4 aminopyridine. Medical search

One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.

Pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. May be hydrogenated, but must retain at least one double bond.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the ACTION POTENTIAL.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

A group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. Because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling ACTION POTENTIAL duration.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that conducts a delayed rectifier current. It contributes to ACTION POTENTIAL repolarization of MYOCYTES in HEART ATRIA.

Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

Inorganic compounds that contain barium as an integral part of the molecule.

Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction by causing sustained depolarization of the motor end plate. These agents are primarily used as adjuvants in surgical anesthesia to cause skeletal muscle relaxation.

A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.

An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.

An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.

Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.

A fast inactivating subtype of shaker potassium channels that contains two inactivation domains at its N terminus.

Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

A shaker subfamily that is prominently expressed in NEURONS and are necessary for high-frequency, repetitive firing of ACTION POTENTIALS.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is commonly mutated in human episodic ATAXIA and MYOKYMIA.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

A subfamily of shaker potassium channels that shares homology with its founding member, Shab protein, Drosophila. They regulate delayed rectifier currents in the NERVOUS SYSTEM of DROSOPHILA and in the SKELETAL MUSCLE and HEART of VERTEBRATES.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is selectively inhibited by a variety of SCORPION VENOMS.

Paracrine substances produced by the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM with VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation (VASODILATION) activities. Several factors have been identified, including NITRIC OXIDE and PROSTACYCLIN.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools.

A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Voltage-gated potassium channels whose primary subunits contain six transmembrane segments and form tetramers to create a pore with a voltage sensor. They are related to their founding member, shaker protein, Drosophila.

A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.

A shaker subfamily of potassium channels that participate in transient outward potassium currents by activating at subthreshold MEMBRANE POTENTIALS, inactivating rapidly, and recovering from inactivation quickly.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)

That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.

A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

Stretch receptors found in the bronchi and bronchioles. Pulmonary stretch receptors are sensors for a reflex which stops inspiration. In humans, the reflex is protective and is probably not activated during normal respiration.

An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

A major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. MaxiK channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). They are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues.

The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.

Potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. They are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all K channels.

A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.

Basic lipopeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.

The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.

A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.

The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."

The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the HEART VENTRICLES.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.

A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)

Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Characterization of K+ currents underlying pacemaker potentials of fish gonadotropin-releasing hormone cells. (1/1089)

Endogenous pacemaker activities are important for the putative neuromodulator functions of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunoreactive terminal nerve (TN) cells. We analyzed several types of voltage-dependent K+ currents to investigate the ionic mechanisms underlying the repolarizing phase of pacemaker potentials of TN-GnRH cells by using the whole brain in vitro preparation of fish (dwarf gourami, Colisa lalia). TN-GnRH cells have at least four types of voltage-dependent K+ currents: 1) 4-aminopyridine (4AP)-sensitive K+ current, 2) tetraethylammonium (TEA)-sensitive K+ current, and 3) and 4) two types of TEA- and 4AP-resistant K+ currents. A transient, low-threshold K+ current, which was 4AP sensitive and showed significant steady-state inactivation in the physiological membrane potential range (-40 to -60 mV), was evoked from a holding potential of -100 mV. This current thus cannot contribute to the repolarizing phase of pacemaker potentials. TEA-sensitive K+ current evoked from a holding potential of -100 mV was slowly activating, long lasting, and showed comparatively low threshold of activation. This current was only partially inactivated at steady state of -60 to -40 mV, which is equivalent to the resting membrane potential. TEA- and 4AP-resistant sustained K+ currents were evoked from a holding potential of -100 mV and were suggested to consist of two types, based on the analysis of activation curves. From the inactivation and activation curves, it was suggested that one of them with low threshold of activation may be partly involved in the repolarizing phase of pacemaker potentials. Bath application of TEA together with tetrodotoxin reversibly blocked the pacemaker potentials in current-clamp recordings. We conclude that the TEA-sensitive K+ current is the most likely candidate that contributes to the repolarizing phase of the pacemaker potentials of TN-GnRH cells. (+info)

Presynaptic action of adenosine on a 4-aminopyridine-sensitive current in the rat carotid body. (2/1089)

1. Plasma adenosine concentration increases during hypoxia to a level that excites carotid body chemoreceptors by an undetermined mechanism. We have examined this further by determining the electrophysiological responses to exogenous adenosine of sinus nerve chemoafferents in vitro and of whole-cell currents in isolated type I cells. 2. Steady-state, single-fibre chemoafferent discharge was increased approximately 5-fold above basal levels by 100 microM adenosine. This adenosine-stimulated discharge was reversibly and increasingly reduced by methoxyverapamil (D600, 100 microM), by application of nickel chloride (Ni2+, 2 mM) and by removal of extracellular Ca2+. These effects strongly suggest a presynaptic, excitatory action of adenosine on type I cells of the carotid body. 3. Adenosine decreased whole-cell outward currents at membrane potentials above -40 mV in isolated type I cells recorded during superfusion with bicarbonate-buffered saline solution at 34-36 C. This effect was reversible and concentration dependent with a maximal effect at 10 microM. 4. The degree of current inhibition induced by 10 microM adenosine was voltage independent (45.39 +/- 2. 55 % (mean +/- s.e.m.) between -40 and +30 mV) and largely ( approximately 75 %), but not entirely, Ca2+ independent. 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP, 5 mM) decreased the amplitude of the control outward current by 80.60 +/- 3.67 % and abolished the effect of adenosine. 5. Adenosine was without effect upon currents near the resting membrane potential of approximately -55 mV and did not induce depolarization in current-clamp experiments. 6. We conclude that adenosine acts to inhibit a 4-AP-sensitive current in isolated type I cells of the rat carotid body and suggest that this mechanism contributes to the chemoexcitatory effect of adenosine in the whole carotid body. (+info)

Contribution of delayed rectifier potassium currents to the electrical activity of murine colonic smooth muscle. (3/1089)

1. We used intracellular microelectrodes to record the membrane potential (Vm) of intact murine colonic smooth muscle. Electrical activity consisted of spike complexes separated by quiescent periods (Vm approximately -60 mV). The spike complexes consisted of about a dozen action potentials of approximately 30 mV amplitude. Tetraethylammonium (TEA, 1-10 mM) had little effect on the quiescent periods but increased the amplitude of the action potential spikes. 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP, >= 5 mM) caused continuous spiking. 2. Voltage clamp of isolated myocytes identified delayed rectifier K+ currents that activated rapidly (time to half-maximum current, 11.5 ms at 0 mV) and inactivated in two phases (tauf = 96 ms, taus = 1.5 s at 0 mV). The half-activation voltage of the permeability was -27 mV, with significant activation at -50 mV. 3. TEA (10 mM) reduced the outward current at potentials positive to 0 mV. 4-AP (5 mM) reduced the early current but increased outward current at later times (100-500 ms) consistent with block of resting channels relieved by depolarization. 4-AP inhibited outward current at potentials negative to -20 mV, potentials where TEA had no effect. 4. Qualitative PCR amplification of mRNA identified transcripts encoding delayed rectifier K+ channel subunits Kv1.6, Kv4.1, Kv4.2, Kv4.3 and the Kvbeta1.1 subunit in murine colon myocytes. mRNA encoding Kv 1.4 was not detected. 5. We find that TEA-sensitive delayed rectifier currents are important determinants of action potential amplitude but not rhythmicity. Delayed rectifier currents sensitive to 4-AP are important determinants of rhythmicity but not action potential amplitude. (+info)

Calcium responses induced by acetylcholine in submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. (4/1089)

1. Calcium responses induced by brief stimulation with acetylcholine (ACh) were assessed from the fluorescence changes in fura-2 loaded submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. 2. Initially, 1-1.5 h after loading with fura-2 (fresh tissues), ACh increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. This response diminished with time, and finally disappeared in 2-3 h (old tissues). 3. Ba2+ elevated [Ca2+]i to a similar extent in both fresh and old tissues. ACh further increased the Ba2+-elevated [Ca2+]i in fresh tissues, but reduced it in old tissues. Responses were not affected by either indomethacin or nitroarginine. 4. In fresh mesenteric arteries, mechanical removal of endothelial cells abolished the ACh-induced increase in [Ca2+]i, with no alteration of [Ca2+]i at rest and during elevation with Ba2+. 5. In the presence of indomethacin and nitroarginine, high-K+ solution elevated [Ca2+]i in both fresh and old tissues. Subsequent addition of ACh further increased [Ca2+]i in fresh tissues without changing it in old tissues. 6. Proadifen, an inhibitor of the enzyme cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase, inhibited the ACh-induced changes in [Ca2+]i in both fresh and Ba2+-stimulated old tissues. It also inhibited the ACh-induced hyperpolarization. 7. In fresh tissues, the ACh-induced Ca2+ response was not changed by apamin, charybdotoxin (CTX), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) or glibenclamide. In old tissues in which [Ca2+]i had previously been elevated with Ba2+, the ACh-induced Ca2+ response was inhibited by CTX but not by apamin, 4-AP or glibenclamide. 8. It is concluded that in submucosal arterioles, ACh elevates endothelial [Ca2+]i and reduces muscular [Ca2+]i, probably through the hyperpolarization of endothelial or smooth muscle membrane by activating CTX-sensitive K+ channels. (+info)

Identification and characterization of multiple subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and their physiological functions in canine hearts. (5/1089)

M2 receptors have long been believed to be the only functional subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) in the heart, although recent studies have provided evidence for the presence of other subtypes. We performed a detailed study to clarify this issue. In the presence of tetramethylammonium (1 microM to 10 mM), a novel K+ current with both delayed rectifying and inward rectifying properties (IKTMA) was activated in single canine atrial myocytes. 4-Aminopyridine (0.05-2 mM) also induced a K+ current (IK4AP) with characteristics similar to but distinct from those of IKTMA. Both IKTMA and IK4AP were abolished by 1 microM atropine. IK4AP, but not IKTMA, was minimized by treatment with pertussis toxin. IKTMA was markedly decreased by 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (a selective antagonist for M3 subtype) but was not altered by pirenzepine (for M1), methoctramine (for M2), and tropicamide (for M4). Tropicamide substantially reduced IK4AP, but the antagonists for other mAChR subtypes had no effects on IK4AP. By comparison, IKACh (ACh-induced K+ current) was significantly depressed by methoctramine but was unaltered by other antagonists. Results from displacement binding of [methyl-3H]N-scopolamine methyl chloride with pirenzepine, methoctramine, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, or tropicamide revealed the coexistence of multiple mAChR subtypes in canine atrium. Cloning of cDNA fragments and detection of mRNAs coding for M2, M3, and M4 provided further supporting evidence. Our results suggest that 1) multiple subtypes of mAChRs (M2/M3/M4) coexist in the dog heart and 2) different subtypes of mAChRs are coupled to different K+ channels. Our findings represent the first functional evidence for the physiological role of cardiac M3 and M4 receptors. (+info)

Transient potassium currents regulate the discharge patterns of dorsal cochlear nucleus pyramidal cells. (6/1089)

Pyramidal cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) show three distinct temporal discharge patterns in response to sound: "pauser," "buildup," and "chopper." Similar discharge patterns are seen in vitro and depend on the voltage from which the cell is depolarized. It has been proposed that an inactivating A-type K+ current (IKI) might play a critical role in generating the three different patterns. In this study we examined the characteristics of transient currents in DCN pyramidal cells to evaluate this hypothesis. Morphologically identified pyramidal cells in rat brain slices (P11-P17) exhibited the three voltage-dependent discharge patterns. Two inactivating currents were present in outside-out patches from pyramidal cells: a rapidly inactivating (IKIF, tau approximately 11 msec) current insensitive to block by tetraethylammonium (TEA) and variably blocked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) with half-inactivation near -85 mV, and a slowly inactivating TEA- and 4-AP-sensitive current (IKIS, tau approximately 145 msec) with half-inactivation near -35 mV. Recovery from inactivation at 34 degrees C was described by a single exponential with a time constant of 10-30 msec, similar to the rate at which first spike latency increases with the duration of a hyperpolarizing prepulse. Acutely isolated cells also possessed a rapidly activating (<1 msec at 22 degrees C) transient current that activated near -45 mV and showed half-inactivation near -80 mV. A model demonstrated that the deinactivation of IKIF was correlated with the discharge patterns. Overall, the properties of the fast inactivating K+ current were consistent with their proposed role in shaping the discharge pattern of DCN pyramidal cells. (+info)

On the mechanism of histaminergic inhibition of glutamate release in the rat dentate gyrus. (7/1089)

1. Histaminergic depression of excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat dentate gyrus was investigated using extracellular and whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques in vitro. 2. Application of histamine (10 microM, 5 min) depressed synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus for 1 h. This depression was blocked by the selective antagonist of histamine H3 receptors, thioperamide (10 microM). 3. The magnitude of the depression caused by histamine was inversely related to the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Application of the N-type calcium channel blocker omega-conotoxin (0. 5 or 1 microM) or the P/Q-type calcium channel blocker omega-agatoxin (800 nM) did not prevent depression of synaptic transmission by histamine. 4. The potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 100 microM) enhanced synaptic transmission and reduced the depressant effect of histamine (10 microM). 4-AP reduced the effect of histamine more in 2 mM extracellular calcium than in 4 mM extracellular calcium. 5. Histamine (10 microM) did not affect the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and had only a small effect on their frequency. 6. Histaminergic depression was not blocked by an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein kinases, H7 (100 microM), or by an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, Lavendustin A (10 microM). 7. Application of adenosine (20 microM) or the adenosine A1 agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, 0.3 microM) completely occluded the effect of histamine (10 microM). 8. We conclude that histamine, acting on histamine H3 receptors, inhibits glutamate release by inhibiting presynaptic calcium entry, via a direct G-protein-mediated inhibition of multiple calcium channels. Histamine H3 receptors and adenosine A1 receptors act upon a common final effector to cause presynaptic inhibition. (+info)

The cAMP transduction cascade mediates the PGE2-induced inhibition of potassium currents in rat sensory neurones. (8/1089)

1. The role of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) transduction cascade in mediating the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced decrease in potassium current (IK) was investigated in isolated embryonic rat sensory neurones using the whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique. 2. Exposure to 100 microM chlorophenylthio-adenosine cyclic 3', 5'-monophosphate (cpt-cAMP) or 1 microM PGE2 caused a slow suppression of the whole-cell IK by 34 and 36 %, respectively (measured after 20 min), without a shift in the voltage dependence of activation for this current. Neither of these agents altered the shape of the voltage-dependent inactivation curve indicating that the suppression of IK did not result from alterations in the inactivation properties. 3. To determine whether the PGE2-mediated suppression of IK depended on activation of the cAMP pathway, cells were exposed to this prostanoid in the presence of the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, PKI. The PGE2-induced suppression of IK was prevented by PKI. In the absence of PGE2, PKI had no significant effect on the magnitude of IK. 4. Results obtained from protocols using different conditioning prepulse voltages indicated that the extent of cpt-cAMP- and PGE2-mediated suppression of IK was independent of the prepulse voltage. The subtraction of control and treated currents revealed that the cpt-cAMP- and PGE2-sensitive currents exhibited little time-dependent inactivation. Taken together, these results suggest that the modulated currents may be delayed rectifier-like IK. 5. Exposure to the inhibitors of IK, tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), reduced the control current elicited by a voltage step to +60 mV by 40-50 %. In the presence of 10 mM TEA, treatment with cpt-cAMP did not result in any further inhibition of IK. In contrast, cpt-cAMP reduced IK by an additional 25-30 % in the presence of 1 mM 4-AP. This effect was independent of the conditioning prepulse voltage. 6. These results establish that PGE2 inhibits an outward IK in sensory neurones via activation of PKA and are consistent with the idea that the PGE2-mediated sensitization of sensory neurones results, in part, from an inhibition of delayed rectifier-like IK. (+info)

36 (4): 571-588. doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00158-x. PMID 9643470. Chang, F. C.; Spriggs, D. L.; Benton, B. J.; Keller, S. A.; ... 26 (1): 252-4. doi:10.1021/jf60215a060. PMID 621331. Tanino H.; Nakata T.; Kaneko T.; Kishi Y. (1997). "A stereospecific total ... 133 (50): 20172-4. doi:10.1021/ja2098063. PMC 3320040. PMID 22098556. Fleming J. J.; McReynolds M. D.; Du Bois J. (2007). "(+)- ... ISBN 978-0-12-800494-4. OCLC 903965588.CS1 maint: others (link) Huot, R. I.; Armstrong, D. L.; Chanh, T. C. (June 1989). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxitoxin

4-Aminopyridine is applied to one in one hundred particles of ground corn used as bait. Generally, corn is thrown into the ... 55 (4): 435-43. JSTOR 4512948. Homan, H. J.; Linz, G. M.; Engeman, R. M.; Penry, L. B. (1 April 2004). "Spring Dispersal ... ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. Powell, A.F.L.A.; Barker, F.K.; Lanyon, S.M.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "A ... The initial application of 4-aminopyridine should be carried out as soon as possible after the start of the milky stage of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-winged_blackbird

Gu Y, Kirkman-Brown JC, Korchev Y, Barratt CL, Publicover SJ (October 2004). "Multi-state, 4-aminopyridine-sensitive ion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Human_Reproductive_Science

4 (2): 128-34. PMID 14506588. Park JW, Chung HW, Lee EJ, Jung KH, Paik JY, Lee KH (April 2013). "α2-Adrenergic agonists ... The duration of effects in animals lasts up to 4 hours. In dogs, sheep, horses and cattle, the half life is very short at only ... 11 (4): 295-313. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00189.x. PMID 3062194. Xylazine at drugs.com Patricia M. Dowling, Drugs to ... Combining yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine in an effort to antagonize xylazine is superior as compared to the administration of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylazine

"4-Aminopyridine and the early outward current of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers". J Gen Physiol 1979;73:139-157. Zygmunt AC, ... Li GR, Feng J, Wang Z, Fermini B, Nattel S. "Comparative mechanisms of 4-aminopyridine-resistant Ito in human and rabbit atrial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid

http://serbiosoc.org.rs/arch_old/VOL62/SVESKA_4/21%20-%20Pathak.pdf Angstadt, JD; Choo, JJ (1996). "Sodium-dependent plateau ... 2010), Modulation of Nickel-Induced Bursting with 4-Aminopyridine in Leech Retzius Nerve Cells. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxysmal_depolarizing_shift

Retrieved 4 January 2008. Panigrahy, B.; Senne, D.A.; Pedersen, J.C.; Shafer, A.L.; Pearson, J.E. (1996). "Susceptibility of ... DRC-1339 is limited to USDA use only, while 4-AP is a restricted-use pesticide, for use only by licensed applicators. The use ... Retrieved 4 January 2017. Uribe, F.; Colom, L.; Camerino, M.; Ruiz, J.; Senar, C. (1984). "Censo de las palomas semidomésticas ... 48 (4): 307-313. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2003.11.001. PMID 15066331. Retrieved 10 February 2021. Turner, Brad. "Avian flu virus H5N1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_pigeon

Apr;19(4):497-503. J. P. Hendrix (1949. "Neostigmine as antidote to Etamon®." JAMA 139(11) 733-734. S. W. Hoobler, G. K. Moe ... Tetraethylammonium (TEA), (NEt+ 4) or (Et4N+) is a quaternary ammonium cation consisting of four ethyl groups attached to a ... The octanol-water partition coefficient of TEA iodide, Po-w was determined experimentally to be 6.9×10−4 (or log P ≈ −3.16). ... "Ion dependence of the release of noradrenaline by tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine from cat splenic slices." Br. J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethylammonium

42 (4): 1029-33. PMID 2220511. Nagashima Y, Matsumoto T, Kadoyama K, Ishizaki S, Taniyama S, Takatani T, Arakawa O, Terayama M ... 35 (4): 420-49. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.05.011. PMID 18243639. Nieto FR, Cobos EJ, Tejada MÁ, Sánchez-Fernández C, ... 94 (4): 625-30. doi:10.1007/BF00431409. S2CID 84437298. Thuesen EV, Kogure K (1989). "Bacterial production of tetrodotoxin in ... 19 (4, Summer): 509-26. doi:10.1353/pbm.1976.0071. PMID 785373. S2CID 6117457. Woodward RB (1964). "The Structure of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrodotoxin

20 (4): 619-29. PMID 10499360. Lau, F. L.; Wong, C. K.; Yip, S. H. (1995). "Puffer Fish Poisoning". Emergency Medicine Journal ... 50 (4): 1117-122. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb10581.x. PMID 2894409. Buzanska, L.; Zablocka, B.; Dybel, A.; Domanska-Janik, ... 19 (4): 488-96. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199604)19:4. 3.0.co;2-8. PMID 8622728. Simpson 1986 Arnon 2001 Dikranian 2001 Deng ... 21 (4): 325-38. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044638. Garthwaite 1988 Choi 1990 Ben-Shachar D, Zuk R, Glinka Y (1995). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin

8 (4): e2737. doi:10.1038/cddis.2017.160. PMC 5477583. PMID 28383553. Wei Y, Shih R, Sesti F (2018). "Oxidation of KCNB1 ... 123 (4): 387-400. doi:10.1085/jgp.200308976. PMC 2217458. PMID 15024041. Thébaud B, Michelakis ED, Wu XC, Moudgil R, Kuzyk M, ... 4 (1): 60-70. doi:10.1007/s11481-008-9106-6. PMC 3974578. PMID 18459047. Kondratskyi A, Kondratska K, Skryma R, Prevarskaya N ( ... 57 (4): 473-508. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.10. PMID 16382104. S2CID 219195192. Shah NH, Aizenman E (February 2014). "Voltage-gated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNB1

80 (1): 111-4. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(87)90505-2. PMID 2821457. Murray, T.K., Ridley, R.M., Snape, M.F. and Cross, A.J. (1995 ... 28 (4): 539-46. doi:10.1002/ana.410280411. PMID 2252365. Faden AI, Lemke M, Simon RP, Noble LJ (1988). "N-methyl-D-aspartate ... 35 (4): 407-14. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(96)00006-8. PMID 8793902. Iravani MM, Muscat R, Kruk ZL (June 1999). "MK-801 interaction ... 4 (4): 281-6. doi:10.1080/13651500050517830. PMID 24926578. Basile AS, Huang JM, Xie C, Webster D, Berlin C, Skolnick P ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizocilpine

... (4-PNA), also known as N-(pyridin-4-yl)nicotinamide, is a kinked dipodal dipyridine which was originally ... Kraft, P. E.; Laduca, R. L. (2012). "catena-Poly[[tetra-μ-benzoato-κ8O:O′-dicopper(II)]-μ-[N-(pyridin-4-yl)nicotinamide]-κ2N:N ... It is synthesized through the reaction of nicotinoyl chloride and 4-aminopyridine. Gardner, T. S.; Wenis, E.; Lee, J. (1954). " ... dibenzoato-κ2O-copper(II)]-μ-[N-(pyridin-4-yl)nicotinamide]-κ2N:N′]". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 68 (8): m1049-m1050. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Pyridylnicotinamide

4-membered rings can be obtained by [2+2]cycloadditions for instance with benzyne. An example of a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to ... 199 (3-4): 373. Bibcode:1992CPL...199..373C. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(92)80134-W. Ohtsuki, T.; Ohno, K.; Shiga, K.; Kawazoe, Y.; ... The trimer has also been reported using 4-aminopyridine as catalyst (4% yield) and observed with scanning tunneling microscopy ... 4-cycloaddition of a fullerene". Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 (10): 2079. doi:10.1039/P29960002079. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry

The plan to euthanize the birds drew criticism from wildlife advocates, and the city later stopped the use of 4-Aminopyridine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_Sid_Buckwold_Bridge

40 (4): 551-9. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(00)00189-1. PMID 11249964. S2CID 20181576. Kindler CH, Paul M, Zou H, Liu C, Winegar BD, ... doi:10.1007/978-4-319-21756-7_9 (inactive 2021-01-11).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link) indirectly cited from ... 131 (4): 523-32. doi:10.1248/yakushi.131.523. PMID 21467791. Kawaura K, Honda S, Soeda F, Shirasaki T, Takahama K (May 2010 ... 8 (4): 345-52. doi:10.1007/s11910-008-0053-7. PMC 2587091. PMID 18590620. Doyle DA, Morais Cabral J, Pfuetzner RA, Kuo A, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel

57 (4): 473-508. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.10. PMID 16382104. S2CID 219195192. Lien CC, Jonas P (March 2003). "Kv3 potassium ... The overlapping sensitivity of potassium current to both 0.5 mM TEA and 30 μM 4-AP strongly suggest an action on Kv3.1 subunits ... 57 (4): 473-508. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.10. PMID 16382104. S2CID 219195192. "Entrez Gene: KCNC1 potassium voltage-gated channel, ... Kv3.1 currents in heterologous systems are highly sensitive to external tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNC1

4 (12): 711-5. doi:10.1007/BF00357794. PMID 8111118. S2CID 24121259. Gutman GA, Chandy KG, Grissmer S, Lazdunski M, McKinnon D ... 57 (4): 473-508. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.10. PMID 16382104. S2CID 219195192. Gutman GA, Chandy KG, Grissmer S, Lazdunski M, ... 57 (4): 473-508. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.10. PMID 16382104. S2CID 219195192. Kolodin YO (2008-04-27). "Ionic conductances ... Kv3.2 currents in heterologous systems are highly sensitive to external tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNC2

Commonly used avicides include strychnine, DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride, Starlicide) and CPTH (3-chloro-p- ... 4-aminopyridine). Chloralose is also used as an avicide. In the past, highly concentrated formulations of parathion in diesel ... ISBN 0-387-04782-4 4-Aminopyridine Exposure of nontarget birds to DRC-1339 avicide in fall baited sunflower fields BIOONE ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicide

Solari, A.; Uitdehaag, B.; Giuliani, G.; Pucci, E.; Taus, C. (2002). "Aminopyridines for symptomatic treatment in multiple ... Sedehizadeh, S; Keogh, M; Maddison, P (2012). "The use of aminopyridines in neurological disorders". Clinical Neuropharmacology ... A 2011 Cochrane review compared the cost of the 3,4-DAP and 3,4-DAPP in the UK and found an average price for 3,4-DAP base of £ ... 3,4-Diaminopyridine is a pale yellow to pale brown crystalline powder that melts at about 218-220 °C (424-428 °F) under ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amifampridine

4R,4aR,5R,6S,7S,8S,8aR,10S,12S)-2-azaniumylidene-4,6,8,12-tetrahydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydro-1H-8a,10- ... 94 (4): 625-30. doi:10.1007/BF00431409. S2CID 84437298.. *^ Thuesen EV, Kogure K (1989). "Bacterial production of tetrodotoxin ... O1[[email protected]@H]4[[email protected]@](O)([[email protected]@H]3O[[email protected]@]1(O)[[email protected]@H](O)[[email protected]]2(N\C(N/[[email protected]](O)[[email protected]]23)=N)[[email protected]@H]4O)CO ... zwitterion: O1[[email protected]@H]4[[email protected]@](O)([[email protected]@H]3O[[email protected]@]1([O-])[[email protected]@H](O)[[email protected]]2(N\C(N/[[email protected]](O)[[email protected]]23)=[NH2+])[[email protected]@H]4O)CO ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrodotoxin

139 (5 Suppl 4): S47-81. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2008.08.022. PMID 18973840. S2CID 16175316. Lay summary - AAO-HNS (2008-11-01). ... 131 (4): 438-44. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2004.02.046. PMID 15467614. S2CID 28018301. Cohen HS (March 2004). "Side-lying as an ... 25 (2): 130-4. doi:10.1097/00129492-200403000-00008. PMID 15021771. S2CID 12649245. Buchholz, D. Heal Your Headache. New York: ... ISBN 978-0-8036-9464-4. Korres SG, Balatsouras DG (October 2004). "Diagnostic, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic aspects of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_paroxysmal_positional_vertigo

The molecular formula C5H6N2 may refer to: Aminopyridines 2-Aminopyridine 3-Aminopyridine 4-Aminopyridine Diazepines 1,2- ... Diazepine 1,3-Diazepine 1,4-Diazepine Glutaronitrile 1-Vinylimidazole This set index page lists chemical structure articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5H6N2

22 (4): 859-77, vii. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2006.06.011. PMID 17000340. Ilg W, Synofzik M, Brötz D, Burkard S, Giese MA, Schöls L ( ... 19 (4): 605-610. doi:10.1007/s12311-020-01132-8. PMC 7351847. PMID 32328884. Forrest MD, Wall MJ, Press DA, Feng J (December ... 4 (6): 349-61. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70096-X. PMID 15907739. S2CID 35053543. Moeller JJ, Macaulay RJ, Valdmanis PN, Weston ... 3 (4): 217-227. doi:10.3233/PEP-14097. PMC 4256671. PMID 25485164. Walshe JM. Clarke CE, Nicholl DJ (eds.). "Wilson's Disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia

... aminopyridines MeSH D03.383.725.050.060 - 4-aminopyridine MeSH D03.383.725.050.085 - amrinone MeSH D03.383.725.050.085.543 - ... 4,5-tetrahydro-8-chloro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1h-3-benzazepin-7-ol MeSH D03.438.079.800 - 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl ... 4,5-dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1h-pyrazol-3-amine MeSH D03.383.129.539.200 - epirizole MeSH D03.383.129.539.487 - ... 4-oxadiazole MeSH D03.383.312.649.290 - fanft MeSH D03.383.312.649.308 - furagin MeSH D03.383.312.649.313 - furazolidone MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D03)

28 (4): 187-91. doi:10.1080/13816810701651233. PMID 18161616. S2CID 46052164. Li N, Wang L, Cui L, Zhang L, Dai S, Li H, et al ... Other drugs found to be effective against nystagmus in some patients include memantine, levetiracetam, 3,4-diaminopyridine ( ... 4-aminopyridine, and acetazolamide. Several therapeutic approaches, such as contact lenses, drugs, surgery, and low vision ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystagmus

4-aminopyridine (generic for Ampyra in the U.S., Fampyra in Europe) to improve walking in patients with multiple sclerosis, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkermes_(company)

4-nitrophenyl) O-phenyl ester Phosphoric acid, dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl ester Phosphonothioic acid, O,O-dimethyl-S-(2- ... 4-(methylthio)phenyl) ester Phosphonothioic acid, methyl-, S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl) O-ethyl ester Phosphonothioic ... 4'-amino- Propyleneimine Prothoate Pyrene Pyridine, 4-amino- Pyridine, 4-nitro-, 1-oxide Pyriminil Ricin Salcomine Sarin ... 4,5-dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)- Benzotrichloride Benzyl chloride Benzyl cyanide Bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane-2-carbonitrile Bis( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPA_list_of_extremely_hazardous_substances

The methylthio and amino pyridines were found to be formed in the same ratio. In 1972 Kramer and Berry inferred the formation ... The reaction of 4-bromopyridine with sodium in liquid ammonia gives both 3-aminopyridine and 4-aminopyridine through the 3,4- ... Synthesis and Diels-Alder reactions of 1,3-dimethyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)-4H-furo[3,4-b]indole. A new annulation strategy for the ... In 1969 Zoltewicz and Nisi trapped 3,4-pyridyne in a reaction of 3-bromopyridine with methylmercaptan and sodium amide in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridyne

... may refer to any of several chemical compounds: 2-Aminopyridine 3-Aminopyridine 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP), also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminopyridine

196 (1): 4-12. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.062984. PMID 20044651.. *^ Stein DJ, Zungu-Dirwayi N, Seedat S (2000). Stein D, ed. " ... 194 (1): 4-9. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048504. PMID 19118318.. *^ Reid JG, Gitlin MJ, Altshuler LL (July 2013). "Lamotrigine in ... 36 (4): 131-2. doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e318294799a. PMID 23783003.. *^ "Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products - Lamictal ( ... doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(03)80314-4. PMID 14667954.. *^ Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA (December 2013). "Lamotrigine for chronic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine

27 (4): 521-5. doi:10.1507/endocrj1954.27.521. PMID 7460861.. *^ Jan Riordan (January 2005). Breastfeeding and Human Lactation ... 33 (4): 429-40. doi:10.1345/aph.18003. PMID 10332535.. *^ "MOTILIUM INSTANTS PL 13249/0028" (PDF). Medicines and Healthcare ... 35 (4): 182-4. doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e3182575cdb. PMID 22751085.. *^ Lertxundi U, Domingo-Echaburu S, Soraluce A, García M, Ruiz ... doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(98)80054-4. PMID 9663360.. *^ Janssen P, Harris MS, Jones M, Masaoka T, Farré R, Törnblom H, Van ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone

"1,4-dihydropyridine - Compound Summary". Pubchem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 27 March 2005. ... InChI=1S/C5H7N/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h2-6H,1H2 Y ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydropyridine

N-[2-[4-(azepan-1-ylcarbamoylsulfamoyl). phenyl]ethyl]-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-3-carboxamide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glisoxepide

55 (4): 496-506. doi:10.1111/epi.12564. PMID 24597466.. *^ Leckband SG, Kelsoe JR, Dunnenberger HM, George AL, Tran E, Berger R ... InChI=1S/C15H12N2O/c16-15(18)17-13-7-3-1-5-11(13)9-10-12-6-2-4-8-14(12)17/h1-10H,(H2,16,18) Y ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegretol

Griffith, Harold R., and G. Enid Johnson (1942) "The Use Of Curare In General Anesthesia." Anesthesiology, 3 (4): 418-420. ... 4] persistentnog oštećenja memorije,[15] epilepsije, i demencije.[16] Osim toga, neurotoksinom posredovano oštećenje perifernog ... 4] Ovaj termin takođe može da se koristi u klasifikaciji endogenih jedinjenja koja u abnormalnim koncentracijama mogu da budu ... "Significant Effects of 4-aminopyridine and Tetraethylammonium in the Treatment of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's Disease ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoksikologija

All Kir channels require phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) for activation.[10] PIP2 binds to and directly activates ... 4] IRK channels possess a pore domain, homologous to that of voltage-gated ion channels, and flanking transmembrane segments ( ... TMSs). They may exist in the membrane as homo- or heterooligomers and each monomer possesses between 2 and 4 TMSs. In terms of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inward-rectifier_potassium_ion_channel

doi:10.1007/s10517-017-3772-4. PMID 28726197.. *^ Khaunina, R. A.; Lapin, I. P. (1976). "Fenibut, a new tranquilizer". ... 7 (4): 471-481. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00211.x. ISSN 1080-563X.. ... InChI=1S/C10H13NO2/c11-7-9(6-10(12)13)8-4-2-1-3-5-8/h1-5,9H,6-7,11H2,(H,12,13) Y ... Phenibut is closely related to a variety of other GABA analogues including baclofen (β-(4-chlorophenyl)-GABA), 4-fluorophenibut ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenibut

InChI=1S/C24H34N2O/c1-21(2)19-27-20-24(25-15-9-10-16-25)18-26(23-13-7-4-8-14-23)17-22-11-5-3-6-12-22/h3-8,11-14,21,24H,9-10,15-20H2,1-2H3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bepridil

Talk:3-Aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone. *Talk:3-Fluoromethcathinone. *Talk:3-Fluorophenmetrazine ... 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 • A Aa Ae Aj Ao At • B Ba Be Bj Bo Bt • C Ca Ce Cj Co Ct • D Da De Dj Do Dt • E Ea Ee Ej Eo Et • F Fa Fe Fj ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Unknown-importance_pharmacology_articles

InChI=1S/C8H17NO/c1-3-5-7(6-4-2)8(9)10/h7H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H2,9,10) Y ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpromide

"Retrieved 4 October 2017.. *^ Wood JN, Boorman J (2005). "Voltage-gated sodium channel blockers; target validation and ... 4] These agents are potentially pro-arrhythmic, especially in settings of structural heart disease (e.g. post-myocardial ... 4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)phenyl]butyl-guanidine methanesulfonate (552-02), a novel epithelial sodium channel blocker with ... "Pharmacological properties of N-(3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carbonyl)-N'-4-[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker

InChI=1S/C14H14O3/c1-16-13-9-12(17-14(15)10-13)8-7-11-5-3-2-4-6-11/h2-8,10,12H,9H2,1H3/b8-7+ N ... InChI=1/C14H14O3/c1-16-13-9-12(17-14(15)10-13)8-7-11-5-3-2-4-6-11/h2-8,10,12H,9H2,1H3/b8-7+ ... E)-4-Methoxy-6-styryl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one. Kawain ... Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol ... 4-Methoxy-6-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one ... 4] Kavain and analogs remain interesting for drug discovery ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavain

2-Aminopyridine. Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2-Aminopiridin&oldid=8819418" ... 4: 217-241. doi:10.1016/S1574-1400(08)00012-1.. *↑ Ghose, A.K.; Viswanadhan V.N. & Wendoloski, J.J. (1998). „Prediction of ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Aminopiridin

Scorpions such as the deathstalker paralyze their prey by injecting a potent mix of peptide toxins.[4] Charybdotoxin, a 37 ... amino acid, 4 kDa neurotoxin with the molecular formula C176H277N57O55S7, is one of the peptide toxins that can be extracted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charybdotoxin

Aminopyridines. *H1 receptor antagonists. *Respiratory system drug stubs. *Sedative stubs. Hidden categories: *ECHA InfoCard ID ... InChI=1S/C14H19N3S/c1-16(2)9-10-17(12-13-6-5-11-18-13)14-7-3-4-8-15-14/h3-8,11H,9-10,12H2,1-2H3 Y ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methapyrilene

InChI=1S/C15H21N3O3S/c1-11-5-7-14(8-6-11)22(20,21)17-15(19)16-18-9-12-3-2-4-13(12)10-18/h5-8,12-13H,2-4,9-10H2,1H3,(H2,16,17,19 ... Gliclazide was patented in 1966 and approved for medical use in 1972.[4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of ... 64 (4): 450-7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02943.x. PMC 2048545. PMID 17517049.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliclazide

InChI=1S/C11H17NO/c1-8-5-4-6-9(2)11(8)13-7-10(3)12/h4-6,10H,7,12H2,1-3H3 Y ... and peak plasma concentrations are seen after 2-4 hours.[2] The mean drug half-life is approximately 11 hours.[2] Mexiletine is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiletine

O=C(OCC)C=4n1c3c(c2ccccc12)CCN5[[email protected]]3[[email protected]](C=4)(CCC5)CC ... 26-4-2/h5-6,8-9,14,20H,3-4,7,10-13H2,1-2H3/t20-,22+/m1/s1 Y ... Glu release after in vivo exposure to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) which suggests an important mechanism for vinpocetine ... "Vinpocetine inhibits glutamate release induced by the convulsive agent 4-aminopyridine more potently than several antiepileptic ... with full remission typically occurring within 3-4 weeks. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinpocetine

130 (4): 1274-1282. doi:10.3171/2017.10.JNS172236. PMID 29701546.. *^ "Phenytoin". Lexi-Comp Online. Archived from the original ... 86 (4): 212-3. doi:10.1159/000204838. PMID 1805490.. *^ Handoko KB, Souverein PC, van Staa TP, Meyboom RH, Leufkens HG, Egberts ... 3 (4): 333-340. doi:10.1097/00007691-198104000-00003. PMID 7336470.. *^ "Lexi-Comp Online Interaction Lookup". Lexi-Comp. ... Phenytoin was first made in 1908 by the German chemist Heinrich Biltz and found useful for seizures in 1936.[4][5] It is on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilantin

Retrieved 4 September 2017.. *^ a b c Girard P, Chauvin M, Verleye M (January 2016). "Nefopam analgesia and its role in ... 26 (4): 239-43. doi:10.1093/jat/26.4.239. PMID 12054367.. *^ Roth, BL; Driscol, J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug ... Retrieved 4 September 2017.. *^ Kim KH, Abdi S (April 2014). "Rediscovery of nefopam for the treatment of neuropathic pain". ... 4 (2): 138-43. doi:10.1177/030006057600400211. PMID 799984.. *^ Wang RI, Waite EM (July 1979). "The clinical analgesic efficacy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefopam

... is an aminopyridine. It is a colorless solid. 3-Aminopyridine is prepared by heating nicotinamide with sodium ... Allen, C. F. H.; Wolf, Calvin N. (1950). "3-Aminopyridine". Organic Syntheses. 30: 3. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.030.0003.; Collective ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Aminopyridine

Panov, M. S.; Voskresenska, V. D.; Ryazantsev, M. N.; Tarnovsky, A. N.; Wilson, R. M. (2013). "5-Azido-2-aminopyridine, a New ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoaffinity_labeling

Other articles where 4-aminopyridine is discussed: drug: Drugs that affect skeletal muscle: …acetylcholine release, including ... tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine. They work by blocking potassium-selective channels in the nerve membrane, thereby ... acetylcholine release, including tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine. They work by blocking potassium-selective channels in ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/4-aminopyridine

Solari A, Uitdehaag B, Giuliani G, Pucci E, Taus C (2002). Solari A (ed.). "Aminopyridines for symptomatic treatment in ... Wu, Zi-Zhen; Li, De-Pei; Chen, Shao-Rui; Pan, Hui-Lin (25 December 2009). "Aminopyridines Potentiate Synaptic and Neuromuscular ... "Aminopyridines Potentiate Synaptic and Neuromuscular Transmission by Targeting the Voltage-activated Calcium Channel β Subunit ... The use of 4-aminopyridine in bird control has been criticized by the Humane Society of the United States. Fampridine has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Aminopyridine

The 4-AP content of the pill that was ingested by the patient was at least 8 times greater (,80 mg) than the standard. The ... She was receiving 4-AP for more than 3 years. The symptoms started soon after the ingestion of a single pill that was supposed ... 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) is a drug that is used to improve motor fatigue in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). ... 4-AP is a potassium channel-blocking drug. The prolongation of the action potential may facilitate calcium entry into the cell ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crinm/2014/237064/

2004 Mar 4;41(5):701-10. van Diemen HA, Polman CH, van Dongen TM, van Loenen AC, Nauta JJ, Taphoorn MJ, van Walbeek HK, ... 4-Aminopyridine in Episodic Ataxia Type 2 (4AP in EA2). The recruitment status of this study is unknown. The completion date ... Epub 2009 Dec 4. Spyker DA, Lynch C, Shabanowitz J, Sinn JA. Poisoning with 4-aminopyridine: report of three cases. Clin ... 1980 Jun;16(4):487-97. Stefoski D, Davis FA, Faut M, Schauf CL. 4-Aminopyridine improves clinical signs in multiple sclerosis. ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01543750?term=Ataxia&rank=2

4-aminopyridine and cerebellar gait: a retrospective case series.. [Roman Schniepp, Max Wuehr, Maximilian Neuhaeusser, Ann ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/22760944

What is 4-aminopyridine? Meaning of 4-aminopyridine medical term. What does 4-aminopyridine mean? ... Looking for online definition of 4-aminopyridine in the Medical Dictionary? 4-aminopyridine explanation free. ... 4-aminopyridine. Also found in: Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. 4-aminopyridine. 1. a central nervous system stimulant and a ... The drug 4-aminopyridine partially restores some sensory and motor functions in one-third of patients who have been paralyzed ...

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/4-Aminopyridine

Until recently, I have been reluctant to post much about 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) or fampridine for three reasons. First, ... How should I ramp up on the dose of 4-AP to avoid side-effects when I start taking the drug? Experience in clinical trials of 4 ... What is the safest way for me to increase the dose of 4-AP beyond 10 mg every six hours. If you are getting benefits from an ... How long should I take 4-AP before I know that it is effective or not? The effects of 4-AP should be apparent within an hour ...

http://sci.rutgers.edu/forum/showthread.php?20858-4-Aminopyridine-treatment-for-chronic-spinal-cord-injury&s=d5eb91b214bee30dceec0a27318ecaef

A randomised double-blind, cross-over trial of 4-aminopyridine for downbeat nystagmus-effects on slowphase eye velocity, ...

https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/84/12/1298

... aminopyridine (4AP) is strongly concentration-dependent. Different 4AP concentrations are characterized by qualitatively ... Timothy L Myers1,2, Oscar C Gonzalez3,4, Jacob B Stein2 and Maxim Bazhenov3*. 1Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of ... Epilepsy J 4:128. DOI: 10.4172/2472-0895.1000128 Copyright: © 2018 Myers TL, et al. This is an open-access article distributed ... 4Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America. *Corresponding ...

https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/characterizing-concentrationdependent-neural-dynamics-of-4aminopyridineinduced-epileptiform-activity-2472-0895-1000128-102706.html

Leptin inhibits 4-aminopyridine- and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures and AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in rodents. ... Leptin inhibits 4-aminopyridine- and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures and AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in rodents. ... Focal seizures in rats were induced by neocortical injections of 4-aminopyridine, an inhibitor of voltage-gated K+ channels. ... Leptin inhibited α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in mouse ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/33009/figure/2

4-Aminopyridine, Atenolol, or Placebo in Patients With Vestibular Migraine. The safety and scientific validity of this study is ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT03578354

Aminopyridines and the treatment of spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 1993 Spring;10(1):19-24. Review. ... High Doses of 4-aminopyridine in Clinically Complete Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients.. The safety and scientific validity ... 1993 Apr;31(4):216-24. Hayes KC, Potter PJ, Wolfe DL, Hsieh JT, Delaney GA, Blight AR. 4-Aminopyridine-sensitive neurologic ... Drug: 4-Aminopyridine Each patient will take 10 mg per kilogram of weight (example: a person weighing 60 kg, will take two ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03899584

Cholinergic mechanisms in heart: interactions with 4-aminopyridine. Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you ... 4-Aminopyridine lengthened the action potential and increased spike amplitude. These effects were not frequency-dependent but ...

http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/210/1/7

Effect of 4-aminopyridine on nerve terminal action potentials. Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ... Effect of 4-aminopyridine on nerve terminal action potentials.. E S Burley and R S Jacobs ... Effect of 4-aminopyridine on nerve terminal action potentials.. E S Burley and R S Jacobs ... Effect of 4-aminopyridine on nerve terminal action potentials.. E S Burley and R S Jacobs ...

http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/219/1/268

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https://www.alfa.com/de/catalog/H30820/

3-aminopyridine)-4-phenyl-1-azabuta-1,3-diene as new heterodienes for iron carbonyl complexes. ... Keywords: 2-Aminopyridine; 3-aminopyridine; heterodiene; cinnamaldehyde; Schiff base 2-Aminopyridine; 3-aminopyridine; ... In this paper we propose the synthesis of 1-(2-aminopyridine)-4-phenyl-1-azabuta-1,3-diene and 1-(3-aminopyridine)-4-phenyl-1- ... Jarrahpour, A.A.; Esmaeilbeig, A.R.; Adabi Ardekani, A. Synthesis of 1-(2-aminopyridine)-4-phenyl-1-azabuta-1,3-diene and 1-(3- ...

http://www.mdpi.com/1422-8599/2006/1/M457

One of the most prominent avicides, Avitrol -the trade name for 4-aminopyridine-i s available as grain baits or powder ... A similar event happened in Schenectady New York in 2006, when Rentokill, Inc., a local exterminator applied 4-aminopyridine in ... stuffed with 4-aminopyridine laced corn was the culprit. The chemical was set out on the roof of a building in effort to ward ...

https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/category/chemicals/4-aminopyridine/

Request sample of market research report on Europe 4 Aminopyridine Market Report 2017. Explore detailed TOC, tables and figures ... 5.3 UK 4-Aminopyridine Sales and Market Share by Type. 5.4 UK 4-Aminopyridine Sales and Market Share by Application. 6 Russia 4 ... Aminopyridine (Volume, Value and Sales Price). 6.1 Russia 4-Aminopyridine Sales and Value (2012-2017). 6.1.1 Russia 4- ... Aminopyridine Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017). 6.1.2 Russia 4-Aminopyridine Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017). 6.1.6 Russia ...

https://www.absolutereports.com/europe-4-aminopyridine-market-report-2017-10615658

... aims at providing comprehensive data on 4- ... 4-Aminopyridine-2,6-Dicarboxylic Acid (CAS 2683-49-0) Market Research Report 2018. Date:. January 15, 2018 ... 4-aminopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid prices in other regions. 7. 4-AMINOPYRIDINE-2,6-DICARBOXYLIC ACID END-USE SECTOR 7.1. 4- ... aminopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid market by application sphere. 7.2. 4-aminopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid downstream markets ...

https://marketpublishers.com/report/industry/chemicals_petrochemicals/cbindex_2683-49-0_market_research_report.html

GERMINE MONOACETATE, 4-AMINOPYRIDINE AND SUCCINYLCHOLINE You will receive an email whenever this article is corrected, updated ... GERMINE MONOACETATE, 4-AMINOPYRIDINE AND SUCCINYLCHOLINE. Anesthesiology 9 1980, Vol.53, S280. doi: ... N. N. Durant, C. Lee, R. L. Katz; GERMINE MONOACETATE, 4-AMINOPYRIDINE AND SUCCINYLCHOLINE. Anesthesiology 1980;53(3 Suppl): ...

https://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1958868

2-Chloro-4-methoxyphenoxy)quinoxaline-2-carbonyl]amino]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid , C22H15ClN4O5 , CID 78319372 - structure, ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/78319372

... 4-aminopyridine CHEMICAL name: 4-aminopyridine TRADE name(S): Avitrol (56) ... Pancuronium is an antagonist of 4-aminopyridine, and can control seizures. It must be administered under the supervision of an ... 3.8-4 mg/kg starlings 5-6 mg/kg pigeons 4-7 mg/kg blackbirds 9 mg/kg boat-tailed grackle 3.2 mg/kg (72a) The secondary ...

http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/rodent/rodent_A_L/4-aminopyridine/aminopyr_prf_0185.html

2018 UW Environmental Health & Safety Department , 201 Hall Health Center, Box 354400, Seattle, WA , Tel: 206.543.7262 , Fax: 206.543.3351 , [email protected] ...

http://www.ehs.washington.edu/resource/4-aminopyridine-sop-675

In conclusion, both 4-AP and t-butyl significantly improved supported stepping ability in dogs with chronic spinal cord injury ... Derivatives of 4-AP have been developed to improve clinical efficacy while reducing toxicity. We compared the therapeutic ... Dogs showed significant improvement in supported stepping score (from 17.39 to 37.24% with 4-AP; 16.85 to 29.18% with t-butyl p ... No adverse effects were reported with t-butyl but gastrointestinal upset and seizures were observed in two dogs with 4-AP. ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0116139

Inicio,Investigación,Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI),Biomatemáticas,4-Aminopyridine restores fract... ... 4-Aminopyridine restores fractal structure of spontaneous cord dorsum potentials in the hemisected spinal cord. Rodríguez ... 4-Aminopyridine restores fractal structure of spontaneous cord dorsum potentials in the hemisected spinal cord. E. E. RODRIGUEZ ... 4-Aminopyridine (4AP) increases evoked excitatory as well as inhibitory synaptic transmission in the spinal cord (Brain ...

https://www.uaeh.edu.mx/investigacion/productos/4761/

... and field potentials were evoked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 50-100 μM) and rec ... Szente M, Pongracz F (1981) Comparative study of aminopyridine-induced seizure activities in primary and mirror foci of cats ... Nicholson C, ten Bruggencate G, Senekowitsch R (1976) Large potassium signals and slow potentials evoked during aminopyridine ... Our results demonstrate that in the adult rat hippocampus 4-AP induces in many different regions accumulations of [K+]0 in ...

https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00228628

Kirsch GE, Narahashi T. Site of action and active form of aminopyridines in squid axon membranes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1983; ... Effect of 4-AP on Mean Open Time of Single RPV KDR. 4-AP-sensitive RPV KDR current is due to channels with a conductance of ... For example, analyses of the effects of 4-AP on Shaker family Kv1 channels, including Kv1.2, Kv1.4 and Kv1.5,14,16-20 as well ... 4-AP reduced end-pulse current at all potentials positive to −40 mV and caused a shift of +18.8±1.4 mV in the voltage of half- ...

http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/89/11/1038

Fampridine (4-Aminopyridine). Download as a PDF. Beginning in 1993, anecdotal reports emerged on the antispasmodic effects of a ... 1998b) present evidence for the anti-spasmodic effects of 4-AP, their contribution is mnimized gien these pre-post studies were ... Three randomized, placebo-controlled trials for 4-Aminopyridine all employed the Ashworth measure of spasticity but none of the ... 2007). Using a sustained-release formulation of 4-AP (Fampridine-SR), only Potter et al. (1998a) reported a statistically ...

https://scireproject.com/evidence/rehabilitation-evidence/spasticity/pharmacological-treatment-spasticity/effect-of-medications-other/fampridine/

4-Fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)amino]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid , C14H11FN4O2 , CID 76282291 - structure, chemical names, ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/76282291

"The effects of anticonvulsant agents on 4-aminopyridine induced epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus in vitro, Epilepsy ... U-54494A reduces 4-AP-induced afterdischarges of CA1 pyramidal cells in the hippocampal slice of the rat ... PHT and CBZ partially reversed the increase in EPSP duration produced by 4-AP in area CA3, while the spontaneous bursting was ... PHT and CBZ partially reversed the increase in EPSP duration produced by 4-AP in area CA3, while the spontaneous bursting was ...

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/the-effects-of-anticonvulsant-agents-on-4-aminopyridine-induced-0oEr05dItr?impressionId=5d5bab714ef23&i_medium=docview&i_campaign=references&i_source=references

4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) is a drug that is used to improve motor fatigue in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). Medication error can occur, as commercial preparation may not be available in some countries. (hindawi.com)
4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) is indicated for the improvement of walking speed and motor fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS). An overdose in 4-AP can produce detrimental side effects. (hindawi.com)
channels by the multiple sclerosis drug 4-aminopyridine ," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. (thefreedictionary.com)
Oral 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) is clinically used for symptomatic relief in multiple sclerosis and we recently demonstrated that systemic 4-AP had previously unknown clinically-relevant effects after traumatic peripheral nerve injury including the promotion of re-myelination, improvement of nerve conductivity, and acceleration of functional recovery. (elsevier.com)
4-aminopyridine toxicity with unintentional overdose in four patients with multiple sclerosis. (arctichealth.org)

4-Aminopyridine (4-AP, fampridine, dalfampridine) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C5H4N-NH2. (wikipedia.org)
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to dalfampridine, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, fampridine) that has been prepared by your pharmacist, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in dalfampridine tablets. (medlineplus.gov)

acetylcholine release, including tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine . (britannica.com)
Differential effects of 4-aminopyridine on acetylcholine release triggered by [K. (thefreedictionary.com)

4-Aminopyridine is also used under the trade name Avitrol as 0.5% or 1% in bird control bait. (wikipedia.org)
Most common chemicals that are used as avicides are DRC-1339 (chemically known as 3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride or starling), CPTH (3-chloro-p-toluidine), Avitrol ( 4-aminopyridine ) and Chloralose among others. (thefreedictionary.com)
Assay 99% 4-Aminopyridine Heterocyclic CAS 504-24-5 EINECS 207-987-9 Avitrol 200 Product Description 4- aminopyridine, white crystal. (phrmg.org)

In calcium entry blocker overdose in humans, 4-aminopyridine can increase the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration very efficiently independent of the calcium channels. (wikipedia.org)
4-AP works as a potassium channel blocker. (wikipedia.org)
The K + channel blocker, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), was used as neuronal stimulant. (deepdyve.com)
Fampridine or 4-aminopyridine is a broad-spectrum blocker of the Kv1 family of voltage-gated potassium channels that is used as a symptomatic therapy for patients with certain neuromuscular disorders to enhance synaptic neuronal conduction (1). (thefreedictionary.com)
We examined 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a potassium-channel blocker as a possible treatment for TPI. (elsevier.com)
Na(v) coupling to transmitter release was determined by measuring the sensitivity of 4-aminopyridine (4AP)-evoked [(3)H]glutamate and [(14)C]GABA release to the specific Na(v) blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) for nerve terminals isolated from rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum and spinal cord. (nih.gov)
Releases voltage-dependent K + channel blocker 4-aminopyridine ( ab120122 ) when uncaged. (abcam.com)

4-Aminopyridine (4AP) increases evoked excitatory as well as inhibitory synaptic transmission in the spinal cord (Brain Research, 240 (1982) 117), enhances interneuronal spontaneous activity and partly restores impaired spinal cord functions (Neuroscience, 126 (2004) 511). (edu.mx)
The extracellular parameters evaluated in areas CA3 and CAI were: (1) interictal-type bursting, (2) evoked population spike (PS) amplitude, (3) latency to PS onset, and (4) duration of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). (deepdyve.com)

However, 4-AP has been shown to potentiate voltage-gated Ca2+ channel currents independent of effects on voltage-activated K+ channels. (wikipedia.org)
4-AP caused a voltage-dependent reduction in mean open time of K DR . Relief of 4-AP block of whole cell currents during washout required channel activation and was unaffected by voltage. (ahajournals.org)
A feature of 4-AP block of K DR was identified that was not mimicked by homotetrameric Kv1.5 channels, but was apparent in recordings of Kv1.2 currents, as well as currents due to heteromultimeric association of Kv1.2 and Kv1.5. (ahajournals.org)
The biophysical and pharmacological effects of individual phenylalanine-for-leucine (Phe-for-Leu) substitutions in the leucine heptad repeat region located at the cytosolic surface of the channel pore, on whole-cell K + currents, were studied in cloned and mutated human brain Kvl.4 K + channels (hKvl.4) transiently transfected into HeLa cells. (aspetjournals.org)
KA) channel currents, which are highly sensitive to 4-aminopyridine , and slowly inactivated or noninactivated currents such as delayed rectifying [K.sup. (thefreedictionary.com)
i) Outward potassium currents, (ii) which are sensitive to 10 mM 4-AP, were detected in M-RV-GFP(D) cells. (nih.gov)
iv) Currents obtained by subtracting the current in the presence of 4-AP from that in the absence of the inhibitor. (nih.gov)

In the laboratory, 4-AP is a useful pharmacological tool in studying various potassium conductances in physiology and biophysics. (wikipedia.org)
Decades of research have focused on understanding the mechanisms leading to the development of seizure-like activity using various pro-convulsive pharmacological agents, including 4-aimnopyridine (4AP). (omicsonline.org)
1985). THE PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF 3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLIMINO-2-IMIDAZOLIDINE (DPI) AS A POTENT MIXED ALPHA-1/ALPHA-2-ADRENOCEPTOR AGONIST RATHER THAN AS A DOPAMINE RECEPTOR AGONIST . (rug.nl)

Acorda Therapeutics (Hawthorne, NY) announced preliminary results of a phase II clinical trial of Fampridine-SR, an oral, sustained-release formula of 4-aminopyridine , to treat MS symptoms. (thefreedictionary.com)
2007). Using a sustained-release formulation of 4-AP (Fampridine-SR), only Potter et al. (scireproject.com)

4-Aminopyridine-2,6-Dicarboxylic Acid (CAS 2683-49-0) Market Research Report 2018 aims at providing comprehensive data on 4-aminopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid market globally and regionally (Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America etc. (marketpublishers.com)
4-Aminopyridine-2,6-Dicarboxylic Acid (CAS 2683-49-0) Market Research Report 2018 contents were prepared and placed on the website in January, 2018. (marketpublishers.com)
Please note that 4-Aminopyridine-2,6-Dicarboxylic Acid (CAS 2683-49-0) Market Research Report 2018 is a half ready publication and contents are subject to change. (marketpublishers.com)

A study has shown that 4-AP is a potent calcium channel activator and can improve synaptic and neuromuscular function by directly acting on the calcium channel beta subunit. (wikipedia.org)
Leptin inhibited α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in mouse hippocampal slices but failed to inhibit synaptic responses in slices from leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice. (jci.org)

4-Aminopyridine is a potent convulsant and is used to generate seizures in animal models for the evaluation of antiseizure agents. (wikipedia.org)
Case reports have shown that overdoses with 4-AP can lead to paresthesias, seizures, and atrial fibrillation. (wikipedia.org)
4-AP should not be given to people with significant kidney disease (e.g., acute kidney injury or advanced chronic kidney disease) due to the higher risk of seizures with increased circulating levels of 4-AP. (wikipedia.org)
The study participant will log side effects as they occur (reporting the seizures or other severe side effects immediately to Investigators) and will be interviewed by phone regarding side effects at two different time points (4 weeks, 8 weeks) of each 8-week Treatment Period. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Focal seizures in rats were induced by neocortical injections of 4-aminopyridine, an inhibitor of voltage-gated K+ channels. (jci.org)
These seizures were briefer and less frequent upon coinjection of 4-aminopyridine and leptin. (jci.org)
Antiaris further delayed the onset of seizures in 4-aminopyridine model while producing 75% protection against death in mice. (hindawi.com)

4-aminopyridine and cerebellar gait: a retrospective case series. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The role of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels in the modulation of 4-aminopyridine-induced burst firing in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. (abcam.cn)

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the efficacy and safety of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). (thefreedictionary.com)
After the follow-up period, all test results will be analyzed and compared to determine the efficacy and safety of 4-aminopyridine. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Similarly, IA and ID antagonist 4-aminopyridine (4AP) has been shown, in in vivo and in vitro studies, to cause hyperexcitability and the development of seizure-like epileptiform discharges [ 15 - 23 ]. (omicsonline.org)
The results show that 4-AP induced changes in vitro can help differentiate drugs with similar in vivo spectrums of anticonvulsant activity. (deepdyve.com)
Tapia, "Paired pulse facilitation is turned into paired pulse depression in hippocampal slices after epilepsy induced by 4-aminopyridine in vivo," Neuropharmacology, vol. (thefreedictionary.com)
These findings provide direct evidence for the potential transdermal applicability of 4-AP and demonstrate that 4-AP delivered through the skin can enhance in-vivo functional recovery and nerve conduction while decreasing axonal degeneration. (elsevier.com)

In contrast, high concentrations (5 X 10(-4) M) of 4AP prolonged the duration of the NTAP by selectively flattening the K+ slope of the NTAP and increased the quantal content of the end-plate potential. (aspetjournals.org)
Several 2,4-diamino-5-deazapteridine compounds exhibit submicromolar 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)s). (nih.gov)
Neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine were used at concentrations of 2 µg mL-1 and 20 µg mL-1, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
4-AP showed linear pharmacokinetics and the maximum plasma 4-AP concentrations were proportional to TD-4-AP dose. (elsevier.com)

Except for subject A, who had been taking 4-aminopyridine (Ampyra[R]) for 5 years at the time of enrollment, none were on neuromodulatory medication (e.g., baclofen). (thefreedictionary.com)

Inhibition by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) of K DR of rabbit portal vein (RPV) myocytes was studied by patch clamp and compared with that of channels composed of Kv1.5 and/or Kv1.2 subunits cloned from the RPV and expressed in mammalian cells. (ahajournals.org)
Inhibition of calcineurin activity by cyclosporin A resulted in a complete block of Ca 2+ -dependent dephosphorylation of P-sites 4, 5, and 6 and correlated with a prominent increase in ionomycin-evoked glutamate release. (jneurosci.org)

In the enrichment culture, 3,4-dihydroxypyridine and its metabolites including formate might be shared as growth substrates and maintain the enrichment culture, including these indispensable strains. (biomedcentral.com)

The drug 4-aminopyridine partially restores some sensory and motor functions in one-third of patients who have been paralyzed for months to years. (thefreedictionary.com)
4-Aminopyridine restores fract. (edu.mx)

It captures 4-aminopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid market trends, pays close attention to 4-aminopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid manufacturers and names suppliers. (marketpublishers.com)
Besides, the report provides 4-aminopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid prices in regional markets. (marketpublishers.com)
In addition to the above the report determines 4-aminopyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid consumers. (marketpublishers.com)
This method contrasts and complements acid-mediated H/D exchange, requires no catalyst and is appropriate for the synthesis of deuterium isotop-ologues of N- and C-substituted 4-aminopyridines and a ben-zofused (quinoline) analogue. (sussex.ac.uk)

The complete antagonism with 4-aminopyridine suggests presynaptic action of ropivacaine . (bvsalud.org)

Ethyl 2-aminopyridine-4-carboxylate is an important raw material and intermediate used in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and dyestuff fields. (fishersci.dk)

This solution contains 10 mM tetraethyl ammonium (TEA), 3 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), 50 nM charybdotoxin, 10 mM glibenclamide (Glib), and 100 nM apamin. (thefreedictionary.com)
Changes in the bacterial populations of 4-aminopyridine, 3,4-dihydroxypyridine, or formate/ammonium chloride enrichment cultures were monitored by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiling of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments. (biomedcentral.com)
4AP-Z were predominant in 4-aminopyridine and formate/ammonium chloride enrichment cultures and in the 3,4-dihydroxypyridine enrichment culture, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, an experimental drug, 4-aminopyridine , appears to increase the velocity of impulses in demyelinated nerves. (thefreedictionary.com)
The experimental drugs, U-54494A, LOS, and D-20443 (dihydrochloride salt of D-23129 from Asta Medica), tended to reverse to varying degrees the 4-AP effects, especially the increase in the EPSP duration. (deepdyve.com)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Experimental evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino-3-aminopyridine (Compound 64-92). (who.int)
Effect of ropivacaine combined with pancuronium on neuromuscular transmission and effectiveness of neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine for blockade reversal: experimental study / Efeito da associação ropivacaina-pancurônio na transmissão neuromuscular e eficácia da neostigmine e 4-aminopiridina na reversão do bloqueio: estudo experimental / Efecto de la asociación ropivacaína-pancuronio en la transmisión neuromuscular. (bvsalud.org)

The symptoms started soon after the ingestion of a single pill that was supposed to contain 10 mg 4-AP, but further investigations revealed that each pill had been inadvertently prepared with an 100 mg 4-AP concentration. (hindawi.com)
The pill came from a new box of a pharmacy preparation that was supposed to contain 10 mg of 4-aminopyridine per pill. (hindawi.com)
Each capsule will contain 10 milligrams of 4-Aminopyridine that will allow to be administered sequentially at progressively higher doses / day. (clinicaltrials.gov)

A single 100 mg 4-AP accidental overdose may cause serious immediate complications, with a slow and incomplete neurological recovery. (hindawi.com)
This invention relates a sustained release oral dosage form of an aminopyridine pharmaceutical composition that can be used to treat individuals affected with neurological disorders wherein said pharmaceutical composition maximizes the therapeutic effect, while minimizing adverse side effects. (freepatentsonline.com)
One sub-class of potassium channel blockers, aminopyridines have shown promise in the treatment of neurological diseases. (freepatentsonline.com)

The oligomycin complex was purchased from Cayman Chemical Co., quinidine and 4-aminopyridine were purchased from TCI. (thefreedictionary.com)
and the effects of aminopyridines on the release of chemical transmitters. (elsevier.com)

The findings of this study (1) indicate that vascular K DR are inhibited by 4-AP via an open-state block mechanism and trapping of the drug within the pore on channel closure and (2) provide novel evidence based on a comparison of functional characteristics that indicate the dominant form of vascular K DR channel complex in RPV involves the heteromultimeric association of Kv1.2 and Kv1.5 subunits. (ahajournals.org)
Despite its widespread use, however, the mechanism of block of vascular K DR by 4-AP has not been established conclusively. (ahajournals.org)
12-16 Identification of the mechanism(s) of 4-AP block has been advanced through the study of recombinant Kv channels. (ahajournals.org)
If 4-AP blocks the open channel by promoting closure of the activation gate (recent Armstrong-Loboda model), then changes in the leucine heptad repeat that stabilize the channel closed state may contribute to increased 4-AP sensitivity by amplifying the mechanism of 4-AP block. (aspetjournals.org)
4-Aminopyridine is biodegraded in the environment through an unknown mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)

iberiotoxin + 4-aminopyridine +barium chloride + glibenclamide + TEA). (thefreedictionary.com)

Effect of 4-aminopyridine on nerve terminal action potentials. (aspetjournals.org)
The effects of 4-aminopyridine (4AP) on the extracellularly recorded nerve terminal action potential (NTAP) and end-plate potential were studied at the frog neuromuscular junction. (aspetjournals.org)
4-AP also enhanced recovery of nerve conduction velocity, promoted remyelination, and increased axonal area post-injury. (elsevier.com)
4-AP treatment also enabled the rapid distinction between incomplete and complete nerve lesions. (elsevier.com)
Conclusion 4-AP singularly provides both a new potential therapy to promote durable recovery and remyelination in acute peripheral nerve injury and a means of identifying lesions in which this therapy would be most likely to be of value. (elsevier.com)
4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a mono-aminopyridine known as fampridine, has been found to reduce the potassium flow in nerve impulse transmission and, thereby, shows effectiveness in restoring conduction in blocked and demyelinated nerves. (freepatentsonline.com)
In isolated nerve terminals, rapid changes in synapsin I phosphorylation were observed after Ca 2+ entry, namely, a Ca 2+ -dependent phosphorylation of P-sites 1, 2, and 3 and a Ca 2+ -dependent dephosphorylation of P-sites 4, 5, and 6. (jneurosci.org)
We hypothesized that, instead of oral or injection administration, transdermal 4-AP (TD-4-AP) could also improve functional recovery after traumatic peripheral nerve injury. (elsevier.com)
While a single dose of TD-4-AP administration demonstrated rapid transient improvement in motor function, chronic TD-4-AP treatment significantly improved motor function and nerve conduction and these effects were associated with fewer degenerating axons and thicker myelin sheaths than those from vehicle controls. (elsevier.com)

NRI), a biopharmaceutical company focused on treatments for peripheral neuropathies, has announced that its request for orphan drug designation of 4-Aminopyridine has been granted for treatment of chronic functional motor and sensory deficits resulting from Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). (thefreedictionary.com)
Several polls on CareCure suggested that as many as 15% of people with chronic spinal cord injury have tried or are taking 4-AP. (rutgers.edu)
High Doses of 4-aminopyridine in Clinically Complete Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Our results demonstrate that in the adult rat hippocampus 4-AP induces in many different regions accumulations of [K + ] 0 in synchrony with the long-lasting field potentials, which are known to correspond to an intracellular long-lasting depolarization of the pyramidal cells. (springer.com)
Avoli M, Psarrapoulou C, Tancredi V, Fueta Y (1993) On the synchronous activity induced by 4-aminopyridine in the CA3 subfield of juvenile rat hippocampus. (springer.com)
The Effect of 3-, 4-AP and 3,4-DAP on the Evoked Activity of the Pyramidal Cell Layer (CA 1,2) of the Hippocampus. (elsevier.com)

Spinal cord injury patients have also seen improvement with 4-AP therapy. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, I feel that it is appropriate for me to discuss the compounding formulations of 4-AP and its use in spinal cord injury. (rutgers.edu)

The study participant will be interviewed by phone regarding toxicity using the [Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.0] at two different time points (4 weeks, 8 weeks) of each 8-week Treatment Period. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Although we could not isolate strain 4AP-Y on several media, PCR-DGGE analysis and microscopy indicated that the unique bi-polar filamentous bacterial cells gradually became more dominant with increasing 4-aminopyridine concentration in the medium. (biomedcentral.com)
In most species, NEBs are located preferentially at or near airway bifurcation, a site ideally suited for sensing changes in airway gas concentration ( 4 ). (pnas.org)

1. A method of establishing steady state plasma pharmacokinetics of 4-aminopyridine, said method comprising administering sustained release 4-aminopyridine, as set forth herein. (freepatentsonline.com)
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step of maintaining the steady state plasma pharmacokinetics of 4-aminopyridine. (freepatentsonline.com)

We report a case of sustained encephalopathy following status epilepticus induced by 4-AP overdose. (hindawi.com)

The Hanks' solution contained (in mmol/L) NaCl 145, KCl 4.2, KH 2 PO 4 1.2, MgCl 2 1.0, glucose 10, and EGTA 0.1 (pH 7.3). (ahajournals.org)

Binding of 4-AP by Kv occurs from the intracellular face of the membrane, and when applied to the exterior of cells, it must first cross the cell membrane in its non-ionized form. (ahajournals.org)
However, an agent such as 4-aminopyridine raises intracellular pH and mobilizes stored [Ca.sup.2+] and leads to sperm hyperactivation (18). (thefreedictionary.com)

Differences in the type of K + -channels expressed in a given neuron influence the properties of action potentials produced by the neuron [ 1 , 4 ]. (omicsonline.org)

They will receive ascending doses of the drug starting with 10 milligrams and progressively increasing every 2 to 4 weeks 10 mg until reaching the maximum dose proposed according to weight (maximum 1 mg/kg/d). (clinicaltrials.gov)
RPV K DR were found to be inhibited by 4-AP while in the open state, but the drug remains trapped in the pore during channel closure. (ahajournals.org)
Each patient will participate in an open-label unblinded drug escalation/treatment run-in phase for up to 4 weeks until stable dose and frequency of amifampridine phosphate is achieved for 7 days. (clinicaltrials.gov)

4-Aminopyridine lengthened the action potential and increased spike amplitude. (aspetjournals.org)
The effects of ropivacaine on membrane potential and miniature endplate potential, the amplitude of diaphragm responses before and 60 min after the addition of ropivacaine (degree of neuromuscular blockade with pancuronium and with the association of pancuronium - ropivacaine ), and the effectiveness of neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine on neuromuscular block reversal were evaluated. (bvsalud.org)

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the interaction between ropivacaine and pancuronium , the influence on transmission and neuromuscular blockade , and the effectiveness of neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine to reverse the blockade. (bvsalud.org)
Pancuronium blockade was potentiated by ropivacaine , and partially and fully reversed by neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine , respectively. (bvsalud.org)

Moreover, the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA) prevented the dephosphorylation of P-sites 4, 5, and 6 and facilitated ionomycin-triggered release of glutamate. (jneurosci.org)
RA Finch, MC Liu, SP Grill, WC Rose, R LoomisTriapine (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde-thiosemicarbazone): a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase activity with broad spectrum antitumor activity. (alfa.com)

Three randomized, placebo-controlled trials for 4-Aminopyridine all employed the Ashworth measure of spasticity but none of the studies were specifically designed to study spasticity (Donovan et al. (scireproject.com)

L1F (L457) and L3F (L471) increase 4-AP sensitivity by 8- and 150-fold, respectively, and produce depolarizing shifts in activation of ∼5 mV without affecting inactivation. (aspetjournals.org)
All Phe-for-heptad-Leu substitutions produce gating changes suggesting variable stabilization of the channel closed state conformation, with L1F, L2F, and L5F exhibiting the strongest correlations between altered gating and increased 4-AP sensitivity. (aspetjournals.org)

Although improving symptoms, 4-AP does not inhibit progression of MS. Another study, conducted in Brazil, showed that treatment based on fampridine was considered efficient in 70% of the patients. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, Kv1.2 channels displayed a shift in voltage dependence of activation, and this characteristic was also evident during 4-AP treatment when Kv1.2 was coexpressed with Kv1.5 or coupled to Kv1.5 in a tandem construct to produce heterotetrameric [Kv1.5/Kv1.2] 2 channels. (ahajournals.org)
A) The numbers of viable cells (mean ± SEM) 24 h after treatment for GC cultures maintained in the absence (CON) of FSH with and without the addition of 2 mM 4-AP (10 culture wells from 5 different GC isolations), and in the presence of FSH with and without the addition of 2 mM 4-AP (8 culture wells from 4 GC isolations). (biomedcentral.com)

This study aims to determine whether 4-aminopyridine (4AP) can reduce attacks of ataxia in patients with episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), a rare but often debilitating condition. (clinicaltrials.gov)

strychnine- (STR-) and 4-aminopyridine-induced convulsions. (hindawi.com)

The 10 mM 4-AP-sensitive current recorded from rabbit SA node cells was composed of transient and sustained components (Itrans and Isus, respectively). (ox.ac.uk)

The results indicated that 4-AP is a potent reversal agent for sedation caused by xylazine in goats. (ac.ke)

Clinical studies have shown that 4-AP is capable of reversing the effects of tetrodotoxin poisoning in animals, however, its effectiveness as an antidote in humans has not yet been determined. (wikipedia.org)
The clinical applications of aminopyridines and further miscellaneous actions of aminopyridines and related compounds are also considered. (elsevier.com)

In this study, we have investigated variation of the 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-sensitive current as a function of the size (as measured by the cell capacitance) of SA node cells to elucidate the ionic mechanisms. (ox.ac.uk)

4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) is widely used to selectively inhibit voltage-gated K + channels (Kv) and to identify their role(s) in control of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) tone. (ahajournals.org)
1 For example, 4-AP was used to indicate the participation of delayed rectifier K + channels (K DR ) in regulating membrane potential, endothelium-dependent relaxation, and myogenic tone development of VSM (eg, Leblanc et al, 2 Knot and Nelson, 3 and Dong et al 4 ). (ahajournals.org)
For example, analyses of the effects of 4-AP on Shaker family Kv1 channels, including Kv1.2, Kv1.4 and Kv1.5, 14,16-20 as well as Kv2.1 and Kv3.1, 12 indicate that 4-AP binds to these channels in the open state and remains bound (or trapped) after channel closure. (ahajournals.org)
A model for 4-aminopyridine action on K channels. (upenn.edu)

The patient was treated by 4-AP (10 mg orally, bid) for more than 3 years, without previous adverse effects. (hindawi.com)
1998b) present evidence for the anti-spasmodic effects of 4-AP, their contribution is mnimized gien these pre-post studies were not specifically designed to study spasticity alone. (scireproject.com)
An assessment of the effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on xylazine-induced sedation in goats was done. (ac.ke)
Aminopyridines and Similarly Acting Drugs: Effects on Nerves, Muscles and Synapses presents the proceedings of a IUPHAR Satellite Symposium in conjunction with the eighth International Congress of Pharmacology held in Paris, France on July 27-29, 1981. (elsevier.com)
and the effects of aminopyridines on the skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. (elsevier.com)
Cardiac Effects of 4-Minoquinoline on Mammalian and Amphibian Isolated Preparations. (elsevier.com)
These adverse effects are commonly and consistently observed with barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and topiramate [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)

4-Aminopyridine is prepared by the decarbonylation of pyridine-4-carboxamide using sodium hypochlorite via the Hofmann rearrangement. (wikipedia.org)
The pyridine carboxamide is generated from the corresponding nitrile, which in turn is obtained from ammoxidation of 4-methylpyridine. (wikipedia.org)
Spectroscopic results indicate that sorbed aminopyridine molecules onto loughlinite are coordinated to Lewis acidic centers, zeolitic/bound water molecules, and surface silanol groups by hydrogen bonding interaction through pyridine ring nitrogen lone pairs. (iku.edu.tr)

Anatomy12

Organisms4

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs58

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes16

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science1

Characterization of K+ currents underlying pacemaker potentials of fish gonadotropin-releasing hormone cells. (1/1089)

Presynaptic action of adenosine on a 4-aminopyridine-sensitive current in the rat carotid body. (2/1089)

Contribution of delayed rectifier potassium currents to the electrical activity of murine colonic smooth muscle. (3/1089)

Calcium responses induced by acetylcholine in submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. (4/1089)

Identification and characterization of multiple subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and their physiological functions in canine hearts. (5/1089)

Transient potassium currents regulate the discharge patterns of dorsal cochlear nucleus pyramidal cells. (6/1089)

On the mechanism of histaminergic inhibition of glutamate release in the rat dentate gyrus. (7/1089)

The cAMP transduction cascade mediates the PGE2-induced inhibition of potassium currents in rat sensory neurones. (8/1089)

4-Aminopyridine

Aminopyridines

Potassium Channel Blockers

Tetraethylammonium

Tetraethylammonium Compounds

Potassium Channels

Membrane Potentials

Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated

Potassium

Charybdotoxin

Action Potentials

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Electrophysiology

Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels

Kv1.5 Potassium Channel

Elapid Venoms

Barium Compounds

Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents

Apamin

Barium

Tetrodotoxin

Electric Conductivity

Calcium

Cesium

Glyburide

Quinidine

Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated

Kv1.4 Potassium Channel

Scorpion Venoms

Guinea Pigs

Ion Channels

Shaw Potassium Channels

Electric Stimulation

Rats, Wistar

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Neurons

Ion Channel Gating

Calcium Channel Blockers

Quinine

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Kv1.1 Potassium Channel

Hippocampus

Shab Potassium Channels

Kv1.2 Potassium Channel

Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors

Synaptic Transmission

Muscle, Smooth, Vascular

Convulsants

Pyridostigmine Bromide

Carbohydrate Sequence

Microelectrodes

Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels

Tubocurarine

Shal Potassium Channels

Acetylcholine

Vasodilation

Cromakalim

Muscle Relaxation

Procaine

Quinoxalines

Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

Cadmium

Evoked Potentials

Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels

Neuromuscular Junction

Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain

Pinacidil

Pyramidal Cells

Polymyxins

Cells, Cultured

Pulmonary Artery

Vasodilator Agents

Calcium Channels

Kinetics

Potassium Chloride

Nerve Endings

Verapamil

Heart Ventricles

FMRFamide

Muscle Contraction