3 oxo 5 alpha steroid 4 dehydrogenase. Medical search

A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of LACTATE and PYRUVATE. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.

A zinc-containing enzyme which oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals in the presence of NAD. In alcoholic fermentation, it catalyzes the final step of reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen.

Enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE. Several types of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase exist including phosphorylating and non-phosphorylating varieties and ones that transfer hydrogen to NADP and ones that transfer hydrogen to NAD.

An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.70.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41.

A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reduction of lipoamide by NADH to yield dihydrolipoamide and NAD+. The enzyme is a component of several MULTIENZYME COMPLEXES.

Reversibly catalyze the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of carbohydrates to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.; EC 1.1.2.; and 1.1.99.

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.

Oxidoreductases that are specific for KETONES.

An alcohol oxidoreductase which catalyzes the oxidation of L-iditol to L-sorbose in the presence of NAD. It also acts on D-glucitol to form D-fructose. It also acts on other closely related sugar alcohols to form the corresponding sugar. EC 1.1.1.14

A ketone oxidoreductase that catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to ACYL-CoA and CO2. The enzyme requires THIAMINE DIPHOSPHATE as a cofactor. Defects in genes that code for subunits of the enzyme are a cause of MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE. The enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.2.4.3.

Enzymes of the oxidoreductase class that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.-.

A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.

A glucose dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of beta-D-glucose to form D-glucono-1,5-lactone, using NAD as well as NADP as a coenzyme.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Oxidoreductases that are specific for ALDEHYDES.

A class of enzymes that catalyzes the oxidation of 17-hydroxysteroids to 17-ketosteroids. EC 1.1.-.

D-Glucose:1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucono-gamma-lactone and reduced acceptor. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.47; EC 1.1.1.118; EC 1.1.1.119 and EC 1.1.99.10.

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction 6-phospho-D-gluconate and NADP+ to yield D-ribulose 5-phosphate, carbon dioxide, and NADPH. The reaction is a step in the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.1.1.43.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of sugar alcohols to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.; EC 1.1.2. and EC 1.1.99.

Enzymes that catalyze the first step in the beta-oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.

A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD. In eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex I. Under experimental conditions the enzyme can use CYTOCHROME C GROUP as the reducing cofactor. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.6.2.1.

An enzyme that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of inosine 5'-phosphate to xanthosine 5'-phosphate in the presence of NAD. EC 1.1.1.205.

Alcohol oxidoreductases with substrate specificity for LACTIC ACID.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

Proteins found usually in the cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically bind steroid hormones and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. The steroid receptor-steroid hormone complex regulates the transcription of specific genes.

A flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for medium-chain fatty acids. It forms a complex with ELECTRON TRANSFERRING FLAVOPROTEINS and conveys reducing equivalents to UBIQUINONE.

Flavoproteins that catalyze reversibly the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. Many compounds can act as acceptors, but the only physiologically active acceptor is NAD. The enzymes are active in the fermentation of sugars and other compounds to carbon dioxide and are the key enzymes in obtaining energy when bacteria are grown on formate as the main carbon source. They have been purified from bovine blood. EC 1.2.1.2.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of XANTHINE in the presence of NAD+ to form URIC ACID and NADH. It acts also on a variety of other purines and aldehydes.

Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits TRYPSIN; NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE; and other PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Enzymes that reversibly catalyze the oxidation of a 3-hydroxyacyl CoA to 3-ketoacyl CoA in the presence of NAD. They are key enzymes in the oxidation of fatty acids and in mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis.

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases that catalyzes the reversible conversion of CORTISOL to the inactive metabolite CORTISONE. Enzymes in this class can utilize either NAD or NADP as cofactors.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

The E1 component of the multienzyme PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX. It is composed of 2 alpha subunits (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit) and 2 beta subunits (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 beta subunit).

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

An oxidoreductase involved in pyrimidine base degradation. It catalyzes the catabolism of THYMINE; URACIL and the chemotherapeutic drug, 5-FLUOROURACIL.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of UDPglucose to UDPglucuronate in the presence of NAD+. EC 1.1.1.22.

A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.

A 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which catalyzes the reversible reduction of the active androgen, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE to 5 ALPHA-ANDROSTANE-3 ALPHA,17 BETA-DIOL. It also has activity towards other 3-alpha-hydroxysteroids and on 9-, 11- and 15- hydroxyprostaglandins. The enzyme is B-specific in reference to the orientation of reduced NAD or NADPH.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A low-affinity 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase found in a variety of tissues, most notably in LIVER; LUNG; ADIPOSE TISSUE; vascular tissue; OVARY; and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The enzyme acts reversibly and can use either NAD or NADP as cofactors.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.

Catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of hydroxyl groups of prostaglandins.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

A group of enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction-oxidation reaction of 20-hydroxysteroids, such as from a 20-ketosteroid to a 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid (EC 1.1.1.149) or to a 20-beta-hydroxysteroid (EC 1.1.1.53).

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is regulated by OXYGEN availability and is targeted for degradation by VHL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible DEAMINATION of L-ALANINE to PYRUVATE and AMMONIA. The enzyme is needed for growth when ALANINE is the sole CARBON or NITROGEN source. It may also play a role in CELL WALL synthesis because L-ALANINE is an important constituent of the PEPTIDOGLYCAN layer.

Sugar alcohol dehydrogenases that have specificity for MANNITOL. Enzymes in this category are generally classified according to their preference for a specific reducing cofactor.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A metalloflavoprotein enzyme involved the metabolism of VITAMIN A, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of RETINAL to RETINOIC ACID, using both NAD+ and FAD coenzymes. It also acts on both the 11-trans- and 13-cis-forms of RETINAL.

A flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for short-chain fatty acids. It forms a complex with ELECTRON-TRANSFERRING FLAVOPROTEINS and conveys reducing equivalents to UBIQUINONE.

An high-affinity, NAD-dependent 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that acts unidirectionally to catalyze the dehydrogenation of CORTISOL to CORTISONE. It is found predominantly in mineralocorticoid target tissues such as the KIDNEY; COLON; SWEAT GLANDS; and the PLACENTA. Absence of the enzyme leads to a fatal form of childhood hypertension termed, APPARENT MINERALOCORTICOID EXCESS SYNDROME.

Enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of estradiol at the 17-hydroxyl group in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to yield estrone and NADH or NADPH. The 17-hydroxyl group can be in the alpha- or beta-configuration. EC 1.1.1.62

The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound.

A flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for long-chain fatty acids. It forms a complex with ELECTRON-TRANSFERRING FLAVOPROTEINS and conveys reducing equivalents to UBIQUINONE.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of aspartic beta-semialdehyde to homoserine, which is the branch point in biosynthesis of methionine, lysine, threonine and leucine from aspartic acid. EC 1.1.1.3.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A mitochondrial flavoprotein, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA to 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA using FAD as a cofactor. Defects in the enzyme, is associated with isovaleric acidemia (IVA).

An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. It is involved in the biosynthesis of VALINE; LEUCINE; and ISOLEUCINE.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

(Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide))-phosphate phosphohydrolase. A mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of a phosphate on a specific seryl hydroxyl group of pyruvate dehydrogenase, reactivating the enzyme complex. EC 3.1.3.43.

An octameric enzyme belonging to the superfamily of amino acid dehydrogenases. Leucine dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of L-LEUCINE, to 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (2-ketoisocaproate) and AMMONIA, with the corresponding reduction of the cofactor NAD+.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate. It takes part in the L-SERINE biosynthesis pathway.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

An adrenal microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP21 gene, converts progesterones to precursors of adrenal steroid hormones (CORTICOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE). Defects in CYP21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).

Steroid derivatives formed by oxidation of a methyl group on the side chain or a methylene group in the ring skeleton to form a ketone.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A member of the NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR subfamily of the LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNEL family. It consists entirely of pentameric a7 subunits expressed in the CNS, autonomic nervous system, vascular system, lymphocytes and spleen.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

An enzyme that plays a role in the GLUTAMATE and butanoate metabolism pathways by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to SUCCINATE using NAD+ as a coenzyme. Deficiency of this enzyme, causes 4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, a rare inborn error in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

An NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase found in the cytosol of eucaryotes. It catalyses the dehydrogenation and phosphorylation of GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE to 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate, which is an important step in the GLYCOLYSIS pathway.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on carbon-carbon bonds. This enzyme group includes all the enzymes that introduce double bonds into substrates by direct dehydrogenation of carbon-carbon single bonds.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A metabolite of TESTOSTERONE or ANDROSTENEDIONE with a 3-alpha-hydroxyl group and without the double bond. The 3-beta hydroxyl isomer is epiandrosterone.

A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Cell surface receptor for LAMININ, epiligrin, FIBRONECTINS, entactin, and COLLAGEN. Integrin alpha3beta1 is the major integrin present in EPITHELIAL CELLS, where it plays a role in the assembly of BASEMENT MEMBRANE as well as in cell migration, and may regulate the functions of other integrins. Two alternatively spliced isoforms of the alpha subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA3), are differentially expressed in different cell types.

Enzymes that catalyze the transposition of double bond(s) in a steroid molecule. EC 5.3.3.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prephenate to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate in the presence of NAD. In the enteric bacteria, this enzyme also possesses chorismate mutase activity, thereby catalyzing the first two steps in the biosynthesis of tyrosine. EC 1.3.1.12.

An integrin alpha subunit that is unique in that it does not contain an I domain, and its proteolytic cleavage site is near the middle of the extracellular portion of the polypeptide rather than close to the membrane as in other integrin alpha subunits.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

An integrin alpha subunit that primarily associates with INTEGRIN BETA1 or INTEGRIN BETA4 to form laminin-binding heterodimers. Integrin alpha6 has two alternatively spliced isoforms: integrin alpha6A and integrin alpha6B, which differ in their cytoplasmic domains and are regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

An enzymes that catalyzes the reversible reduction-oxidation reaction of 20-alpha-hydroxysteroids, such as from PROGESTERONE to 20-ALPHA-DIHYDROPROGESTERONE.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

An integrin found in FIBROBLASTS; PLATELETS; MONOCYTES, and LYMPHOCYTES. Integrin alpha5beta1 is the classical receptor for FIBRONECTIN, but it also functions as a receptor for LAMININ and several other EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-GLUTAMATE in the presence of NAD. Defects in the enzyme are the cause of hyperprolinemia II.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

These compounds stimulate anabolism and inhibit catabolism. They stimulate the development of muscle mass, strength, and power.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Small molecules that are required for the catalytic function of ENZYMES. Many VITAMINS are coenzymes.

A flavoprotein enzyme that is responsible for the catabolism of LYSINE; HYDROXYLYSINE; and TRYPTOPHAN. It catalyzes the oxidation of GLUTARYL-CoA to crotonoyl-CoA using FAD as a cofactor. Glutaric aciduria type I is an inborn error of metabolism due to the deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.

An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.

A 21-carbon steroid, derived from CHOLESTEROL and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. Pregnenolone is the precursor to GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoin to diacetyl in the presence of NAD.

An interleukin-1 subtype that occurs as a membrane-bound pro-protein form that is cleaved by proteases to form a secreted mature form. Unlike INTERLEUKIN-1BETA both membrane-bound and secreted forms of interleukin-1alpha are biologically active.

An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of a ketone and hydroxy group at C-20 of cortisone and other 17,20,21-trihydroxy steroids. EC 1.1.1.53.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of secondary amines, introducing a C=N double bond as the primary reaction. In some cases this is later hydrolyzed.

The family of steroids from which the androgens are derived.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.

An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors that mediate contraction of SMOOTH MUSCLE in a variety of tissues such as ARTERIOLES; VEINS; and the UTERUS. They are usually found on postsynaptic membranes and signal through GQ-G11 G-PROTEINS.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

This integrin alpha subunit combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form a receptor (INTEGRIN ALPHA5BETA1) that binds FIBRONECTIN and LAMININ. It undergoes posttranslational cleavage into a heavy and a light chain that are connected by disulfide bonds.

Integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for LAMININ and COLLAGEN. It is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) in mature SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in LYMPHOCYTES and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. In SCHWANN CELLS and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as VLA-1 and CD49a-CD29.

Amine oxidoreductases that use either NAD+ (EC 1.5.1.7) or NADP+ (EC 1.5.1.8) as an acceptor to form L-LYSINE or NAD+ (EC 1.5.1.9) or NADP+ (EC 1.5.1.10) as an acceptor to form L-GLUTAMATE. Deficiency of this enzyme causes HYPERLYSINEMIAS.

D-Galactose:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-galactose in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to D-galactono-gamma-lactone and NADH or NADPH. Includes EC 1.1.1.48 and EC 1.1.1.120.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetyltransferase reaction using ACETYL CoA as an acetyl donor and dihydrolipoamide as acceptor to produce COENZYME A (CoA) and S-acetyldihydrolipoamide. It forms the (E2) subunit of the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A FLAVOPROTEIN enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of dimethylglycine to SARCOSINE and FORMALDEHYDE.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

Saturated derivatives of the steroid pregnane. The 5-beta series includes PROGESTERONE and related hormones; the 5-alpha series includes forms generally excreted in the urine.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde, orthophosphate, and NADP+ to yield L-4-aspartyl phosphate and NADPH. EC 1.2.1.11.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.

Derivatives of caproic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated six carbon aliphatic structure.

A cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and to other cells via binding to LAMININ. It is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. Integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on PLATELETS; LEUKOCYTES; and many EPITHELIAL CELLS, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. Alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA6) results in the formation of A and B isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of betain aldehyde to BETAINE.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

An arylsulfatase with high specificity towards sulfated steroids. Defects in this enzyme are the cause of ICHTHYOSIS, X-LINKED.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.

A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)

The alpha subunits of integrin heterodimers (INTEGRINS), which mediate ligand specificity. There are approximately 18 different alpha chains, exhibiting great sequence diversity; several chains are also spliced into alternative isoforms. They possess a long extracellular portion (1200 amino acids) containing a MIDAS (metal ion-dependent adhesion site) motif, and seven 60-amino acid tandem repeats, the last 4 of which form EF HAND MOTIFS. The intracellular portion is short with the exception of INTEGRIN ALPHA4.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.

Steroids in which one or more hydroxy groups have been substituted for hydrogen atoms either within the ring skeleton or on any of the side chains.

Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.

An inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficient enzyme activity in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX, resulting in deficiency of acetyl CoA and reduced synthesis of acetylcholine. Two clinical forms are recognized: neonatal and juvenile. The neonatal form is a relatively common cause of lactic acidosis in the first weeks of life and may also feature an erythematous rash. The juvenile form presents with lactic acidosis, alopecia, intermittent ATAXIA; SEIZURES; and an erythematous rash. (From J Inherit Metab Dis 1996;19(4):452-62) Autosomal recessive and X-linked forms are caused by mutations in the genes for the three different enzyme components of this multisubunit pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. One of the mutations at Xp22.2-p22.1 in the gene for the E1 alpha component of the complex leads to LEIGH DISEASE.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

An integrin alpha subunit that binds COLLAGEN and LAMININ though its I domain. It combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form the heterodimer INTEGRIN ALPHA1BETA1.

What knockout mice can tell us about parturition. (1/252)

Many molecules, including steroid and peptide hormones, prostaglandins and cytokines, regulate the preparation, initiation and progression of parturition in mammals. Gene targeting studies show that, in the knockout mice of steroid 5alpha-reductase type 1 gene, prostaglandin F2alpha receptor gene and cytosolic phospholipase A2 gene, parturition was severely disturbed, although live offspring were delivered by Caesarean section. Relaxin gene-disrupted mice also showed protracted labour. However, most knockout mice in which the steroid hormone, prostaglandin, cytokine or peptide hormone (for example, oxytocin, corticotrophin releasing hormone and endothelin) endocrine-paracrine systems are disrupted are inadequate for analysis of the mechanism of parturition because they die before reaching reproductive age or are infertile, or because they reproduce normally. A conditional knockout strategy, for example, using the Cre-LoxP system, should be considered for investigating the biochemical background of parturition to overcome these problems. (+info)

Cortisol effects on body mass, blood pressure, and cholesterol in the general population. (2/252)

The effects of excess cortisol secretion on blood pressure and fat deposition are well documented, but the importance of this glucocorticoid in controlling these processes in normal individuals is less clear. We studied the relationship between cortisol excretion rate (tetrahydrocortisol [THF]+allo-THF+tetrahydrocortisone [THE]) and a range of important cardiovascular risk factors in 439 normal subjects (238 male) sampled from the North of Glasgow (Scotland) population. There were marked gender differences: female subjects were lighter and had lower blood pressures and cortisol levels, whereas HDL cholesterol was higher. The pattern of cortisol metabolism was also different; the index of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (THF+allo-THF/THE) was lower and that of 5alpha-reductase (allo-THF/THF) was higher. There was a strong correlation of blood pressure (positive), cholesterol (positive), and HDL cholesterol (negative in women, positive in men) with age. Cortisol excretion rate did not correlate with blood pressure but correlated strongly with parameters of body habitus (body mass index and waist and hip measurements [positive]) and HDL cholesterol (negative). With multiple regression analysis, there remained a significant association of cortisol excretion rate with HDL cholesterol in men and women and with body mass index in men. These results suggest that glucocorticoids regulate key components of cardiovascular risk. (+info)

Activation of human cytochrome P-450 3A4-catalyzed meloxicam 5'-methylhydroxylation by quinidine and hydroquinidine in vitro. (3/252)

In humans, meloxicam is metabolized mainly by cytochrome P-450 (CYP)-dependent hydroxylation of the 5'-methyl group. The predominant P-450 enzyme involved in meloxicam metabolism is CYP 2C9, with a minor contribution of CYP 3A4. Quinidine, a CYP 3A4 substrate commonly used as a selective in vitro inhibitor of CYP 2D6, was found to markedly increase the rate of meloxicam hydroxylation during in vitro experiments with human liver microsomes. A similar activation was observed with other compounds that are structurally related to quinidine. Besides quinidine, quinine and hydroquinidine were the most potent activators of meloxicam hydroxylation. Using expressed cytochrome P-450 enzymes and selective chemical inhibitors of CYP 2C9 and CYP 3A4, it was found that quinidine markedly increased the rate of CYP 3A4-mediated meloxicam hydroxylation but was virtually without effect on CYP 2C9. Kinetic analysis was performed to obtain insight into the possible mechanism of activation of CYP 3A4 and into the mutual interaction of quinidine/hydroquinidine and meloxicam. Quinidine and hydroquinidine decreased Km and increased Vmax of meloxicam hydroxylation, which was consistent with a mixed-type nonessential activation. Meloxicam, in turn, decreased both Km and Vmax of quinidine metabolism by CYP 3A4, indicating an uncompetitive inhibition mechanism. These results support the assumption that CYP 3A4 possesses at least two different substrate-binding sites. A clinically relevant effect on meloxicam drug therapy is not expected, because the most likely outcome in practice is moderately decreased meloxicam plasma concentrations. (+info)

Prostate cancer risk and polymorphism in 17 hydroxylase (CYP17) and steroid reductase (SRD5A2). (4/252)

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in males and is the second most common cause of cancer mortality in American men. Polymorphisms have been identified in two genes, the 17-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 gene (CYP17) and the steroid 5-reductase type II gene (SRD5A2) that are involved with androgen biosynthesis and metabolism. The CYP17 A2 allele contains a T-->C transition in the 5' promoter region that creates an additional Sp1-type (CCACC box) promoter site. The SRD5A2 valine to leucine (V89L) polymorphism has been correlated with lower dihydroxytestosterone levels. We tested genotypes in 108 prostate cases and 167 controls along with samples (n = 340) from several different ethnic groups. The CYP17 A2 allele (combined A1/A2 and A2/A2 genotypes) occurred at a higher frequency in Caucasian patients with prostate cancer (70%) than in Caucasian clinical control urology patients (57%), suggesting that the A2 allele may convey increased risk for prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0-3.0]. Blacks and Caucasians had a similar frequency of the A2 genotype (16 and 17%, respectively) while Taiwanese had the highest frequency (27%). The SRD5A2 leucine genotype was most frequent in Taiwanese (28%), intermediate in Caucasians (8.5%) and lowest in Blacks (2.5%). Genotypes having a SRD5A2 leucine allele were somewhat more common in prostate cancer cases (56%) than in controls (49%) (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.8-2.2) but this difference was not significant. These results support the hypothesis that some allelic variants of genes involved in androgen biosynthesis and metabolism may be associated with prostate cancer risk. (+info)

Male and female isoenzymes of steroid 5alpha-reductase. (5/252)

There are two steroid 5alpha-reductase isoenzymes, designated type 1 and type 2, in mammals and recent experiments show that each plays a unique physiological role. In this article, the hypothesis is developed that the type 1 gene specifies a female isoenzyme, whereas the type 2 gene specifies a male isoenzyme. This idea results from the following observations. First, mutation of the 5alpha-reductase type 1 gene in mice affects reproduction in females by decreasing fecundity and blocking parturition, but has no effect on reproduction in males. Second, mutation of the 5alpha-reductase type 2 gene in mice and men prevents proper virilization but does not affect development or reproductive function in females. Analyses of these diverse phenotypes indicate that the isoenzymes catalyse both anabolic and catabolic reactions in steroid hormone metabolism. (+info)

No mutations found in candidate genes for dystocia. (6/252)

Dystocia is a disorder characterized by prolonged or dysfunctional labour. Delivery that starts late or not at all, leads to an increased risk for Caesarean section, infant morbidity and mortality. Familial aggregations of dystocia suggest a polygenic background. We have studied three candidate genes for dystocia, i.e. the genes for testosterone 5-alpha reductase type 1, prostaglandin F2alpha receptor and endothelin 1 and performed mutational screening in 23 women with dystocia, of which 12 have affected relatives. No mutations were found, making it unlikely that any of these genes represent a major cause of dystocia in man. (+info)

Modulation of hepatic CYP2A1, CYP2C11, and CYP3A9 expression in adult rats by neonatal administration of tamoxifen. (7/252)

To examine the effect of neonatal administration of tamoxifen on adult expression of hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes and steroid 5alpha-reductase, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected s.c. with tamoxifen (20 microg) or peanut oil (control) once daily at days 1 to 5 of age and sacrificed at 3 months of age. Neonatal tamoxifen treatment did not affect b.wt. or liver weight of adult male and female rats, but decreased testicular weight by approximately 40% in adult male rats. Neonatal administration of tamoxifen decreased hepatic microsomal testosterone 6beta- and 7alpha-hydroxylase activities in adult female rats whereas it did not alter steroid 5alpha-reductase activity. The same treatment increased testosterone 7alpha-hydroxylase activity, but did not affect testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase or steroid 5alpha-reductase activity in adult male rats. Immunoblot analysis indicated that neonatal tamoxifen treatment decreased CYP2C11 protein level by 26% and increased CYP2A1 protein content by 2.6-fold in adult male rats, whereas it had no effect on CYP3A or CYP2B protein expression. The reduction in the CYP3A-mediated testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase activity in adult female rats was accompanied by a decrease in CYP3A9 mRNA expression. Analysis of serum hormone levels indicated that neonatal exposure to tamoxifen resulted in a decrease in serum 17beta-estradiol concentration in adult female rats, whereas it did not alter serum testosterone concentration in adult male rats. In summary, treatment of neonatal rats with tamoxifen produced a long-lasting effect on hepatic CYP2A1, CYP2C11, and CYP3A9 expression in addition to testicular weight and serum 17beta-estradiol concentration. (+info)

The V89L polymorphism in the 5alpha-reductase type 2 gene and risk of prostate cancer. (8/252)

5alpha-Reductase type 2, the predominant prostatic isozyme of this protein, converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. It has been hypothesized that individuals with greater 5alpha-reductase activity are at increased risk for prostate cancer (CaP). A single nucleotide polymorphism of the 5alpha-reductase type 2 gene (SRD5A2) gives rise to a substitution of leucine (leu) for valine (val) at codon 89 (V89L), the presence of which may affect serum androstanediol glucuronide (AAG) levels. We studied the effect of this polymorphism on the risk of prostate cancer in a prospective, nested, case-control design within the Physicians' Health Study. In all controls (n = 799), the leu allele frequency was 0.30. Among the 386 controls with plasma AAG levels available, there was no significant association between AAG levels and V89L genotype. We also detected no significant association between risk for CaP and genotype [odds ratio: val/val = 1.0 (reference), leu/val = 0.96 (95% confidence interval, 0.76-1.20), and leu/ leu = 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.57-1.24)]. These data do not support a moderate to large effect of the SRD5A2 V89L polymorphism on plasma AAG levels or CaP risk in this predominantly Caucasian cohort, although a small effect cannot be completely excluded. (+info)

Steroid 5-alpha-reductase 3, also known as 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by ... "Entrez Gene: steroid 5 alpha-reductase 3". Uemura M, Tamura K, Chung S, Honma S, Okuyama A, Nakamura Y, Nakagawa H (January ... Payne AH, Hales DB (2004). "Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones". ... 36 (1): 40-5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. Portal: Biology v t e (Articles with short description, Short description ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRD5A3

Other names in common use include testosterone Delta4-5alpha-reductase, steroid 5alpha-reductase, 3-oxosteroid Delta4- ... dehydrogenase, 5alpha-reductase, steroid 5alpha-hydrogenase, 3-oxosteroid 5alpha-reductase, testosterone Delta4-hydrogenase, 4- ... I Cholestenone 5-alpha-reductase of rat liver". J. Biol. Chem. 241 (4): 946-52. PMID 5907469. Portal: Biology v t e (EC 1.3.1, ... Shefer S, Hauser S, Mosbach EH (1966). "Studies on the biosynthesis of 5-alpha-cholestan-3-beta-ol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholestenone_5alpha-reductase

January 2021). "Crystal structure of steroid reductase SRD5A reveals conserved steroid reduction mechanism". Nature ... alpha polypeptide 1 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha 1)". Nixon M, Upreti R, Andrew R (February 2012). "5α- ... Steroid 5α-reductase (EC 1.3.99.5) catalyzes, among other reactions, the conversion of testosterone into the more potent ... "SRD5A1 steroid 5 alpha-reductase 1 - Homo sapiens (human) - expression". Jenkins EP, Andersson S, Imperato-McGinley J, Wilson ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRD5A1

"SRD5A2 steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 31 August 2021. ... 1992). "Brief report: the molecular basis of steroid 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in a large Dominican kindred". N. Engl. J. ... Andersson S, Berman DM, Jenkins EP, Russell DW (1991). "Deletion of steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 gene in male ... Chávez B, Valdez E, Vilchis F (2000). "Uniparental disomy in steroid 5alpha-reductase 2 deficiency". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRD5A2

Structures of these two agents are identical to endogenous steroid substrates (cholesterole, dehydroepiandorosterone and ... Seeking Alpha". "Tokai Pharmaceuticals takes ax to 60% of workforce after PhIII blowout". August 2016. "Otic Pharma to Become ... which are involved in the sulfation of dehydroepiandrosterone and other steroids and compounds, with Ki values in the sub- ... It has been reported that both of these agents are metabolized to 3-oxo-Δ4-steroids by 3βHSD in short period on oral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeterone

... α-steroid Δ4-dehydrogenase Steroid Δ4-5α-reductase Δ4-3-Keto steroid 5α-reductase Δ4-3-Oxo steroid reductase Δ4-3-Ketosteroid-5 ... alpha -substrate}+NADP+}}} 5α-DHP is a major hormone in circulation of normal cycling and pregnant women. 5α-Reductase is most ... January 2021). "Crystal structure of steroid reductase SRD5A reveals conserved steroid reduction mechanism". Nature ... Paba S, Frau R, Godar SC, Devoto P, Marrosu F, Bortolato M (2011). "Steroid 5α-reductase as a novel therapeutic target for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5α-Reductase

Steroid sulfotransferase (SST) inhibitors prevent the conversion of steroid hormones such as estrone and DHEA into hormonally ... 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) inhibitors prevent the reversible conversion of the weak androgens ... the biosynthesis of endogenous steroids and steroid hormones. They may inhibit the production of cholesterol and other sterols ... Sadozai H (2013). "Steroid sulfatase inhibitors: promising new therapy for breast cancer". J Pak Med Assoc. 63 (4): 509-15. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidogenesis_inhibitor

... alpha to the carbonyl, next to the double bond) of the steroid ring to form an enolate (the rate-limiting step) that is ... KSI in Comamomas testosteroni is used in the degradation pathway of steroids, allowing this bacteria to utilize steroids ... Horinouchi M, Hayashi T, Kudo T (March 2012). "Steroid degradation in Comamonas testosteroni". The Journal of Steroid ... In enzymology, a steroid Δ5-isomerase (EC 5.3.3.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction a 3-oxo-Δ5-steroid ⇌ {\ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_Delta-isomerase

... and found it coupled with and activated the G protein complex composed of the Gi alpha subunit (Gαi) and G beta-gamma complex ( ... steroid production, bone remodeling, parturition, and other pathophysiological events, as outlined here and on the 5-HETE page ... dependent dehydrogenase enzyme viz., (5-Hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase or 5-HEDH) to form 5-oxo-ETE: a) Phospholipid-bound ... The Activation of OXER1 receptor and PPARγ by the oxo analogs can have opposing effects on cell function. For example, 5-oxo- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Oxo-eicosatetraenoic_acid

... steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase MeSH D08.244.453.915.730 - steroid 12-alpha-hydroxylase MeSH D08.244.453.915.737 - steroid 16-alpha ... malate dehydrogenase MeSH D08.811.682.047.748 - malate dehydrogenase (nadp+) MeSH D08.811.682.047.892 - xanthine dehydrogenase ... oxo-acid-lyases MeSH D08.811.520.224.600.200 - anthranilate synthase MeSH D08.811.520.224.600.700 - isocitrate lyase MeSH ... steroid 12-alpha-hydroxylase MeSH D08.811.682.690.708.170.915.737 - steroid 16-alpha-hydroxylase MeSH D08.811.682.690.708.170. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08)

"DHEA metabolites activate estrogen receptors alpha and beta". Steroids. 78 (1): 15-25. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.002. PMC ... Max SR (December 1984). "Androgen-estrogen synergy in rat levator ani muscle: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase". Molecular and ... 7-oxo-DHEA, 7α-hydroxy-DHEA, 16α-hydroxy-DHEA, 7β-hydroxyepiandrosterone, androstenedione (A4), androstenediol (A5), 3α- ... The estrogen steroid hormones are estrane steroids. In 1929, Adolf Butenandt and Edward Adelbert Doisy independently isolated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen

3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder). SNOMED-CT. Hypospadias (NCHS). Details. ... 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder). ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewValueSet.action?id=3177CF11-08C8-DF11-AB08-0015173D1785

Steroid dehydrogenase deficiency and dental anomaly syndrome (disorder) {723583009 , SNOMED-CT } Subaortic stenosis and short ... alpha, alpha-Trehalase deficiency (disorder) {84193000 , SNOMED-CT } Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (disorder) {30188007 , ... Deficiency of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (disorder) {733630004 , SNOMED-CT } Deficiency of aminoacylase 1 (disorder) { ... T-cell receptor alpha-beta-positive T-cell deficiency (disorder) {782750002 , SNOMED-CT } Teebi Shaltout syndrome (disorder) { ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=85995004

3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder) {57514000 , SNOMED-CT } Familial hypomagnesemia ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=363338001

5-alpha reductase deficiency is a condition that affects male sexual development before birth and during puberty. Explore ... The SRD5A2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called steroid 5-alpha reductase 2. This enzyme is involved in ... Gender change in 46,XY persons with 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency. Arch ... The development of female sex characteristics does not require DHT, so a lack of steroid 5-alpha reductase 2 activity does not ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/5-alpha-reductase-deficiency

17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone aldolase deficiency. 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone aldolase deficiency. SNOMED-CT. Birth Defect ... 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency SNOMED-CT. Birth ... 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 1 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 1 SNOMED-CT. Birth Defect Diagnosis. Details. ... 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 2 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type 2 SNOMED-CT. Birth Defect Diagnosis. Details. ...

http://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewValueSet.action?id=41CEDDD3-299F-4B23-9B24-962A965F7119

The SRD5A2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called steroid 5-alpha reductase 2. Learn about this gene and ... Steroid 5 alpha-reductase: two genes/two enzymes. Annu Rev Biochem. 1994;63:25-61. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.63.070194.000325. No ... alpha polypeptide 2 (3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase alpha 2) ... Steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. Endocr Rev. 1993 Oct;14(5):577-93. doi: 10.1210/edrv-14-5-577. Citation on PubMed ...

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3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder) {57514000 , SNOMED-CT } 46,XX disorder of sex development ...

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3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder) {57514000 , SNOMED-CT } Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5- ... alpha-reductase deficiency (disorder) {738771004 , SNOMED-CT } Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (disorder) { ...

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Muscle D-lactate dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder) {287266002 , SNOMED-CT } Muscle L-lactate dehydrogenase deficiency ( ... 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone aldolase deficiency (disorder) {49013001 , SNOMED-CT } 3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ... Proline dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder) {61071003 , SNOMED-CT } Propionic acidemia (disorder) {69080001 , SNOMED-CT } ... Acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder) {82319005 , SNOMED-CT } Adult hypophosphatasia (disorder) {20756002 , ...

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Steroid metabolism disorder marker (substance) {259532007 , SNOMED-CT } Substance with oxidoreductase mechanism of action ( ... dehydrogenase Current Synonym true false 3721889017 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid delta^4^-dehydrogenase Current Synonym true false ...

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3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency SNOMED-CT. ... 3. Opitz-Frias syndrome. Opitz-Frias syndrome. SNOMED-CT. Hypospadias (NCHS). Details. ...

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Steroid 5-alpha-reductase deficiency Current Synonym true false 497912019 5-alpha reductase deficiency Current Synonym true ... Steroid 5a-reductase deficiency Current Synonym true false 95639012 Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias Current Synonym ... 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency (disorder). Code System Preferred Concept Name. 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid ... 3-Oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency Current Synonym true false ...

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An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign ... Steroids: 18537*Androstanes: 8*Androstenes: 4*Finasteride: 1073*turosteride: 2. *17 beta-benzoyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androst-1-ene-3- ... Heterocyclic Steroids: 2*Azasteroids: 1*Finasteride: 1073*turosteride: 2. *17 beta-benzoyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androst-1-ene-3-one: 1 ... 4. Hirsutism 10/01/2002 - "In this study, hirsutism scores decreased significantly at 6 and 12 months in both groups I and II. ...

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1S,9aR,11aS)-6-Chloro-9a,11a-dimethyl-7-oxo-2,3,3a,3b,4,5,7,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[i]phenanthridine-1 ... Pharos Version 3.13.1Pharos Change LogTCRD Version 6.12.4TCRDDownload TCRDSitemap ... 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5--,4-isomerase type 1. 1 Activities. ...

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steroid 9-alpha-monooxygenase activity GO:0050292 * protopine 6-monooxygenase activity GO:0047087 ... 2-oxo-delta3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-monooxygenase activity ... 22S)-22-hydroxy-campest-4-en-3-one C-23 hydroxylase activity ... 6-oxocineole dehydrogenase activity GO:0047597 * beta-amyrin 30 ...

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5-alpha reductase deficiency is a condition that affects male sexual development before birth and during puberty. (medlineplus.gov)
Many people with 5-alpha reductase deficiency are born with external genitalia that appear female. (medlineplus.gov)
Unlike many men, people with 5-alpha reductase deficiency do not develop much facial or body hair. (medlineplus.gov)
Children with 5-alpha reductase deficiency are often raised as girls. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in the SRD5A2 gene cause 5-alpha reductase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
The SRD5A2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called steroid 5-alpha reductase 2. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in the SRD5A2 gene prevent steroid 5-alpha reductase 2 from effectively converting testosterone to DHT in the developing reproductive tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
These hormonal factors underlie the changes in sexual development seen in infants with 5-alpha reductase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers believe that people with 5-alpha reductase deficiency develop secondary male sex characteristics in response to higher levels of this hormone. (medlineplus.gov)
Some affected people also retain a small amount of 5-alpha reductase 2 activity, which may produce DHT and contribute to the development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. (medlineplus.gov)
The development of female sex characteristics does not require DHT, so a lack of steroid 5-alpha reductase 2 activity does not cause physical changes in these individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
in each cell) have the characteristic signs of 5-alpha reductase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
Bahceci M, Ersay AR, Tuzcu A, Hiort O, Richter-Unruh A, Gokalp D. A novel missense mutation of 5-alpha reductase type 2 gene (SRD5A2) leads to severe male pseudohermaphroditism in a Turkish family. (medlineplus.gov)
Steroid 5-alpha-reductase 3, also known as 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SRD5A3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
It is one of three forms of 5α-reductase. (wikipedia.org)
Several polymorphisms have been identified in the steroid 5 alpha-reductase type II gene (SRD5A2), which encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to its more potent metabolite, dihydrotestosterone. (ox.ac.uk)
In particular, we wanted to test the hypotheses that the variant alleles are associated with an increased serum concentration of androstanediol glucuronide, a direct metabolite of dihydrotestosterone and a serum marker of 5 alpha-reductase activity. (ox.ac.uk)
AKR1D1 (aldo-keto reductase 1D1) is the only known human enzyme that stereo-specifically reduces the Delta(4) double bond in 3-keto steroids and sterols to yield the 5beta-hydrogenated product. (rhea-db.org)
Substrate specificity and inhibitor analyses of human steroid 5beta-reductase (AKR1D1). (rhea-db.org)
Human steroid 5β-reductase (aldo-keto reductase 1D1) catalyzes the stereospecific NADPH-dependent reduction of the C4-C5 double bond of Δ(4)-ketosteroids to yield an A/B cis-ring junction. (rhea-db.org)
7 alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7 alpha-HSDH;1 EC 1.1.1.159) is an NAD+-dependent oxidoreductase belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) 1 family. (rcsb.org)
Cholesterol supersaturation of bile appears to be a prerequisite for gallstone formation, which involves a variety of factors that affect the activity of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake, hepatic 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA), acyl cholesterol-lecithin acyltransferase, and 7-alpha hydroxylase. (medscape.com)
Cytochrome b 5 (cyb 5 ) can also contribute reducing power to this system after being reduced by cytochrome b 5 reductase (CYB 5 R). (mdwiki.org)

This enzyme displayed a highly reduced K(m) and V(max) reminiscent of uncompetitive kinetics with 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one as substrate. (rhea-db.org)
The enzyme 7 alpha-HSDH is an alpha/beta doubly wound protein having a Rossmann-fold domain for NAD (H) binding. (rcsb.org)
The following ENZYME entries belong to class 3. (expasy.org)
W. somnifera also reduced the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in the mitochondria of granulation tissue. (henriettesherbal.com)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between the (TA)(n) dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region and the A49T polymorphism (which replaces the normal alanine with threonine at codon 49) in the SRD5A2 gene and serum androgen concentrations in 604 British men. (ox.ac.uk)
The M405V allele of the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase gene is an important marker for glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) low excretors. (ucdenver.edu)
Exogenous Thyroid Hormone Is Associated with Shortened Survival and Upregulation of High-Risk Gene Expression Profiles in Steroid Receptor-Positive Breast Cancers. (ucdenver.edu)

Over-the-Counter "Adrenal Support" Supplements Contain Thyroid and Steroid-Based Adrenal Hormones. (ucdenver.edu)
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Rodrigues MD, Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Leipnitz G, Goodman SI, Woontner M, de Souza DO, Wajner M. Experimental evidence that overexpression of NR2B glutamate receptor subunit is associated with brain vacuolation in adult glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient mice: A potential role for glutamatergic-induced excitotoxicity in GA I neuropathology. (ucdenver.edu)
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Glutaric aciduria type I is an inborn error of metabolism due to the deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. (ucdenver.edu)

In: Biochem Med Metab Biol (1987 Dec) 38(3):272-7 The effect of W. somnifera on glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the granulation tissue of carrageenin-induced air pouch granuloma was studied. (henriettesherbal.com)
In: Indian J Exp Biol (1992 Mar) 30(3):169-72 Withania somnifera is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of a variety of ailments in the Ayurvedic system. (henriettesherbal.com)

In 1963, Estabrook , Cooper , and Rosenthal described the role of CYP as a catalyst in steroid hormone synthesis and drug metabolism. (mdwiki.org)

[11] [12] Some estrogen metabolites, such as the catechol estrogens 2-hydroxyestradiol , 2-hydroxyestrone, 4-hydroxyestradiol, and 4-hydroxyestrone, as well as 16α-hydroxyestrone , are also estrogens with varying degrees of activity. (iiab.me)

[3] While estrogen levels are significantly lower in males compared to females, estrogens nevertheless also have important physiological roles in males. (iiab.me)

This cis-configuration is crucial for bile acid biosynthesis and plays important roles in steroid metabolism. (rhea-db.org)

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The crystal structure of the ternary complex of 7 alpha-HSDH, which is the only structure available as the ternary complex among the enzymes of the SDR family, indicates that the highly conserved Tyr159 and Ser146 residues most probably directly interact with the hydroxyl group of the substrates although this observation cannot be definite due to an insufficiently characterized nature of the ternary complex. (rcsb.org)
The strictly conserved Lys163 is hydrogen-bonded to both the 2'- and 3'-hydroxyl groups of the nicotinamide ribose of NAD(H). We propose a new catalytic mechanism possibly common to all the enzymes belonging to the SDR family in which a tyrosine residue (Tyr159) acts as a catalytic base and a serine residue (Ser146) plays a subsidiary role of stabilizing substrate binding. (rcsb.org)

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Alcoholic extract of the root of the plant was injected(ip) at daily doses of 200 to 1000 mg/kg body wt for 15 days starting from 24 hr after intradermal inoculation of 5 x 10(5) cells of S-180 in BALB/c mice. (henriettesherbal.com)

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Ashwagandha (AT) was injected (ip) at a dose of 500 mg/kg body wt for 10 consecutive days into mouse bearing tumor of 50 +/- 5 mm3, with or without a local treatment of 10 Gy gamma radiation (RT) or hyperthermia at 43 degrees C for 30 min (HT) or both on 5th day of AT. (henriettesherbal.com)

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Upon substrate binding, large conformation changes occur at the substrate binding loop (between the beta F strand and alpha G helix) and the C-terminal segment (residues 250-255). (rcsb.org)

The total, obstructive and non-obstructive symptom scores decreased (improved) for patients on 1 and 5 mg finasteride, with the total score reducing by 33% from baseline at year 3. (curehunter.com)
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EXPERIENTIA***** Chakraborti SK De BK Bandyopadhyay T Variations in the Antitumor Constituents OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA In: Experientia (1974) 30(8):852-853 4beta, 20alpha-dihydroxy-1-oxo- 5beta,6beta-epoxy-witha-2,24-dienolide was purified from the leaves of Withania somnifera from West Bengal and identified as the active antitumor principle, as compared to Withaferin A from the same species occurring in Tamil Nadu. (henriettesherbal.com)

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This combination also significantly and synergistically depleted the tumor GSH level, with no recovery even at 3 hr after treatment. (henriettesherbal.com)
Here, we investigated the effects of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibition via lithium chloride (LiCl) treatment on SERCA uncoupling in skeletal muscle and UCP1 expression in adipose. (jbc.org)

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Anatomy8

Organisms8

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs177

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment17

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

What knockout mice can tell us about parturition. (1/252)

Cortisol effects on body mass, blood pressure, and cholesterol in the general population. (2/252)

Activation of human cytochrome P-450 3A4-catalyzed meloxicam 5'-methylhydroxylation by quinidine and hydroquinidine in vitro. (3/252)

Prostate cancer risk and polymorphism in 17 hydroxylase (CYP17) and steroid reductase (SRD5A2). (4/252)

Male and female isoenzymes of steroid 5alpha-reductase. (5/252)

No mutations found in candidate genes for dystocia. (6/252)

Modulation of hepatic CYP2A1, CYP2C11, and CYP3A9 expression in adult rats by neonatal administration of tamoxifen. (7/252)

The V89L polymorphism in the 5alpha-reductase type 2 gene and risk of prostate cancer. (8/252)

Steroids

L-Lactate Dehydrogenase

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase

Malate Dehydrogenase

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Alcohol Oxidoreductases

Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase

Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Ketone Oxidoreductases

L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase

3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)

Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase

NAD

Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase

Kinetics

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

Glucose Dehydrogenases

Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase

Molecular Sequence Data

Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases

NADH Dehydrogenase

IMP Dehydrogenase

Lactate Dehydrogenases

Gonadal Steroid Hormones

Receptors, Steroid

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase

Formate Dehydrogenases

Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase

Oxidoreductases

Xanthine Dehydrogenase

alpha 1-Antitrypsin

Amino Acid Sequence

Base Sequence

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

NADP

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)

Oxidation-Reduction

Keto Acids

Multienzyme Complexes

Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP)

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Dehydrogenase

Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

3-alpha-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (B-Specific)

Liver

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1

Substrate Specificity

Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha

Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases

Isoenzymes

20-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit

Binding Sites

Alanine Dehydrogenase

Mannitol Dehydrogenases

Cloning, Molecular

Retinal Dehydrogenase

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+)

Butyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2

Estradiol Dehydrogenases

Decarboxylation

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain

Escherichia coli

Mutation

Progesterone

Homoserine Dehydrogenase

Protein Binding

Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase

3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase