... (1919-2011) was a Swiss molecular biologist known for her discoveries on genetic recombination and restriction modification system of DNA. She was a pioneer in the genetic analysis of bacteriophages and contributed to the early development of molecular biology. After earning her matura in classics at the Töchterschule in Zürich, Grete Gujer studied chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. There, she met Eduard Kellenberger, a physics student. The couple married in 1945. In 1946 they moved to Geneva, where Eduard Kellenberger began his doctoral work thesis under the supervision of Jean Weigle, professor of physics at the University of Geneva. Grete Kellenberger contributed to the development of new methods to prepare and analyse biological samples using an electron microscope, a new technique at the time. After Jean Weigle left for the California Institute of Technology in 1948, Grete Kellenberger took on an increasingly important role in the ...

The hok/sok system is a postsegregational killing mechanism employed by the R1 plasmid in Escherichia coli. It was the first type I toxin-antitoxin pair to be identified through characterisation of a plasmid-stabilising locus. It is a type I system because the toxin is neutralised by a complementary RNA, rather than a partnered protein (type II toxin-antitoxin). The hok/sok system involves three genes: hok, host killing - a long lived (half-life 20 minutes) toxin sok, suppression of killing - a short lived (half-life 30 seconds) RNA antitoxin mok, modulation of killing - required for hok translation When E. coli undergoes cell division, the two daughter cells inherit the long-lived hok toxin from the parent cell. Due to the short half-life of the sok antitoxin, daughter cells inherit only small amounts and it quickly degrades. If a daughter cell has inherited the R1 plasmid, it has inherited the sok gene and a strong promoter which brings about high levels of transcription. So much so that in an ...

This article contains a list of the most studied restriction enzymes whose names start with Ba to Bc inclusive. It contains approximately 120 enzymes. The following information is given: Enzyme: Accepted name of the molecule, according to the internationally adopted nomenclature, and bibliographical references. (Further reading: see the section "Nomenclature" in the article "Restriction enzyme".) PDB code: Code used to identify the structure of a protein in the PDB database of protein structures. The 3D atomic structure of a protein provides highly valuable information to understand the intimate details of its mechanism of action. Source: Organism that naturally produces the enzyme. Recognition sequence: Sequence of DNA recognized by the enzyme and to which it specifically binds. Cut: Cutting site and DNA products of the cut. The recognition sequence and the cutting site usually match, but sometimes the cutting site can be dozens of nucleotides away from the recognition site. Isoschizomers and ...

... s, or restriction recognition sites, are locations on a DNA molecule containing specific (4-8 base pairs in length) sequences of nucleotides, which are recognized by restriction enzymes. These are generally palindromic sequences (because restriction enzymes usually bind as homodimers), and a particular restriction enzyme may cut the sequence between two nucleotides within its recognition site, or somewhere nearby. For example, the common restriction enzyme EcoRI recognizes the palindromic sequence GAATTC and cuts between the G and the A on both the top and bottom strands, leaving an overhang (an end-portion of a DNA strand with no attached complement) known as a sticky end on each end of AATT. This overhang can then be used to ligate in (see DNA ligase) a piece of DNA with a complementary overhang (another EcoRI-cut piece, for example). Some restriction enzymes cut DNA at a restriction site in a manner which leaves no overhang, called a blunt end. Blunt ends are much less likely ...

A restriction map is a map of known restriction sites within a sequence of DNA. Restriction mapping requires the use of restriction enzymes. In molecular biology, restriction maps are used as a reference to engineer plasmids or other relatively short pieces of DNA, and sometimes for longer genomic DNA. There are other ways of mapping features on DNA for longer length DNA molecules, such as mapping by transduction. One approach in constructing a restriction map of a DNA molecule is to sequence the whole molecule and to run the sequence through a computer program that will find the recognition sites that are present for every restriction enzyme known. Before sequencing was automated, it would have been prohibitively expensive to sequence an entire DNA strand. To find the relative positions of restriction sites on a plasmid, a technique involving single and double restriction digests is used. Based on the sizes of the resultant DNA fragments the positions of the sites can be inferred. Restriction ...

... (IntEnz: EC 3.1.21.4) is a restriction enzyme obtained from the microorganism called Haemophilus parainfluenzae. It is a DNA restriction enzyme, therefore it has the ability to cut the DNA from certain region as demonstrated below. It has the ability to produce cohesive ends, which are rather useful in constructing plasmids. HpaII will not cut sites that have been methylated by SssI methyltransferase or HpaII methyltransferase. When the sites have been methylated by MspI methyltransferase, the enzyme will cut 300 times slower than unmethylated DNA and 50 times slower if the DNA is hemi-methylated. This feature is exploited for determination of the clonal origin of a mammalian female tumor through HUMARA assay. InterPro: IPR019062 McClelland, M., Nelson, M., Raschke, E. (1994). Nucleic Acids Research 22, No. 17, 3640-3659 ...

... (1919-2011) was a Swiss molecular biologist known for her discoveries on genetic recombination and restriction modification system of DNA. She was a pioneer in the genetic analysis of bacteriophages and contributed to the early development of molecular biology. After earning her matura in classics at the Töchterschule in Zürich, Grete Gujer studied chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. There, she met Eduard Kellenberger, a physics student. The couple married in 1945. In 1946 they moved to Geneva, where Eduard Kellenberger began his doctoral work thesis under the supervision of Jean Weigle, professor of physics at the University of Geneva. Grete Kellenberger contributed to the development of new methods to prepare and analyse biological samples using an electron microscope, a new technique at the time. After Jean Weigle left for the California Institute of Technology in 1948, Grete Kellenberger took on an increasingly important role in the ...

... (IntEnz: EC 3.1.21.4) is a restriction enzyme obtained from the microorganism called Haemophilus parainfluenzae. It is a DNA restriction enzyme, therefore it has the ability to cut the DNA from certain region as demonstrated below. It has the ability to produce cohesive ends, which are rather useful in constructing plasmids. HpaII will not cut sites that have been methylated by SssI methyltransferase or HpaII methyltransferase. When the sites have been methylated by MspI methyltransferase, the enzyme will cut 300 times slower than unmethylated DNA and 50 times slower if the DNA is hemi-methylated. This feature is exploited for determination of the clonal origin of a mammalian female tumor through HUMARA assay. InterPro: IPR019062 McClelland, M., Nelson, M., Raschke, E. (1994). Nucleic Acids Research 22, No. 17, 3640-3659 ...

O Mothers Club (ex- Carlton Ballroom) foi um clube em Erdington, distrito de Birmingham, West Midlands, que esteve em funcionamento entre o final da década de 1960 e início da de 1970. O clube estava localizado por cima de uma loja de mobiliário antigo, e abriu em 9 de Agotos de 1968. O Mothers, gerido por John 'Spud' Taylor e pelo promotor Phil Myatt, encerrou a sua actividade em3 de Janeiro de 1971. Entre estas datas, actuaram mais de 400 artistas, muitos dos quais continuaram as suas carreiras com muito sucesso. Algumas das gravações mais conhecidas que aqui tiveram lugar foram as de Ummagumma, dos Pink Floyd, 27 de Abril de April 1969, e partes de Facelift dos Soft Machine, incluída no álbum Third, em 11 de Janeiro de 1970. Os Who toaram Tommy e a estreia dos Traffic aconteceu neste clube: Também os primeiros concertos dos Black Sabbath tiveram aqui lugar. Outras bandas e artistas conhecidos que actuaram no clube incluem: Family, Fleetwood Mac, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, ...

... (1919-2011) was a Swiss molecular biologist known for her discoveries on genetic recombination and restriction modification system of DNA. She was a pioneer in the genetic analysis of bacteriophages and contributed to the early development of molecular biology. After earning her matura in classics at the Töchterschule in Zürich, Grete Gujer studied chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. There, she met Eduard Kellenberger, a physics student. The couple married in 1945. In 1946 they moved to Geneva, where Eduard Kellenberger began his doctoral work thesis under the supervision of Jean Weigle, professor of physics at the University of Geneva. Grete Kellenberger contributed to the development of new methods to prepare and analyse biological samples using an electron microscope, a new technique at the time. After Jean Weigle left for the California Institute of Technology in 1948, Grete Kellenberger took on an increasingly important role in the ...

Esta é uma lista de primatas fósseis - primatas extintos pelos quais são conhecidos fósseis. Primatas evoluíram de mamíferos não especializados, pequenos, e que se alimentavam de insetos e frutos. Entretanto, a origem dos primatas é controversa, inclusive, se sua origem provém de um ancestral arborícola é questionável. Como tem sido sugerido, muitos outras ordens de mamíferos são arborícolas e não desenvolveram as mesmas características dos primatas. Atualmente, alguns gêneros bem conhecidos, como Plesiadapis e Purgatorius, embora considerados como mais antigos primatas, não têm sido considerados como tal por alguns autores recentes, que tendem a inclui-los em uma outra ordem, Plesiadapiformes, dentro da superordem Euarchontoglires. Alguns, para evitar confusão, utilizam o termo Euprimata, excluindo Plesiadapiformes. Tal denominação não é usada aqui. Há um debate também de quando os primeiros primatas surgiram. Um dos provavelmente mais antigos fósseis de primatas é ...