Steroids
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Glutamate Dehydrogenase
Malate Dehydrogenase
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41.
Alcohol Oxidoreductases
A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).
Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase
Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases
Succinate Dehydrogenase
L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase
3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)
A ketone oxidoreductase that catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to ACYL-CoA and CO2. The enzyme requires THIAMINE DIPHOSPHATE as a cofactor. Defects in genes that code for subunits of the enzyme are a cause of MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE. The enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.2.4.3.
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
NAD
A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase
17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
Glucose Dehydrogenases
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases
NADH Dehydrogenase
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD. In eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex I. Under experimental conditions the enzyme can use CYTOCHROME C GROUP as the reducing cofactor. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.6.2.1.
IMP Dehydrogenase
Gonadal Steroid Hormones
Receptors, Steroid
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase
Formate Dehydrogenases
Flavoproteins that catalyze reversibly the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. Many compounds can act as acceptors, but the only physiologically active acceptor is NAD. The enzymes are active in the fermentation of sugars and other compounds to carbon dioxide and are the key enzymes in obtaining energy when bacteria are grown on formate as the main carbon source. They have been purified from bovine blood. EC 1.2.1.2.
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Xanthine Dehydrogenase
alpha 1-Antitrypsin
Amino Acid Sequence
Base Sequence
3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
NADP
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Multienzyme Complexes
Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP)
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Dehydrogenase
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
3-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (B-Specific)
A 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which catalyzes the reversible reduction of the active androgen, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE to 5 ALPHA-ANDROSTANE-3 ALPHA,17 BETA-DIOL. It also has activity towards other 3-alpha-hydroxysteroids and on 9-, 11- and 15- hydroxyprostaglandins. The enzyme is B-specific in reference to the orientation of reduced NAD or NADPH.
Liver
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1
Substrate Specificity
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha
One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.
Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases
Isoenzymes
20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
Binding Sites
Alanine Dehydrogenase
An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible DEAMINATION of L-ALANINE to PYRUVATE and AMMONIA. The enzyme is needed for growth when ALANINE is the sole CARBON or NITROGEN source. It may also play a role in CELL WALL synthesis because L-ALANINE is an important constituent of the PEPTIDOGLYCAN layer.
Mannitol Dehydrogenases
Cloning, Molecular
Retinal Dehydrogenase
Butyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2
An high-affinity, NAD-dependent 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that acts unidirectionally to catalyze the dehydrogenation of CORTISOL to CORTISONE. It is found predominantly in mineralocorticoid target tissues such as the KIDNEY; COLON; SWEAT GLANDS; and the PLACENTA. Absence of the enzyme leads to a fatal form of childhood hypertension termed, APPARENT MINERALOCORTICOID EXCESS SYNDROME.
Estradiol Dehydrogenases
Decarboxylation
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Mutation
Progesterone
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.
Homoserine Dehydrogenase
Protein Binding
Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase
3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)-Phosphatase
Leucine Dehydrogenase
Estradiol
Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Steroid 21-Hydroxylase
An adrenal microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP21 gene, converts progesterones to precursors of adrenal steroid hormones (CORTICOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE). Defects in CYP21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).
Ketosteroids
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Ketoglutaric Acids
Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase
An enzyme that plays a role in the GLUTAMATE and butanoate metabolism pathways by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to SUCCINATE using NAD+ as a coenzyme. Deficiency of this enzyme, causes 4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, a rare inborn error in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Dehydroepiandrosterone
A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.
Cattle
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)
Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors
Models, Molecular
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Androsterone
Glucocorticoids
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
Catalysis
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Integrin alpha3beta1
Cell surface receptor for LAMININ, epiligrin, FIBRONECTINS, entactin, and COLLAGEN. Integrin alpha3beta1 is the major integrin present in EPITHELIAL CELLS, where it plays a role in the assembly of BASEMENT MEMBRANE as well as in cell migration, and may regulate the functions of other integrins. Two alternatively spliced isoforms of the alpha subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA3), are differentially expressed in different cell types.
Steroid Isomerases
Prephenate Dehydrogenase
Integrin alpha4
Testosterone
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.
Integrin alpha6
An integrin alpha subunit that primarily associates with INTEGRIN BETA1 or INTEGRIN BETA4 to form laminin-binding heterodimers. Integrin alpha6 has two alternatively spliced isoforms: integrin alpha6A and integrin alpha6B, which differ in their cytoplasmic domains and are regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner.
Macromolecular Substances
20-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Integrin alpha5beta1
1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Anabolic Agents
Structure-Activity Relationship
Stereoisomerism
Gene Expression Regulation
Coenzymes
Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase
Transcription, Genetic
Integrin alpha4beta1
Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.
Thioctic Acid
Pregnenolone
Mitochondria, Liver
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Acetoin Dehydrogenase
Interleukin-1alpha
Cortisone Reductase
Gene Expression
Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors
Rats, Inbred Strains
Acetaldehyde
Integrin alpha2beta1
An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.
Enzyme Activation
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Integrin alpha5
Integrin alpha1beta1
Integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for LAMININ and COLLAGEN. It is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) in mature SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in LYMPHOCYTES and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. In SCHWANN CELLS and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as VLA-1 and CD49a-CD29.
Saccharopine Dehydrogenases
Galactose Dehydrogenases
Transcription Factors
Steroid Hydroxylases
Dihydrolipoyllysine-Residue Acetyltransferase
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Transfection
Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2
A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.
Pregnanes
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Blotting, Western
Aspartate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Androstenedione
Caproates
Integrin alpha6beta1
A cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and to other cells via binding to LAMININ. It is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. Integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on PLATELETS; LEUKOCYTES; and many EPITHELIAL CELLS, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. Alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA6) results in the formation of A and B isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Betaine-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Steryl-Sulfatase
Spectrophotometry
Citrate (si)-Synthase
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Glucose
Chromatography, Gel
Cells, Cultured
DNA Primers
Chemistry
Molecular Structure
Integrin alpha6beta4
This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.
Molybdenum
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Chemical Phenomena
Ligands
A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Dinoprost
Citric Acid Cycle
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide
Integrin alpha Chains
The alpha subunits of integrin heterodimers (INTEGRINS), which mediate ligand specificity. There are approximately 18 different alpha chains, exhibiting great sequence diversity; several chains are also spliced into alternative isoforms. They possess a long extracellular portion (1200 amino acids) containing a MIDAS (metal ion-dependent adhesion site) motif, and seven 60-amino acid tandem repeats, the last 4 of which form EF HAND MOTIFS. The intracellular portion is short with the exception of INTEGRIN ALPHA4.
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Integrins
A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.
DNA, Complementary
Rabbits
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Alcohols
Dihydrotestosterone
Hydroxysteroids
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Disease
An inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficient enzyme activity in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX, resulting in deficiency of acetyl CoA and reduced synthesis of acetylcholine. Two clinical forms are recognized: neonatal and juvenile. The neonatal form is a relatively common cause of lactic acidosis in the first weeks of life and may also feature an erythematous rash. The juvenile form presents with lactic acidosis, alopecia, intermittent ATAXIA; SEIZURES; and an erythematous rash. (From J Inherit Metab Dis 1996;19(4):452-62) Autosomal recessive and X-linked forms are caused by mutations in the genes for the three different enzyme components of this multisubunit pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. One of the mutations at Xp22.2-p22.1 in the gene for the E1 alpha component of the complex leads to LEIGH DISEASE.
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
What knockout mice can tell us about parturition. (1/252)
Many molecules, including steroid and peptide hormones, prostaglandins and cytokines, regulate the preparation, initiation and progression of parturition in mammals. Gene targeting studies show that, in the knockout mice of steroid 5alpha-reductase type 1 gene, prostaglandin F2alpha receptor gene and cytosolic phospholipase A2 gene, parturition was severely disturbed, although live offspring were delivered by Caesarean section. Relaxin gene-disrupted mice also showed protracted labour. However, most knockout mice in which the steroid hormone, prostaglandin, cytokine or peptide hormone (for example, oxytocin, corticotrophin releasing hormone and endothelin) endocrine-paracrine systems are disrupted are inadequate for analysis of the mechanism of parturition because they die before reaching reproductive age or are infertile, or because they reproduce normally. A conditional knockout strategy, for example, using the Cre-LoxP system, should be considered for investigating the biochemical background of parturition to overcome these problems. (+info)Cortisol effects on body mass, blood pressure, and cholesterol in the general population. (2/252)
The effects of excess cortisol secretion on blood pressure and fat deposition are well documented, but the importance of this glucocorticoid in controlling these processes in normal individuals is less clear. We studied the relationship between cortisol excretion rate (tetrahydrocortisol [THF]+allo-THF+tetrahydrocortisone [THE]) and a range of important cardiovascular risk factors in 439 normal subjects (238 male) sampled from the North of Glasgow (Scotland) population. There were marked gender differences: female subjects were lighter and had lower blood pressures and cortisol levels, whereas HDL cholesterol was higher. The pattern of cortisol metabolism was also different; the index of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (THF+allo-THF/THE) was lower and that of 5alpha-reductase (allo-THF/THF) was higher. There was a strong correlation of blood pressure (positive), cholesterol (positive), and HDL cholesterol (negative in women, positive in men) with age. Cortisol excretion rate did not correlate with blood pressure but correlated strongly with parameters of body habitus (body mass index and waist and hip measurements [positive]) and HDL cholesterol (negative). With multiple regression analysis, there remained a significant association of cortisol excretion rate with HDL cholesterol in men and women and with body mass index in men. These results suggest that glucocorticoids regulate key components of cardiovascular risk. (+info)Activation of human cytochrome P-450 3A4-catalyzed meloxicam 5'-methylhydroxylation by quinidine and hydroquinidine in vitro. (3/252)
In humans, meloxicam is metabolized mainly by cytochrome P-450 (CYP)-dependent hydroxylation of the 5'-methyl group. The predominant P-450 enzyme involved in meloxicam metabolism is CYP 2C9, with a minor contribution of CYP 3A4. Quinidine, a CYP 3A4 substrate commonly used as a selective in vitro inhibitor of CYP 2D6, was found to markedly increase the rate of meloxicam hydroxylation during in vitro experiments with human liver microsomes. A similar activation was observed with other compounds that are structurally related to quinidine. Besides quinidine, quinine and hydroquinidine were the most potent activators of meloxicam hydroxylation. Using expressed cytochrome P-450 enzymes and selective chemical inhibitors of CYP 2C9 and CYP 3A4, it was found that quinidine markedly increased the rate of CYP 3A4-mediated meloxicam hydroxylation but was virtually without effect on CYP 2C9. Kinetic analysis was performed to obtain insight into the possible mechanism of activation of CYP 3A4 and into the mutual interaction of quinidine/hydroquinidine and meloxicam. Quinidine and hydroquinidine decreased Km and increased Vmax of meloxicam hydroxylation, which was consistent with a mixed-type nonessential activation. Meloxicam, in turn, decreased both Km and Vmax of quinidine metabolism by CYP 3A4, indicating an uncompetitive inhibition mechanism. These results support the assumption that CYP 3A4 possesses at least two different substrate-binding sites. A clinically relevant effect on meloxicam drug therapy is not expected, because the most likely outcome in practice is moderately decreased meloxicam plasma concentrations. (+info)Prostate cancer risk and polymorphism in 17 hydroxylase (CYP17) and steroid reductase (SRD5A2). (4/252)
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in males and is the second most common cause of cancer mortality in American men. Polymorphisms have been identified in two genes, the 17-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 gene (CYP17) and the steroid 5-reductase type II gene (SRD5A2) that are involved with androgen biosynthesis and metabolism. The CYP17 A2 allele contains a T-->C transition in the 5' promoter region that creates an additional Sp1-type (CCACC box) promoter site. The SRD5A2 valine to leucine (V89L) polymorphism has been correlated with lower dihydroxytestosterone levels. We tested genotypes in 108 prostate cases and 167 controls along with samples (n = 340) from several different ethnic groups. The CYP17 A2 allele (combined A1/A2 and A2/A2 genotypes) occurred at a higher frequency in Caucasian patients with prostate cancer (70%) than in Caucasian clinical control urology patients (57%), suggesting that the A2 allele may convey increased risk for prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0-3.0]. Blacks and Caucasians had a similar frequency of the A2 genotype (16 and 17%, respectively) while Taiwanese had the highest frequency (27%). The SRD5A2 leucine genotype was most frequent in Taiwanese (28%), intermediate in Caucasians (8.5%) and lowest in Blacks (2.5%). Genotypes having a SRD5A2 leucine allele were somewhat more common in prostate cancer cases (56%) than in controls (49%) (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.8-2.2) but this difference was not significant. These results support the hypothesis that some allelic variants of genes involved in androgen biosynthesis and metabolism may be associated with prostate cancer risk. (+info)Male and female isoenzymes of steroid 5alpha-reductase. (5/252)
There are two steroid 5alpha-reductase isoenzymes, designated type 1 and type 2, in mammals and recent experiments show that each plays a unique physiological role. In this article, the hypothesis is developed that the type 1 gene specifies a female isoenzyme, whereas the type 2 gene specifies a male isoenzyme. This idea results from the following observations. First, mutation of the 5alpha-reductase type 1 gene in mice affects reproduction in females by decreasing fecundity and blocking parturition, but has no effect on reproduction in males. Second, mutation of the 5alpha-reductase type 2 gene in mice and men prevents proper virilization but does not affect development or reproductive function in females. Analyses of these diverse phenotypes indicate that the isoenzymes catalyse both anabolic and catabolic reactions in steroid hormone metabolism. (+info)No mutations found in candidate genes for dystocia. (6/252)
Dystocia is a disorder characterized by prolonged or dysfunctional labour. Delivery that starts late or not at all, leads to an increased risk for Caesarean section, infant morbidity and mortality. Familial aggregations of dystocia suggest a polygenic background. We have studied three candidate genes for dystocia, i.e. the genes for testosterone 5-alpha reductase type 1, prostaglandin F2alpha receptor and endothelin 1 and performed mutational screening in 23 women with dystocia, of which 12 have affected relatives. No mutations were found, making it unlikely that any of these genes represent a major cause of dystocia in man. (+info)Modulation of hepatic CYP2A1, CYP2C11, and CYP3A9 expression in adult rats by neonatal administration of tamoxifen. (7/252)
To examine the effect of neonatal administration of tamoxifen on adult expression of hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes and steroid 5alpha-reductase, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected s.c. with tamoxifen (20 microg) or peanut oil (control) once daily at days 1 to 5 of age and sacrificed at 3 months of age. Neonatal tamoxifen treatment did not affect b.wt. or liver weight of adult male and female rats, but decreased testicular weight by approximately 40% in adult male rats. Neonatal administration of tamoxifen decreased hepatic microsomal testosterone 6beta- and 7alpha-hydroxylase activities in adult female rats whereas it did not alter steroid 5alpha-reductase activity. The same treatment increased testosterone 7alpha-hydroxylase activity, but did not affect testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase or steroid 5alpha-reductase activity in adult male rats. Immunoblot analysis indicated that neonatal tamoxifen treatment decreased CYP2C11 protein level by 26% and increased CYP2A1 protein content by 2.6-fold in adult male rats, whereas it had no effect on CYP3A or CYP2B protein expression. The reduction in the CYP3A-mediated testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase activity in adult female rats was accompanied by a decrease in CYP3A9 mRNA expression. Analysis of serum hormone levels indicated that neonatal exposure to tamoxifen resulted in a decrease in serum 17beta-estradiol concentration in adult female rats, whereas it did not alter serum testosterone concentration in adult male rats. In summary, treatment of neonatal rats with tamoxifen produced a long-lasting effect on hepatic CYP2A1, CYP2C11, and CYP3A9 expression in addition to testicular weight and serum 17beta-estradiol concentration. (+info)The V89L polymorphism in the 5alpha-reductase type 2 gene and risk of prostate cancer. (8/252)
5alpha-Reductase type 2, the predominant prostatic isozyme of this protein, converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. It has been hypothesized that individuals with greater 5alpha-reductase activity are at increased risk for prostate cancer (CaP). A single nucleotide polymorphism of the 5alpha-reductase type 2 gene (SRD5A2) gives rise to a substitution of leucine (leu) for valine (val) at codon 89 (V89L), the presence of which may affect serum androstanediol glucuronide (AAG) levels. We studied the effect of this polymorphism on the risk of prostate cancer in a prospective, nested, case-control design within the Physicians' Health Study. In all controls (n = 799), the leu allele frequency was 0.30. Among the 386 controls with plasma AAG levels available, there was no significant association between AAG levels and V89L genotype. We also detected no significant association between risk for CaP and genotype [odds ratio: val/val = 1.0 (reference), leu/val = 0.96 (95% confidence interval, 0.76-1.20), and leu/ leu = 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.57-1.24)]. These data do not support a moderate to large effect of the SRD5A2 V89L polymorphism on plasma AAG levels or CaP risk in this predominantly Caucasian cohort, although a small effect cannot be completely excluded. (+info)The association between polymorphisms in the CYP17 and 5alpha-reductase (SRD5A2) genes and serum androgen concentrations in men...
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SRD5A3
Steroid 5-alpha-reductase 3, also known as 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by ... "Entrez Gene: steroid 5 alpha-reductase 3". Uemura M, Tamura K, Chung S, Honma S, Okuyama A, Nakamura Y, Nakagawa H (January ... Payne AH, Hales DB (2004). "Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones". ... 36 (1): 40-5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. Portal: Biology v t e (Articles with short description, Short description ...
Cholestenone 5alpha-reductase
Other names in common use include testosterone Delta4-5alpha-reductase, steroid 5alpha-reductase, 3-oxosteroid Delta4- ... dehydrogenase, 5alpha-reductase, steroid 5alpha-hydrogenase, 3-oxosteroid 5alpha-reductase, testosterone Delta4-hydrogenase, 4- ... I Cholestenone 5-alpha-reductase of rat liver". J. Biol. Chem. 241 (4): 946-52. PMID 5907469. Portal: Biology v t e (EC 1.3.1, ... Shefer S, Hauser S, Mosbach EH (1966). "Studies on the biosynthesis of 5-alpha-cholestan-3-beta-ol. ...
SRD5A1
January 2021). "Crystal structure of steroid reductase SRD5A reveals conserved steroid reduction mechanism". Nature ... alpha polypeptide 1 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha 1)". Nixon M, Upreti R, Andrew R (February 2012). "5α- ... Steroid 5α-reductase (EC 1.3.99.5) catalyzes, among other reactions, the conversion of testosterone into the more potent ... "SRD5A1 steroid 5 alpha-reductase 1 - Homo sapiens (human) - expression". Jenkins EP, Andersson S, Imperato-McGinley J, Wilson ...
SRD5A2
"SRD5A2 steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ... 1992). "Brief report: the molecular basis of steroid 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in a large Dominican kindred". N. Engl. J. ... Andersson S, Berman DM, Jenkins EP, Russell DW (1991). "Deletion of steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 gene in male ... Chávez B, Valdez E, Vilchis F (2000). "Uniparental disomy in steroid 5alpha-reductase 2 deficiency". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab ...
Galeterone
Structures of these two agents are identical to endogenous steroid substrates (cholesterole, dehydroepiandorosterone and ... Seeking Alpha". "Tokai Pharmaceuticals takes ax to 60% of workforce after PhIII blowout". August 2016. "Otic Pharma to Become ... which are involved in the sulfation of dehydroepiandrosterone and other steroids and compounds, with Ki values in the sub- ... It has been reported that both of these agents are metabolized to 3-oxo-Δ4-steroids by 3βHSD in short period on oral ...
5α-Reductase
... α-steroid Δ4-dehydrogenase Steroid Δ4-5α-reductase Δ4-3-Keto steroid 5α-reductase Δ4-3-Oxo steroid reductase Δ4-3-Ketosteroid-5 ... alpha -substrate}+NADP+}}} 5α-DHP is a major hormone in circulation of normal cycling and pregnant women. 5α-Reductase is most ... January 2021). "Crystal structure of steroid reductase SRD5A reveals conserved steroid reduction mechanism". Nature ... Paba S, Frau R, Godar SC, Devoto P, Marrosu F, Bortolato M (2011). "Steroid 5α-reductase as a novel therapeutic target for ...
Steroidogenesis inhibitor
Steroid sulfotransferase (SST) inhibitors prevent the conversion of steroid hormones such as estrone and DHEA into hormonally ... 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) inhibitors prevent the reversible conversion of the weak androgens ... the biosynthesis of endogenous steroids and steroid hormones. They may inhibit the production of cholesterol and other sterols ... Sadozai H (2013). "Steroid sulfatase inhibitors: promising new therapy for breast cancer". J Pak Med Assoc. 63 (4): 509-15. ...
Steroid Delta-isomerase
... alpha to the carbonyl, next to the double bond) of the steroid ring to form an enolate (the rate-limiting step) that is ... KSI in Comamomas testosteroni is used in the degradation pathway of steroids, allowing this bacteria to utilize steroids ... Horinouchi M, Hayashi T, Kudo T (March 2012). "Steroid degradation in Comamonas testosteroni". The Journal of Steroid ... In enzymology, a steroid Δ5-isomerase (EC 5.3.3.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction a 3-oxo-Δ5-steroid ⇌ {\ ...
5-Oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid
... and found it coupled with and activated the G protein complex composed of the Gi alpha subunit (Gαi) and G beta-gamma complex ( ... steroid production, bone remodeling, parturition, and other pathophysiological events, as outlined here and on the 5-HETE page ... dependent dehydrogenase enzyme viz., (5-Hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase or 5-HEDH) to form 5-oxo-ETE: a) Phospholipid-bound ... The Activation of OXER1 receptor and PPARγ by the oxo analogs can have opposing effects on cell function. For example, 5-oxo- ...
List of MeSH codes (D08)
... steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase MeSH D08.244.453.915.730 - steroid 12-alpha-hydroxylase MeSH D08.244.453.915.737 - steroid 16-alpha ... malate dehydrogenase MeSH D08.811.682.047.748 - malate dehydrogenase (nadp+) MeSH D08.811.682.047.892 - xanthine dehydrogenase ... oxo-acid-lyases MeSH D08.811.520.224.600.200 - anthranilate synthase MeSH D08.811.520.224.600.700 - isocitrate lyase MeSH ... steroid 12-alpha-hydroxylase MeSH D08.811.682.690.708.170.915.737 - steroid 16-alpha-hydroxylase MeSH D08.811.682.690.708.170. ...
Estrogen
"DHEA metabolites activate estrogen receptors alpha and beta". Steroids. 78 (1): 15-25. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.002. PMC ... Max SR (December 1984). "Androgen-estrogen synergy in rat levator ani muscle: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase". Molecular and ... 7-oxo-DHEA, 7α-hydroxy-DHEA, 16α-hydroxy-DHEA, 7β-hydroxyepiandrosterone, androstenedione (A4), androstenediol (A5), 3α- ... The estrogen steroid hormones are estrane steroids. In 1929, Adolf Butenandt and Edward Adelbert Doisy independently isolated ...
Value Set Details
3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder). SNOMED-CT. Hypospadias (NCHS). Details. ... 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder). ...
Code System Concept
Steroid dehydrogenase deficiency and dental anomaly syndrome (disorder) {723583009 , SNOMED-CT } Subaortic stenosis and short ... alpha, alpha-Trehalase deficiency (disorder) {84193000 , SNOMED-CT } Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (disorder) {30188007 , ... Deficiency of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (disorder) {733630004 , SNOMED-CT } Deficiency of aminoacylase 1 (disorder) { ... T-cell receptor alpha-beta-positive T-cell deficiency (disorder) {782750002 , SNOMED-CT } Teebi Shaltout syndrome (disorder) { ...
Code System Concept
3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder) {57514000 , SNOMED-CT } Familial hypomagnesemia ...
5-alpha reductase deficiency: MedlinePlus Genetics
5-alpha reductase deficiency is a condition that affects male sexual development before birth and during puberty. Explore ... The SRD5A2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called steroid 5-alpha reductase 2. This enzyme is involved in ... Gender change in 46,XY persons with 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency. Arch ... The development of female sex characteristics does not require DHT, so a lack of steroid 5-alpha reductase 2 activity does not ...
Value Set Details
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone aldolase deficiency. 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone aldolase deficiency. SNOMED-CT. Birth Defect ... 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency SNOMED-CT. Birth ... 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 1 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 1 SNOMED-CT. Birth Defect Diagnosis. Details. ... 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 2 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 2 SNOMED-CT. Birth Defect Diagnosis. Details. ...
SRD5A2 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
The SRD5A2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called steroid 5-alpha reductase 2. Learn about this gene and ... Steroid 5 alpha-reductase: two genes/two enzymes. Annu Rev Biochem. 1994;63:25-61. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.63.070194.000325. No ... alpha polypeptide 2 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha 2) ... Steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. Endocr Rev. 1993 Oct;14(5):577-93. doi: 10.1210/edrv-14-5-577. Citation on PubMed ...
Value Set Concept Details
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Code System Concept
3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder) {57514000 , SNOMED-CT } 46,XX disorder of sex development ...
Code System Concept
3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder) {57514000 , SNOMED-CT } Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5- ... alpha-reductase deficiency (disorder) {738771004 , SNOMED-CT } Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (disorder) { ...
Value Set Details
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone aldolase deficiency. 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone aldolase deficiency. SNOMED-CT. Birth Defect ... 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency SNOMED-CT. Birth ... 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 1 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 1 SNOMED-CT. Birth Defect Diagnosis. Details. ... 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 2 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 2 SNOMED-CT. Birth Defect Diagnosis. Details. ...
Code System Concept
Muscle D-lactate dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder) {287266002 , SNOMED-CT } Muscle L-lactate dehydrogenase deficiency ( ... 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone aldolase deficiency (disorder) {49013001 , SNOMED-CT } 3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ... Proline dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder) {61071003 , SNOMED-CT } Propionic acidemia (disorder) {69080001 , SNOMED-CT } ... Acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder) {82319005 , SNOMED-CT } Adult hypophosphatasia (disorder) {20756002 , ...
Value Set Details
3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder). SNOMED-CT. Hypospadias (NCHS). Details. ... 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder). ...
Code System Concept
Steroid metabolism disorder marker (substance) {259532007 , SNOMED-CT } Substance with oxidoreductase mechanism of action ( ... dehydrogenase Current Synonym true false 3721889017 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid delta^4^-dehydrogenase Current Synonym true false ...
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3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency SNOMED-CT. ... 3. Opitz-Frias syndrome. Opitz-Frias syndrome. SNOMED-CT. Hypospadias (NCHS). Details. ...
Value Set Details
3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency SNOMED-CT. ... 3. Opitz-Frias syndrome. Opitz-Frias syndrome. SNOMED-CT. Hypospadias (NCHS). Details. ...
Code System Concept
Steroid 5-alpha-reductase deficiency Current Synonym true false 497912019 5-alpha reductase deficiency Current Synonym true ... Steroid 5a-reductase deficiency Current Synonym true false 95639012 Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias Current Synonym ... 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder). Code System Preferred Concept Name. 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid ... 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency Current Synonym true false ...
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5-alpha reductase deficiency: MedlinePlus Genetics
5-alpha reductase deficiency is a condition that affects male sexual development before birth and during puberty. Explore ... The SRD5A2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called steroid 5-alpha reductase 2. This enzyme is involved in ... Gender change in 46,XY persons with 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency. Arch ... The development of female sex characteristics does not require DHT, so a lack of steroid 5-alpha reductase 2 activity does not ...
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An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign ... Steroids: 18537*Androstanes: 8*Androstenes: 4*Finasteride: 1073*turosteride: 2. *17 beta-benzoyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androst-1-ene-3- ... Heterocyclic Steroids: 2*Azasteroids: 1*Finasteride: 1073*turosteride: 2. *17 beta-benzoyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androst-1-ene-3-one: 1 ... 4. Hirsutism 10/01/2002 - "In this study, hirsutism scores decreased significantly at 6 and 12 months in both groups I and II. ...
SRD5A3 - Wikipedia
Steroid 5-alpha-reductase 3, also known as 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by ... "Entrez Gene: steroid 5 alpha-reductase 3". Uemura M, Tamura K, Chung S, Honma S, Okuyama A, Nakamura Y, Nakagawa H (January ... Payne AH, Hales DB (2004). "Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones". ... 36 (1): 40-5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. Portal: Biology v t e (Articles with short description, Short description ...
Pharos : Ligand Details - FAXVFC7N6G5F
1S,9aR,11aS)-6-Chloro-9a,11a-dimethyl-7-oxo-2,3,3a,3b,4,5,7,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[i]phenanthridine-1 ... Pharos Version 3.13.1Pharos Change LogTCRD Version 6.12.4TCRDDownload TCRDSitemap ... 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5--,4-isomerase type 1. 1 Activities. ...
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11a-trimethyl-7-oxo-2,3,3a,3b,4,5,7,9a,9b,10,11,11a-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[i]phenanthridine-1-carboxamide ... Superpathway of steroid hormone biosynthesis Allopregnanolone biosynthesis Androgen biosynthesisPWY-7305:Superpathway of ... 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 1. Target Info. [1587926] 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2. Target Info. [1587926 ... CN1C[[email protected]]2[[email protected]@H]3CC[[email protected]](C(=O)NC(C)(C)C)[[email protected]@]3(C)CC[[email protected]@H]2[[email protected]@]4(C)C=CC(=O)C=C14 ...
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IMP: Integrative Multi-species Prediction
steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 2 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha 2). 0.011. ... lactalbumin, alpha. 0.011. Ikbkap. inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase complex-associated ... methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 2, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase. 0.011. Gpr125. G protein- ...
SMPDB
dehydrogenase 1. UDP-. glucuronosyltransferase. 2B11. Cytochrome P450. 19A1. Steroid. 17-alpha-. hydroxylase/17,20. lyase. 3- ... Adenosine 3,5-diphosphate. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Accumulation. Testosterone. O. 2. H. 2. O. NAD. NADH. H. +. 5b- ... Uridine 5-diphosphate. Accumulation. Androstenedione. O. 2. H. 2. O. NAD. NADH. Dehydroepiandrosterone. NAD. NADH. ... Steroid. 17-alpha-. hydroxylase/17,20. lyase. 3-beta-HSD 1. Sulfotransferase. family. cytosolic 2B. member 1. Cytochrome P450. ...
Association between two polymorphisms in the SRD5A2 gene and serum androgen concentrations in British men. - Cancer...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between the (TA)(n) dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the 3 ... Several polymorphisms have been identified in the steroid 5 alpha-reductase type II gene (SRD5A2), which encodes an enzyme that ... a direct metabolite of dihydrotestosterone and a serum marker of 5 alpha-reductase activity. Mean hormone concentrations were ... Several polymorphisms have been identified in the steroid 5 alpha-reductase type II gene (SRD5A2), which encodes an enzyme that ...
PathBank
dehydrogenase 1. UDP-. glucuronosyltransferase. 2B11. Cytochrome P450. 19A1. Steroid. 17-alpha-. hydroxylase/17,20. lyase. 3- ... Uridine 5-diphosphate. Accumulation. Androstenedione. O. 2. H. 2. O. NAD. NADH. Accumulation. Dehydroepiandrosterone. NAD. ... Adenosine 3,5-diphosphate. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Testosterone. O. 2. H. 2. O. NAD. NADH. H. +. 5b- ... alpha-steroid. 4-dehydrogenase. 1. UDP-. glucuronosyltransferase. 2B17. Steryl-. sulfatase. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone. 17a- ...
Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase | Colorado PROFILES
"Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... The M405V allele of the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase gene is an important marker for glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) low ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase" by people in this website by year ... Glutaric aciduria type I is an inborn error of metabolism due to the deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. ...
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CoP: Co-expressed Biological Processes
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Rhea- Annotated reactions database
Substrate specificity and inhibitor analyses of human steroid 5beta-reductase (AKR1D1).. Chen M., Drury J.E., Penning T.M. ... 12 alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. In addition, the expressed enzyme showed a small ... Human steroid 5β-reductase (aldo-keto reductase 1D1) catalyzes the stereospecific NADPH-dependent reduction of the C4-C5 double ... Human steroid 5β-reductase (aldo-keto reductase 1D1) catalyzes the stereospecific NADPH-dependent reduction of the C4-C5 double ...
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7-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX WITH NADH AND 7-OXO GLYCOCHENODEOXYCHOLIC ACID ... It catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a hydroxyl group at position 7 of the steroid skeleton of bile acids. The crystal structure ... 7-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX WITH NADH AND 7-OXO GLYCOCHENODEOXYCHOLIC ACID. *PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb1FMC/pdb ... 7 alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7 alpha-HSDH;1 EC 1.1.1.159) is an NAD+-dependent oxidoreductase belonging to the short- ...
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steroid 9-alpha-monooxygenase activity GO:0050292 * protopine 6-monooxygenase activity GO:0047087 ... 2-oxo-delta3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-monooxygenase activity ... 22S)-22-hydroxy-campest-4-en-3-one C-23 hydroxylase activity ... 6-oxocineole dehydrogenase activity GO:0047597 * beta-amyrin 30 ...
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Reductase23
- 5-alpha reductase deficiency is a condition that affects male sexual development before birth and during puberty. (medlineplus.gov)
- Many people with 5-alpha reductase deficiency are born with external genitalia that appear female. (medlineplus.gov)
- Unlike many men, people with 5-alpha reductase deficiency do not develop much facial or body hair. (medlineplus.gov)
- Children with 5-alpha reductase deficiency are often raised as girls. (medlineplus.gov)
- Mutations in the SRD5A2 gene cause 5-alpha reductase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
- The SRD5A2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called steroid 5-alpha reductase 2. (medlineplus.gov)
- Mutations in the SRD5A2 gene prevent steroid 5-alpha reductase 2 from effectively converting testosterone to DHT in the developing reproductive tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
- These hormonal factors underlie the changes in sexual development seen in infants with 5-alpha reductase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
- Researchers believe that people with 5-alpha reductase deficiency develop secondary male sex characteristics in response to higher levels of this hormone. (medlineplus.gov)
- Some affected people also retain a small amount of 5-alpha reductase 2 activity, which may produce DHT and contribute to the development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. (medlineplus.gov)
- The development of female sex characteristics does not require DHT, so a lack of steroid 5-alpha reductase 2 activity does not cause physical changes in these individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
- in each cell) have the characteristic signs of 5-alpha reductase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
- Bahceci M, Ersay AR, Tuzcu A, Hiort O, Richter-Unruh A, Gokalp D. A novel missense mutation of 5-alpha reductase type 2 gene (SRD5A2) leads to severe male pseudohermaphroditism in a Turkish family. (medlineplus.gov)
- Steroid 5-alpha-reductase 3, also known as 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SRD5A3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- It is one of three forms of 5α-reductase. (wikipedia.org)
- Several polymorphisms have been identified in the steroid 5 alpha-reductase type II gene (SRD5A2), which encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to its more potent metabolite, dihydrotestosterone. (ox.ac.uk)
- In particular, we wanted to test the hypotheses that the variant alleles are associated with an increased serum concentration of androstanediol glucuronide, a direct metabolite of dihydrotestosterone and a serum marker of 5 alpha-reductase activity. (ox.ac.uk)
- AKR1D1 (aldo-keto reductase 1D1) is the only known human enzyme that stereo-specifically reduces the Delta(4) double bond in 3-keto steroids and sterols to yield the 5beta-hydrogenated product. (rhea-db.org)
- Substrate specificity and inhibitor analyses of human steroid 5beta-reductase (AKR1D1). (rhea-db.org)
- Human steroid 5β-reductase (aldo-keto reductase 1D1) catalyzes the stereospecific NADPH-dependent reduction of the C4-C5 double bond of Δ(4)-ketosteroids to yield an A/B cis-ring junction. (rhea-db.org)
- 7 alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7 alpha-HSDH;1 EC 1.1.1.159) is an NAD+-dependent oxidoreductase belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) 1 family. (rcsb.org)
- Cholesterol supersaturation of bile appears to be a prerequisite for gallstone formation, which involves a variety of factors that affect the activity of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake, hepatic 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA), acyl cholesterol-lecithin acyltransferase, and 7-alpha hydroxylase. (medscape.com)
- Cytochrome b 5 (cyb 5 ) can also contribute reducing power to this system after being reduced by cytochrome b 5 reductase (CYB 5 R). (mdwiki.org)
Enzyme4
- This enzyme displayed a highly reduced K(m) and V(max) reminiscent of uncompetitive kinetics with 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one as substrate. (rhea-db.org)
- The enzyme 7 alpha-HSDH is an alpha/beta doubly wound protein having a Rossmann-fold domain for NAD (H) binding. (rcsb.org)
- The following ENZYME entries belong to class 3. (expasy.org)
- W. somnifera also reduced the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in the mitochondria of granulation tissue. (henriettesherbal.com)
Gene3
- The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between the (TA)(n) dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region and the A49T polymorphism (which replaces the normal alanine with threonine at codon 49) in the SRD5A2 gene and serum androgen concentrations in 604 British men. (ox.ac.uk)
- The M405V allele of the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase gene is an important marker for glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) low excretors. (ucdenver.edu)
- Exogenous Thyroid Hormone Is Associated with Shortened Survival and Upregulation of High-Risk Gene Expression Profiles in Steroid Receptor-Positive Breast Cancers. (ucdenver.edu)
Hormones6
- Over-the-Counter "Adrenal Support" Supplements Contain Thyroid and Steroid-Based Adrenal Hormones. (ucdenver.edu)
- That's because during the administration of steroids ' the person is artificially increasing hormones and that's why the body stops producing them naturally. (thomasclament.com)
- Steroids, hormones, antibiotics and sexual stimulants will only be sold. (thomasclament.com)
- 2017 · цитируется: 24 - outcome(s): pre- to post-steroid hormones (i. (justiciaespacial.com)
- Like all steroid hormones, estrogens readily diffuse across the cell membrane. (iiab.me)
- Like other steroid hormones, estrogen enters passively into the cell where it binds to and activates the estrogen receptor. (iiab.me)
20181
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Inhibitor1
- Roflumilast is a selective and long-acting inhibitor of PDE-4 with IC50 of 0.8 nM. (csnpharm.cn)
Anabolic8
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- Well, testogen will help address this and unlike anabolic steroids, it does this naturally. (thomasclament.com)
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- Anabolic steroids in some cases (with proper use) are able to not only increase protein synthesis and improve muscle contraction, but also produce an analgesic effect, sustanon 250 rediject. (thomasclament.com)
- Anabolic steroids control act of 1990, pub. (justiciaespacial.com)
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- Winstrol is an extremely popular anabolic steroid derived from dihydrotestosterone. (christinaroos.com)
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Estradiol1
- The estrane steroid estradiol is the most potent and prevalent of these. (iiab.me)
Receptor2
- Rodrigues MD, Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Leipnitz G, Goodman SI, Woontner M, de Souza DO, Wajner M. Experimental evidence that overexpression of NR2B glutamate receptor subunit is associated with brain vacuolation in adult glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient mice: A potential role for glutamatergic-induced excitotoxicity in GA I neuropathology. (ucdenver.edu)
- Tsuyoshi Goto, Scope: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. (nara-wu.ac.jp)
Testosterone3
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- Can you buy testosterone in dominican republic, buy steroids in dominican republic - buy steroids online can you buy testosterone in dominican republic. (thomasclament.com)
- The official website on steroid purchase and usage has links to three steroid suppliers, can you buy testosterone in dominican republic Plasma androgens and urinary steroid metabolites. (thomasclament.com)
Fatty1
- Lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus plantarum , have a specific polyunsaturated fatty acid saturation metabolism that generates multiple fatty acid species, such as hydroxy fatty acids, oxo fatty acids, conjugated fatty acids, and trans -fatty acids. (jbc.org)
Oral steroids1
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Deficiency1
- Glutaric aciduria type I is an inborn error of metabolism due to the deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. (ucdenver.edu)
Biol2
- In: Biochem Med Metab Biol (1987 Dec) 38(3):272-7 The effect of W. somnifera on glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the granulation tissue of carrageenin-induced air pouch granuloma was studied. (henriettesherbal.com)
- In: Indian J Exp Biol (1992 Mar) 30(3):169-72 Withania somnifera is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of a variety of ailments in the Ayurvedic system. (henriettesherbal.com)
Hormone1
- In 1963, Estabrook , Cooper , and Rosenthal described the role of CYP as a catalyst in steroid hormone synthesis and drug metabolism. (mdwiki.org)
Metabolites1
- [11] [12] Some estrogen metabolites, such as the catechol estrogens 2-hydroxyestradiol , 2-hydroxyestrone, 4-hydroxyestradiol, and 4-hydroxyestrone, as well as 16α-hydroxyestrone , are also estrogens with varying degrees of activity. (iiab.me)
Estrogen1
- [3] While estrogen levels are significantly lower in males compared to females, estrogens nevertheless also have important physiological roles in males. (iiab.me)
Biosynthesis1
- This cis-configuration is crucial for bile acid biosynthesis and plays important roles in steroid metabolism. (rhea-db.org)
Cholesterol1
- The bile acid family is a group of acid steroids synthesised from cholesterol in the liver. (rarecholestasis.com)
Enzymes2
- The crystal structure of the ternary complex of 7 alpha-HSDH, which is the only structure available as the ternary complex among the enzymes of the SDR family, indicates that the highly conserved Tyr159 and Ser146 residues most probably directly interact with the hydroxyl group of the substrates although this observation cannot be definite due to an insufficiently characterized nature of the ternary complex. (rcsb.org)
- The strictly conserved Lys163 is hydrogen-bonded to both the 2'- and 3'-hydroxyl groups of the nicotinamide ribose of NAD(H). We propose a new catalytic mechanism possibly common to all the enzymes belonging to the SDR family in which a tyrosine residue (Tyr159) acts as a catalytic base and a serine residue (Ser146) plays a subsidiary role of stabilizing substrate binding. (rcsb.org)
Adult1
- The dose of Tangzhouling in the low dose group was 5 times that of the adult dose, being 0.44g/kg/d. (bvsalud.org)
PROFILES1
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase" by people in Profiles. (ucdenver.edu)
Drugs1
- Fludrocortisone is in a class of drugs called steroids. (justiciaespacial.com)
Mice1
- Alcoholic extract of the root of the plant was injected(ip) at daily doses of 200 to 1000 mg/kg body wt for 15 days starting from 24 hr after intradermal inoculation of 5 x 10(5) cells of S-180 in BALB/c mice. (henriettesherbal.com)
Stanozolol4
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Dose1
- Ashwagandha (AT) was injected (ip) at a dose of 500 mg/kg body wt for 10 consecutive days into mouse bearing tumor of 50 +/- 5 mm3, with or without a local treatment of 10 Gy gamma radiation (RT) or hyperthermia at 43 degrees C for 30 min (HT) or both on 5th day of AT. (henriettesherbal.com)
Activity1
- 10 , 11 , 12 Inhibition of glutamatergic activity was thought to contribute to oxcarbazepine's activity 5 , but this effect could not be replicated in vivo . (drugbank.com)
Pharma1
- Alpha-pharma does not promote or campaign for any distributor. (thomasclament.com)
Dependent2
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Substrate1
- Upon substrate binding, large conformation changes occur at the substrate binding loop (between the beta F strand and alpha G helix) and the C-terminal segment (residues 250-255). (rcsb.org)
Patients4
- The total, obstructive and non-obstructive symptom scores decreased (improved) for patients on 1 and 5 mg finasteride, with the total score reducing by 33% from baseline at year 3. (curehunter.com)
- Patients on long‐term corticosteroid treatment should carry a steroid treatment card which gives. (justiciaespacial.com)
- Subsequent data, however, indicated that it may actually occur in as many as 5-15% of patients with HTN. (medscape.com)
- In the United States, oxcarbazepine is indicated as monotherapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients 4 years of age and older, and as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients 2 years of age and older. (drugbank.com)
Species1
- EXPERIENTIA***** Chakraborti SK De BK Bandyopadhyay T Variations in the Antitumor Constituents OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA In: Experientia (1974) 30(8):852-853 4beta, 20alpha-dihydroxy-1-oxo- 5beta,6beta-epoxy-witha-2,24-dienolide was purified from the leaves of Withania somnifera from West Bengal and identified as the active antitumor principle, as compared to Withaferin A from the same species occurring in Tamil Nadu. (henriettesherbal.com)
UniProtKB1
- All UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries corresponding to class 3. (expasy.org)
Group1
- 25 were randomized to receive finasteride 5 mg concealed as an "X compound of proven efficacy for the treatment of BPH" for 1 year with (group 2) or without (group 1) counseling on the drug sexual side effect. (curehunter.com)
Treats1
- Any medical care provider who treats you should know that you take steroid medication. (justiciaespacial.com)
Primary1
- The diagnosis is generally 3-tiered, involving an initial screening, a confirmation of the diagnosis, and a determination of the specific subtype of primary aldosteronism. (medscape.com)
Treatment2
- This combination also significantly and synergistically depleted the tumor GSH level, with no recovery even at 3 hr after treatment. (henriettesherbal.com)
- Here, we investigated the effects of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibition via lithium chloride (LiCl) treatment on SERCA uncoupling in skeletal muscle and UCP1 expression in adipose. (jbc.org)