicals with two conjoined aromatic rings incorporating two nitrogen atoms and one of the carbons oxidized with a keto oxygen.Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.Equilenin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of five double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of equilenin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.Plant Bark: The outer layer of the woody parts of plants.Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists: Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT1 receptor subtypes.Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.Bleaching Agents: Chemicals that are used to oxidize pigments and thus effect whitening.PiperazinesKinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A: A serotonin receptor subtype found distributed through the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM where they are involved in neuroendocrine regulation of ACTH secretion. The fact that this serotonin receptor subtype is particularly sensitive to SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS such as BUSPIRONE suggests its role in the modulation of ANXIETY and DEPRESSION.Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A: A serotonin receptor subtype found widely distributed in peripheral tissues where it mediates the contractile responses of variety of tissues that contain SMOOTH MUSCLE. Selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonists include KETANSERIN. The 5-HT2A subtype is also located in BASAL GANGLIA and CEREBRAL CORTEX of the BRAIN where it mediates the effects of HALLUCINOGENS such as LSD.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Testosterone: A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.Hippocampus: A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.Hydroxysteroids: Steroids in which one or more hydroxy groups have been substituted for hydrogen atoms either within the ring skeleton or on any of the side chains.Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.Meliaceae: The mahogany plant family of the order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.Glutamates: Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.Phenylglyoxal: A reagent that is highly selective for the modification of arginyl residues. It is used to selectively inhibit various enzymes and acts as an energy transfer inhibitor in photophosphorylation.3-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (B-Specific): A 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which catalyzes the reversible reduction of the active androgen, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE to 5 ALPHA-ANDROSTANE-3 ALPHA,17 BETA-DIOL. It also has activity towards other 3-alpha-hydroxysteroids and on 9-, 11- and 15- hydroxyprostaglandins. The enzyme is B-specific in reference to the orientation of reduced NAD or NADPH.gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.Chemistry, Organic: The study of the structure, preparation, properties, and reactions of carbon compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.Bromodeoxycytidine: 5-Bromo-2'-deoxycytidine. Can be incorporated into DNA in the presence of DNA polymerase, replacing dCTP.ThiadiazolesDihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.Isomerism: The phenomenon whereby certain chemical compounds have structures that are different although the compounds possess the same elemental composition. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Anthraquinones: Compounds based on ANTHRACENES which contain two KETONES in any position. Substitutions can be in any position except on the ketone groups.Receptors, GABA: Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.Comamonas testosteroni: A species of gram-negative, aerobic rods formerly called Pseudomonas testosteroni. It is differentiated from other Comamonas species by its ability to assimilate testosterone and to utilize phenylacetate or maleate as carbon sources.Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.Receptors, Neurotransmitter: Cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act to regulate ion channels, but also those which act on second messenger systems and those which may act at a distance from their release sites. Included are receptors for neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not located at synapses.Androgens: Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.Radioligand Assay: Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).Receptors, Amino Acid: Cell surface proteins that bind amino acids and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors are the most common receptors for fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system, and GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and glycine receptors are the most common receptors for fast inhibition.Optical Rotation: The rotation of linearly polarized light as it passes through various media.NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone): A flavoprotein that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of NADH or NADPH by various quinones and oxidation-reduction dyes. The enzyme is inhibited by dicoumarol, capsaicin, and caffeine.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic: Methods used for the chemical synthesis of compounds. Included under this heading are laboratory methods used to synthesize a variety of chemicals and drugs.Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors: Drugs that inhibit 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE. They are commonly used to reduce the production of DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE.Imidazolidines: Compounds based on reduced IMIDAZOLINES which contain no double bonds in the ring.Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring: A class of organic compounds containing three ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromaticMolecular Conformation: The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.Neodymium: Neodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.Organic Chemistry Phenomena: The conformation, properties, reaction processes, and the properties of the reactions of carbon compounds.Anabolic Agents: These compounds stimulate anabolism and inhibit catabolism. They stimulate the development of muscle mass, strength, and power.Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS.Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet: Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.ThiohydantoinsDNA Topoisomerases: Enzymes that regulate the topology of DNA by actions such as breaking, relaxing, passing, and rejoining strands of DNA in cells. These enzymes are important components of the DNA replication system. They are classified by their substrate specificities. DNA TOPOISOMERASE I enzymes act on a single strand of DNA. DNA TOPOISOMERASE II enzymes act on double strands of DNA.ImidesMaleimides3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of TESTOSTERONE to 5-ALPHA DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE.Inhibitory Concentration 50: The concentration of a compound needed to reduce population growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells, by 50% in vitro. Though often expressed to denote in vitro antibacterial activity, it is also used as a benchmark for cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells in culture.Isomerases: A class of enzymes that catalyze geometric or structural changes within a molecule to form a single product. The reactions do not involve a net change in the concentrations of compounds other than the substrate and the product.(from Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5.Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor: Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.Aminobutyrates: Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that contain one or more amino groups attached to the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.PyrrolidinesExcitatory Amino Acid Agents: Drugs used for their actions on any aspect of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter systems. Included are drugs that act on excitatory amino acid receptors, affect the life cycle of excitatory amino acid transmitters, or affect the survival of neurons using excitatory amino acids.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.PyridazinesAndrostadienes: Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.Excitatory Amino Acids: Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear.Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.Nonprescription Drugs: Medicines that can be sold legally without a DRUG PRESCRIPTION.Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.Spectrophotometry, Infrared: Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)GABA-B Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA-B RECEPTORS thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous GABA-B RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Baclofen: A GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID derivative that is a specific agonist of GABA-B RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MUSCLE SPASTICITY, especially that due to SPINAL CORD INJURIES. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission.Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases: Catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of hydroxyl groups of prostaglandins.Alcohol Oxidoreductases: A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).Phthalimides: The imide of phthalic acids.Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Progestins: Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."Microsomes: Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Small Molecule Libraries: Large collections of small molecules (molecular weight about 600 or less), of similar or diverse nature which are used for high-throughput screening analysis of the gene function, protein interaction, cellular processing, biochemical pathways, or other chemical interactions.Chemistry: A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.Thiazolidinediones: THIAZOLES with two keto oxygens. Members are insulin-sensitizing agents which overcome INSULIN RESISTANCE by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma).Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.Rhodococcus: A bacterial genus of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.Estrone: An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.Chemical Phenomena: The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Receptors, GABA-A: Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic: A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)
CNQX36 (6): 787-795. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(95)00176-X. Imamachi et al. : The Non-NMDA Glutamate Receptor Antagonist CNQX Augments ... CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) is a competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist. Its chemical formula is C9H4N4O4 ...
2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-8-chloro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1h-3-benzazepin-7-ol MeSH D03.438.079.800 --- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1- ... quinolizin-2-ol, 2-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- MeSH D03.438.834.775 --- sparteine MeSH D03.438. ... 5-amino-3-((5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole MeSH D03.383.129.462.580.400 --- 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan MeSH D03.383. ... 5-amino-3-((5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole MeSH D03.383.312.649.290 --- fanft MeSH D03.383.312.649.308 --- furagin ...
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione | VWRLearn more about 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. We enable science by offering product choice, services, process ... DuPont™ Tyvek® Micro-Clean® 2-1-2 Coveralls for Controlled Environments Coated on both sides with blue polymeric resin. Sterile ...
GABA is the Main Neurotransmitter Released from Mossy Fiber Terminals in the Developing Rat Hippocampus | SpringerLinkOwens DF, Kriegstein AR (2002) Is there more to GABA than synaptic inhibition? Nature Rev Neurosci 3:715-727CrossRefGoogle ... Lanthorn TH, Ganong AH, Cotman CW (1984) 2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyrate selectively blocks mossy fiber-CA3 responses in guinea pig ... Kamiya H, Shinozaki H, Yamamoto C (1996) Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 2/3 suppresses transmission at rat ...
Transient expansion of synaptically connected dendritic spines upon induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation | PNAS3 C and D ). The amplitude of the Ca2+ transients in nonexpanding spines was 8.9 ± 1.3% (n = 59), similar to the 8.4 ± 1.0% ... 3 E and F ). The lack of variation and slow time course of the Ca2+ transients in the nonexpanding spines suggest that they ... 3 A and B ). The average peak Ca2+ transient in expanding spines (50.4 ± 3.8%, n = 25) was significantly greater than that in ... 2D ).. To explore why only a small fraction of spines expanded, we imaged in the same spine both expansion and postsynaptic Ca ...
Modulation of synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation: effects on paired pulse facilitation and EPSC variance in the...3. Presynaptic manipulations including increased stimulus strength gave the predicted changes in the value of mean 2/variance ( ... On the other hand, LTP did increase M2/sigma 2, although the increase was less than that predicted for a purely presynaptic ... M2/sigma 2). Moreover, postsynaptic manipulations that altered EPSC amplitude, including blockade of non-NMDA receptors by CNQX ... 2. Presynaptic manipulations, such as activation of presynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptors by baclofen, blockade of ...
Receptive field properties of starburst cholinergic amacrine cells in the rabbit retina. - PubMed - NCBIEur J Neurosci. 1995 Nov 1;7(11):2308-21.. Receptive field properties of starburst cholinergic amacrine cells in the rabbit ... In darkness the cells displayed a tonic inward current that could be blocked by 100 microM APB and 2 microM CNQX. ... Light responses were completely suppressed during application of 100 microM D,L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), ... 1995 Nov 1;7(11):2308-21. Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt ...
Plus itJSTX-3 also prevented motor neuron death induced by the agonist, AMPA (5 μm), although not quite as effectively as 5 μm CNQX ( ... 3. JSTX-3, an inhibitor of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors, prevented motor neuron death induced by both AMPA and the G93A SOD-1 ... 7. Glutathione ethyl ester failed to protect motor neurons from toxicity of G93A SOD-1. A, 1 mmglutathione ethyl ester (GSH EE ... 7 A). However, inclusion of 1 mm glutathione ethyl ester in the culture medium had no significant effect on the viability of ...
DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90178-7 Abstract Contradictory hypotheses regarding the nature of synaptic transmission in the CNS ...
Presynaptic terminals are specialized sites for information transmission where vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and are locally recycled. Recent work has extended this classical view, with the observation that a subset of functional vesicles is dynamically shared between adjacent terminals by …
Frontiers | Developmental Changes in the Inhibition of Glycinergic Synaptic Currents by Niflumic Acid in Hypoglossal...FIGURE 6. FIGURE 6. Niflumic acid did not change the ratio of IPSCs at pair-pulse stimulation. (A,B) Traces of glycinergic ... FIGURE 2. FIGURE 2. Effect of NFA on sIPSCs recorded from "neonatal" HMs. (A) Trace of continuous whole-cell recording of ... FIGURE 3. FIGURE 3. Effect of NFA on sIPSCs in "juvenile" HMs. (A) Representative traces of sIPSCs whole-cell recordings in ... Figure 2 illustrates the effect of NFA on the MN in neonatal slice (P3) at Vhold = -70 mV. Addition of NFA caused decrease in ...
2A,B). In contrast, the Ihold potentiation by EtOH (100 mm) was lost as early as 1 h after EtOH intoxication, but gradually ... 7C). At 1 h after a single EtOH dose, DZ potentiation of Itonic was unaffected, but maximal decreases occurred at 2 d after ... Figure 7. Time course of changes in diazepam sensitivity of synaptic and tonic GABAAR-currents after EtOH treatment. A, Traces ... Figure 2. Changes in acute EtOH sensitivity of synaptic and tonic GABAAR-currents after EtOH intoxication. A, Traces are ...
Extracellular 3′,5′ Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Inhibits Kainate-Activated Responses in Cultured Mouse Cerebellar Neurons |...ς2. variance. pS. picosiemens. TTX. tetrodotoxin. VR. reversal potential of the agonist response. VH. membrane holding ... α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid. CNQX. 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. cGMP. 3′,5′ cyclic guanosine ... 3′,5′ cyclic 8-bromo-guanosine monophosphate. FUDR. the mitotic inhibitors 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine and uridine. LTD. long-term ... 2) The shape of kainate current-voltage (I-V) curves and their reversal potentials were unchanged in cGMP. 3) Neither the ...
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. KAT II. kynurenine aminotransferase II. K-S. Kolmogorov-Smirnov. KYNA. kynurenic acid. ... 2 and 3) may be caused by the ability of MLA to block some heteromeric α7 or non-α7 nAChRs. The α7 nAChR currents in ... 2, B and C).. The frequency of GABAergic PSCs was also significantly lower in slices that had been incubated for 1 h in ACSF ... 7. Effect of the admixture of kynurenine and α-BGT on the frequency of PSCs. A, mean frequency of PSCs recorded 1) after 1-h ...
3G). Notably, the A/N ratio of naïve neurons before TBS was larger in Mecp2 KO neurons (WT n = 11/5 and Mecp2-/y n = 13/7; P = ... 7C). On the other hand, spine volume did not change after TBS in Mecp2 KO neurons (Mecp2-/y Ctl n = 862/32/7/3 and Mecp2-/y TBS ... 2 E and F and Fig. S2 A and B). The intensity of individual GluA1 puncta in the dendritic and somatic layers of area CA1 and ... 3 C and E, Bottom). Because naïve Mecp2 KO slices showed a steeper I-O of EPSC amplitude (Fig. 1C), we monitored the change of ...
... scanning photostimulation revealed that NCAM deletion increased the strength of close-in inhibitory connections to layer 2/3 ... scanning photostimulation revealed that NCAM deletion increased the strength of close-in inhibitory connections to layer 2/3 ... 2. *. (. 1. −. exp. (. −. (. I. −. I. break. ). /. I. rate. ). ). +. (. F. 0. +. F. 1. ). (. 1. ). ... FIGURE 2. Figure 2. Comparisons of firing rates of interneurons between wild type (WT) and NCAM-null mice in ACC. (A) ...
36 (6): 787-795. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(95)00176-X. Imamachi et al. : The Non-NMDA Glutamate Receptor Antagonist CNQX Augments ... CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) is a competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist. Its chemical formula is C9H4N4O4 ...
6, C and D). The EC50 for increased SCOs frequency was 2.33 μM (1.30-4.18 μM, 95% CI), and the IC50 value for 4-AP attenuation ... 6A, traces 3-6) with an EC50 of 1.76 μM (1.21 to 2.54 μM; 95% CI). Unlike either kainate or pilocarpine, 4-AP produced a long- ... 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. DIV. days in vitro. FLIPR. fluorescent imaging plate reader. FWHM. full width at half ... 6. 4-AP alters Ca2+ dynamics and SCO in 10 DIV HN cultures. (A) Representative traces of 4-AP-triggered Ca2+ responses in HN ...
Phenobarbital QuickView - Correlation Engine2003 Sep;6(5):648-57. View Article. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3 ... 1996 Feb;49(2):311-8. View Article. Luna-Tortos C, Fedrowitz M, Loscher W: Several major antiepileptic drugs are substrates for ... 2005 Oct;6(5):451-72. View Article. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell ... 2005 Oct;6(5):451-72. View Article. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell ...
Kemp, J.A., Foster, A.C., Leeson,P.D., Priestley, T., Tridgett, R., Iversen, L.L. and Woodruff, G.N. (1988). 7-Chlorokynurenic ... Harris, M.K and Miller, J.R. (1989). CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxalone-2,3-elione) antagonizes NMDA-evoked (3H)GABA release from ... Neuman, R.S., Ben-Ari, Y., Gho, M. and Cherubini, E. (1988a). Blockage of excitatory synaptic transmission by 6-cyano-7- ... nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) in the hippocampus in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 92, 64-68.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ...
2.Center for Computational ScienceUniversity of MiamiCoral GablesUSA. *3.Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of MiamiCoral ... 2). This is a unique feature of NMDAR: they are the only iGluR subtype with more than one orthologous copy present before the ... 2).. Within vertebrates there are two ancient paralogs with a total of five kainate genes. The three paralogs GRIK_A1-3 form ... 3 Conserved motifs in Aplysia and H. sapiens. Boxed region denotes SYTANLAAFL motif vital for formation of the channel pore and ...
Figures and data in GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area regulate non-rapid eye movement sleep in mice | eLifeData are shown as the mean ± SEM (hM3Dq: n = 6 mice; mCherry: n = 4 mice). *p,0.05, ***p,0.001, (d) two-way ANOVA followed by ... c) Summary of experiments in (b). Blue light 5 Hz (n = 7 cells), 10 Hz (n = 8 cells), 20 Hz (n = 9 cells), and yellow light 20 ... Blue light stimulation of 6.8 mW/mm2 increased the firing up to 674 ± 174% (n = 5 cells, p=0.004 vs both pre and post, one-way ... DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining was used to label nuclear DNA and also to assist understanding of the anatomical ...
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium salt hydrate. TTX. tetrodotoxin. ACSF. artificial cerebrospinal fluid. TH. ... 3, D and F, p , 0.01, paired t test, n = 5). Together, these data indicate that nicotine can persistently depolarize DAergic ... 3, C and E; average current amplitude, −21.5 ± 8.8 pA and −19.2 ± 7.4 pA after 5 and 10 min nicotine exposure, respectively, n ... Animals were kept on a standard 12-h light/dark cycle with lights on at 7:00 AM and off at 7:00 PM. Mice had access to food and ...
Electrogenic uptake of glutamate and aspartate into glial cells isolated from the salamander (Ambystoma) retina., The Journal...... cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX; 20 microMs), and kynurenate (1mM) had no effect on the glutamate‐evoked current. 8. ... dione (CNQX; 20 microMs), and kynurenate (1mM) had no effect on the glutamate‐evoked current. 8. The voltage dependence, cation ... nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐ ... 2. L‐Glutamate evoked an inward current at membrane potentials ... 2. L‐Glutamate evoked an inward current at membrane potentials between ‐140 and +50 mV. The current was larger at more negative ...
7. The rise time for the NMDA component was 8-20 ms and the time constant for decay ranged from 60-150 ms. 8. During increased ... 6. For those synapses that were close to the soma the time constant for decay for the non-NMDA component, which was voltage ... 3. The voltage-dependent component was abolished by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5- ... 2. Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) had a fast component whose amplitude was voltage insensitive and a slow component ...
Eric I. Knudsen | Stanford Medicine ProfilesAUDITORY AND VISUAL MAPS OF SPACE IN THE OPTIC TECTUM OF THE OWL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE Knudsen, E. I. 1982; 2 (9): 1177-1194 ... THE HEARING OF THE BARN OWL SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Knudsen, E. I. 1981; 245 (6): 113-? View details for Web of Science ID ... SUPERVISED LEARNING IN THE BRAIN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE Knudsen, E. I. 1994; 14 (7): 3985-3997 View details for Web of Science ... Selective attention in birds. Current biology Sridharan, D., Schwarz, J. S., Knudsen, E. I. 2014; 24 (11): R510-3 Abstract. The ...
Controlling brain states. Neuron Bennett, C., Arroyo, S., Hestrin, S. 2014; 83 (2): 260-261 Abstract. Neurons in mouse V1 ... Layer 6 corticothalamic neurons activate a cortical output layer, layer 5a. journal of neuroscience Kim, J., Matney, C. J., ... 6. No shift of the tau K-V and the gK-V relations was observed when the internal potassium was reduced from 150 to 50 mM. 7. ... In layer 5/6 (L5/6), we recorded from two or three FS and/or pyramidal (PYR) neurons to study the development of electrical and ...
PharmacologySynapticNeuronsNMDAGlutamate2019Receptors2018GABAHippocampalPharmacologicalSelectivePresynapticQuinoxalineRatsContributionNeuroscienceC57BLInhibitionPostsynaptic currentsMiceZhangAntagonists2017199510.1016InhibitoryEndogenousSensorySlicesSubunitMossyDepolarizationCurrentsPhysiologyEPSCsNeurochemistryPeripheralDerivatives1997Neuronal
- European Journal of Pharmacology , 557 (2-3), 106-114. (elsevier.com)
- 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione--pharmacology;Analysis of Variance;Behavior, Addictive--physiopathology;Conditioning, Operant--drug effects;Cues;Dopamine Antagonists--pharmacology;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Excitatory Amino Acid. (musc.edu)
- The high concentration of actin in dendritic spines led to the proposal that activity-dependent changes in spine shape could modify synaptic efficacy ( 6 , 7 ). (pnas.org)
- Several mechanisms have been proposed to underlie these deficits, including altered composition of synaptic NMDA receptors, sparse connectivity through weak synapses, and LTP saturation ( 6 , 10 , 11 ). (pnas.org)
- Experience-dependent synaptic plasticity is a fundamental feature of neural networks involved in storing information - [3] . (plos.org)
- The importance of inhibitory inputs to PVN neurons is highlighted by anatomical data, which show that ∼50% of all synaptic connections made in the PVN are GABAergic in nature ( 7 ) and serve to mediate peripheral cardiovascular- and energy balance-related signals to this hypothalamic nucleus ( 27 , 31 ). (physiology.org)
- 3 4 5 These α-Bgtx-sensitive nicotinic receptors have a high permeability to calcium and have been shown to enhance synaptic transmission via presynaptic mechanisms. (ahajournals.org)
- Facing the cytoplasmic aspect of the CAZ are numerous synaptic vesicles that are enmeshed in a fine matrix of proteins comprised primarily of microfilaments and the synaptic vesicle-associated protein Synapsin, which are thought to hold them together and keep them at the presynaptic region [5,6]. (100md.com)
- Conversely, uridine (at all concentrations tested) had a negligible effect on PPF and basal synaptic transmission, which is mediated primarily by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). (biomedcentral.com)
- also known as Arg3.1) is an immediate early gene (IEG) that is rapidly induced in the brain by synaptic activity ( 6 , 7 ). (sciencemag.org)
- The effects of extracellularly applied 3′-5′ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) on kainate responses from cultured cerebellar granule and Purkinje neurons were investigated using whole-cell and outside-out patch recording modes. (aspetjournals.org)
- Using the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (Mecp2) knockout (KO) mouse model of Rett syndrome, we show that naïve excitatory synapses onto hippocampal pyramidal neurons of symptomatic mice have all of the hallmarks of potentiated synapses. (pnas.org)
- Layer 6 corticothalamic neurons activate a cortical output layer, layer 5a. (stanford.edu)
- Layer 6 corticothalamic neurons are thought to modulate incoming sensory information via their intracortical axons targeting the major thalamorecipient layer of the neocortex, layer 4, and via their long-range feedback projections to primary sensory thalamic nuclei. (stanford.edu)
- However, anatomical reconstructions of individual layer 6 corticothalamic (L6 CT) neurons include examples with axonal processes ramifying within layer 5, and the relative input of the overall population of L6 CT neurons to layers 4 and 5 is not well understood. (stanford.edu)
- 3 Usually, remodeling in RP eyes has features that take place earlier and more severely among cells directly connected to the photoreceptors, that is, bipolar cells, and less severely on the other inner retinal neurons. (arvojournals.org)
- Under current-clamp conditions, NPVF and NPFF caused depolarization (6-9 mV) of neurons that persisted in the presence of TTX but was abolished in the presence of bicuculline. (physiology.org)
- In the brain, NPFF has been shown to influence the secretion of vasopressin from the hypothalamus and activate neurons of cardiovascular centers in the brain stem that regulate sympathetic autonomic outflow ( 2 , 16 ). (physiology.org)
- The PVN is a bilateral periventricular structure in the hypothalamus that contains separate populations of neurons that 1 ) regulate the secretion of hormones from the posterior pituitary (magnocellular neurons), 2 ) project to the median eminence to control adenohypophyseal hormone release (parvocellular neurons), and 3 ) send projections to the caudal brain stem and spinal cord autonomic centers for control of sympathetic outflow (parvocellular neurons) ( 36 ). (physiology.org)
- 5-HT 1B receptors play a crucial role in regulating serotonin neurotransmission, as they serve as both autoreceptors on serotonin-containing neurons originating from the raphe nuclei and heteroreceptors on several neurons that do not contain serotonin ( 6 , 7 ). (sciencemag.org)
- The present study demonstrates that nicotine has at least 3 sites of action to increase the activity of vagal cardiac neurons. (ahajournals.org)
- In rats (6 to 12 days old), the heart was exposed in an initial surgery with a right thoracotomy, and rhodamine (XRITC, Molecular Probes) was injected into the pericardial sac and applied to the terminals of preganglionic parasympathetic cardiac neurons located mostly in the fat pads at the base of the heart. (ahajournals.org)
- This released glutamate activates ionotropic glutamate receptors such as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid and N -methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the postsynaptic membrane of the DH neurons, causing membrane depolarization and the firing of action potentials. (asahq.org)
- These results indicate that transplantation of X-box-binding protein 1-transfected neural stem cells can promote stem cell survival and differentiation into dopaminergic neurons, increase dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels, reduce α-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra, and improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease in rats. (nrronline.org)
- A single pulse delivered to the VPM via bipolar electrode induced an EPSC with short latency (2 ms), as well as EPSCs with long latency (120 ms) in the cortical neurons. (elsevier.com)
- p = 0.0007), but not in non-dopaminergic neurons (2 ± 4% inhibition). (eneuro.org)
- Neurons are grown at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 and 20% O 2 humidified incubator. (bio-protocol.org)
- We therefore performed whole-cell patch clamp recordings from neurons in the caudal third of the pretectal nuclear complex in frontal brain slices obtained from 3 to 6 week old hooded rats and tried to classify pretectal neurons electrophysiologically. (beds.ac.uk)
- The results showed that, during the period of postnatal 0.5-3 months, some of the intrinsic membrane properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, such as the membrane capacitance (Cm) and the resting membrane potential (RMP), showed no significant changes, while the membrane input resistance (Rin) and the time constant (τ) of the cells were decreased significantly. (bvsalud.org)
- RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The neurotrophic factor 3-chitosan group induced a high proportion of neural stem cells differentiated into neurons, with a ratio of 73.8%, which was significantly higher than that in the other three groups. (bvsalud.org)
- 2. Bath application of the mGluR agonist (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R-ACPD) (5-20 μM) for 20 min produced a reversible depolarization of membrane potentiatil, blockade of spike accommodation, and increase in input resistance of CA1 neurons. (northwestern.edu)
- 6. For those synapses that were close to the soma the time constant for decay for the non-NMDA component, which was voltage insensitive, ranged from 4-8 ms. 7. (nih.gov)
- 6,7-Dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dion and 6-nitro,7-cyano-quinoxaline-2,3-dion antagonise responses to NMDA in the rat spinal cord via an action at the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor. (hellobio.com)
- Furthermore, type 1 and 2 nociception are mediated through SP-NK1 and glutamate-NMDA receptor spinal transmission, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
- 2. L‐Glutamate evoked an inward current at membrane potentials between ‐140 and +50 mV. (deepdyve.com)
- 3. The glutamate‐evoked current was activated by external cations with relative efficacies: Na+ much greater than Li+ greater than K+ greater than Cs+, choline. (deepdyve.com)
- 6. The uptake blocker threo‐3‐hydroxy‐DL‐aspartate (30 microM) reduced the glutamate‐evoked current, but also generated a current itself. (deepdyve.com)
- 9. In addition to glutamate, the uptake carrier can also transport aspartate and threo‐3‐hydroxy‐DL‐aspartate, but not dihydrokainate. (deepdyve.com)
- The glutamate-dependent somatostatin secretion was Ca2+ dependent and blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. (ovid.com)
- 3 - 5 They injected glutamate agonists and antagonists intravitreally to dissect the retinal circuits. (arvojournals.org)
- 6): 47-56, 2019. (bvsalud.org)
- 6): 57-66, 2019. (bvsalud.org)
- For NPFF and related peptides, two G protein-coupled receptors, designated NPFF1 and NPFF2, have been identified in human and rat central nervous system (CNS) tissues ( 6 , 39 ). (physiology.org)
- Third, the hypothalamic PVN is enriched in NPFF binding sites and receptors ( 6 , 11 ). (physiology.org)
- The effects on brain function of drugs acting on GABA A receptors show that it is not necessary to silence a cell type to alter network properties or behavior: a modest modulation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) is sufficient 6 - 8 . (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The ability of alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to modulate dopaminergic (DA) cell activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in rat midbrain slices was assessed using a selective alpha4beta2 receptor agonist, TC-2559 ((E)-N-methyl-4-[3-(5-ethoxypyridin)y3-buten-1-amine). (xenbase.org)
- The selectivity of TC-2559 was characterized across 6 recombinant human nicotinic receptors (alpha4beta2, alpha2beta4, alpha4beta4, alpha3beta4, alpha3beta2 and alpha7) stably expressed in mammalian cell lines. (xenbase.org)
- There are 14 different serotonin receptors ( 2 ), some of which have multiple splice variants that enable binding of distinct sets of intracellular proteins ( 5 ). (sciencemag.org)
- Pharmacologic and genetic studies have suggested a role for 5-HT 1B receptors in the pathophysiology of obsessive compulsive disorder, drug addiction, depression, anxiety, aggression, and sleep ( 1 , 7 , 8 ). (sciencemag.org)
- p11 interacted with 5-HT 1B receptors, but not with 5-HT 1A , 5-HT 2A , 5-HT 5A , 5-HT 6 , dopamine D 1 or D 2 receptors, two irrelevant baits (CΔ115 and pRP21), or the empty plasmid, which showed the specificity of this interaction ( Fig. 1A ). (sciencemag.org)
- 2 Some of these nicotinic receptors, especially those that contain the α7 gene product, which are selectively blocked by α-bungarotoxin (α-Bgtx), are preferentially localized, and clustered, at presynaptic sites. (ahajournals.org)
- Although MOR internalization has been thought to play a role in acute opioid tolerance, 3 the exposure of MORs to morphine does not cause internalization and down-regulation of these receptors, as occurs with other more potent and selective μ-opioid agonists. (asahq.org)
- 4-6 Prolonged MOR activation results in desensitization of the receptors through G-protein uncoupling and subsequent neuronal excitation. (asahq.org)
- 6): 106-114, 2018. (bvsalud.org)
- The plastic GABA A R changes were gradually and fully reversible by 2 weeks after single EtOH dosing, but unexplainably persisted long after withdrawal from chronic intermittent ethanol treatment, which leads to signs of alcohol dependence. (jneurosci.org)
- Transverse hippocampal slices (400 μm) were prepared from 4- to 8-week-old transgenic C57BL/6 mice (line M) expressing enhanced GFP (EGFP) ( 26 ). (pnas.org)
- Loss-of-function mutations in the transcriptional regulator methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 ( MECP2 ) occur in 95% of RTT individuals ( 3 ), and Mecp2 -deficient mice recapitulate several neurological features of RTT, including impaired hippocampal-dependent learning and memory ( 4 ). (pnas.org)
- Long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular correlate of learning and memory ( 5 ), is impaired at hippocampal CA1 excitatory synapses of symptomatic Mecp2 knockout (KO) mice ( 6 , 7 ), mice that express nonfunctional MeCP2 ( Mecp2 308 ) ( 8 ), and mice with a STOP codon before Mecp2 exon 3 ( Mecp2 stop ) ( 9 , 10 ). (pnas.org)
- By using the newly developed high-sensitivity Zn 2+ indicator ZnAF-2, the spatiotemporal dynamics of Zn 2+ was monitored in rat hippocampal slices. (rupress.org)
- There is also morphological evidence that hippocampal slices undergo a spontaneous and rapid increase in synapses within 2 hr after slicing . (plos.org)
- Irons-Brown, SR & Jones, TA 2004, ' Effects of selected pharmacological agents on avian auditory and vestibular compound action potentials ', Hearing Research , vol. 195, no. 1-2, pp. 54-66. (elsevier.com)
- 2003), The nicotinic alpha 4 beta 2 receptor selective. (xenbase.org)
- The nicotinic alpha 4 beta 2 receptor selective agonist, TC -2559, increases dopamine neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area of rat midbrain slices. (xenbase.org)
- 3. Presynaptic manipulations including increased stimulus strength gave the predicted changes in the value of mean 2/variance (M2/sigma 2). (nih.gov)
- On the other hand, LTP did increase M2/sigma 2, although the increase was less than that predicted for a purely presynaptic mechanism. (nih.gov)
- Quinoxaline-2, 3-dione derivatives are important classes of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, as they constitute useful intermediates in organic synthesis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Since these compounds are based on quinoxaline-2, 3-dione, we were planning to synthesize some novel quinoxaline dione derivatives and to evaluate their antagonistic action through neuroprotection. (hindawi.com)
- Microinjection of A-779 (3 nmol/50 nL) into the bilateral PVN of hypertensive rats not only attenuated MAP, RSNA, and NE, but also decreased the PICs and oxidative stress in the PVN. (bvsalud.org)
- Forty-eight Wistar rats were divided into postnatal 0.5-, 1-, 2- and 3-month groups (n = 12). (bvsalud.org)
- 7], , dealing with the contribution of anion stations and transporters. (himafund.org)
- 2 Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland. (sciencemag.org)
- 3 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy. (sciencemag.org)
- Neuroscience , 70 (3), 617-630. (elsevier.com)
- These mice were then crossed with C57BL/6 mice to generate heterozygous mice carrying one floxneo allele (VGAT floxneo/+ mice). (biomedcentral.com)
- This study was designed to determine whether inhibition of Ang-(1-7) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) attenuates sympathetic activity and elevates blood pressure by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) and oxidative stress in the PVN in salt-induced hypertension. (bvsalud.org)
- 2. Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) had a fast component whose amplitude was voltage insensitive and a slow component whose amplitude was voltage dependent with a region of negative slope resistance in the range of -70 to -30 mV. 3. (nih.gov)
- The behavioural effects of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in mice. (docphin.com)
- 1997). They and elevation of cytoplasmic Ca 2⫹ (Zhang and Poo, 2002). (eddoctor24h.com)
- 2-aryloxy-4-alkylaminopyridines: discovery of novel corticotropin-releasing factor 1 antagonists. (biomedsearch.com)
- 2017;58(3):1417-1424. (arvojournals.org)
- Laser scanning photostimulation revealed that NCAM deletion increased the strength of close-in inhibitory connections to layer 2/3 pyramidal cells of the ACC. (frontiersin.org)
- The fast rising excitatory postsynaptic potential and the following inhibitory postsynaptic potential were blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. (viagraqaz.com)
- We have generated a novel mouse model where the endogenous Arc/Arg3.1 gene is tagged in its 3′ untranslated region with stem-loops that bind a bacteriophage PP7 coat protein (PCP), allowing visualization of individual mRNAs in real time. (sciencemag.org)
- These results suggest that the increased MAP and sympathetic activity in salt-induced hypertension can be suppressed by blockade of endogenous Ang-(1-7) in the PVN, through modulation of PICs and oxidative stress. (bvsalud.org)
- RTT individuals develop typically until 6-18 mo, when neurological symptoms begin, including intellectual disability, autistic features, deficits in motor control and sensory perception, breathing irregularities, and epilepsy disorders ( 2 ). (pnas.org)
- For example, patients with migraine exhibit increased cortical responses to noxious and non-noxious sensory stimuli during the interictal period ( 6 , 7 ). (sciencemag.org)
- Transverse slices (∼300 μm) were kept for 1-4 h before recording at 22-24°C, in the above solution but with (in mM) CaCl 2 2.5, MgCl 2 1. (rupress.org)
- FHM2 is caused by mutations in the Atp1a2 gene, which encodes the α 2 subunit of the Na + , K + -dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (α 2 NKA) ( 8 ), an isoform that is almost exclusively expressed in astrocytes in the adult brain ( 9 ). (sciencemag.org)
- 2. The percentage decrease in the number of hilar interneurones labelled with either GAD67 or parvalbumin mRNA probes following trauma was not different from the decrease in the total population of hilar cells, indicating no preferential survival of interneurones with respect to the non-GABAergic hilar cells, i.e. the mossy cells. (escholarship.org)
- 7. Mossy hilar cells in the traumatic dentate gyrus responded with significantly enhanced, prolonged trains of action potential discharges to perforant path stimulation. (escholarship.org)
- The generation of the burst discharges was independent of the membrane potential, and the amplitude of the slow component of the paroxysmal depolarization shift increased with hyperpolarization, indicating that the 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine-induced bursts were synaptically mediated events. (uni-muenchen.de)
- Both 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine and the adenosine-degrading enzyme adenosine deaminase produced an apparently irreversible depolarization of the membrane potential by about 20 mV. (uni-muenchen.de)
- Further, application of taurine at different doses (10 μ M to 3 mM) showed a concentration dependent depolarizations and inward currents with the EC 50 of 84.3 μ M and 723 μ M, respectively. (hindawi.com)
- Here, we describe altered cortical physiology in a genetic mouse model of familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2), with reduced expression of astrocytic Na + ,K + -ATPases. (sciencemag.org)
- 6. In addition, the late EPSCs were not present in low (0.5 mM) extracellular calcium, and they were also eliminated by the removal of the dentate hilus from the slice. (escholarship.org)
- Journal of Neurochemistry , 72 (2), 716-723. (elsevier.com)
- Identical patterns of IL-6 dependence of myeloma cells were found in the peripheral blood and bone marrow from four patients with PCL. (viagraqaz.com)
- Quinoxalinone derivatives and dihydroquinoxalin-2-ones are an important structural motif for the discovery of biologically active compounds. (scirp.org)
- DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining was used to label nuclear DNA and also to assist understanding of the anatomical position of VTA Gad67+ neuronal projections. (elifesciences.org)
- 2 The activation of MORs result in reduction of 3′-5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, membrane hyperpolarization, and subsequent neuronal depression. (asahq.org)