4 aminopyridine. Medical search

One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.

Pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. May be hydrogenated, but must retain at least one double bond.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the ACTION POTENTIAL.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

A group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. Because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling ACTION POTENTIAL duration.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that conducts a delayed rectifier current. It contributes to ACTION POTENTIAL repolarization of MYOCYTES in HEART ATRIA.

Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

Inorganic compounds that contain barium as an integral part of the molecule.

Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction by causing sustained depolarization of the motor end plate. These agents are primarily used as adjuvants in surgical anesthesia to cause skeletal muscle relaxation.

A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.

An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.

An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.

Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.

A fast inactivating subtype of shaker potassium channels that contains two inactivation domains at its N terminus.

Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

A shaker subfamily that is prominently expressed in NEURONS and are necessary for high-frequency, repetitive firing of ACTION POTENTIALS.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is commonly mutated in human episodic ATAXIA and MYOKYMIA.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

A subfamily of shaker potassium channels that shares homology with its founding member, Shab protein, Drosophila. They regulate delayed rectifier currents in the NERVOUS SYSTEM of DROSOPHILA and in the SKELETAL MUSCLE and HEART of VERTEBRATES.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is selectively inhibited by a variety of SCORPION VENOMS.

Paracrine substances produced by the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM with VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation (VASODILATION) activities. Several factors have been identified, including NITRIC OXIDE and PROSTACYCLIN.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools.

A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Voltage-gated potassium channels whose primary subunits contain six transmembrane segments and form tetramers to create a pore with a voltage sensor. They are related to their founding member, shaker protein, Drosophila.

A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.

A shaker subfamily of potassium channels that participate in transient outward potassium currents by activating at subthreshold MEMBRANE POTENTIALS, inactivating rapidly, and recovering from inactivation quickly.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)

That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.

A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

Stretch receptors found in the bronchi and bronchioles. Pulmonary stretch receptors are sensors for a reflex which stops inspiration. In humans, the reflex is protective and is probably not activated during normal respiration.

An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

A major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. MaxiK channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). They are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues.

The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.

Potassium channels that contain two pores in tandem. They are responsible for baseline or leak currents and may be the most numerous of all K channels.

A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.

Basic lipopeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.

The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.

A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.

The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."

The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the HEART VENTRICLES.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.

A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)

Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Characterization of K+ currents underlying pacemaker potentials of fish gonadotropin-releasing hormone cells. (1/1089)

Endogenous pacemaker activities are important for the putative neuromodulator functions of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunoreactive terminal nerve (TN) cells. We analyzed several types of voltage-dependent K+ currents to investigate the ionic mechanisms underlying the repolarizing phase of pacemaker potentials of TN-GnRH cells by using the whole brain in vitro preparation of fish (dwarf gourami, Colisa lalia). TN-GnRH cells have at least four types of voltage-dependent K+ currents: 1) 4-aminopyridine (4AP)-sensitive K+ current, 2) tetraethylammonium (TEA)-sensitive K+ current, and 3) and 4) two types of TEA- and 4AP-resistant K+ currents. A transient, low-threshold K+ current, which was 4AP sensitive and showed significant steady-state inactivation in the physiological membrane potential range (-40 to -60 mV), was evoked from a holding potential of -100 mV. This current thus cannot contribute to the repolarizing phase of pacemaker potentials. TEA-sensitive K+ current evoked from a holding potential of -100 mV was slowly activating, long lasting, and showed comparatively low threshold of activation. This current was only partially inactivated at steady state of -60 to -40 mV, which is equivalent to the resting membrane potential. TEA- and 4AP-resistant sustained K+ currents were evoked from a holding potential of -100 mV and were suggested to consist of two types, based on the analysis of activation curves. From the inactivation and activation curves, it was suggested that one of them with low threshold of activation may be partly involved in the repolarizing phase of pacemaker potentials. Bath application of TEA together with tetrodotoxin reversibly blocked the pacemaker potentials in current-clamp recordings. We conclude that the TEA-sensitive K+ current is the most likely candidate that contributes to the repolarizing phase of the pacemaker potentials of TN-GnRH cells. (+info)

Presynaptic action of adenosine on a 4-aminopyridine-sensitive current in the rat carotid body. (2/1089)

1. Plasma adenosine concentration increases during hypoxia to a level that excites carotid body chemoreceptors by an undetermined mechanism. We have examined this further by determining the electrophysiological responses to exogenous adenosine of sinus nerve chemoafferents in vitro and of whole-cell currents in isolated type I cells. 2. Steady-state, single-fibre chemoafferent discharge was increased approximately 5-fold above basal levels by 100 microM adenosine. This adenosine-stimulated discharge was reversibly and increasingly reduced by methoxyverapamil (D600, 100 microM), by application of nickel chloride (Ni2+, 2 mM) and by removal of extracellular Ca2+. These effects strongly suggest a presynaptic, excitatory action of adenosine on type I cells of the carotid body. 3. Adenosine decreased whole-cell outward currents at membrane potentials above -40 mV in isolated type I cells recorded during superfusion with bicarbonate-buffered saline solution at 34-36 C. This effect was reversible and concentration dependent with a maximal effect at 10 microM. 4. The degree of current inhibition induced by 10 microM adenosine was voltage independent (45.39 +/- 2. 55 % (mean +/- s.e.m.) between -40 and +30 mV) and largely ( approximately 75 %), but not entirely, Ca2+ independent. 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP, 5 mM) decreased the amplitude of the control outward current by 80.60 +/- 3.67 % and abolished the effect of adenosine. 5. Adenosine was without effect upon currents near the resting membrane potential of approximately -55 mV and did not induce depolarization in current-clamp experiments. 6. We conclude that adenosine acts to inhibit a 4-AP-sensitive current in isolated type I cells of the rat carotid body and suggest that this mechanism contributes to the chemoexcitatory effect of adenosine in the whole carotid body. (+info)

Contribution of delayed rectifier potassium currents to the electrical activity of murine colonic smooth muscle. (3/1089)

1. We used intracellular microelectrodes to record the membrane potential (Vm) of intact murine colonic smooth muscle. Electrical activity consisted of spike complexes separated by quiescent periods (Vm approximately -60 mV). The spike complexes consisted of about a dozen action potentials of approximately 30 mV amplitude. Tetraethylammonium (TEA, 1-10 mM) had little effect on the quiescent periods but increased the amplitude of the action potential spikes. 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP, >= 5 mM) caused continuous spiking. 2. Voltage clamp of isolated myocytes identified delayed rectifier K+ currents that activated rapidly (time to half-maximum current, 11.5 ms at 0 mV) and inactivated in two phases (tauf = 96 ms, taus = 1.5 s at 0 mV). The half-activation voltage of the permeability was -27 mV, with significant activation at -50 mV. 3. TEA (10 mM) reduced the outward current at potentials positive to 0 mV. 4-AP (5 mM) reduced the early current but increased outward current at later times (100-500 ms) consistent with block of resting channels relieved by depolarization. 4-AP inhibited outward current at potentials negative to -20 mV, potentials where TEA had no effect. 4. Qualitative PCR amplification of mRNA identified transcripts encoding delayed rectifier K+ channel subunits Kv1.6, Kv4.1, Kv4.2, Kv4.3 and the Kvbeta1.1 subunit in murine colon myocytes. mRNA encoding Kv 1.4 was not detected. 5. We find that TEA-sensitive delayed rectifier currents are important determinants of action potential amplitude but not rhythmicity. Delayed rectifier currents sensitive to 4-AP are important determinants of rhythmicity but not action potential amplitude. (+info)

Calcium responses induced by acetylcholine in submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. (4/1089)

1. Calcium responses induced by brief stimulation with acetylcholine (ACh) were assessed from the fluorescence changes in fura-2 loaded submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. 2. Initially, 1-1.5 h after loading with fura-2 (fresh tissues), ACh increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. This response diminished with time, and finally disappeared in 2-3 h (old tissues). 3. Ba2+ elevated [Ca2+]i to a similar extent in both fresh and old tissues. ACh further increased the Ba2+-elevated [Ca2+]i in fresh tissues, but reduced it in old tissues. Responses were not affected by either indomethacin or nitroarginine. 4. In fresh mesenteric arteries, mechanical removal of endothelial cells abolished the ACh-induced increase in [Ca2+]i, with no alteration of [Ca2+]i at rest and during elevation with Ba2+. 5. In the presence of indomethacin and nitroarginine, high-K+ solution elevated [Ca2+]i in both fresh and old tissues. Subsequent addition of ACh further increased [Ca2+]i in fresh tissues without changing it in old tissues. 6. Proadifen, an inhibitor of the enzyme cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase, inhibited the ACh-induced changes in [Ca2+]i in both fresh and Ba2+-stimulated old tissues. It also inhibited the ACh-induced hyperpolarization. 7. In fresh tissues, the ACh-induced Ca2+ response was not changed by apamin, charybdotoxin (CTX), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) or glibenclamide. In old tissues in which [Ca2+]i had previously been elevated with Ba2+, the ACh-induced Ca2+ response was inhibited by CTX but not by apamin, 4-AP or glibenclamide. 8. It is concluded that in submucosal arterioles, ACh elevates endothelial [Ca2+]i and reduces muscular [Ca2+]i, probably through the hyperpolarization of endothelial or smooth muscle membrane by activating CTX-sensitive K+ channels. (+info)

Identification and characterization of multiple subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and their physiological functions in canine hearts. (5/1089)

M2 receptors have long been believed to be the only functional subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) in the heart, although recent studies have provided evidence for the presence of other subtypes. We performed a detailed study to clarify this issue. In the presence of tetramethylammonium (1 microM to 10 mM), a novel K+ current with both delayed rectifying and inward rectifying properties (IKTMA) was activated in single canine atrial myocytes. 4-Aminopyridine (0.05-2 mM) also induced a K+ current (IK4AP) with characteristics similar to but distinct from those of IKTMA. Both IKTMA and IK4AP were abolished by 1 microM atropine. IK4AP, but not IKTMA, was minimized by treatment with pertussis toxin. IKTMA was markedly decreased by 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (a selective antagonist for M3 subtype) but was not altered by pirenzepine (for M1), methoctramine (for M2), and tropicamide (for M4). Tropicamide substantially reduced IK4AP, but the antagonists for other mAChR subtypes had no effects on IK4AP. By comparison, IKACh (ACh-induced K+ current) was significantly depressed by methoctramine but was unaltered by other antagonists. Results from displacement binding of [methyl-3H]N-scopolamine methyl chloride with pirenzepine, methoctramine, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, or tropicamide revealed the coexistence of multiple mAChR subtypes in canine atrium. Cloning of cDNA fragments and detection of mRNAs coding for M2, M3, and M4 provided further supporting evidence. Our results suggest that 1) multiple subtypes of mAChRs (M2/M3/M4) coexist in the dog heart and 2) different subtypes of mAChRs are coupled to different K+ channels. Our findings represent the first functional evidence for the physiological role of cardiac M3 and M4 receptors. (+info)

Transient potassium currents regulate the discharge patterns of dorsal cochlear nucleus pyramidal cells. (6/1089)

Pyramidal cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) show three distinct temporal discharge patterns in response to sound: "pauser," "buildup," and "chopper." Similar discharge patterns are seen in vitro and depend on the voltage from which the cell is depolarized. It has been proposed that an inactivating A-type K+ current (IKI) might play a critical role in generating the three different patterns. In this study we examined the characteristics of transient currents in DCN pyramidal cells to evaluate this hypothesis. Morphologically identified pyramidal cells in rat brain slices (P11-P17) exhibited the three voltage-dependent discharge patterns. Two inactivating currents were present in outside-out patches from pyramidal cells: a rapidly inactivating (IKIF, tau approximately 11 msec) current insensitive to block by tetraethylammonium (TEA) and variably blocked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) with half-inactivation near -85 mV, and a slowly inactivating TEA- and 4-AP-sensitive current (IKIS, tau approximately 145 msec) with half-inactivation near -35 mV. Recovery from inactivation at 34 degrees C was described by a single exponential with a time constant of 10-30 msec, similar to the rate at which first spike latency increases with the duration of a hyperpolarizing prepulse. Acutely isolated cells also possessed a rapidly activating (<1 msec at 22 degrees C) transient current that activated near -45 mV and showed half-inactivation near -80 mV. A model demonstrated that the deinactivation of IKIF was correlated with the discharge patterns. Overall, the properties of the fast inactivating K+ current were consistent with their proposed role in shaping the discharge pattern of DCN pyramidal cells. (+info)

On the mechanism of histaminergic inhibition of glutamate release in the rat dentate gyrus. (7/1089)

1. Histaminergic depression of excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat dentate gyrus was investigated using extracellular and whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques in vitro. 2. Application of histamine (10 microM, 5 min) depressed synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus for 1 h. This depression was blocked by the selective antagonist of histamine H3 receptors, thioperamide (10 microM). 3. The magnitude of the depression caused by histamine was inversely related to the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Application of the N-type calcium channel blocker omega-conotoxin (0. 5 or 1 microM) or the P/Q-type calcium channel blocker omega-agatoxin (800 nM) did not prevent depression of synaptic transmission by histamine. 4. The potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 100 microM) enhanced synaptic transmission and reduced the depressant effect of histamine (10 microM). 4-AP reduced the effect of histamine more in 2 mM extracellular calcium than in 4 mM extracellular calcium. 5. Histamine (10 microM) did not affect the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and had only a small effect on their frequency. 6. Histaminergic depression was not blocked by an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein kinases, H7 (100 microM), or by an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, Lavendustin A (10 microM). 7. Application of adenosine (20 microM) or the adenosine A1 agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, 0.3 microM) completely occluded the effect of histamine (10 microM). 8. We conclude that histamine, acting on histamine H3 receptors, inhibits glutamate release by inhibiting presynaptic calcium entry, via a direct G-protein-mediated inhibition of multiple calcium channels. Histamine H3 receptors and adenosine A1 receptors act upon a common final effector to cause presynaptic inhibition. (+info)

The cAMP transduction cascade mediates the PGE2-induced inhibition of potassium currents in rat sensory neurones. (8/1089)

1. The role of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) transduction cascade in mediating the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced decrease in potassium current (IK) was investigated in isolated embryonic rat sensory neurones using the whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique. 2. Exposure to 100 microM chlorophenylthio-adenosine cyclic 3', 5'-monophosphate (cpt-cAMP) or 1 microM PGE2 caused a slow suppression of the whole-cell IK by 34 and 36 %, respectively (measured after 20 min), without a shift in the voltage dependence of activation for this current. Neither of these agents altered the shape of the voltage-dependent inactivation curve indicating that the suppression of IK did not result from alterations in the inactivation properties. 3. To determine whether the PGE2-mediated suppression of IK depended on activation of the cAMP pathway, cells were exposed to this prostanoid in the presence of the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, PKI. The PGE2-induced suppression of IK was prevented by PKI. In the absence of PGE2, PKI had no significant effect on the magnitude of IK. 4. Results obtained from protocols using different conditioning prepulse voltages indicated that the extent of cpt-cAMP- and PGE2-mediated suppression of IK was independent of the prepulse voltage. The subtraction of control and treated currents revealed that the cpt-cAMP- and PGE2-sensitive currents exhibited little time-dependent inactivation. Taken together, these results suggest that the modulated currents may be delayed rectifier-like IK. 5. Exposure to the inhibitors of IK, tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), reduced the control current elicited by a voltage step to +60 mV by 40-50 %. In the presence of 10 mM TEA, treatment with cpt-cAMP did not result in any further inhibition of IK. In contrast, cpt-cAMP reduced IK by an additional 25-30 % in the presence of 1 mM 4-AP. This effect was independent of the conditioning prepulse voltage. 6. These results establish that PGE2 inhibits an outward IK in sensory neurones via activation of PKA and are consistent with the idea that the PGE2-mediated sensitization of sensory neurones results, in part, from an inhibition of delayed rectifier-like IK. (+info)

36 (4): 571-588. doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00158-x. PMID 9643470. Chang, F. C.; Spriggs, D. L.; Benton, B. J.; Keller, S. A.; ... 26 (1): 252-4. doi:10.1021/jf60215a060. PMID 621331. Tanino H.; Nakata T.; Kaneko T.; Kishi Y. (1997). "A stereospecific total ... 133 (50): 20172-4. doi:10.1021/ja2098063. PMC 3320040. PMID 22098556. Fleming J. J.; McReynolds M. D.; Du Bois J. (2007). "(+)- ... Studies in animals have shown that the lethal effects of saxitoxin can be reversed with 4-aminopyridine, but there are no ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxitoxin

36 (4): 571-588. doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00158-x. PMID 9643470. Chang, F. C.; Spriggs, D. L.; Benton, B. J.; Keller, S. A.; ... 4 (1-3): D646-58. doi:10.2741/dawson. PMID 10502549. Watkins, S. M.; Reich, A.; Fleming, L. E.; Hammond, R. (2008). "Neurotoxic ... Raw fish should be frozen to an internal temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) for at least 7 days to kill parasites, and home freezers ... United States Department of Agriculture (January 4, 2019). "Nutrient data for 15067, Fish, pollock, Alaska, cooked, dry heat ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_as_food

4-Aminopyridine is applied to one in one hundred particles of ground corn used as bait. Generally, corn is thrown into the ... 55 (4): 435-43. JSTOR 4512948. Homan, H. J.; Linz, G. M.; Engeman, R. M.; Penry, L. B. (April 1, 2004). "Spring Dispersal ... ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. Powell, A.F.L.A.; Barker, F.K.; Lanyon, S.M.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "A ... The initial application of 4-aminopyridine should be carried out as soon as possible after the start of the milky stage of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-winged_blackbird

Gu Y, Kirkman-Brown JC, Korchev Y, Barratt CL, Publicover SJ (October 2004). "Multi-state, 4-aminopyridine-sensitive ion ... Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016. ChRS Website Male Fertility Kit Invented in Birmingham ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Human_Reproductive_Science

11 (4): 295-313. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00189.x. PMID 3062194. Ruiz-Colón K, Chavez-Arias C, Díaz-Alcalá JE, Martínez ... 4 (2): 128-134. PMID 14506588. Park JW, Chung HW, Lee EJ, Jung KH, Paik JY, Lee KH (April 2013). "α2-Adrenergic agonists ... Combining yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine in an effort to antagonize xylazine is superior as compared to the administration of ... The duration of effects in animals lasts up to 4 hours. In dogs, sheep, horses, and cattle, the half life is very short: only ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylazine

"4-Aminopyridine and the early outward current of sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers". J Gen Physiol 1979;73:139-157. Zygmunt AC, ... Li GR, Feng J, Wang Z, Fermini B, Nattel S. "Comparative mechanisms of 4-aminopyridine-resistant Ito in human and rabbit atrial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid

http://serbiosoc.org.rs/arch_old/VOL62/SVESKA_4/21%20-%20Pathak.pdf Angstadt, JD; Choo, JJ (1996). "Sodium-dependent plateau ... 2010), Modulation of Nickel-Induced Bursting with 4-Aminopyridine in Leech Retzius Nerve Cells. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxysmal_depolarizing_shift

DRC-1339 is limited to USDA use only, while 4-AP is a restricted-use pesticide, for use only by licensed applicators. The use ... Retrieved 4 January 2017. Uribe, F.; Colom, L.; Camerino, M.; Ruiz, J.; Senar, C. (1984). "Censo de las palomas semidomésticas ... Retrieved 4 January 2017. Reinoso, V.; Katani, R.; Barbato, G. F. (2007). "Nicarbazin reduces egg production and fertility in ... Retrieved 4 January 2017. Povoledo, Elisabetta (8 May 2008). "Venice bans pigeon feeding in St. Mark's Square". International ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_pigeon

Apr;19(4):497-503 J. P. Hendrix (1949. "Neostigmine as antidote to Etamon®." JAMA 139(11) 733-734. S. W. Hoobler, G. K. Moe and ... Tetraethylammonium (TEA), (NEt+ 4) or (Et4N+) is a quaternary ammonium cation consisting of four ethyl groups attached to a ... The octanol-water partition coefficient of TEA iodide, Po-w was determined experimentally to be 6.9×10−4 (or log P ≈ −3.16). ... "Ion dependence of the release of noradrenaline by tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine from cat splenic slices." Br. J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethylammonium

42 (4): 1029-33. PMID 2220511. Nagashima Y, Matsumoto T, Kadoyama K, Ishizaki S, Taniyama S, Takatani T, Arakawa O, Terayama M ... 35 (4): 420-49. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.05.011. PMID 18243639. Nieto FR, Cobos EJ, Tejada MÁ, Sánchez-Fernández C, ... 94 (4): 625-30. doi:10.1007/BF00431409. S2CID 84437298. Thuesen EV, Kogure K (1989). "Bacterial production of tetrodotoxin in ... 19 (4, Summer): 509-26. doi:10.1353/pbm.1976.0071. PMID 785373. S2CID 6117457. Woodward RB (1964). "The Structure of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrodotoxin

20 (4): 619-29. PMID 10499360. Lau, F. L.; Wong, C. K.; Yip, S. H. (1995). "Puffer Fish Poisoning". Emergency Medicine Journal ... 50 (4): 1117-122. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb10581.x. PMID 2894409. S2CID 27522735. Buzanska, L.; Zablocka, B.; Dybel, A.; ... 24 (4): 512-18. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02019.x. PMID 10798588. Choi 1987 Zhang 1994 Rosales, Raymond L.; Arimura, ... 19 (4): 488-96. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199604)19:4. 3.0.co;2-8. PMID 8622728. S2CID 20849034. Simpson 1986 Arnon 2001 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin

8 (4): e2737. doi:10.1038/cddis.2017.160. PMC 5477583. PMID 28383553. Wei Y, Shih R, Sesti F (2018). "Oxidation of KCNB1 ... 123 (4): 387-400. doi:10.1085/jgp.200308976. PMC 2217458. PMID 15024041. Thébaud B, Michelakis ED, Wu XC, Moudgil R, Kuzyk M, ... 4 (1): 60-70. doi:10.1007/s11481-008-9106-6. PMC 3974578. PMID 18459047. Kondratskyi A, Kondratska K, Skryma R, Prevarskaya N ( ... 57 (4): 473-508. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.10. PMID 16382104. S2CID 219195192. Shah NH, Aizenman E (February 2014). "Voltage-gated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNB1

80 (1): 111-4. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(87)90505-2. PMID 2821457. S2CID 268615. Murray, T.K., Ridley, R.M., Snape, M.F. and Cross ... 35 (4): 407-14. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(96)00006-8. PMID 8793902. S2CID 54377970. Iravani MM, Muscat R, Kruk ZL (June 1999). "MK- ... 28 (4): 539-46. doi:10.1002/ana.410280411. PMID 2252365. S2CID 12624754. Faden AI, Lemke M, Simon RP, Noble LJ (1988). "N- ... 4 (4): 281-6. doi:10.1080/13651500050517830. PMID 24926578. S2CID 41078092. Basile AS, Huang JM, Xie C, Webster D, Berlin C, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizocilpine

... (4-PNA), also known as N-(pyridin-4-yl)nicotinamide, is a kinked dipodal dipyridine which was originally ... Kraft, P. E.; Laduca, R. L. (2012). "catena-Poly[[tetra-μ-benzoato-κ8O:O′-dicopper(II)]-μ-[N-(pyridin-4-yl)nicotinamide]-κ2N:N ... It is synthesized through the reaction of nicotinoyl chloride and 4-aminopyridine. Gardner, T. S.; Wenis, E.; Lee, J. (1954). " ... dibenzoato-κ2O-copper(II)]-μ-[N-(pyridin-4-yl)nicotinamide]-κ2N:N′]". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 68 (8): m1049-m1050. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Pyridylnicotinamide

4-membered rings can be obtained by [2+2]cycloadditions for instance with benzyne. An example of a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to ... 199 (3-4): 373. Bibcode:1992CPL...199..373C. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(92)80134-W. Ohtsuki, T.; Ohno, K.; Shiga, K.; Kawazoe, Y.; ... C60][ferrocene]2, in which the C60 molecules are arranged in close-packed layers [C60][1,4-dihydroquinone]3 has C60 molecules ... The trimer has also been reported using 4-aminopyridine as catalyst (4% yield) and observed with scanning tunneling microscopy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry

The plan to euthanize the birds drew criticism from wildlife advocates, and the city later stopped the use of 4-Aminopyridine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_Sid_Buckwold_Bridge

40 (4): 551-559. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(00)00189-1. PMID 11249964. S2CID 20181576. Kindler CH, Paul M, Zou H, Liu C, Winegar BD ... 131 (4): 523-532. doi:10.1248/yakushi.131.523. PMID 21467791. Kawaura K, Honda S, Soeda F, Shirasaki T, Takahama K (May 2010 ... 8 (4): 345-352. doi:10.1007/s11910-008-0053-7. PMC 2587091. PMID 18590620. Doyle DA, Morais Cabral J, Pfuetzner RA, Kuo A, ... 4 (9): 1278-1286. doi:10.1021/cn400062a. PMC 3778424. PMID 23730969. Serrano-Martín X, Payares G, Mendoza-León A (December 2006 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channel

As a member of the aminopyridine class, besipirdine enhances the release of acetylcholine by blocking M-channels, voltage-gated ... 300 (1-2): 71-4. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(96)00002-7. PMID 8741167. Francis, P. T.; Palmer, A. M.; Snape, M; Wilcock, G. K. (1999 ... Its N-despropyl metabolite, P86-7480, exhibits transient vasoconstrictor effects, producing a pressor effect of 16 ± 4 mm Hg ... Besipirdine (besipirdine hydrochloride, or HP749), an indole-substituted analog of 4-aminopyridine, is a nootropic drug ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besipirdine

57 (4): 473-508. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.10. PMID 16382104. S2CID 219195192. Lien CC, Jonas P (March 2003). "Kv3 potassium ... The overlapping sensitivity of potassium current to both 0.5 mM TEA and 30 μM 4-AP strongly suggest an action on Kv3.1 subunits ... 57 (4): 473-508. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.10. PMID 16382104. S2CID 219195192. "Entrez Gene: KCNC1 potassium voltage-gated channel, ... Kv3.1 currents in heterologous systems are highly sensitive to external tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNC1

4 (12): 711-5. doi:10.1007/BF00357794. PMID 8111118. S2CID 24121259. Gutman GA, Chandy KG, Grissmer S, Lazdunski M, McKinnon D ... 57 (4): 473-508. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.10. PMID 16382104. S2CID 219195192. Gutman GA, Chandy KG, Grissmer S, Lazdunski M, ... 57 (4): 473-508. doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.10. PMID 16382104. S2CID 219195192. Kolodin YO (2008-04-27). "Ionic conductances ... Kv3.2 currents in heterologous systems are highly sensitive to external tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNC2

Solari, A.; Uitdehaag, B.; Giuliani, G.; Pucci, E.; Taus, C. (2002). "Aminopyridines for symptomatic treatment in multiple ... Sedehizadeh, S; Keogh, M; Maddison, P (2012). "The use of aminopyridines in neurological disorders". Clinical Neuropharmacology ... A 2011 Cochrane review compared the cost of the 3,4-DAP and 3,4-DAPP in the UK and found an average price for 3,4-DAP base of £ ... 3,4-Diaminopyridine is a pale yellow to pale brown crystalline powder that melts at about 218-220 °C (424-428 °F) under ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amifampridine

139 (5 Suppl 4): S47-81. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2008.08.022. PMID 18973840. S2CID 16175316. Lay summary in: "ENT doctors release ... 131 (4): 438-44. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2004.02.046. PMID 15467614. S2CID 28018301. Cohen HS (March 2004). "Side-lying as an ... 25 (2): 130-4. doi:10.1097/00129492-200403000-00008. PMID 15021771. S2CID 12649245. Buchholz, D. Heal Your Headache. New York: ... ISBN 978-0-8036-9464-4. Korres SG, Balatsouras DG (October 2004). "Diagnostic, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic aspects of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_paroxysmal_positional_vertigo

The molecular formula C5H6N2 may refer to: Aminopyridines 2-Aminopyridine 3-Aminopyridine 4-Aminopyridine Diazepines 1,2- ... Diazepine 1,3-Diazepine 1,4-Diazepine Glutaronitrile 1-Vinylimidazole This set index page lists chemical structure articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5H6N2

22 (4): 859-77, vii. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2006.06.011. PMID 17000340. Ilg W, Synofzik M, Brötz D, Burkard S, Giese MA, Schöls L ( ... 19 (4): 605-610. doi:10.1007/s12311-020-01132-8. PMC 7351847. PMID 32328884. Forrest MD, Wall MJ, Press DA, Feng J (December ... 4 (6): 349-361. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70096-X. PMID 15907739. S2CID 35053543. Moeller JJ, Macaulay RJ, Valdmanis PN, Weston ... 3 (4): 217-227. doi:10.3233/PEP-14097. PMC 4256671. PMID 25485164. Walshe JM. Clarke CE, Nicholl DJ (eds.). "Wilson's Disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia

... aminopyridines MeSH D03.383.725.050.060 - 4-aminopyridine MeSH D03.383.725.050.085 - amrinone MeSH D03.383.725.050.085.543 - ... 4,5-tetrahydro-8-chloro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1h-3-benzazepin-7-ol MeSH D03.438.079.800 - 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl ... 4,5-dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1h-pyrazol-3-amine MeSH D03.383.129.539.200 - epirizole MeSH D03.383.129.539.487 - ... 4-oxadiazole MeSH D03.383.312.649.290 - fanft MeSH D03.383.312.649.308 - furagin MeSH D03.383.312.649.313 - furazolidone MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D03)

4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide MeSH D02.092.146.325 - p-dimethylaminoazobenzene MeSH ... 4-nitrophenyl) ester MeSH D02.705.539.783 - phorate MeSH D02.705.539.790 - phosmet MeSH D02.705.539.900 - temefos MeSH D02.705. ... 4-nitrophenyl) ester MeSH D02.886.309.783 - phorate MeSH D02.886.309.790 - phosmet MeSH D02.886.309.900 - temefos MeSH D02.886. ... 4,5-trisphosphate MeSH D02.033.800.519.400.700 - phytic acid MeSH D02.033.800.609 - mannitol MeSH D02.033.800.609.450 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D02)

28 (4): 187-91. doi:10.1080/13816810701651233. PMID 18161616. S2CID 46052164. Li N, Wang L, Cui L, Zhang L, Dai S, Li H, et al ... 96 (4): 224-226. doi:10.1016/j.oftal.2020.09.008. PMC 7896820. PMID 33279355. "Beriberi". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information ... Other drugs found to be effective against nystagmus in some patients include memantine, levetiracetam, 3,4-diaminopyridine ( ... 4-aminopyridine, and acetazolamide. Several therapeutic approaches, such as contact lenses, drugs, surgery, and low vision ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystagmus

Commonly used avicides include strychnine (also used as rodenticide and predacide), DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methylaniline ... 4-aminopyridine) and chloralose (also used as rodenticide). In the past, highly concentrated formulations of parathion in ... ISBN 0-387-04782-4 4-Aminopyridine Exposure of nontarget birds to DRC-1339 avicide in fall baited sunflower fields BIOONE ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicide

4-aminopyridine (Ampyra in the U.S., Fampyra in Europe) to improve walking in patients with multiple sclerosis, naltrexone for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkermes_(company)

ES 456989, Sanjosé, Miguel Izquierdo & Ulpiano Martín-Escudero, Pérez, "Procedimiento de obtencion de un derivado de 4- ... Trimebutine Amoproxan Bernzamide 3,4,5-trimethoxy-N-(pyridin-4-yl)benzamide [31638-97-8]. Butobendine Capobenic acid Dilazep ... aminopiridina y sus sales [Procedure for obtaining a 4-aminopyridine derivative and its salts]", published 1978-07-16, assigned ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudesmic_acid

21 (4): 325-38. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044638. PMID 2434114.. *^ a b Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for n ... 20 (4): 619-29. PMID 10499360.. *. Lau, F. L.; Wong, C. K.; Yip, S. H. (1995). "Puffer Fish Poisoning". Emergency Medicine ... 19 (4): 488-96. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199604)19:4,488::aid-mus9,3.0.co;2-8. PMID 8622728. S2CID 20849034.. ... 87 (4): 1620-624. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.1620B. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.4.1620. PMC 53527. PMID 2154753.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin

... is an aminopyridine. It is a colorless solid. 3-Aminopyridine is prepared by heating nicotinamide with sodium ... Allen, C. F. H.; Wolf, Calvin N. (1950). "3-Aminopyridine". Organic Syntheses. 30: 3. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.030.0003.; Collective ... 4, p. 45 (Articles without InChI source, Articles without EBI source, Articles without KEGG source, ECHA InfoCard ID from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Aminopyridine

Aminopyridines, Catalysts, Pyrrolidines). ... 4-Pyrrolidinylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula ... The molecule consists of a pyrrodinyl group ((CH2)4N-) attached via N to the 4-position of pyridine. It is a white solid. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Pyrrolidinylpyridine

Panov, M. S.; Voskresenska, V. D.; Ryazantsev, M. N.; Tarnovsky, A. N.; Wilson, R. M. (2013). "5-Azido-2-aminopyridine, a New ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoaffinity_labeling

... and from 3-aminopyridine by reaction with a solution of sodium hypobromite, prepared in situ from bromine and sodium hydroxide ... "3-Aminopyridine". Organic Syntheses. 30: 3. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.030.0003.; Collective Volume, vol. 4, p. 45 Nagasawa T, Mathew ... Retrieved 4 February 2010. Japanese Pharmacopoeia (PDF) (15th ed.). 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. ... The application of 2% topical niacinamide for 2 and 4 weeks has been found to be effective in lowering the sebum excretion rate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide

... (3-AP, also called Triapine) is a substance that is being studied in the ... 2 (4): 437-48. doi:10.1586/14737140.2.4.437. PMID 12647987. S2CID 30047759. NCT02466971 Testing the Addition of a New Anti- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde_thiosemicarbazone

... may refer to any of several chemical compounds: 2-Aminopyridine 3-Aminopyridine 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP), also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminopyridine

Solari A, Uitdehaag B, Giuliani G, Pucci E, Taus C (2002). Solari A (ed.). "Aminopyridines for symptomatic treatment in ... Wu, Zi-Zhen; Li, De-Pei; Chen, Shao-Rui; Pan, Hui-Lin (25 December 2009). "Aminopyridines Potentiate Synaptic and Neuromuscular ... "Aminopyridines Potentiate Synaptic and Neuromuscular Transmission by Targeting the Voltage-activated Calcium Channel β Subunit ... Aminopyridines, Orphan drugs, Avicides, Multiple Chemboxes, 4-Pyridyl compounds). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Aminopyridine

T. K. Lane, B. R. D'Souza, J. Louie "2-Aminopyridines from Iron-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Diynes and Cyanamides" J. Org. Chem ... 5-Disubstituted-2-Aminopyridines via Ni-catalyzed Cycloaddition of Terminal Alkynes and Cyanamides" Synlett 2015, 26, 307-312; ... Web.[4] Thakur, Ashish, and Janis Louie. "Advances in Nickel-Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reactions To Construct Carbocycles and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis_Louie

... is an aminopyridine that functions as a centrally acting non-opioid analgesic that was originally used as an ... Aminopyridines, Carbamates, Potassium channel openers, Fluoroarenes, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, NMDA ... 51 (4): 448-66. doi:10.1002/ana.10143. PMID 11921051. S2CID 23653281. Flupirtine as Oral Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis ( ... Oral Flupirtine Receives IND With FDA for Phase II Clinical Trial for Fibromyalgia Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupirtine

Aminopyridines, Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action, Phenylethanolamines, All stub articles, Musculoskeletal system drug ... ISBN 978-1-4471-2434-4. OCLC 820958181. v t e (Articles with changed EBI identifier, ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata, Chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenyramidol

Aminopyridines, Nitro compounds, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ... 4-HO-MPMI 5-MeO-MPMI Eletriptan LY-334370 Mansbach RS, Rovetti CC, Macor JE (December 1996). "CP-135,807, a selective 5-HT1D ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-135807

Aminopyridines, Trifluoromethyl compounds, Aromatic acids). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flunixin

Aminopyridines, Carboxylic acids, Herbicides). ... ISBN 978-0-8155-1903-4. Committee to Review the Health Effects ... ISBN 978-0-309-55619-4. Consumer Factsheet on: PICLORAM, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Use Caution When Harvesting and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picloram

2008). "A phase 2 consortium (P2C) trial of 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP) for advanced ... 65 (4): 679-86. doi:10.1007/s00280-009-1073-y. PMID 19639316. S2CID 13276061. Qiu W, Zhou B, Darwish D, et al. (2006). " ... 26 (4): 369-79. doi:10.1007/s10637-008-9123-6. PMC 4461052. PMID 18278438. Couch FJ, Wang X, Bamlet WR, et al. (2010). " ... 2 (4): 227-34. doi:10.3109/10425179209020807. PMID 1627826. Lin ZP, Belcourt MF, Cory JG, Sartorelli AC (2004). "Stable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRM2

BMS-777607 and PF-02341066 have a 2-amino-pyridine group, AMG-458 has a quinoline group and MK-2461 has a tricyclic aromatic ... 19 (10): 2780-4. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.110. PMID 19369077. Schiering N, Knapp S, Marconi M, Flocco MM, Cui J, Perego R, ... See figure 4 for details. JNJ-38877605, which contains a difluoro methyl linker and a bioavailable quinoline group, was ... Class II of inhibitors contains a number of different molecules, a common scaffold of which can be seen in figure 4. Series of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Met_inhibitor

Aminopyridines, Sulfonamides). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omidenepag

"Hydrogen bonding and tautomeric equilibria in Schiff bases derived from 2-amino pyridines: electronic spectral evidence for ... Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016. M. Santappa (1996). State of the Art in Polymer ... Santappa's early researches during his doctoral studies were related to vinyl monomers.4 and its free radical polymerization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushi_Santappa

Harris, Betsy Wright (1975). Reactions of 2-aminopyridine with picryl halides. University of New Mexico. Retrieved 23 March ... "Reactions of 2-aminopyridine with picryl halides". After gaining her PhD, she taught chemistry and mathematics at Mississippi ... Betty Harris [4] Betty Wright Harris [5] Meet Dr Betty Wright Harris, inventor of test that detects explosives (Articles with ... She patented a spot test for detecting 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) in the field, which is used by the Federal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Harris_(scientist)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Aminopyridine

Get 4-Aminopyridine Coupon Card by print, email or text and save up to 48% off 4-Aminopyridine at the pharmacy. Coupons, ... Claim your free 4-Aminopyridine discount. *. Click the Get free coupon button to receive your free 4-Aminopyridine discount ... 4-Aminopyridine Coupon & Discounts. Save on 4-Aminopyridine at your pharmacy with the free discount below. ...

https://familywize.org/drug/4-aminopyridine

Find manufacturers and suppliers for 4-Amino-pyridine-3-carboxaldehyde, 42373-30-8. Synonyms: 4-Amino-3-formylpyridine; 4-amino ... 4-Amino-3-formylpyridine; 4-amino-pyridine-3-carbaldehyde; 4-aminonicotinaldehyde; 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, 4-amino- ...

https://www.rdchemicals.com/chemicals.php?mode=details&mol_id=1255

4-Aminopyridine - Task 2: Topical Discussions.. Document (652 KB PDF).. *** End of Index for 4-Aminopyridine (Pc Code 069201). ... 4-Aminopyridine - Task 1: Review and Evaluation of. Individual Studies.. Document (1,491 KB PDF).. April 30, 1980. Final Report ... Index of Cleared Science Reviews 4-Aminopyridine (Pc Code 069201). You will need Adobe Reader to view some of the files on this ... April 4, 1980. Final Report. 35 Pages.. Enviro Control, Inc.. ... Index of Cleared Science Reviews 4-Aminopyridine (Pc Code ...

https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/chemicalsearch/chemical/foia/web/html/069201.html

Inquiry for China 4-Dimethyl Amino Pyridine 1122-58-3 of Anhui Tianrun Chemical Industry Stock Co., Ltd. , China 4-Dimethyl ... China 4-Dimethyl Amino Pyridine Suppliers, China 4-Dimethyl Amino Pyridine Manufacturers. ...

https://chemnet.com/ChinaSuppliers/24165/4-Dimethyl-Amino-Pyridine--enquiry--913617.html

Efficacy and safety of 4-aminopyridine in patients with long-term spinal cord injury a randomized, double-blind, placebo- ...

https://www.msnz.org.nz/4-aminopyradine/efficacy-and-safety-of-4-aminopyridine-in-patients-with-long-term-spinal-cord-injury-a-randomized-double-blind-placebo-controlled-trial/

4] If the ingested dose is known, a 10:1 charcoal-to-drug weight ratio can be used to calculate the optimal dose of activated ... Administer IV calcium gluconate (up to 4 g) or IV calcium chloride (1 g) and/or glucagon (5-10 mg) if hypotension persists. [24 ... 4-Aminopyridine and 3,4-diaminopyridine increase calcium entry into the cell. Their exact mechanism is not fully understood, ... 8] Calcium chloride (1-4 g) is preferably given via central line, slowly. The bolus can be repeated, or a slow calcium infusion ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/2184611-167345/what-is-the-role-of-vasopressor-therapy-in-the-treatment-of-calcium-channel-blocker-ccb-toxicity

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2184611-treatment

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disease that typically strikes people in their 20s. During MS, myelin, the insulating membrane t |

https://www.morressier.com/o/event/5fc634cf03137aa525543cbe/article/5fc635a29e0a135cbecb299e

Be sure to mention any other form of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, fampridine) that has been prepared by your pharmacist. Your doctor ... tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to dalfampridine, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, fampridine) that has been prepared ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a611005.html

4-Aminopyridine -Ningbo Zhenlei Chemical Co., Ltd.

https://www.zhenleichem.com/product/43.html

Experimental evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino-3-aminopyridine (Compound 64-92).. ... Experimental evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino-3-aminopyridine (Compound 64-92). Indian ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/61651

SYNCHRONIZATION OF EPILEPTIFORM BURSTS INDUCED BY 4-AMINOPYRIDINE IN THE INVITRO HIPPOCAMPAL SLICE PREPARATION ... SYNCHRONIZATION OF EPILEPTIFORM BURSTS INDUCED BY 4-AMINOPYRIDINE IN THE INVITRO HIPPOCAMPAL SLICE PREPARATION ...

https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/publications/910805

105250-17-7 2-Aminopyridine-4-methanol 97% RD Organics, United Kingdom specialise in sourcing novel Fluorine products. ...

http://srdorganics.com/product/cas-no-105250-17-7/

4 Buffers 103 Building Blocks 2192 Carbohydrates 195 Catalysts 120 Chiral Compounds 75 Detergents 65 Diagnostic Raw Materials ...

https://molekula.com/catalog/504-24-5/11822791-4-aminopyridine

High purity 4-Aminopyridine (#A-115) is a non-selective Kv channel blocker from Alomone Labs. A synthetic & biologically active ... KV1.1 and KV1.2 channels are blocked by 4-AP with IC50 of 147 μM and 230 μM, respectively, in CHO cells1. It has also been used ... 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) is a non-selective KV channel blocker3, which can block a wide variety of KV channels with different ... Activity 4-Aminopyridine is a non-selective KV channel blocker1, which blocks nearly all KV currents although its potency ...

https://www.alomone.com/p/4-aminopyridine/A-115?b=36184

NIOSH Hydride Family (4 hazards). 1 TRA chemical (Phosphine) is used for certification testing to represent the Hydride Family. ... NIOSH Basic Gas Family (4 hazards). 1 TRA chemical (Ammonia) is used for NIOSH certification testing to represent the Base Gas ... 4), Hydrides (4), Nitrogen Oxides (6), Particulates (114) [comprised of 56 chemical, 13 biological, and 45 radiological and ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/CBRNrespApprovalResources.html

Baclofen, aminopyridine. Periodic alternating nystagmus. Spontaneous horizontal beating nystagmus, the direction of which ... Table 4. Clinical, Serologic, And Radiologic Features Distinguishing MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25] (Open ... Table 4. Clinical, Serologic, And Radiologic Features Distinguishing MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25] ... Table 4. Clinical, Serologic, And Radiologic Features Distinguishing MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25] ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1214270-166037/what-are-the-fourth-cranial-nerve-nuclear-and-fascicular-lesions-in-multiple-sclerosis-ms

The effects of 4-aminopyridine on cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerose: A pilot study. Title The effects of 4- ... aminopyridine on cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerose: A pilot study. ... 4-Aminopyridine. Adult. Aged. Cognition Disorders. Double-Blind Method. Female. Humans. Male. Middle Aged. Multiple Sclerosis. ... Chemicals/CAS: 4-Aminopyridine, 504-24-5; Placebos. Subject 4 Aminopyridine. Clinical article. Clinical trial. Cognition. ...

https://repository.tno.nl/islandora/object/uuid:4b2644c2-694c-459d-95af-ce9eb032bfbc

1B). The neuronal response was −26 ± 2% ΔF/F (n = 19), with almost identical responses in glia [−26 ± 4% ΔF/F (n = 19)], p ... 4). Application of CBD (1 μm) resulted in an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, preceded by a response in the Rhod-FF fluorescence ( ... Figure 4. Dual-loading of hippocampal cultures with fura-2 AM and Rhod-FF, AM. A, Typical transmission image shows clearly ... 4). The fluorescence pattern and responses to FCCP (10 μm), an uncoupler of ATP synthesis due to its action as a protonophore, ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/7/2053

... find complete details about Methyl 3-aminopyridine-4-carboxylate, C7H8N2O2, Methyl 3-aminopyridine-4-carboxylate, 55279-30-6 - ...

https://de.dycnchem.com/Methyl-3-aminopyridine-4-carboxylate-pd45902686.html

ß-aminopyridine; 3-AP; 3-pyridylamine m-aminopyridine; amino-3-pyridine; ß-pyridylamine ...

https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldatabase

55-91-4. Phosphorofluoridic acid, bis(l-methylethyl) ester. P089. 56-38-2. Phosphorothioic acid,_O,Q-diethyl O-(4-nitro- phenyl ... Phosphoric acid, diethyl 4-nitrophenyl ester. P039. 298-04-4. Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-diethyl S-[2- (ethylthio)ethyl] ester ... Phosphorothioic acid, O-[4-[(dimethylamino)-sulfonyl]phenyl] O,O-dimethyl ester. P071. 298-00-0. Phosphorothioic acid, O,O- ... 1,4,5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene, 1,2,3,4,10,10- hexachloro- 1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-, (1alpha,4alpha,4abeta,5beta,8beta,8abeta)-. ...

https://www.mbl.edu/research/health-safety/chemical-safety/acutely-hazardous-chemicals

Calcium channel subtypes contributing to acetylcholine release from normal, 4-aminopyridine-treated and myasthenic syndrome ... Calcium channel subtypes contributing to acetylcholine release from normal, 4-aminopyridine-treated and myasthenic syndrome ...

https://www.ndcn.ox.ac.uk/publications/346162

Lookchem Provide Cas No.20826-04-4 Basic information: Properties,Safety Data,Sds and Other Datebase. We also Provide Trading ... Cas No: 20826-04-4. USD $ 1.0-1.0 / Metric Ton. 1 Metric Ton. 5 Metric Ton/Day. Chemwill Asia Co., Ltd.. Contact Supplier ... Cas No: 20826-04-4. USD $ 0.1-0.1 / Gram. 1 Gram. 100 Metric Ton/Year. Xian Xszo Chem Co., Ltd.. Contact Supplier ... Cas No: 20826-04-4. USD $ 12.0-12.0 / Gram. 100 Gram. 50 Metric Ton/Year. Jinan Finer Chemical Co., Ltd. Contact Supplier ...

https://www.lookchem.com/casno20826-04-4.html

Almost exactly one year ago, when more than 2,000 dead fish were scooped from the near two-mile stretch of Barclay Brook, dead fish again began washing up on the banks of the same river in western P.E.I. following heavy rains last Friday. About a dozen were found the day of the rains, but officials and volunteers with the local watershed group have since found more than 100. The nearby Mill River also experienced a fish kill, with the first dead fish reported being washed up on Monday. P.E.I. Department of Environment and Environment Canada officials are investigating the fish kills.. Government spokesman Wayne MacKinnon says pesticide run-off could be the cause of the latest fish kill, but water samples collected on the weekend have yet to be tested. Dale Cameron, a member of Trout Unlimited Prince County Chapter, spent three hours pulling more than 20 kilograms of fish "" mostly trout, but some small salmon "" out of the Trout River on Monday.. "[The population] cant stand up to repeated ...

https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2013/07/third-time-in-three-years-pesticides-believed-to-be-cause-of-fish-kills-in-canada/

The effect of aminopyridine for the treatment of several symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is ... Solari A, Uitdehaag BMJ, Giuliani G, Pucci E, Taus C. Aminopyridines for symptomatic treatment in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane ... Currently available information allows no unbiased statement about safety or efficacy of aminopyridines for treating MS ... To determine the efficacy and safety of aminopyridines for neurological deficits in adults with MS. ...

https://www.cochrane.org/CD001330/MS_the-effect-of-aminopyridine-for-the-treatment-of-several-symptoms-in-people-with-multiple-sclerosis

4-aminopyridine (fampridine or dalfampridine). King AM et al. 4-Aminopyridine Toxicity: A Case Report and Review of the ...

https://www.clintox.org/question-of-the-day/question-of-the-day-monday-october-26-2020

4,7-Bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole. Kahn, M. S., Ahrens, B., Mahon, M. F., Male, L. & Raithby, P. R., 2002, ... Srivastava, S. K., Husbands, S. M., Traynor, J. R. & Lewis, J. W., 2002, In: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 45, p. 537-540 4 p ... Bamiedakis, N., Wei, J. L., Chen, J., Westbergh, P., Larsson, A., Penty, R. V. & White, I. H., 4 May 2015, CLEO: Science and ... 4-Phenoxyphenol: A porous molecular material. Thomas, L. H., Cheung, E., Jones, A. O. F., Kallay, A. A., Lemée-Cailleau, M. H. ...

https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/?showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=false&originalSearch=&improvedLayoutOrganisationUuid=&format=&ordering=title&descending=false&publicationYearsOld=10&publicationYear=2011&publicationYear=2012&publicationYear=2013&publicationYear=2017&publicationYear=2019&nofollow=true&page=8

4. Ardis Macaulay Says: I urge EPA to deny the petition from the Texas Department of Agriculture seeking an emergency exemption ... This situation is the same toxic treadmill and thinking that is ushering in new 2,4-D-tolerant corn to replace Roundup Ready ... Beyond Pesticides opposes 2,4-D tolerant cotton that GE cotton growers are expecting to be available in a year because of the ... human and environmental hazards, expected increased 2,4-D use, followed by predictable weed resistance. ...

https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2014/07/tell-epa-by-end-of-today-dont-bail-out-genetically-engineered-cotton-with-a-toxic-pesticide/

4-Aminopyridine (4-AP, fampridine, dalfampridine) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C5H4N-NH2. (wikipedia.org)
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to dalfampridine, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, fampridine) that has been prepared by your pharmacist, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in dalfampridine tablets. (medlineplus.gov)
4-aminopyridine (fampridine or dalfampridine). (clintox.org)
Do not take AMPYRA if you have ever had a seizure, have certain types of kidney problems, or are allergic to dalfampridine (4-aminopyridine), the active ingredient in AMPYRA. (ampyra.com)
are allergic to dalfampridine (4-aminopyridine), the active ingredient in AMPYRA. (ampyra.com)
Dalfampridine is also known by its chemical name, 4-aminopyridine. (newmedicalterms.com)

Although improving symptoms, 4-AP does not inhibit progression of MS. Another study, conducted in Brazil, showed that treatment based on fampridine was considered efficient in 70% of the patients. (wikipedia.org)
Be sure to mention any other form of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, fampridine) that has been prepared by your pharmacist. (medlineplus.gov)

Capsaicin decreased 4-aminopyridine-evoked intrasynaptosomal Ca 2+ concentration elevation and the capsaicin-mediated inhibition of glutamate release was prevented by the Ca v 2.2 (N-type) and Ca v 2.1 (P/Q-type) channel blocker ω-conotoxin MVIIC, but was not affected by the intracellular Ca 2+ -release inhibitors dantrolene and CGP37157. (rsc.org)

The last family contains 13 new crystal structures of molecular salts based on the pair 4-aminopyridine-salicylic acid derivatives. (bl.uk)

2018). Distinct effects of resveratrol on seizures and hyperexcitability induced by NMDA and 4-aminopyridine. (nccu.edu.tw)

VIO Chemicals offers a broad range of other chemicals and intermediates, including 3-Methyl-4-hydroxybutenolide (5-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone). (cphi-online.com)
Chemically, vitamin B1 consists of a pyrimidine ring (2,5-dimethyl- 6-aminopyridine) and a thiazoline ring (4-methyl-5-hydroxyethyl thiazole) which are linked by a methylene bridge [ 2 ]. (biomedgrid.com)

Benzocaine hydrochloride: Synonyms: Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate hydrochloride: Molecular Structure: Molecular Formula: C 9 H 11 NO 2. (artiom.net)

2) the association of both pyridines with neostigmine produce increases in the diaphragm twitch tension which were larger than those ob tained when the drugs were used without neostigmine demonstrating a potetiation of effects The aminopyridines reversed a 80 % d-tubocurarine block of twitches elicited by indirect stimulation,but they were not found to be effective when stimuli above 5 Hz of frequency were used. (unicamp.br)

Various pharmacological agents have been used for its treatment, including amantadine, pemoline, aminopyridines, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). (bmj.com)
Structural analysis of thrombin complexed with potent inhibitors incorporating a phenyl group as a peptide mimetic and aminopyridines as guanidine substitutes. (expasy.org)

The potassium channel blockers 4-aminopyridine (AP) and 3,4-diaminopyridine (DAP) increase nerve conduction in demyelinated nerve fibers, and have been proposed as a symptomatic therapy for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). (cochrane.org)
The study appearing in EMBO Molecular Medicine , demonstrates for the first time that 4-aminopyridine (4AP), a drug currently used to treat patients with the chronic nerve disease, multiple sclerosis, has the unexpected property of promoting recovery from acute nerve damage. (rochester.edu)
ObjectiveFampridine (4-aminopyridine) improves walking in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) in a standardized context. (archives-ouvertes.fr)

The reactions of 5,12-dialkylthioquinantrenediinium bis-salts ( 1 ) with 3-aminopyridine yield 1-alkyl-4-(3-pyridinylamino)quinolinium-3-thiolates ( 2 ). (heterocycles.jp)

SALLAM MAE, TOWNSEND LB , BUTLER W. ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4-(2,5-Anhydro-D-galacto-pentitol-1-yl)-2-phenyl-2H-1,2,3- triazole, a homo-C-Nucleoside Analogue. (academictree.org)
Chien TC , Drach JC, Townsend LB . Design and synthesis of 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-c]pyrazoles as 5:5 bicyclic analogs of purine nucleosides. (academictree.org)
Chien TC , Berry DA , Drach JC , Townsend LB . Synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[4,5-c]pyrazole nucleoside via the N-N bond formation strategy as a [5:5] fused analog of adenosine. (academictree.org)
Synthesis, crystal structure, and DFT studies of ethyl 4-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxo-1-phenyl-2,5-dihydro-1 H -pyrrole-3-carboxylate. (wroc.pl)
Co(II) coordination polymers derived from α,α- disubstituted analogues of zoledronic acid and 4,4'-bipyridine : synthesis, structures and characterization. (wroc.pl)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Experimental evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino-3-aminopyridine (Compound 64-92). (who.int)
4. The compound according to claim 2, wherein when the amino group is substituted the substituents are selected from hydroxy or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy. (freepatentsonline.com)
The structure of compound ( 4 ) was confirmed by X-Ray analysis. (heterocycles.jp)

4-phenylethane is prepared by the amine of phenyl-4-amide using sodium via the Hofmann rearrangement. (wikipedia.org)
The piperidine amine is generated from the corresponding nitrile, which in turn is obtained from a carbon atom of 4-phenylethane. (wikipedia.org)

Chemical name 4-Aminopyridine. (alomone.com)

Furthermore, capsaicin increased the 4-aminopyridine-induced phosphorylation of protein phosphatase calcineurin and the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A eliminated the inhibitory effect of capsaicin on evoked glutamate release. (rsc.org)
In comparison, 10 M dl-threo-beta-benzyl-oxyaspartate (dl-TBOA, a glutamate reuptake inhibitor) [27], improved 4-aminopyridine-evoked glutamate launch to 11.8 0.4 nmol/mg/5 min (= 0.000). (immune-source.com)

N-Nitroso Flupirtine or Ethyl (2-amino-6-((4-fluorobenzyl)(nitroso)amino)pyridine-3-yl)carbamate is an impurity of Flupirtine. (veeprho.com)

VIO Chemicals offers a broad range of other chemicals and intermediates, including 3-Amino-5-methylthio-1,2,4-triazole. (cphi-online.com)
4-Amino-3,5-dichloropyridine_Hebei Yanuo Bioscience Co., Ltd. (yanuo.com)
0.001), whereas steady-state outward currents, whether or not sensitive to 4-amino-pyridine or tetraethylammonium, were not different. (unthsc.edu)

4-Aminopyridine is also used under the trade name Avitrol as 0.5% or 1% in bird control bait. (wikipedia.org)
One broadly used pesticide is Avitrol, which incorporates the chemical 4-Aminopyridine. (romnci.net)

However, 4-AP has been shown to potentiate voltage-gated Ca2+ channel currents independent of effects on voltage-activated K+ channels. (wikipedia.org)
Activity 4-Aminopyridine is a non-selective K V channel blocker 1 , which blocks nearly all K V currents although its potency varies over a wide range 2 . (alomone.com)
Alomone Labs 4-Aminopyridine blocks K V 1.2 channel currents heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (alomone.com)
B. Example traces of K V 1.2 currents in response to 200 sec ramp depolarization (from -80 mV to 60 mV during 100 msec) before and during 1 mM 4-Aminopyridine application. (alomone.com)
The effect of internal and external 4-aminopyridine on the potassium currents in intracellularly perfused squid giant axons. (wikidata.org)

4-Aminopyridine (4-AP): This drug affects the flow of potassium into nerve cells called axons. (pethealthnetwork.com)
The step-down type passive avoidance task in mice was used for comparison of the affects with those of tacrine, a 4-aminopyridine derivative which has an antiamnesic action. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
1 , 2 , 4 As milrinone affects cAMP levels through PDE-III and not through β-adrenergic receptors, it is effective in patients who have downregulated or otherwise desensitized β-adrenergic receptors and can be administered together with β-agonists/antagonists. (drugbank.com)

In a synaptosomal preparation, capsaicin dose-dependently reduced 4-aminopyridine-evoked Ca 2+ -dependent glutamate release, with an IC 50 of approximately 11 μM. (rsc.org)
Echinacoside Inhibits 4-Aminopyridine-Evoked Glutamate Launch from Rat Cerebrocortical Nerve Terminals by Reducing Vesicular Exocytosis Physique 1 illustrates the concentration-dependent aftereffect of echinacoside on 4-aminopyridine-evoked glutamate launch from purified rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes. (immune-source.com)
Open up in another window Physique 1 Echinacoside inhibits 4-aminopyridine-evoked glutamate launch from rat cerebrocortical BMS-794833 nerve terminals via the Ca2+-reliant exocytotic component. (immune-source.com)
Glutamate launch was evoked by 1 mM BMS-794833 4-aminopyridine in the lack (control) or existence of echinacoside BMS-794833 (1, 5, 10, 30, and 50 M), 300 M ethylene glycol bis(-aminoethyl ether)- 0.01, **, 0.001 versus control group. (immune-source.com)
2006. Volatile anesthetic effects on glutamate versus GABA release from isolated rat cortical nerve terminals: 4-aminopyridine-evoked release. . (cornell.edu)

4-Aminopyridine Toxicity: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. (clintox.org)
T-butyl carbamate (t-butyl): This is a derivative of 4-AP, and was developed with hopes of improved effectiveness and reduced toxicity. (pethealthnetwork.com)
4-Aminopyridine toxicity mimics autoimmune-mediated limbic encephalitis. (uchicago.edu)
R22 Hazard Class and Category Code(s), Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) Health hazards : Acute toxicity, Oral - Category 4 - Warning (CLP : Acute Tox. (businessdocbox.com)

VIO Chemicals offers a broad range of other chemicals and intermediates, including 3-Aminopyridine-2-carboxylic acid. (cphi-online.com)
VIO Chemicals offers a broad range of other chemicals and intermediates, including 4-(2-Oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)butanoic acid. (cphi-online.com)
Functionalization of hydrofluoric acid-etched crystalline silicon surfaces were performed using 4-aminopyridine. (cmich.edu)

and 4-aminopyridine markedly attenuated the XAT-induced vasorelaxation. (scienceopen.com)

Activated charcoal has been demonstrated to significantly adsorb immediate-release medications within 1 hour of ingestion and extended-release medications as long as 4 hours after ingestion. (medscape.com)

Whole cell patch-clamp measurements were made in neurons enzymatically dispersed from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to determine if alterations occur in voltage-dependent potassium channels from rats made hypertensive (HT) by unilateral nephrectomy/renal wrap for 4 wk. (unthsc.edu)

A. Time course of current reversible inhibition by 1 mM 4-Aminopyridine (#A-115) (as extracted from the ramp response at 60 mV). (alomone.com)

At low calcium, stimulation at 4 Hz for 3-8 s results in a net extracellular calcium depletion of 5-15 µM. (elsevier.com)
At the subsequent potentiated contraction (145 s rest), total extracellular calcium increases by 4-8 µM. (elsevier.com)

Furosemide (0.25 to 2 mg/kg), administered 4 hours before exercise, reduces right atrial pressure (RAP) and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) during exercise in dose-dependent manner in horse. (selleckchem.com)

Efficacy and safety of 4-aminopyridine in patients with long-term spinal cord injury a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (msnz.org.nz)
Currently available information allows no unbiased statement about safety or efficacy of aminopyridines for treating MS symptoms. (cochrane.org)
To determine the efficacy and safety of aminopyridines for neurological deficits in adults with MS. (cochrane.org)
Field trials are required to test the efficacy of 4-AP at these three bait concentrations against this psittid. (unl.edu)

VIO Chemicals offers a broad range of other chemicals and intermediates, including 3-Cyano-2,6-dichloro-4-methylpyridine. (cphi-online.com)
VIO Chemicals offers a broad range of other chemicals and intermediates, including 4-(Methylamino)piperidine di-HCl. (cphi-online.com)

Case reports have shown that overdoses with 4-AP can lead to paresthesias, seizures, and atrial fibrillation. (wikipedia.org)

Role of KCC2-dependent potassium efflux in 4-Aminopyridine-induced Epileptiform synchronization. (mcgill.ca)
[2] Furosemide reversibly suppresses low Ca2+-induced epileptiform activity in hippocampus proper and blocks or significantly reduces different types of epileptiform discharges in the low Mg2+ model and the 4-aminopyridine model. (selleckchem.com)

2016), 4-Aminopyridine and Acetyl-DL-leucine (Schniepp et al. (ataxia-global-initiative.net)

[3] Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insults [4] that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nervous tissue. (wikipedia.org)

Tableted corn bait of 4-Aminopyridine was laboratory evaluated against Psittacula krameri at three concentrations (2%, 2.5% and 3.0%) and three different dose levels within each concentration (23.85,71.87 and 122.44 mg/bird). (unl.edu)

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 4. (cochrane.org)

Removal of endothelium or pretreatment of aortic rings with L-NAME, 1 H -[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo-[4,3- a ]-quinoxalin-1-one, and wortmannin significantly inhibited XAT-induced relaxation. (scienceopen.com)
In these vessels, Na 2 S produced concentration-dependent dilation, which was significantly inhibited by iberiotoxin and by 4-aminopyridine. (elsevier.com)

In the laboratory, 4-AP is a useful pharmacological tool in studying various potassium conductances in physiology and biophysics. (wikipedia.org)
Aminopyridine 2 is orally bioavailable and offers a pharmacological tool that is suitable for evaluating the importance of MPO in preclinical models of chronic inflammatory diseases. (guidetopharmacology.org)

Next, the team wondered if adding 4- aminopyridine-3-methanol, known to improve axon conduction, into their therapeutic cocktail would further enhance the mice's functional recovery. (debuglies.com)

2022 , 4 , 61-72. (tu-freiberg.de)

In calcium entry blocker overdose in humans, 4-aminopyridine can increase the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration very efficiently independent of the calcium channels. (wikipedia.org)
Numbers of calls were significantly affected with the increase in concentration of 4-AP, but within three dose levels this effect was in the reverse order. (unl.edu)

4. Fink M, Duprat F, Lesage F, Heurteaux C, Romey G, Barhanin J, and Lazdunski M (1996) A new K + channel β subunit to specifically enhance Kv2.2 (CDRK) expression. (aspetjournals.org)

4-Aminopyridine is a potent convulsant and is used to generate seizures in animal models for the evaluation of antiseizure agents. (wikipedia.org)
4-Aminopyridine - Task 1: Review and Evaluation of Individual Studies. (epa.gov)

In addition, we are looking into the treatment of patients with KCNA2 gain-of-function variants with 4-aminopyridine and are currently developing Kcna2 antisense oligonucleotides as a new therapeutic option. (hih-tuebingen.de)
Lithium gluconate ointment was significantly more effective than placebo, with a complete clinical remission after 4 and 8 weeks respectively in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis. (ncats.io)
Liver injury, including autoimmune hepatitis, can occur at any time during treatment with ZINBRYTA, with cases reported up to 4 months after the last dose of ZINBRYTA. (newmedicalterms.com)
All patients, who remained blinded for the treatment regimen, received placebo during weeks 1-2, 200 mg/day modafinil during weeks 3-4, 400 mg/day modafinil during weeks 5-6, and placebo during weeks 7-9. (bmj.com)
4, 6 Unfortunately, despite its high prevalence, chronic nature, and association with disability, there is currently no accepted treatment for MS related fatigue. (bmj.com)

Spinal cord injury patients have also seen improvement with 4-AP therapy. (wikipedia.org)

Potassium blocking drugs (4-aminopyridine AP, and 3,4-daminopyridine DAP) may be able to improve nerve function in nerves without enough myelin. (cochrane.org)

A long-term study (32 months) indicated that 80-90% of patients who initially responded to 4-AP exhibited long-term benefits. (wikipedia.org)
4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) has a favorable effect on the disability of certain patients with MS. We investigated the effect of 4-AP on neuropsychological performance in 20 MS patients using a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled, crossover design. (tno.nl)

Anatomy12

Organisms4

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs58

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes16

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science1

Characterization of K+ currents underlying pacemaker potentials of fish gonadotropin-releasing hormone cells. (1/1089)

Presynaptic action of adenosine on a 4-aminopyridine-sensitive current in the rat carotid body. (2/1089)

Contribution of delayed rectifier potassium currents to the electrical activity of murine colonic smooth muscle. (3/1089)

Calcium responses induced by acetylcholine in submucosal arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine. (4/1089)

Identification and characterization of multiple subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and their physiological functions in canine hearts. (5/1089)

Transient potassium currents regulate the discharge patterns of dorsal cochlear nucleus pyramidal cells. (6/1089)

On the mechanism of histaminergic inhibition of glutamate release in the rat dentate gyrus. (7/1089)

The cAMP transduction cascade mediates the PGE2-induced inhibition of potassium currents in rat sensory neurones. (8/1089)

4-Aminopyridine

Aminopyridines

Potassium Channel Blockers

Tetraethylammonium

Tetraethylammonium Compounds

Potassium Channels

Membrane Potentials

Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated

Potassium

Charybdotoxin

Action Potentials

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Electrophysiology

Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels

Kv1.5 Potassium Channel

Elapid Venoms

Barium Compounds

Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents

Apamin

Barium

Tetrodotoxin

Electric Conductivity

Calcium

Cesium

Glyburide

Quinidine

Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated

Kv1.4 Potassium Channel

Scorpion Venoms

Guinea Pigs

Ion Channels

Shaw Potassium Channels

Electric Stimulation

Rats, Wistar

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Neurons

Ion Channel Gating

Calcium Channel Blockers

Quinine

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Kv1.1 Potassium Channel

Hippocampus

Shab Potassium Channels

Kv1.2 Potassium Channel

Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors

Synaptic Transmission

Muscle, Smooth, Vascular

Convulsants

Pyridostigmine Bromide

Carbohydrate Sequence

Microelectrodes

Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels

Tubocurarine

Shal Potassium Channels

Acetylcholine

Vasodilation

Cromakalim

Muscle Relaxation

Procaine

Quinoxalines

Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

Cadmium

Evoked Potentials

Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels

Neuromuscular Junction

Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain

Pinacidil

Pyramidal Cells

Polymyxins

Cells, Cultured

Pulmonary Artery

Vasodilator Agents

Calcium Channels

Kinetics

Potassium Chloride

Nerve Endings

Verapamil

Heart Ventricles

FMRFamide

Muscle Contraction