3' Untranslated Regions: The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.5' Untranslated Regions: The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.Untranslated Regions: The parts of the messenger RNA sequence that do not code for product, i.e. the 5' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS and 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.RNA Stability: The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions.RNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.Nucleic Acid Conformation: The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.RNA, Viral: Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.MicroRNAs: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.Introns: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Hu Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis Antigens: A family of RNA-binding proteins that are homologues of ELAV protein, Drosophila. They were initially identified in humans as the targets of autoantibodies in patients with PARANEOPLASTIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. They are thought to regulate GENE EXPRESSION at the post-transcriptional level.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional: Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.Exons: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid: Sequences within RNA that regulate the processing, stability (RNA STABILITY) or translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of RNA.Poly A: A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid: Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.Open Reading Frames: A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Genome, Viral: The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein D: A heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoprotein that has specificity for AU-rich elements found in the 3'-region of mRNA and may play a role in RNA stability. Several isoforms of hnRNP D protein have been found to occur due to alternative mRNA splicing (RNA SPLICING).Genes, Reporter: Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.Codon, Initiator: A codon that directs initiation of protein translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) by stimulating the binding of initiator tRNA (RNA, TRANSFER, MET). In prokaryotes, the codons AUG or GUG can act as initiators while in eukaryotes, AUG is the only initiator codon.Polyadenylation: The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). Polyadenylation involves recognizing the processing site signal, (AAUAAA), and cleaving of the mRNA to create a 3' OH terminal end to which poly A polymerase (POLYNUCLEOTIDE ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE) adds 60-200 adenylate residues. The 3' end processing of some messenger RNAs, such as histone mRNA, is carried out by a different process that does not include the addition of poly A as described here.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.Polyribosomes: A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Alternative Splicing: A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.RNA Caps: Nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Ribosomes: Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Luciferases: Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Tristetraprolin: A ZINC FINGER MOTIF containing transcription factor that was originally identified as one of the IMMEDIATE-EARLY PROTEINS. It shuttles between the CYTOPLASM and the CELL NUCLEUS and is involved in destabilization of mRNAs for TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA.Ribonucleoproteins: Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).RNA Splicing: The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Sequence Deletion: Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.RNA, Untranslated: RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.Myotonic Dystrophy: Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.Nucleic Acid Hybridization: Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.AU Rich Elements: RNA sequences composed of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES and URACIL NUCLEOTIDES, that are located in the 3'UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of MESSENGER RNA molecules that are rapidly degraded. They are also known as AREs.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).RNA Transport: The process of moving specific RNA molecules from one cellular compartment or region to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms.Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins: A family of ribonucleoproteins that were originally found as proteins bound to nascent RNA transcripts in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles. Although considered ribonucleoproteins they are primarily classified by their protein component. They are involved in a variety of processes such as packaging of RNA and RNA TRANSPORT within the nucleus. A subset of heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins are involved in additional functions such as nucleocytoplasmic transport (ACTIVE TRANSPORT, CELL NUCLEUS) of RNA and mRNA stability in the CYTOPLASM.Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational: A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes assembly of the RIBOSOME components, the MESSENGER RNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, INITIATOR TRNA, and PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. The details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis.Picornaviridae: A family of small RNA viruses comprising some important pathogens of humans and animals. Transmission usually occurs mechanically. There are nine genera: APHTHOVIRUS; CARDIOVIRUS; ENTEROVIRUS; ERBOVIRUS; HEPATOVIRUS; KOBUVIRUS; PARECHOVIRUS; RHINOVIRUS; and TESCHOVIRUS.Globins: A superfamily of proteins containing the globin fold which is composed of 6-8 alpha helices arranged in a characterstic HEME enclosing structure.Tombusviridae: A family of RNA plant viruses infecting dicotyledons. Transmission is mainly by mechanical inoculation and through propagative plant material. All species elicit formation of multivesicular inclusion bodies. There are at least eight genera: Aureusvirus, Avenavirus, CARMOVIRUS, Dianthovirus, Machlomovirus, Necrovirus, Panicovirus, and TOMBUSVIRUS.Coronavirus, Bovine: A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting neonatal calves, presenting as acute diarrhea, and frequently leading to death.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Gene Expression Regulation, Viral: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.Iron-Regulatory Proteins: Proteins that regulate cellular and organismal iron homeostasis. They play an important biological role by maintaining iron levels that are adequate for metabolic need, but below the toxicity threshold.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.Polymorphism, Genetic: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid: Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Hepacivirus: A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Cytoplasm: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Alleles: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.DNA Restriction Enzymes: Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.Transcription Initiation Site: The first nucleotide of a transcribed DNA sequence where RNA polymerase (DNA-DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE) begins synthesizing the RNA transcript.Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein: A RNA-binding protein that binds to polypyriminidine rich regions in the INTRONS of messenger RNAs. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein may be involved in regulating the ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of mRNAs since its presence on an intronic RNA region that is upstream of an EXON inhibits the splicing of the exon into the final mRNA product.Sequence Analysis, RNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.Alfalfa mosaic virus: The type species of the genus ALFAMOVIRUS that is non-persistently transmitted by aphids.Carmovirus: A genus in the family TOMBUSVIRIDAE mostly found in temperate regions. Some species infecting legumes (FABACEAE) are reported from tropical areas. Most viruses are soil-borne, but some are transmitted by the fungus Olpidium radicale and others by beetles. Carnation mottle virus is the type species.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.RNA Probes: RNA, usually prepared by transcription from cloned DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and is generally used for studies of virus genes, distribution of specific RNA in tissues and cells, integration of viral DNA into genomes, transcription, etc. Whereas DNA PROBES are preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for detection of the presence of DNA/RNA from specific species or subspecies, RNA probes are preferred for genetic studies. Conventional labels for the RNA probe include radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. RNA probes may be further divided by category into plus-sense RNA probes, minus-sense RNA probes, and antisense RNA probes.Codon, Terminator: Any codon that signals the termination of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). PEPTIDE TERMINATION FACTORS bind to the stop codon and trigger the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl bond connecting the completed polypeptide to the tRNA. Terminator codons do not specify amino acids.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Luteovirus: A genus of plant viruses that infects both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Its organisms are persistently transmitted by aphids, and weeds may provide reservoirs of infection.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Models, Genetic: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Flavivirus: A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE containing several subgroups and many species. Most are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. The type species is YELLOW FEVER VIRUS.RNA, Plant: Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.RNA Isoforms: The different gene transcripts generated from a single gene by RNA EDITING or ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of RNA PRECURSORS.Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion: An increased number of contiguous trinucleotide repeats in the DNA sequence from one generation to the next. The presence of these regions is associated with diseases such as FRAGILE X SYNDROME and MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY. Some CHROMOSOME FRAGILE SITES are composed of sequences where trinucleotide repeat expansion occurs.DNA Mutational Analysis: Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.Down-Regulation: A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Tobacco: A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.Organ Specificity: Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.Inverted Repeat Sequences: Copies of nucleic acid sequence that are arranged in opposing orientation. They may lie adjacent to each other (tandem) or be separated by some sequence that is not part of the repeat (hyphenated). They may be true palindromic repeats, i.e. read the same backwards as forward, or complementary which reads as the base complement in the opposite orientation. Complementary inverted repeats have the potential to form hairpin loop or stem-loop structures which results in cruciform structures (such as CRUCIFORM DNA) when the complementary inverted repeats occur in double stranded regions.Retroelements: Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. Retroposons, such as LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS do not contain LTRs.Iron Regulatory Protein 1: A multifunctional iron-sulfur protein that is both an iron regulatory protein and cytoplasmic form of aconitate hydratase. It binds to iron regulatory elements found on mRNAs involved in iron metabolism and regulates their translation. Its RNA binding ability and its aconitate hydrolase activity are dependent upon availability of IRON.RNA, Protozoan: Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Base Pairing: Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.Poly(A)-Binding Proteins: Proteins that bind to the 3' polyadenylated region of MRNA. When complexed with RNA the proteins serve an array of functions such as stabilizing the 3' end of RNA, promoting poly(A) synthesis and stimulating mRNA translation.Selenoproteins: Selenoproteins are proteins that specifically incorporate SELENOCYSTEINE into their amino acid chain. Most selenoproteins are enzymes with the selenocysteine residues being responsible for their catalytic functions.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.RNA, Helminth: Ribonucleic acid in helminths having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.RNA, Antisense: RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.DNA, Recombinant: Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.Enterovirus B, Human: A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 36 serotypes. It is comprised of all the echoviruses and a few coxsackieviruses, including all of those previously named coxsackievirus B.Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.RNA, Bacterial: Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Plants, Toxic: Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.RNA, Fungal: Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Blotting, Southern: A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Genetic Vectors: DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A species of GREEN ALGAE. Delicate, hairlike appendages arise from the flagellar surface in these organisms.RNA Interference: A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Repressor Proteins: Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Plant Tubers: An enlarged underground root or stem of some plants. It is usually rich in carbohydrates. Some, such as POTATOES, are important human FOOD. They may reproduce vegetatively from buds.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Base Composition: The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.Genetic Predisposition to Disease: A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.DEAD-box RNA Helicases: A large family of RNA helicases that share a common protein motif with the single letter amino acid sequence D-E-A-D (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp). In addition to RNA helicase activity, members of the DEAD-box family participate in other aspects of RNA metabolism and regulation of RNA function.Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Trinucleotide Repeats: Microsatellite repeats consisting of three nucleotides dispersed in the euchromatic arms of chromosomes.Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.Potexvirus: A genus of plant viruses in the family FLEXIVIRIDAE, that cause mosaic and ringspot symptoms. Transmission occurs mechanically. Potato virus X is the type species.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Viral Nonstructural Proteins: Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.RNA 3' Polyadenylation Signals: Sequences found near the 3' end of MESSENGER RNA that direct the cleavage and addition of multiple ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES to the 3' end of mRNA.3T3 Cells: Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.Replicon: Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Oogenesis: The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).Mutagenesis: Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.RNA, Satellite: Small, linear single-stranded RNA molecules functionally acting as molecular parasites of certain RNA plant viruses. Satellite RNAs exhibit four characteristic traits: (1) they require helper viruses to replicate; (2) they are unnecessary for the replication of helper viruses; (3) they are encapsidated in the coat protein of the helper virus; (4) they have no extensive sequence homology to the helper virus. Thus they differ from SATELLITE VIRUSES which encode their own coat protein, and from the genomic RNA; (=RNA, VIRAL); of satellite viruses. (From Maramorosch, Viroids and Satellites, 1991, p143)Nuclear Factor 90 Proteins: A family of double-stranded RNA-binding proteins that are related to NFATC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. In addition to binding to RNA, nuclear factor 90 proteins form heterodimeric complexes that regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and may play a role in T-CELL activation.Endoribonucleases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-.Genomic Library: A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).Cell-Free System: A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.Genes, myc: Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (myc) originally isolated from an avian myelocytomatosis virus. The proto-oncogene myc (c-myc) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Truncation of the first exon, which appears to regulate c-myc expression, is crucial for tumorigenicity. The human c-myc gene is located at 8q24 on the long arm of chromosome 8.Reticulocytes: Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.Hibiscus: A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE. Members contain CITRIC ACID; MALATES; ANTHOCYANINS; FLAVONOIDS; GLYCOSIDES; DIETARY FIBER; and LIGNANS. Hibiscus sabdariffa is common constituent of HERBAL TEAS. Hibiscus cannabinus is a source of hemp fiber for TEXTILES.mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors: Factors that are involved in directing the cleavage and POLYADENYLATION of the of MESSENGER RNA near the site of the RNA 3' POLYADENYLATION SIGNALS.Protoplasts: The protoplasm and plasma membrane of plant, fungal, bacterial or archaeon cells without the CELL WALL.Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases: Enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of single-stranded regions of DNA or RNA molecules while leaving the double-stranded regions intact. They are particularly useful in the laboratory for producing "blunt-ended" DNA molecules from DNA with single-stranded ends and for sensitive GENETIC TECHNIQUES such as NUCLEASE PROTECTION ASSAYS that involve the detection of single-stranded DNA and RNA.RNA Splice Sites: Nucleotide sequences located at the ends of EXONS and recognized in pre-messenger RNA by SPLICEOSOMES. They are joined during the RNA SPLICING reaction, forming the junctions between exons.Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.Elettaria: A plant genus of the family ZINGIBERACEAE, order Zingiberales, subclass Zingiberidae. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton is the source of Cardamom used in SPICES.Dengue Virus: A species of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which causes an acute febrile and sometimes hemorrhagic disease in man. Dengue is mosquito-borne and four serotypes are known.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Oocytes: Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).Xenopus: An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.Gene Frequency: The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.HEK293 Cells: A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.RNA Viruses: Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic: The small subunit of the 80s ribosome of eukaryotes. It is composed of the 18S RIBOSOMAL RNA and 32 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS.Plants, Genetically Modified: PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.Enterovirus: A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein: A RNA-binding protein that is found predominately in the CYTOPLASM. It helps regulate GENETIC TRANSLATION in NEURONS and is absent or under-expressed in FRAGILE X SYNDROME.
OSER1... untranslated region 252 bp long. 3' untranslated region 1,129 bp long. 10 splice isoforms that encode good proteins, altogether ... In this same region of the promoter, there is also a TATA-binding factor sequence, which helps in the positioning of RNA ... The protein is highly conserved in the DUF776 region amongst vertebrates, and also at the C-terminus in eukaryotes. Using tools ... 294 (5): 1351-62. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.3310. PMID 10600390. Human OSER1 genome location and OSER1 gene details page in the ...
... untranslated region (5' UTR). Exons 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 code for 17, 13, 27, 14, 108 and 134 amino acids, respectively. All ... 28 (7): 1492-5. PMID 11469452. Nagasaka A, Matsue H, Matsushima H, Aoki R, Nakamura Y, Kambe N, Kon S, Uede T, Shimada S ( ... 154 (3): 671-5. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65313-8. PMC 1866412 . PMID 10079244. Choi ST, Kim JH, Kang EJ, Lee SW, Park MC, Park ... 61 (1): 251-5. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2012.10.002. PMID 23098767. Samitas K, Zervas E, Xanthou G, Panoutsakopoulou V, Gaga M (Feb ...
... untranslated region of human hsp70 mRNA". J Biol Chem. 278 (25): 22350-22356. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303213200. PMID 12682055. Page ... It has been shown that the 216 nucleotide long 5' UTR contains internal ribosome entry site activity. Rubtsova, MP; Sizova DV; ... Dmitriev SE; Ivanov DS; Prassolov VS; Shatsky IN (2003). "Distinctive properties of the 5'- ...
... untranslated region generated by an alternate exon". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (9): 6188-96. PMID 1556127. Dawson SJ, White LA (1992 ... 1992). "The exon organization of the triple-helical coding regions of the human alpha 1(VI) and alpha 2(VI) collagen genes is ... 14 (1): 113-5. doi:10.1038/ng0996-113. PMID 8782832. Tillet E, Ruggiero F, Nishiyama A, Stallcup WB (1997). "The membrane- ...
... untranslated region". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (32): 20668-73. PMID 8051167. Imataka H, Mizuno A, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Hayami M (1994 ... Regions around 10 kb upstream and 1 kb downstream of Klf9 transcription start site contain conserved antioxidant response ... a GC box sequence in the promoter region of the rat P-4501A1 gene". EMBO J. 11 (10): 3663-71. PMC 556826 . PMID 1356762. " ... 117 (1): 91-5. PMID 7775404. Imataka H, Nakayama K, Yasumoto K, Mizuno A, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Hayami M (1994). "Cell-specific ...
... untranslated regions of nuoG genes. This gene and the downstream genes probably comprise an operon that encodes various ...
... untranslated region (UTR) of messenger RNA encoding heat shock proteins-though it has been suggested this fact may be due, in ... untranslated region elements essential for preferential heat shock translation". J Biol Chem. 279 (48): 49919-49930. doi: ... Some RNA thermometers are significantly more complex than a single hairpin, as in the case of a region found in CspA mRNA which ... This structural transition can then expose or occlude important regions of RNA such as a ribosome binding site, which then ...
... untranslated region elements essential for preferential heat shock translation". J Biol Chem. 279 (48): 49919-49930. doi: ... The Hsp90 cis regulatory element is an RNA element (RNA thermometer) found in the 5' UTR of the Drosophila hsp90 mRNA. It is ...
... untranslated region". Life Sciences. 69 (20): 2361-70. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01322-4. PMID 11681623. Liou JY, Dutschman GE ... "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5′-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1-2): 149-56. doi: ... "Characterization of human UMP-CMP kinase enzymatic activity and 5′ ...
The transmembrane region is encoded by 2 exons and the cytoplasmic domain and the 3'-untranslated regions are coded for by two ... untranslated region are contained in one exon. The large extracellular domain of CR1, which has 25 potential N-glycosylation ... This gene is a member of the regulators of complement activation (RCA) family and is located in the 'cluster RCA' region of ... The promoter region lacks a distinct TATA box sequence. The gene is expressed principally on erythrocytes, monocytes, ...
Untranslated Region) to the germ line cells. Translation can be inhibited by cis regulatory elements in the transcript's 5' and ... untranslated regions of mRNAs in human diseases". Biology of the Cell. 101 (5): 251-62. doi:10.1042/BC20080104. PMID 19275763. ... After the duplication event, the N-terminal region acquired Zn-knuckle domains which are now conserved in invertebrates. ... and arginine methylation in a conserved region of mice, Xenopus and Drosophila Vasa genes. One of main function of Vasa protein ...
Untranslated regions (UTR) were looked at for c9orf135. Both of the UTR had hairpin loops that were present. The 3' UTR has a ... McGuire, Megan M; Bowden, Wayne; Engel, Natalie J; Ahn, Hyo Won; Kovanci, Ertug et al.(2011) Fertility and sterility vol.95(5)p ... Secondary structure of c9orf135 5' UTR loop structure of c9orf135 of mRNA 3' UTR loop structure of c9orf135 mRNA c9orf135 is ... total of 123 nucleotides and the 5' UTR has a total of 18 nucleotides. ...
... untranslated region is shown. Isoform 1, diagramed below, contains a DUF3338 domain, two low complexity regions and a proline ... The factors that are predicted to bind to the promoter region of isoform 2 differ, and twelve of the top twenty predicted ... A total of 556 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the gene region of INAVA, 96 of which are ... A diagram of the predicted promoter region, with highlighted transcription factor binding sites, is shown to the right. ...
... untranslated region". Virus Research. Special Issue: Functions of the ends of positive strand RNA virus genomes. 206: 53-61. ... untranslated regions (UTRs). The 5'UTRs are 95-101 nucleotides long in Dengue virus. There are two conserved structural ... Clyde K, Harris E; (2006). "RNA Secondary Structure in the Coding Region of Dengue Virus Type 2 Directs Translation Start Codon ... Terminal Regions of the Dengue Virus Genome". J. Virol. 79 (13): 8303-15. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.13.8303-8315.2005. PMC 1143759 . ...
... untranslated region. This gene was originally thought to be one of the two pseudogenes (CGB1 and CGB2) of CGB subunit, however ... 267 (5): 3179-84. PMID 1371113. Policastro PF, Daniels-McQueen S, Carle G, Boime I (1986). "A map of the hCG beta-LH beta gene ... The CGB genes are primarily distinguished by differences in the 5' ...
... untranslated region". Life Sci. 69 (20): 2361-70. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01322-4. PMID 11681623. Liou JY, Dutschman GE, Lam ... 12 (5): 751-64. doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.02.038. PMID 15130468. Murata D, Endo Y, Obata T, et al. (2005). "A crucial role of ... 12 (5): 751-764. doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.02.038. Appleby, Todd C.; Larson, Gary; Cheney, I. Wayne; Walker, Heli; Wu, Jim Z.; ... 21 (5): 566-9. doi:10.1038/nbt810. PMID 12665801. Pasti C, Gallois-Montbrun S, Munier-Lehmann H, et al. (2003). "Reaction of ...
... untranslated regions) of various mRNAs whose products are involved in iron metabolism. For example, the mRNA of ferritin (an ... untranslated region of human cell division cycle 14A mRNA by a refined microarray-based screening strategy". The Journal of ... untranslated region". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (23): 8478-8482. doi: ... untranslated region". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (51): 30781-30786. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.51.30781. PMID 8530520. N ...
... untranslated region contains an internal ribosomal entry site (Type I IRES). Covalently bonded to the 5' UTR is the viral ... untranslated region and encodes its own 3' poly-A tail. The 5' ... The VPg protein that is covalently linked to the 5' end of the ... Upon entry of the genome into the cytoplasm of the host cell, the IRES in the 5' UTR recruits ribosomal subunits (cap- ... Its genome is linear and is 7,293 nucleotides in length with both a 5' and 3' ...
... untranslated regions of mraW genes. These mraW genes likely form operons with immediately downstream ftsI genes, and multiple ... mraW RNAs are consistently in the presumed 5' ...
... untranslated region". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (5): 2543-2553. doi:10.1074/jbc.M707781200. PMID 18055463. ATF5 protein, human at the ... Al Sarraj J, Vinson C, Thiel G (2005). "Regulation of asparagine synthetase gene transcription by the basic region leucine ... Activating transcription factor 5, also known as ATF5, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF5 gene. First ... 20 (5): 942-948. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.01.010. PMID 18276110. Pati D, Meistrich ML, Plon SE (1999). "Human Cdc34 and Rad6B ...
... untranslated regions". Cell. 38 (1): 275-85. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90549-X. PMID 6088070. Yamamoto T, Davis CG, Brown MS, et ... Yamamoto T, Bishop RW, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Russell DW (Jun 1986). "Deletion in cysteine-rich region of LDL receptor impedes ... "Acid-dependent ligand dissociation and recycling of LDL receptor mediated by growth factor homology region". Nature. 326 (6115 ... 76 (5): 865-73. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90361-1. PMID 8124722. Wang X, Sato R, Brown MS, Hua X, Goldstein JL (Apr 1994). " ...
... untranslated regions of glmS genes. The GlmS enzyme catalyzes the production of glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P), and the glmS ... It was originally identified using bioinformatics in the 5' ...
... untranslated regions or within introns. Trans-regulatory elements control the transcription of a distant gene. Promoters ... The DNA material in chromosomes is composed of "coding" and "noncoding" regions. The coding regions are known as genes and ... of conserved DNA represented in noncoding regions. Linkage mapping often identifies chromosomal regions associated with a ... Non-protein coding regions . . . are not related directly to making proteins, [and] have been referred to as "junk" DNA.' The ...
... untranslated region => truncation of transcript. Usually results in failure of the mRNA to contain a 5' cap, leading to less ... The process of cutting, self ligation and re cutting allows the amplification of the flanking regions of DNA without knowing ... Possible mutations: Insertion in a translated region => hybrid protein/truncated protein. Usually causes loss of protein ... DNA sequencing Once the function of the mutated protein has been determined it is possible to sequence/purify/clone the regions ...
... untranslated regions of its mRNA". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (9): 8581-8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M410806200. PMID 15611123. Hughes TA, Brady ... The AXIN2 gene has been mapped to 17q23-q24, a region that shows frequent loss of heterozygosity in breast cancer, ... 74 (5): 1043-50. doi:10.1086/386293. PMC 1181967 . PMID 15042511. Mostowska A, Biedziak B, Jagodzinski PP (2006). "Axis ... Hughes TA, Brady HJ (2005). "Expression of axin2 is regulated by the alternative 5'- ...
... such as untranslated regions, regulatory elements, non-protein-coding genes, and chromosomal structural elements) under ... 比較基因組學（Comparative genomics）對於哺乳類基因組的研究顯示，人類與大約兩億年前就已經分化的各物種相比，有大約5%的比例在人類基因組中保留了下來，其中包含許多的基因與調控序列。而且人類與大多數已知的脊椎動物間，也享有了一些相同的基因 ... 1996, 5 (1): 35-41. PMID 8731380
A factor that specifically binds to the 5'-untranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA... untranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) RNA has been found in extracts of ascites carcinoma Krebs-2 cells. ... A protein factor that specifically binds to the 5- ... untranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA FEBS Lett ... untranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) RNA has been found in extracts of ascites carcinoma Krebs-2 cells. ... A protein factor that specifically binds to the 5- ... A factor that specifically binds to the 5- ...
The role of the 5' untranslated region of an mRNA in translation regulation during development. - PubMed - NCBI... untranslated region of an mRNA in translation regulation during development.. van der Velden AW1, Thomas AA. ... Furthermore, 5 UTR activity, mutations in the 5 UTR, or the occurrence of alternative 5 UTRs have been implicated in the ... During embryonic development, the 5 UTRs of Antp. Ubx RAR beta 2 c-mos and c-myc regulate protein expression in a spatio- ... This review focuses on 5 UTRs whose activity is regulated, the processes during which this regulation occurs, and as far as ...
Translation from the 5′ untranslated region shapes the integrated stress response | Science... untranslated region shapes the integrated stress response. By Shelley R. Starck, Jordan C. Tsai, Keling Chen, Michael Shodiya, ... untranslated region shapes the integrated stress response. By Shelley R. Starck, Jordan C. Tsai, Keling Chen, Michael Shodiya, ... untranslated region shapes the integrated stress response Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Science ... untranslated region of the thrombopoietin gene. Blood 92, 1091-1096 (1998). pmid:9694695. ...
... untranslated region of mouse mu opioid receptor (MOR) and is required for post-transcriptional regulation.. Song KY1, Choi HS, ... untranslated region (UTR) of the mouse MOR was found to be important for post-transcriptional regulation of the MOR gene in ... untranslated region of mouse mu opioid receptor (MOR) and is required for post-transcriptional regulation ... untranslated region of mouse mu opioid receptor (MOR) and is required for post-transcriptional regulation ...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Migration of Small Ribosomal Subunits on the 5′ Untranslated Regions of Capped Messenger RNA... untranslated regions (UTRs). Scanning through the 5′UTR requires the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent RNA helicase ... This −8 nt toeprint was seen with mRNA 5′UTRs of different length, sequence and structure potential. Importantly, the −8 nt ... Impeding scanning through the 5′UTR in this system with elevated magnesium and AMP-PNP (similar to the toeprinting conditions ... We assembled cell-free translation reactions with capped mRNA featuring an extended 5′UTR and used cycloheximide to arrest ...
The Anticholinesterase Phenserine and Its Enantiomer Posiphen as 5′Untranslated-Region-Directed Translation Blockers of the...... untranslated region (5′UTR) in a manner similar to its action to limit the expression of the AD-specific amyloid precursor ... Untranslated-Region-Directed Translation Blockers of the Parkinsons Alpha Synuclein Expression. Sohan Mikkilineni,1 Ippolita ... The Anticholinesterase Phenserine and Its Enantiomer Posiphen as 5′ ... blocked neural SNCA mRNA translation and tested for targeting via its 5′ ...
The 5′ untranslated region of the soybean cytosolic glutamine synthetase β1 gene contains prokaryotic translation initiation...Ortega JL, Moguel-Esponda S, Potenza C, Conklin CF, Quintana A, Sengupta-Gopalan C (2006) The 3′ untranslated region of a ... Simon B, Sengupta-Gopalan C (2010) The 3′ untranslated region of the two cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) genes in alfalfa ... untranslated region in Cap-independent translation of Turnip Crinkle Virus. J Virol 85:4638-4653PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... untranslated region of the HSP18.2 gene contributes to efficient translation in plant cells. J Biosci Bioeng 95:52-58PubMed ...
Frontiers | Identification and Characterization of 5′ Untranslated Regions (5′UTRs) in Zymomonas mobilis as Regulatory...... untranslated region (5′UTR), have been shown in a variety of organisms to control the expression levels of these mRNAs in ... untranslated region (5UTR), have been shown in a variety of organisms to control the expression levels of these mRNAs in ... we searched natural cis-regulatory regions in this microorganism using transcriptomic data and bioinformatics analysis. ... we searched natural cis-regulatory regions in this microorganism using transcriptomic data and bioinformatics analysis. ...
Dengue and Zika Virus 5′ Untranslated Regions Harbor Internal Ribosomal Entry Site Functions | mBioThe untranslated regions of flavivirus genomes engage in complex interactions with distant upstream genomic sequences, which ... Untranslated Regions Harbor Internal Ribosomal Entry Site Functions. Yutong Song, JoAnn Mugavero, Charles B. Stauft, Eckard ... Untranslated Regions Harbor Internal Ribosomal Entry Site Functions. Yutong Song, JoAnn Mugavero, Charles B. Stauft, Eckard ... Untranslated Regions Harbor Internal Ribosomal Entry Site Functions. Yutong Song, JoAnn Mugavero, Charles B. Stauft, Eckard ...
Untranslated Region of the Cold Shock cspA mRNA of Escherichia coli Kunitoshi Yamanaka, Masanori Mitta, Masayori Inouye ... Untranslated Region of the Cold Shock cspA mRNA of Escherichia coli Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you ... end untranslated region of the mRNA for CspA, the major cold-shock protein of Escherichia coli, in cold-shock adaptation. J. ... untranslated region (5′-UTR), and its stability has been shown to play a major role in cold shock induction of CspA. The 5′-UTR ...
The 5'-Untranslated Region of the C9orf72 mRNA Exhibits a Phylogenetic Alignment to the Cis-Aconitase Iron-Responsive Element;...We report the presence of a homology in the 5untranslated region (UTR) of the messenger RNA encoding C9orf72 with the iron ... Untranslated Region. We propose novel small molecule therapies for ALS and FTD based on the strategy of screening and ... Untranslated Region of the C9orf72 mRNA Exhibits a Phylogenetic Alignment to the Cis-Aconitase Iron-Responsive Element; Novel ... Untranslated Region of the C9orf72 mRNA Exhibits a Phylogenetic Alignment to the Cis-Aconitase Iron-Responsive Element; Novel ...
... untranslated region (UTR).. Case 1. A 32-year-old woman was evaluated for chronic thrombocytopenia, platelet counts ranging ... untranslated region of ANKRD26 gene is associated with inherited thrombocytopenia: a report of two new families. ... Thrombocytopenia-associated mutations in the ANKRD26 regulatory region induce MAPK hyperactivation. J Clin Invest 124(2):580- ... 5.. Pippucci T, Savoia A, Perrotta S, Pujol-Moix N, Noris P, Castegnaro G, Pecci A, Gnan C, Punzo F, Marconi C, Gherardi S, ...
... untranslated region is related to fetal growth and preeclampsia FASEB J. 2020 Jan;34(1):494-512. doi: 10.1096/fj.201900619RR. ... untranslated region (UTR) in mRNAs of small-for-date placenta samples were dominant compared to reduction of m6A levels, ... Collectively, our findings suggest that m6A both at the 5-UTR and in the vicinity of stop codon in placental mRNA may play ... In particular, preeclampsia placenta samples showed consistently upregulated SMPD1 protein levels and increased m6A at 5-UTR ...
The 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) RNA regulates the replication of and transcription from the ... The 3′-untranslated region of the coronavirus RNA is required for subgenomic mRNA transcription from a defective interfering ... Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1 Binds to the 3′-Untranslated Region and Mediates Potential 5′-3′-End Cross Talks of ... Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1 Binds to the 3′-Untranslated Region and Mediates Potential 5′-3′-End Cross Talks of ...
Characterising the loss-of-function impact of 5' untranslated region variants in whole genome sequence data from 15,708...... untranslated region variants in whole genome sequence data from 15,708 individuals. View ORCID ProfileNicola Whiffin, View ... untranslated region variants in whole genome sequence data from 15,708 individuals Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a ... untranslated region variants in whole genome sequence data from 15,708 individuals ... untranslated region variants in whole genome sequence data from 15,708 individuals ...
The translation in vitro of rat ornithine decarboxylase mRNA is blocked by its 5′ untranslated region in a polyamine...... untranslated region in a polyamine-independent way. H Van Steeg, C T M Van Oostrom, H M Hodemaekers, L Peters, A A M Thomas ... untranslated region in a polyamine-independent way Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Biochemical ... untranslated region (5′ UTR) of the ODC mRNA of different species is rather unusual in length and GC content, and may therefore ... untranslated region in a polyamine-independent way ... untranslated region in a polyamine-independent way. H Van Steeg ...
... untranslated region of mRNA. William J. TUXWORTH Jr, Atif N. SAGHIR, Laura S. SPRUILL, Donald R. MENICK, Paul J. McDERMOTT ... untranslated region). The activity of eIF4E was modified in primary cultures of adult cardiocytes using adenoviral gene ... The insertion of G+C-rich repeats into the 5´-UTR doubled the predicted amount of secondary structure and was sufficient to ... Regulation of protein synthesis by eIF4E phosphorylation in adult cardiocytes: the consequence of secondary structure in the 5 ...
Inhibition of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Type-1 Receptor Translation by an Upstream AUG Triplet in the 5′ Untranslated...untranslated region. ORF. open reading frame. GFP. green fluorescent protein. uORF. upstream open reading frame. CRHR. ... Untranslated Region. Guoheng Xu, Cristina Rabadan-Diehl, Maria Nikodemova, Peter Wynn, Joachim Spiess and Greti Aguilera ... Untranslated Region. Guoheng Xu, Cristina Rabadan-Diehl, Maria Nikodemova, Peter Wynn, Joachim Spiess and Greti Aguilera ... Untranslated Region. Guoheng Xu, Cristina Rabadan-Diehl, Maria Nikodemova, Peter Wynn, Joachim Spiess and Greti Aguilera ...
Untranslated regions, in addition to coded regions, have attracted attention because of their importance in terms of expression ... In the 3 UTR region, 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one indel were found, whereas this region was found to be ... untranslated regions of the HSP70.1 gene between native Turkish and Holstein Friesian cattle breeds ... untranslated regions (UTRs)) were sequenced in six cattle breeds. Blood samples of five native breeds, namely Yerli Kara (YK), ...
A novel nucleotide substitution in the 5′ untranslated region of ANKRD26 gene is associated with inherited thrombocytopenia: a...... untranslated region of ANKRD26 gene is associated with inherited thrombocytopenia: a report of two new families. Zeitschrift:. ... untranslated region of ANKRD26 gene is associated with inherited thrombocytopenia: a report of two new families ... Thrombocytopenia-associated mutations in the ANKRD26 regulatory region induce MAPK hyperactivation. J Clin Invest 124(2):580- ... 5. Pippucci T, Savoia A, Perrotta S, Pujol-Moix N, Noris P, Castegnaro G, Pecci A, Gnan C, Punzo F, Marconi C, Gherardi S, ...
... untranslated region of the human α-galactosidase gene on enzyme activity, and their frequencies in Portuguese caucasians. ... untranslated region of exon 1, respectively g.1150G>A, g.1168G>A, g.1170C>T. The g.1150A allele is associated with increased ... The α-galactosidase gene (GLA) has three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5′ ... Effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the 5′ ...
Genome-wide functional analysis of human 5' untranslated region introns | Genome Biology | Full Text... untranslated region (UTR). Introns in 5UTRs differ from those in coding regions and 3UTRs with respect to nucleotide ... Hong X, Scofield DG, Lynch M: Intron size, abundance, and distribution within untranslated regions of genes. Mol Biol Evol. ... untranslated regions in carcinogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans. 2008, 36: 708-711. 10.1042/BST0360708.PubMedView ArticleGoogle ... Structural and functional features of eukaryotic mRNA untranslated regions. Gene. 2001, 276: 73-81. 10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00674 ...
Binding of the 5'-untranslated region of coronavirus RNA to zinc finger CCHC-type and RNA-binding motif 1 enhances viral...Binding of the 50-untranslated region of coronavirus.pdf. 676.95 kB. Adobe PDF. View/Open. ... untranslated region (5-UTR) of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RNA as bait against a human cDNA library derived from HeLa cells, ... untranslated region of coronavirus RNA to zinc finger CCHC-type and RNA-binding motif 1 enhances viral replication and ... untranslated region of coronavirus RNA to zinc finger CCHC-type and RNA-binding motif 1 enhances viral replication and ...
The relationship between the variants in the 5'-untranslated regions of equine chorionic gonadotropin genes and serum equine...... untranslated regions (5′-UTR) of eCGβ was identified in previous study [10]. The objective of the present study was to ... untranslated regions (5′-UTR) of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) genes and the serum eCG levels. ... untranslated regions of equine chorionic gonadotropin genes and serum equine chorionic gonadotropin levels ... untranslated regions of equine chorionic gonadotropin genes and serum equine chorionic gonadotropin levels. ...
... untranslated region, 3 untranslated region, and the poly(A) tail. The 3-UTR often contains regulatory regions that post- ... Regulatory regions within the 3-untranslated region can influence polyadenylation, translation efficiency, localization, and ... untranslated region also has regulatory functions. Protein factors can either aid or disrupt folding of the region into various ... Five prime untranslated region UTRdb UTRome Barrett, Lucy W.; Fletcher, Sue; Wilton, Steve D. (27 April 2012). "Regulation of ...
- Previously, the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of the mouse MOR was found to be important for post-transcriptional regulation of the MOR gene in neuronal cells. (nih.gov)
- To identify potential regulators of the mouse MOR gene, we performed affinity column chromatography using 5'-UTR-specific RNA oligonucleotides using neuroblastoma NS20Y cells. (nih.gov)
- Translation of the mouse MOR gene is controlled by 5′UTR-deletion analysis. (nih.gov)
- The focus of this paper is to determine the role of the 5′UTR of a GS 1 gene. (springer.com)
- The 5′UTR of the GS 1 gene when placed in front of a reporter gene ( uidA ), showed a 20-fold increase in the level of GUS expression in agroinfiltrated leaves when compared to the same gene construct without the 5′UTR. (springer.com)
- The presence of the GS 1 5′UTR in front of the GS 1 coding region allowed for its translation in E. coli suggesting the commonality of the translation initiation mechanism for this gene between plants and bacteria. (springer.com)
- Dansako T, Kato K, Satoh J, Sekine M, Yoshida K, Shinmyo A (2003) 5′untranslated region of the HSP18.2 gene contributes to efficient translation in plant cells. (springer.com)
- UTR_ZMO0347 (5′UTR of gene ZMO0347 encoding the RNA binding protein Hfq) was found to down-regulate downstream gene expression under ethanol stress. (frontiersin.org)
- We describe two IT cases presenting during pregnancy, one of whom harbored a novel, pathogenic nucleotide substitution in ANKRD26 gene 5′ untranslated region (UTR). (springer.com)
- The genetic structure of these gene regions in Turkish native cattle breeds was found to be quite different from those of other cattle breeds that had been studied in the past. (scielo.org.za)
- The α-galactosidase gene (GLA) has three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5′ untranslated region of exon 1, respectively g.1150G>A, g.1168G>A, g.1170C>T. The g.1150A allele is associated with increased plasma α-galactosidase (α-Gal) activity in hemizygotes, while the others are regarded as biologically neutral. (ovid.com)
- Four SNPs were identified in the 5′-UTR of the eCGα gene, and one of them was unique in the indigenous breeds. (ajas.info)
- There were 2 SNPs detected at the 5′ end of the eCGβ subunit gene, and one of them was only found in the Chinese breeds. (ajas.info)
- The 3'-UTR often contains regulatory regions that post-transcriptionally influence gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
- The transcription start site is the location where transcription starts at the 5'-end of a gene sequence. (wikiversity.org)
- The effect of the 5′-and 3′-untranslated regions (UTR) of human erythropoietin gene (gEpo) on its expression in mammalian cells was investigated. (kribb.re.kr)
- Mutation of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene 5'-untranslated region associated with female hypertension. (cdc.gov)
- We selected 5 SNPs in the gene (rs1394205, rs2055571, rs11692782, rs1007541, and rs2268361) and performed 2 genetic case-control studies in different populations. (cdc.gov)
- The SNP in the 5'-untranslated region of the FSHR gene affects levels of transcriptional activity and is a susceptibility mutation of EH in women. (cdc.gov)
- We found the 5′UTR of cold-regulated 47 gene to be an effective translational enhancer, contributing to stable high-level expression under various conditions. (usda.gov)
- While these repeat expansion length variations may serve to fine-tune regulatory activities of the STR host gene, more than 50 hereditary neurological, neuromuscular and other diseases are associated with expansions in coding and noncoding regions as well as in promoters ( Figure 1 ). (mdpi.com)
- Inhibition is sequence-specific in that the nucleotide sequences of the duplex region of the RNA and of a portion of the target gene are identical. (google.com)
- 5. The method of claim 1 in which the target gene is a viral gene. (google.com)
- This is a consequence of subtelomeric deletions of the region of chromosome 2 bearing the KAHRP gene ( 11 ). (pnas.org)
- We proposed that a gene essential for cytoadherence must be located in this region ( 24 ). (pnas.org)
- T variant in the 5' untranslated region of DNA repair gene RAD51 reduces risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and interacts wi. (cdc.gov)
- The Modulatory Effects of the Polymorphisms in GLA 5'-Untranslated Region Upon Gene Expression Are Cell-Type Specific. (cdc.gov)
- G in position +33, in the 5′ untranslated region of the beta globin gene. (ashpublications.org)
- The 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the APP gene, encompassing 147 base pairs between the transcriptional (+1) and the translational start site, was examined for its role in APP expression. (biomedcentral.com)
- A nuclear factor-binding domain designated as DAPB was identified in the 5'-UTR of the APP gene. (biomedcentral.com)
- There are three copies of the APP gene in Down syndrome and the level of APP transcript in the brains of afflicted individuals is increased about 4.5-fold [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Insertions of the transposable element Ac can induce recombination between two highly homologous 5.2-kb direct repeat sequences that flank the p1 gene-coding region. (genetics.org)
- Identification of novel polymorphisms within the promoter region of the human beta2 adrenergic receptor gene. (psu.edu)
- 10. The organism of claim 5 wherein the polyhydroxybutyrate polymerase gene was introduced into the organism using a vector selected from the group consisting of Agrobacterium tumefaciens plasmids and plant DNA viruses. (google.com)
- In addition, TE insertions into gene sequences affect RNA stability and splicing variants [ 4 , 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
- Gene silencing associated with aberrant methylation of promoter region CpG islands is an acquired epigenetic alteration that serves as an alternative to genetic defects in the inactivation of tumor suppressor and other genes in human cancers. (aacrjournals.org)
- Here we report the isolation and characterization of TMS1 ( t arget of m ethylation-induced s ilencing), a novel CpG island-associated gene that becomes hypermethylated and silenced in cells overexpressing DNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase-1. (aacrjournals.org)
- Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) diagnostic methodologies target the most conserved region of the HEV genome, 5′ untranslated region (5'UTR), while typing for the investigation of outbreak and clinical disease associations usually targets the VP1 gene. (biomedcentral.com)
- U07954 Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 16S rRNA gene, 5' untranslated region. (atcc.org)
- Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer is thought to be caused by mutations in genes involved in mismatch repair ( 3 ), and mutations in the base excision repair gene MUTYH are believed to be responsible for a rare, autosomal recessive form of colorectal polyposis ( 4 , 5 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- In addition to 5-fluorouracil treatment, the vegf 5'UTR-expressing tumors did not respond to IFN alpha therapy at all. (omicsdi.org)
- Keywords: genetic modification Overall design: We established HCT116 clones stably expressing vegf 5'UTR (vegf 5'-G5) and vegf 5'UTR mutated between nt 591 and nt 746 (vegf 5' mut-D5) and implanted into the left and the right flanks of the identical mouse, respectively. (omicsdi.org)
- G, was found in the 5′ untranslated region (5'UTR) of ADAR1 in the proband and her mother. (ingentium.com)
- Most of the commercially available genotyping methods are based on the detection of the conserved bases within the 5'UTR region. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, the ability of the 5'UTR nucleotide sequence to discriminate virus isolates at the subtype level is controversial, and alternative regions have been proposed for genotyping [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 5'UTR and VP1 regions was undertaken to determine the HEV serotype associated with the outbreak as well as other cases of aseptic meningitis in the area in the preceding 6 weeks. (biomedcentral.com)
- Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 5'UTR and VP1 regions identified 2 lineages of CVA9 co-circulating during the outbreak, although the VP1 capsid protein sequence was identical as all nucleotide differences were synonymous. (biomedcentral.com)
- We provide evidence that the short 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR) of DENV or ZIKV genomes can fulfill the function of an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). (asm.org)
- The IRES in the intragenic region (IGR) of the insect pathogen cricket paralysis virus (CrPV), on the other hand, is only 189 nt long ( 3 ). (asm.org)
- Another set of elements that is present in both the 5' and 3'-UTR are iron response elements (IREs). (wikipedia.org)
- In this report, we identified that the TM 5′ untranslated region (UTR) bearing the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element controls TM protein expression. (elsevier.com)
- When cells were treated with IL-1β, the IRES activity was suppressed and accompanied by an increased interaction between HuR and TM 5′UTR. (elsevier.com)
- The 5' untranslated region contains an internal ribosomal entry site (Type I IRES). (wikipedia.org)
- Upon entry of the genome into the cytoplasm of the host cell, the IRES in the 5' UTR recruits ribosomal subunits (cap-independent mechanism) which starts the translation process. (wikipedia.org)
- PTB similarly stimulated CAT production from transcripts containing the IRES of hepatitis A virus or hepatitis C virus in BS-C-1 cells and Huh-7 cells (37- to 44-fold increase and 5 to 5.3-fold increase, respectively). (asm.org)
- This interaction is controlled by highly structured, cis -acting RNA elements located within the 5′ nontranslated region (5′NTR), the internal ribosome entry site (IRES). (asm.org)
- Like all picornaviruses, poliovirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV) contain functional IRES elements within their 5′NTRs ( 11 , 54 ). (asm.org)
- Mutations in this region can also lead to creation of initiation codons. (news-medical.net)
- For example, generation of premature start codons by mutations in 5'-UTR have been shown to create melanoma. (news-medical.net)
- But the functional characterization of 5'-UTR and their mutations is still incomplete. (news-medical.net)
- Introns are also non-coding regions, and often mutations and alterations in introns and intronic splice sites do not receive much attention. (news-medical.net)
- We identified 7 novel mutations by sequence analysis of the NKX2.5-coding region in 26 individuals. (jci.org)
- In the 3' UTR region, 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one indel were found, whereas this region was found to be monomorphic among animals of the Holstein Friesian breed. (scielo.org.za)
- In the 5' UTR region, 43 SNPs and three indels were revealed in all of the investigated breeds. (scielo.org.za)
- Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and three P53 binding sites have been found in the RAD51 promoter and 5' untranslated region. (cdc.gov)
- Vimentin interacts with the 5'-untranslated region of mouse mu opioid receptor (MOR) and is required for post-transcriptional regulation. (nih.gov)
- Moreover, since positive-strand RNA synthesis begins from the 5′ end of the genome, and the 3′ end will be the last region of the genome reached by the viral polymerase, the replication signal at the 3′ end likely interacts with signals at the 5′ end to exert its effect on RNA synthesis. (asm.org)
- Kuroda, H & Maliga, P 2002, ' Overexpression of the clpP 5′-untranslated region in a chimeric context causes a mutant phenotype, suggesting competition for a clpP-specific RNA maturation factor in tobacco chloroplasts ', Plant physiology , vol. 129, no. 4, pp. 1600-1606. (elsevier.com)
- Reads #1 to #6 represent different patterns of chimeric DNA from the 5′ to 3′ end. (plantphysiol.org)
- The deletions resulted in stepwise reductions of CAT activity from 48% (D ) to 18% (D ) of the wild type value (Fig. 2A , columns 1-5). (biomedcentral.com)
- Expression from the APP promoter with deletions within the 5'- APP -UTR . (biomedcentral.com)
- Gallie DR (2002) The 5′-leader of tobacco mosaic virus promotes translation through enhanced recruitment of eIF4F. (springer.com)
- The cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) family of enzymes catalyzes the transfer of a sulfonate group from 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate to a hydroxyl or amino group on an accepting substrate ( Strott, 2002 ). (aspetjournals.org)
- West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne fl avivirus genotype in Texas in 2002, and further studies showed belonging to the Japanese encephalitis serogroup that this genotype had spread throughout the Upper Texas and maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes Gulf Coast and to other regions in the United States ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
- However, cytoplasmic 5′-nucleotidases catalyze dephosphorylation of ara-CMP, thereby reducing the amount of ara-C for conversion to ara-CTP ( Amici and Magni, 2002 ). (aspetjournals.org)
- Background: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as a neuroinvasive virus responsible for several large outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region while virulence determinant remains unexplored. (ncku.edu.tw)
- Finally, single nucleotide change from cytosine to uridine at base 158 in this short fragment of 5′-UTR was proven to reduce viral translation and EV71 virulence in mice. (ncku.edu.tw)
- Conclusions: These results presented the first reported virulence determinant in EV71 5′-UTR and first position discovered from unadapted isolates. (ncku.edu.tw)
- Furthermore, hnRNP A1 and PTB, both of which also bind to the complementary strands at the 5′ end of MHV RNA, together mediate the formation of an RNP complex involving the 5′- and 3′-end fragments of MHV RNA in vitro. (asm.org)
- Hughes MJ and Andrews DW (1997) A single nucleotide is a sufficient 5′ untranslated region for translation in an eukaryotic in vitro system. (els.net)
- The accumulation of reducing equivalents, possibly the NADH concentration or the NADH/NAD ratio, was suggested to be a signal for transcriptional regulation of adhE ( 5 , 15 ). (asm.org)
- Cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase II (NT5C2) is involved in the development of 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) resistance and has been associated with clinical outcome in patients receiving ara-C-based chemotherapy. (aspetjournals.org)
- In this same region of the promoter, there is also a TATA-binding factor sequence, which helps in the positioning of RNA polymerase II for transcription. (wikipedia.org)
- Such neutral processes could account for some of the observed patterns of intron presence [ 5 ], but do not rule out the possibility that adaptive processes are simultaneously contributing to the maintenance of some introns. (biomedcentral.com)
- One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that longer regions have a higher probability of possessing more miRNA binding sites that have the ability to inhibit translation. (wikipedia.org)
- The genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae dren's hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, with a diagno- is divided into 9 species, 5 of which infect humans. (cdc.gov)
- HFMD Pacifi c region has greatly increased since 1997, concurrent is caused by acute enterovirus infections, particularly by with an increase in the prevalence of HFMD and acute neu- viruses belonging to the human enterovirus A (HEVA) rologic disease ( 6 - 11 ). (cdc.gov)
- Mutation and possible recombination in the two regions play significant roles in the evolutionary diversity of EV-C. (medcraveonline.com)
- On the other hand, a new C983T nucleotide substitution was identified in this region, and is thought to disrupt the Sp1 -hsp70 promoter binding site. (scielo.org.za)
- In this report, a series of cspA-lacZ fusions having a 26- to 32-base deletion in the 5′-UTR were constructed to examine the roles of specific regions within the 5′-UTR in cspA expression. (asm.org)
- Northern blot analysis indicated that the enhanced expression of 5′,3′-UTR-deleted gEpo might be related with the transcription efficiency. (kribb.re.kr)
- Interestingly, expression of NPTII from the promoter with the clpP 5′-UTR (0.26% NPTII) caused a mutant (chlorotic) phenotype, whereas plants accumulating approximately 0.8% NPTII from the atpB 5′-UTR were normal green, indicating that the mutant phenotype was independent of NPTII accumulation. (elsevier.com)
- The 5'-untranslated region (UTR) was here examined for its role in APP expression. (biomedcentral.com)
- SB: Complex promoter and coding region beta 2-adrenergic receptor haplotypes alter receptor expression and predict in vivo responsiveness. (psu.edu)
- Plasma of 171 patients with chronic hepatitis C were screened using both a commercial method (LiPA HCV Versant, Siemens, Tarrytown, NY, USA) and different primers targeting the NS5B region for PCR amplification and sequencing analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Laboratory validation of two real-time RT-PCR methods with 5'-tailed primers for an enhanced detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus. (bireme.br)
- also known as cN-II and high K m 5′-nucleotidase) and cytoplasmic 5′-nucleotidase III (NT5C3) are involved in the final step of dephosphorylation before export of nucleosides out of the cell. (aspetjournals.org)
- Hence, mutagenesis of TAR regions did not affect export of Peb1 across the cytoplasmic membrane, whereas its export over the outer membrane was markedly impaired. (springer.com)
- The specificity of the interaction between MADP1 and the 5'-UTR of IBV was investigated and confirmed by using an RNA pull-down assay. (ntu.edu.sg)
- While GC-rich trinucleotide expansions predominate in exonic regions, intronic repeats are composed of 3-6 nucleotide tandems and vary considerably in GC content. (mdpi.com)
- However, the effects of SQ1 were localized to a more proximal promoter region (-281:-49). (aspetjournals.org)
- These studies suggest that hnRNP A1-PTB interactions provide a molecular mechanism for potential 5′-3′ cross talks in MHV RNA, which may be important for RNA replication and transcription. (asm.org)
- The 5' UTR is relatively conserved at the nucleotide level, and is often used for nucleic acid testing to diagnose EV infections [5, (medcraveonline.com)