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3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenaseortho-AminobenzoatesKynurenineOxazinesStreptomyces antibioticusXanthurenatesTryptophanNiacinQuinolinic AcidOxygenasesIndoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-DioxygenaseDioxygenasesStreptomycesBasidiomycotaFree Radical ScavengersChromatography, Thin LayerQuinolinic AcidsCorpus StriatumDictionaries, MedicalInflammationImmunity, InnateT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryCell DifferentiationFungiTh2 CellsAcetylserotonin O-MethyltransferaseKynurenic AcidFas-Associated Death Domain ProteinApoptosisCaspasesCaspase 8Antigens, CD95Fas Ligand ProteinCaspase 3International CooperationIntracranial AneurysmAneurysmRegistriesAneurysm, InfectedHypermediaGenetic LinkageCryptococcus gattiiCryptococcus neoformansCryptococcusCryptococcosisD-Amino-Acid OxidaseCandida albicansGastrointestinal TractMetagenomeMicrobiotaIntestinesReceptors, Aryl HydrocarbonSkatole
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde. It was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.6.ortho-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 2 or 6 of the benzene ring structure.KynurenineOxazines: Six-membered heterocycles containing an oxygen and a nitrogen.Streptomyces antibioticus: An actinomycete from which the antibiotic OLEANDOMYCIN is obtained.XanthurenatesTryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.Oxygenases: Oxidases that specifically introduce DIOXYGEN-derived oxygen atoms into a variety of organic molecules.Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase: A dioxygenase with specificity for the oxidation of the indoleamine ring of TRYPTOPHAN. It is an extrahepatic enzyme that plays a role in metabolism as the first and rate limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of TRYPTOPHAN catabolism.Dioxygenases: Non-heme iron-containing enzymes that incorporate two atoms of OXYGEN into the substrate. They are important in biosynthesis of FLAVONOIDS; GIBBERELLINS; and HYOSCYAMINE; and for degradation of AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.Streptomyces: A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.Basidiomycota: A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.Free Radical Scavengers: Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries.Chromatography, Thin Layer: Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Quinolinic AcidsCorpus Striatum: Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.Dictionaries, MedicalInflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.Immunity, Innate: The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory: CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.Th2 Cells: Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.Acetylserotonin O-Methyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N-acetylserotonin to form N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (MELATONIN).Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein: A signal-transducing adaptor protein that associates with TNF RECEPTOR complexes. It contains a death effector domain that can interact with death effector domains found on INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 8 and CASPASE 10. Activation of CASPASES via interaction with this protein plays a role in the signaling cascade that leads to APOPTOSIS.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Caspases: A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.Caspase 8: A long pro-domain caspase that contains a death effector domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 8 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its N-terminal death effector domain with DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.Antigens, CD95: A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype found in a variety of tissues and on activated LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for FAS LIGAND and plays a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. Multiple isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.Fas Ligand Protein: A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that was originally discovered on cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage, including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It plays an important role in immune homeostasis and cell-mediated toxicity by binding to the FAS RECEPTOR and triggering APOPTOSIS.Caspase 3: A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.International Cooperation: The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest.Intracranial Aneurysm: Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)Aneurysm: Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.Aneurysm, Infected: Aneurysm due to growth of microorganisms in the arterial wall, or infection arising within preexisting arteriosclerotic aneurysms.Hypermedia: Computerized compilations of information units (text, sound, graphics, and/or video) interconnected by logical nonlinear linkages that enable users to follow optimal paths through the material and also the systems used to create and display this information. (From Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1994)Genetic Linkage: The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.Cryptococcus gattii: A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella bacillispora.Cryptococcus neoformans: A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans.Cryptococcus: A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.D-Amino-Acid OxidaseCandida albicans: A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).Gastrointestinal Tract: Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).Metagenome: A collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community.Microbiota: The full collection of microbes (bacteria, fungi, virus, etc.) that naturally exist within a particular biological niche such as an organism, soil, a body of water, etc.Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon: Cytoplasmic proteins that bind certain aryl hydrocarbons, translocate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of particular DNA segments. AH receptors are identified by their high-affinity binding to several carcinogenic or teratogenic environmental chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in cigarette smoke and smog, heterocyclic amines found in cooked foods, and halogenated hydrocarbons including dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls. No endogenous ligand has been identified, but an unknown natural messenger with a role in cell differentiation and development is suspected.Skatole

Influence of adenine-induced renal failure on tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats. (1/40)

To discover the role of the kidney in tryptophan degradation, especially tryptophan to niacin, rat kidneys were injured by feeding a diet containing a large amount of adenine. The kidney contains very high activity of aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD), which leads tryptophan into the glutaric acid pathway and then the TCA cycle, but not to the niacin pathway. On the other hand, kidneys contain significant activity of quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT), which leads tryptophan into the niacin pathway. The ACMSD activity in kidneys were significantly lower in the adenine group than in the control group, while the QPRT activity was almost the same, however, the formations of niacin and its compounds such as N1-methylnicotinamide and its pyridones did not increase, and therefore, the conversion ratio of tryptophan to niacin was lower in the adenine group than in the control group. The contents of NAD and NADP in liver, kidney, and blood were also lower in the adenine group. The decreased levels of niacin and the related compounds were consistent with the changes in the enzyme activities involved in the tryptophan-niacin metabolism in liver. It was concluded from these results that the conversion of tryptophan to niacin is due to only the liver enzymes and that the role of the kidney would be extremely low.  (+info)

Inhibition of allogeneic T cell proliferation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing dendritic cells: mediation of suppression by tryptophan metabolites. (2/40)

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme involved in the catabolism of tryptophan, is expressed in certain cells and tissues, particularly in antigen-presenting cells of lymphoid organs and in the placenta. It was shown that IDO prevents rejection of the fetus during pregnancy, probably by inhibiting alloreactive T cells, and it was suggested that IDO-expression in antigen-presenting cells may control autoreactive immune responses. Degradation of tryptophan, an essential amino acid required for cell proliferation, was reported to be the mechanism of IDO-induced T cell suppression. Because we wanted to study the action of IDO-expressing dendritic cells (DCs) on allogeneic T cells, the human IDO gene was inserted into an adenoviral vector and expressed in DCs. Transgenic DCs decreased the concentration of tryptophan, increased the concentration of kynurenine, the main tryptophan metabolite, and suppressed allogeneic T cell proliferation in vitro. Kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, but no other IDO-induced tryptophan metabolites, suppressed the T cell response, the suppressive effects being additive. T cells, once stopped in their proliferation, could not be restimulated. Inhibition of proliferation was likely due to T cell death because suppressive tryptophan catabolites exerted a cytotoxic action on CD3(+) cells. This action preferentially affected activated T cells and increased gradually with exposure time. In addition to T cells, B and natural killer (NK) cells were also killed, whereas DCs were not affected. Our findings shed light on suppressive mechanisms mediated by DCs and provide an explanation for important biological processes in which IDO activity apparently is increased, such as protection of the fetus from rejection during pregnancy and possibly T cell death in HIV-infected patients.  (+info)

T cell apoptosis by tryptophan catabolism. (3/40)

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme that, expressed by different cell types, has regulatory effects on T cells resulting from tryptophan depletion in specific local tissue microenvironments. Different mechanisms, however, might contribute to IDO-dependent immune regulation. We show here that tryptophan metabolites in the kynurenine pathway, such as 3-hydroxyanthranilic and quinolinic acids, will induce the selective apoptosis in vitro of murine thymocytes and of Th1 but not Th2 cells. T cell apoptosis was observed at relatively low concentrations of kynurenines, did not require Fas/Fas ligand interactions, and was associated with the activation of caspase-8 and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. When administered in vivo, the two kynurenines caused depletion of specific thymocyte subsets in a fashion qualitatively similar to dexamethasone. These data suggest that the selective deletion of T lymphocytes may be a major mechanism whereby tryptophan metabolism affects immunity under physiopathologic conditions.  (+info)

Prokaryotic homologs of the eukaryotic 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase and 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase in the 2-nitrobenzoate degradation pathway of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain KU-7. (4/40)

The 2-nitrobenzoic acid degradation pathway of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain KU-7 proceeds via a novel 3-hydroxyanthranilate intermediate. In this study, we cloned and sequenced a 19-kb DNA locus of strain KU-7 that encompasses the 3-hydroxyanthranilate meta-cleavage pathway genes. The gene cluster, designated nbaEXHJIGFCDR, is organized tightly and in the same direction. The nbaC and nbaD gene products were found to be novel homologs of the eukaryotic 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase and 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase, respectively. The NbaC enzyme carries out the oxidation of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde, while the NbaD enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of the latter compound to 2-aminomuconate-6-semialdehyde. The NbaC and NbaD proteins were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. The substrate specificity of the 23.8-kDa NbaC protein was found to be restricted to 3-hydroxyanthranilate. In E. coli, this enzyme oxidizes 3-hydroxyanthranilate with a specific activity of 8 U/mg of protein. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed the essential role of two conserved histidine residues (His52 and His96) in the NbaC sequence. The NbaC activity is also dependent on the presence of Fe(2+) but is inhibited by other metal ions, such as Zn(2+), Cu(2+), and Cd(2+). The NbaD protein was overproduced as a 38.7-kDa protein, and its specific activity towards 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde was 195 U/mg of protein. Further processing of 2-aminomuconate-6-semialdehyde to pyruvic acid and acetyl coenzyme A was predicted to proceed via the activities of NbaE, NbaF, NbaG, NbaH, NbaI, and NbaJ. The predicted amino acid sequences of these proteins are highly homologous to those of the corresponding proteins involved in the metabolism of 2-aminophenol (e.g., AmnCDEFGH in Pseudomonas sp. strain AP-3). The NbaR-encoding gene is predicted to have a regulatory function of the LysR family type. The function of the product of the small open reading frame, NbaX, like the homologous sequences in the nitrobenzene or 2-aminophenol metabolic pathway, remains elusive.  (+info)

First evidence of catalytic mediation by phenolic compounds in the laccase-induced oxidation of lignin models. (5/40)

The sulfonephthalein indicator, phenol red, exhibits an unusually slow rate of oxidation by laccase from Poliporus pinsitus, in spite of the fact that it is a phenol and therefore a natural substrate for this phenoloxidase enzyme. Nevertheless, after prolonged exposure to laccase (24 h) phenol red is oxidized by more than 90%. We found that phenol red, which can be oxidatively converted into a resonance-stabilized phenoxy radical, performs as a mediator in the laccase-catalyzed oxidation of a nonphenolic substrate (4-methoxybenzyl alcohol) and also of a hindered phenol (2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol). In particular, phenol red was found to be at least 10 times more efficient than 3-hydroxyanthranilate (a reported natural phenolic mediator of laccase) in the oxidation of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol. Other phenols, which do not bear structural analogies to phenol red, underwent rapid degradation and did not perform as laccase mediators. On the other hand, several variously substituted sulfonephthaleins, of different pK2 values, mediated the laccase catalysis, the most efficient being dichlorophenol red, which has the lowest pK2 of the series. The mediating efficiency of phenol red and dichlorophenol red was found to be pH dependent, as was their oxidation Ep value (determined by cyclic voltammetry). We argue that the relative abundance of the phenoxy anion, which is easier to oxidize than the protonated phenol, may be one of the factors determining the efficiency of a phenolic mediator, together with its ability to form relatively stable oxidized intermediates that react with the desired substrate before being depleted in undesired routes.  (+info)

Excretion of anthranilate and 3-hydroxyanthranilate by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: relationship to iron metabolism. (6/40)

Resting suspensions of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in iron-rich or iron-deficient conditions were studied by following the fluorescence emission changes (lambda em. 400-460 nm, lambda exc. 300-340 nm) occurring in these suspensions upon addition of glucose and ferric iron. The results show that, in addition to NAD(P)H, metabolites of the aromatic amino acid pathway interfere with the fluorescence measurements, and that they could be involved in ferric iron reduction. Wild-type strains of S. cerevisiae are known to excreted anthranilic acid and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in response to glucose. The major fluorescing compound excreted by a chorismate-mutase-deficient mutant strain of S. cerevisiae was identified as anthranilic acid. The excretion of anthranilic and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acids was correlated with the ferric-reducing capacity of the extracellular medium. Excretion during growth was much greater by cells cultured in iron-rich medium than by cells grown in iron-deficient medium. The possibility was examined that a link could exist between the biosynthesis of aromatics and the ferri-reductase activity of the cells, via chorismate synthase and its putative diaphorase-associated activity. Two ferri-reductase-deficient mutants excreted much less 3-hydroxyanthranilate than did the parental wild-type strains. However, the ferri-reductase activity of a chorismate-synthase-deficient mutant was comparable to that of the parental strain.  (+info)

Inducible and constitutive kynureninases. Control of the inducible enzyme activity by transamination and inhibition of the constitutive enzyme by 3-hydroxyanthranilate. (7/40)

The inducible kynureninase from Neurospora crassa is inactivated by incubation with L-alanine or L-ornithine. The inactivated enzyme is resolved to the apoenzyme by dialysis. Reactivation of the apoenzyme is achieved by incubation with pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate plus pyruvate, as well as with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The kynurenine hydrolysis proceeds linearly in the presence of added pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, or pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate plus pyruvate. These findings indicate that the fungal inducible kynureninase can act as an amino-transferase to control the enzyme activity, and that the control mechanism is similar to that reported for the bacterial kynureninase (Moriguchi, M. & Soda, K. (1973) Biochemistry 12, 2974-2980). The ratio of kynureninase activity to aminotransferase activity was determined with bacterial and fungal enzymes. All the inducible kynureninases from various fungal species examined are also controlled by the transamination. In contrast, the pig liver kynureninase and the fungal constitutive enzymes are little or not at all affected by preincubation with amino acids. Thus, the present regulatory mechanism does not operate in these constitutive-type enzymes. The rate of hydrolysis of L-3-hydroxykynurenine by the pig liver enzyme decreases with increase in the incubation time; the enzyme is inhibited by 3-hydroxyanthranilate produced from L-3-hydroxykynurenine. The inhibition is found in all the constitutive-type enzymes, suggesting that 3-hydroxyanthranilate plays a regulatory role in NAD biosynthesis from tryptophan.  (+info)

Characterization of a pseudomonad 2-nitrobenzoate nitroreductase and its catabolic pathway-associated 2-hydroxylaminobenzoate mutase and a chemoreceptor involved in 2-nitrobenzoate chemotaxis. (8/40)

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain KU-7 is a prototype microorganism that metabolizes 2-nitrobenzoate (2-NBA) via the formation of 3-hydroxyanthranilate (3-HAA), a known antioxidant and reductant. The initial two steps leading to the sequential formation of 2-hydroxy/aminobenzoate and 3-HAA are catalyzed by a NADPH-dependent 2-NBA nitroreductase (NbaA) and 2-hydroxylaminobenzoate mutase (NbaB), respectively. The 216-amino-acid protein NbaA is 78% identical to a plasmid-encoded hypothetical conserved protein of Polaromonas strain JS666; structurally, it belongs to the homodimeric NADH:flavin mononucleotide (FMN) oxidoreductase-like fold family. Structural modeling of complexes with the flavin, coenzyme, and substrate suggested specific residues contributing to the NbaA catalytic activity, assuming a ping-pong reaction mechanism. Mutational analysis supports the roles of Asn40, Asp76, and Glu113, which are predicted to form the binding site for a divalent metal ion implicated in FMN binding, and a role in NADPH binding for the 10-residue insertion in the beta5-alpha2 loop. The 181-amino-acid sequence of NbaB is 35% identical to the 4-hydroxylaminobenzoate lyases (PnbBs) of various 4-nitrobenzoate-assimilating bacteria, e.g., Pseudomonas putida strain TW3. Coexpression of nbaB with nbaA in Escherichia coli produced a small amount of 3-HAA from 2-NBA, supporting the functionality of the nbaB gene. We also showed by gene knockout and chemotaxis assays that nbaY, a chemoreceptor NahY homolog located downstream of the nbaA gene, is responsible for strain KU-7 being attracted to 2-NBA. NbaY is the first chemoreceptor in nitroaromatic metabolism to be identified, and this study completes the gene elucidation of 2-NBA metabolism that is localized within a 24-kb chromosomal locus of strain KU-7.  (+info)

3-hydroxyanthranilic acid | definition of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid by Medical dictionary3-hydroxyanthranilic acid | definition of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in the Medical Dictionary? 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid explanation free. What is 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid? Meaning of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid medical term. What does 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid mean?
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5-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid containing medications, 5-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid indications and usages ATC and ICD codes, combinations with other active ingredients and trade names information from Drugs-about.com
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Glutamate, the major transmitter of the corticostriatal pathway, is present in abundance in the striatum. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase (3HAO) is the biosynthetic enzyme for quinolinic acid, an endogenous agonist of the NMDA glutamate receptor subtype and a potent neurotoxin. In order to explore the anatomical basis of possible functional interactions between glutamate and quinolinic acid in the rat striatum, pre- and postembedding immunocytochemical methods were used to localize 3HAO immunoreactivity (-i) and glutamate-i at the electron microscopic level. In accordance with previous light microscopic and biochemical studies, 3HAO-i was detected exclusively in astrocytes throughout the striatum. Notably, 3HAO-i was present in fine- caliber glial processes that often surrounded or abutted synaptic profiles, both asymmetric and symmetric. Glutamate-i was heavily deposited (3-13-fold higher gold particle density than tissue average) in axon terminals forming asymmetric synapses with spines ...
Citation tools | CirculationCitation tools | Circulation
Wang, Qiongxin et al "Tryptophan-Derived 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid Contributes to Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Mice In Vivo." Circulation (2017): CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030972. Web. 22 Jan. 2018. ...
岩木 宏明 - 化学生命工学部 生命・生物工学科岩木 宏明 - 化学生命工学部 生命・生物工学科
論文Prokaryotic homologs of the eukaryotic 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase and 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase in the degradation pathway of 2-nitrobenzoate by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain KU-7査読有学術雑誌共著岩木 宏明;T.Muraki;M.Taki;Y.Hasegawa;H.Iwaki;P.C.K.Lau;adipic acid;green chemistry;Acinetobacter;gene cloning;Biodegradation;Cyclohexanol;Appl. Enviorn. Microbiol.69巻３号 1564-1572頁2003年3月 英文The 2-nitrobenzoic acid degradation pathway of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain KU-7 proceeds via a novel 3-hydroxyanthranilate intermediate.In this study, we cloned and sequenced a 19-kb DNA locus of strain KU-7 that enocompasses the 3-hydroxyanthranilate meta-cleavage pathway genes.The gene cluster, designated nbaEX HJIGFCDR, is organized tightly and in the same derection.The nbaC and nbaDgene products were found to be novel homologs of the eukaryotic 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase and 2-amino-3carboxymuconate-6semialdehyde ...
Experimental Vitamin B6 Deficiency and the Effect of Oestrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives on Tryptophan Metabolism and...Experimental Vitamin B6 Deficiency and the Effect of Oestrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives on Tryptophan Metabolism and...
1. A vitamin B6-deficient diet was fed to an adult male subject to confirm previously described changes in tryptophan metabolism and urinary 4-pyridoxic acid excretion, and erythrocyte alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities.. 2. The results were compared with those obtained in women taking oestrogen-containing oral contraceptives.. 3. The development of dietary vitamin B6 deficiency was indicated by decreased 4-pyridoxic acid excretion, increased urinary concentrations of xanthurenic acid, kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine, an elevated 3-hydroxykynurenine/3-hydroxyanthranilic acid ratio and impaired erythrocyte aminotransferase activities.. 4. Tryptophan metabolites and 4-pyridoxic acid excretion were determined in thirty-one women when they had been taking an oral contraceptive for 6-36 months. Of these, twenty-six had abnormal tryptophan metabolism, but the 4-pyridoxic acid was decreased in only seven. In six of these seven a raised 3-hydroxykynurenine/3-hydroxyanthranilic acid ...
Iron in the structure of Crystal Structure of 3-Hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-Dioxygenase From Ralstonia Metallidurans Complexed With...Iron in the structure of Crystal Structure of 3-Hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-Dioxygenase From Ralstonia Metallidurans Complexed With...
Mono- and Stereopictres of 5.0 Angstrom coordination sphere of Iron atom in PDB 1yfy: Crystal Structure of 3-Hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-Dioxygenase From Ralstonia Metallidurans Complexed With 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid
Reactome | 3-hydroxykynurenine + H2O => 3-hydroxyanthranilate +...Reactome | 3-hydroxykynurenine + H2O => 3-hydroxyanthranilate +...
Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge.
Anthranilic acid based CCK1 receptor antagonists and CCK-8 have a common step in their receptor desmodynamic processes.Anthranilic acid based CCK1 receptor antagonists and CCK-8 have a common step in their 'receptor desmodynamic processes'.
The interaction between the 1-47 N-terminus of the CCK(1)-R and the anthranilic acid based antagonists has been investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. These antagonists interact with W39 of the N-terminal domain of the CCK(1)-R like that of the e
Publications | Nair Lab - University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignPublications | Nair Lab - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Ortega, M.A., Cogan, D.P., Mukherjee, S., Garg, N., Li, B., Thibodeaux, G.N., Maffioli, S.I., Donadio, S., Sosio, M., Escano, J., Smith, L., Nair, S.K.*, and van der Donk, W.A. (2017) "Two Flavoenzymes Catalyze the Post-translational Generation of 5-Chlorotryptophan and Aminovinyl-Cysteine During NAI-107 Biosynthesis." ACS Chem. Bio. 12, 548-557. (*Corresponding author ...
Holistic Tinnitus SecretsHolistic Tinnitus Secrets
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ICSC 1295 - ANTHRANILIC ACIDICSC 1295 - ANTHRANILIC ACID
Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment ...
ICSC 1295 - ANTHRANILIC ACIDICSC 1295 - ANTHRANILIC ACID
Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment ...
The Auditorium Drops B L U E - ohesteeThe Auditorium Drops 'B L U E ' - ohestee
The Auditoriums B L_U E_ is haunting, melancholic refrain, a reflection of the minuscule feeling you feel when you realize how big the world really is.
Comprehension is hard - The Britalian PostComprehension is hard - The Britalian Post
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Patent US8203016 - Anthranilic acid amides and derivatives thereof as cosmetic and ... - Google PatentsPatent US8203016 - Anthranilic acid amides and derivatives thereof as cosmetic and ... - Google Patents
The use of specific compounds of the Formula 1 (and also corresponding mixtures) in particular as cosmetic agents for the inhibition of the substance P-induced release of histamine from mast cells is described.
Methyl nitrobenzoate melting point. What is the melting point of methyl m. 2019-01-06Methyl nitrobenzoate melting point. What is the melting point of methyl m. 2019-01-06
Methyl nitrobenzoate melting point.Thus, the formation of byproduct increased immediately and reduced the amount of product aquired during the end of the experiment.
Metabolism and function of brain kynurenines | Biochemical Society TransactionsMetabolism and function of brain kynurenines | Biochemical Society Transactions
Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Biochemical Society Transactions.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...
Pull-Out School Music Classes - Childrens Music WorkshopPull-Out School Music Classes - Children's Music Workshop
Pull-Out School Music Classes. "Pull-outs have become almost a nightmare for many elementary school principals, who view the practice as a kind of pernicious anemia that attacks whole-class instruction time. Once pull-outs take hold in a school, there appears to be no end to them, and no way to rid the instructional program of their debilitating impact."- From "Pull-outs: How much do they erode whole-class teaching?" by F. English, appearing in Principal, May 1984, p. 32.. BACKGROUND. Many school instrumental music programs remove students from aregular classroom for individual or small-group instrumentalinstruction. Often, this practice causes tension among teachers and administrators. Many of those opposed to pull-out lessons are concerned that students will fall behind in their academic performance by missing classroom instruction time. In the study described below, the test scores of students who leave theirclassroom for thirty-minute string instrument lessons twice each week are compared to ...
Electroconvulsive therapy suppresses the neurotoxic branch of the kynurenine pathway in treatment-resistant depressed patients ...Electroconvulsive therapy suppresses the neurotoxic branch of the kynurenine pathway in treatment-resistant depressed patients ...
In the present study, we investigated the peripheral concentration of cytokines and kynurenine metabolites in unipolar patients diagnosed with an ongoing severe major depressive episode. Our data, showing increased plasma levels of IL-6, decreased KYNA levels, and an increased QUIN/KYNA ratio in these patients, supports the view of an ongoing low-grade inflammation [42] and an imbalanced kynurenine pathway [30-33] in MDD. The finding that the QUIN/KYNA ratio was increased in patients supports the hypothesis of a netstimulation of NMDA receptors in depression [30-33]. The observation of low plasma KYNA was confirmed in a second, age- and gender-matched, healthy control cohort. Furthermore, we found that treatment with ECT induced major changes in peripheral kynurenine metabolites in patients with MDD. Thus, plasma levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, and QUIN significantly decreased after a series of three ECT administrations whereas plasma levels of KYNA did not change. Interestingly, following ...
H2O2-induced Ca2+ influx and its inhibition by N-(p-amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid in the beta-cells : involvement of TRPM2...H2O2-induced Ca2+ influx and its inhibition by N-(p-amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid in the beta-cells : involvement of TRPM2...
Type 2 melastatin-related transient receptor potential channel (TRPM2), a member of the melastatin-related TRP (transient receptor potential) subfamily is a Ca(2+)-permeable channel activated by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). We have investigated the role of TRPM2 channels in mediating the H(2)O(2)-induced increase in the cytoplasmic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in insulin-secreting cells. In fura-2 loaded INS-1E cells, a widely used model of beta-cells, and in human beta-cells, H(2)O(2) increased [Ca(2+)](i), in the presence of 3 mM glucose, by inducing Ca(2+) influx across the plasma membrane. H(2)O(2)-induced Ca(2+) influx was not blocked by nimodipine, a blocker of the L-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels nor by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, a blocker of several TRP channels and store-operated channels, but it was completely blocked by N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (ACA), a potent inhibitor of TRPM2. Adenosine diphosphate phosphate ribose, a specific activator of TRPM2 ...
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ANTHRANILIC ACID DERIVATIVES - Patent applicationANTHRANILIC ACID DERIVATIVES - Patent application
24. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 5-(2,4-Dichloro-benzyloxy)-2-propionylamino-benzoic acid, 5-(4-Bromo-2-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-2-(cyclopropanecarbonyl-amino)-be- nzoic acid, 5-(4-Fluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-2-propionylamino-benzoic acid, 5-(2,4-Bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-2-propionylamino-benzoic acid, 5-(4-Chloro-2-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-2-propionylamino-benzoic acid, 5-(2-Chloro-4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-2-propionylamino-benzoic acid, 2-(Cyclopropanecarbonyl-amino)-5-(4-fluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-b- enzoic acid, 5-(2-Bromo-4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-2-propionylamino-benzoic acid, 5-(2-Fluoro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-2-propionylamino-benzoic acid, 5-(2-Bromo-4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-2-propionylamino-benzoic acid, 5-(4-Chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-2-propionylamino-benzoic acid, 5-(3,4-Dibromo-benzyloxy)-2-propionylamino-benzoic acid, 5-(4-Bromo-3-chloro-benzyloxy)-2-propionylamino-benzoic acid, ...
PFLU 6020 - Uncharacterized protein - Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain SBW25) - PFLU 6020 gene & proteinPFLU 6020 - Uncharacterized protein - Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain SBW25) - PFLU 6020 gene & protein
p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class="publication">Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href="http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php">Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...
Ethyl 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoate 16588-17-3 H-NMR | C-NMR Spectral Analysis NMR SpectrumEthyl 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoate 16588-17-3 H-NMR | C-NMR Spectral Analysis NMR Spectrum
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Methyl 4-(butyrylamino)-3-methyl-5-nitrobenzoate 152628-01-8 H-NMR | C-NMR Spectral Analysis NMR SpectrumMethyl 4-(butyrylamino)-3-methyl-5-nitrobenzoate 152628-01-8 H-NMR | C-NMR Spectral Analysis NMR Spectrum
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Search Articles | University of Toronto LibrariesSearch Articles | University of Toronto Libraries
One-pot synthesis of various 2,3-polymethylene-4(3H)-quinazolinones from anthranilic acid, corresponding lactam and SOCl2 is described, which can be applicable to the synthesis of simple 4(3H ...
Furosemide Injection USP » SGPharmaFurosemide Injection USP » SGPharma
FUROSEMIDE INJECTION USP (Furosemide) is a potent diuretic with rapid action which is an anthranilic acid derivative. Chemically, Furosemide is 4-chloro-N-furfuryl-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid. The molecular formula is C12H11CIN2O5S and molecular weight is 330.74.
Cake Wrecks: Theyre Coming to Take Me Away, Ha Haa!Cake Wrecks: They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha Haa!
When I was a kid, the local bakery made "frogs" for St. Patricks day - which are pretty much what the green blobs looked like, only better. My birthday is March 15th, so my aunt would buy "frogs" for the family. My older brother never ate his, we just thought it was because he wasnt much of a sweets person. Last year, he reavealed it was because of the brains in the frog. The base was yellow cupcake, topped with pink cream (later pink marshmallow), then covered with green fondant, with the face piped on. He said they gave him nightmares, and my aunt bought these for like, 15 years. I thought they were the best things ever!!. ...
Cake Wrecks: Theyre Coming to Take Me Away, Ha Haa!Cake Wrecks: They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha Haa!
When I was a kid, the local bakery made "frogs" for St. Patricks day - which are pretty much what the green blobs looked like, only better. My birthday is March 15th, so my aunt would buy "frogs" for the family. My older brother never ate his, we just thought it was because he wasnt much of a sweets person. Last year, he reavealed it was because of the brains in the frog. The base was yellow cupcake, topped with pink cream (later pink marshmallow), then covered with green fondant, with the face piped on. He said they gave him nightmares, and my aunt bought these for like, 15 years. I thought they were the best things ever!!. ...
Frontiers | Vasorelaxing Action of the Kynurenine Metabolite, Xanthurenic Acid: The Missing Link in Endotoxin-Induced...Frontiers | Vasorelaxing Action of the Kynurenine Metabolite, Xanthurenic Acid: The Missing Link in Endotoxin-Induced...
The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism is activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. L-kynurenine, an upstream metabolite of the pathway, acts as a putative endothelium-derived relaxing factor, and has been hypothesized to play a causative role in the pathophysiology of inflammation-induced hypotension. Here, we show that xanthurenic acid, the transamination product of 3-hydroxykynurenine, is more efficacious than L-kynurenine in causing relaxation of a resistance artery, but fails to relax pre-contracted aortic rings. In the mesenteric artery, xanthurenic acid enhanced activating phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and the relaxing action of xanthurenic acid was abrogated by pharmacological inhibition of NOS and endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). Systemic injection of xanthurenic acid reduced blood pressure in mice, and serum levels of xanthurenic acid increased by several fold in response to a pulse with the endotoxin, lipopolysaccaride (LPS). LPS-induced
Antimicrobial activity of peptides derived from human ss-amyloid precursor proteinAntimicrobial activity of peptides derived from human ss-amyloid precursor protein
Antimicrobial peptides are important effector molecules of the innate immune system. Here, we describe that peptides derived from the heparin-binding disulfide-constrained loop region of human beta-amyloid precursor protein are antimicrobial. The peptides investigated were linear and cyclic forms of NWCKRGRKQCKTHPH (NWC15) as well as the cyclic form comprising the C-terminal hydrophobic amino acid extension FVIPY (NWCKRGRKQCKTHPHFVIPY; NWC20c). Compared with the benchmark antimicrobial peptide LL-37, these peptides efficiently killed the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and the fungi Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Correspondingly, fluorescence and electron microscopy demonstrated that the peptides caused defects in bacterial membranes. Analogously, the peptides permeabilised negatively charged liposomes. Despite their bactericidal effect, the peptides displayed very limited hemolytic ...
Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Cytotoxic Anthranilic Acid Derivatives from Deep Sea Sediment-Derived Fungus Penicillium...Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Cytotoxic Anthranilic Acid Derivatives from Deep Sea Sediment-Derived Fungus Penicillium...
Five new anthranilic acid derivatives, penipacids A-E (1-5), together with one known analogue (6), which was previously synthesized, were characterized from the ethyl acetate extract of the marine sediment-derived fungus Penicillium paneum SD-44. Their structures were elucidated mainly by extensive NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analysis. The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of the isolated compounds were evaluated. Compounds 1, and 5 exhibited inhibitory activity against human colon cancer RKO cell line, while compound 6 displayed cytotoxic activity against Hela cell line.
Foxp3+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells Stimulate IFN-γ-Independent CD152-Mediated Activation of Tryptophan Catabolism That Provides...Foxp3+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells Stimulate IFN-γ-Independent CD152-Mediated Activation of Tryptophan Catabolism That Provides...
We observed that repeated exposure to SEB increased the expression of CD152 on SEB-specific Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ T cells and provided the cells with the capacity to regulate and control the strong primary T cell response stimulated by SEB. This regulatory function was dependent on the activation of tryptophan catabolism and could be inhibited by neutralization of CD152-B7 interactions. In addition, we also observed that CD11c+ DC from unresponsive animals acquired regulatory activity through CD152-mediated stimulation of tryptophan catabolism. DC isolated from normal or IFN-γ-deficient BALB/c mice were equally effective in up-regulating the molecule as well as in inducing tryptophan catabolism following CD152-Ig exposure. These results, in agreement with previous observations made by others (19), indicated that IFN-γ signaling was not necessary for IDO expression and activity. We conclude that repeated TCR-mediated stimulation of Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ T regulatory cells within a short period of time ...
Radical Scavenging Properties of Tryptophan Metabolites | SpringerLinkRadical Scavenging Properties of Tryptophan Metabolites | SpringerLink
Radical scavenging properties of tryptophan metabolites were estimated using their radical reactivity. Metabolites of the kynurenine and the melatonin biosynthesis pathway were mainly examined by use...
Quinolinic acid synthetase: Definition with Quinolinic acid synthetase Pictures and PhotosQuinolinic acid synthetase: Definition with Quinolinic acid synthetase Pictures and Photos
Definition of Quinolinic acid synthetase with photos and pictures, translations, sample usage, and additional links for more information.
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Asymmetric Synthesis of 4,1-Benzoxazepine-2,5-Diones - Effect of the Halogen of (2S)-α-Haloacids ...Molecules | Free Full-Text | Asymmetric Synthesis of 4,1-Benzoxazepine-2,5-Diones - Effect of the Halogen of (2S)-α-Haloacids ...
Novel chiral 4,1-benzoxazepine-2,5-diones have been unusually synthesized in a single step by exploiting the chiral pool methodology. Substituted anthranilic acids afford N-acylanthranilic acids and (3R)-3-alkyl-4,1-benzoxazepines-2,5-dione upon coupling with α-chloroacids or α-bromoacids, respectively.
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SWISS-MODEL Repository | C3K5G7SWISS-MODEL Repository | C3K5G7
SWISS-MODEL Repository entry for C3K5G7 (PDXB_PSEFS), Erythronate-4-phosphate dehydrogenase. Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain SBW25)
A reexamination of the composition of diets associated with pellagraA reexamination of the composition of diets associated with pellagra
Diets described in historical studies of human pellagra, have been reexamined by using modern tables of nutrient composition. Five apparently pellagragenic diets from field studies were estimated to have niacin equivalents (NE) well in excess of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), i.e., 6.6 mg/ …
i am jacks inflamed uterus | musings of a melancholici am jack's inflamed uterus | musings of a melancholic
today, the energy shifted. i made a conscious effort to do just that, and i did it in the smallest way. i decided to pick up an old faithful - East of Eden (perhaps my favorite book of all time???!!!), and began the first chapter on the bus on the way to work on a deserted highway ...
4 weeks: Grief as amniotic fluid and raging rivers | musings of a melancholic4 weeks: Grief as amniotic fluid and raging rivers | musings of a melancholic
I rubbed your feet. You wanted to be touched, always. The sweetness of it broke my heart. Tice picked up your guitar and started playing little bits of songs here and there. We were so scared, we didnt know what to do. But he followed his true self (which, you would definitely say, is always the right thing to do) and in that moment, the music was everything ...
Behind the Scene.: tersirapp ^ ^Behind the Scene.: tersirapp ^ ^
hm . gila sengal kott hari niee . lagi terok siot hari niee ramai taa datangg . ish3 . next week lagi ramainye kan , sbb naa dekat raya dahh oh . ngee! LOL . bengong kott naem hari niee . larh . saya engad dea kenal selama niee shahrul saya tuu , so selama niee dea pandeyy sebot jelah . ye lahh , ikot azim kann . mmg macam tuu . koya parok ! taa kenal rupenye mamat niee si shahrul tuu . HAHA . nganjengg saya punye lahh segala macam bagai je . last last bole pulak tanye saya " weyy , shahrul tuu umur brape ? " naa gelak saya rase mase tuu . tapi mase tuu saya tgah termenung kott , so taa dengar sangat lahh apee dea cakap . then apih terang terang kan sikitt , baru lahh " haa . lahh shahrul hakim tuu ke . yang tinggi tinggi , yang puteh puteh tuu . " ngee! hotak kau lembap betol naa pick-up kan naem , gila slengaa ahh kau niee . pastuu si naem niee buat statement yang saya sendiri taa tahuu menahuu . ntah pape meyh ! WTF punye statement haa ? naem cakapp , " aqib cakap mase skola rendah , kau suke ...
The Joint by fobee | AudioJungleThe Joint by fobee | AudioJungle
Buy The Joint by fobee on AudioJungle. Deep Electronica track, melodic yet melancholic and beautiful. Lots of Fx, synths, bass and many gorgeous pads. Works...
Temperament and Its Four TypesTemperament and Its Four Types
A complete definition of temperament and its four types: choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, and melancholic; with strengths and weaknesses.
Chapter 7: Role of the kynurenine pathway in immune- mediated infl ammation - Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology...Chapter 7: Role of the kynurenine pathway in immune- mediated infl ammation - Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology...
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) plays a key role in immune homeostasis via depletion of tryptophan and accumulation of kynurenines and is recognized as an important factor contributing to suppression of antitumor immune responses. However, the possibility of harnessing the IDO pathway for the therapy of autoimmune disease represents an intriguing possibility, and in this review, we highlight recent research on the involvement of IDO in immune-mediated infl ammatory diseases, with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis. Inhibition of IDO was shown to exacerbate experimental arthritis and increase numbers of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells in the joints and draining lymph nodes. Analysis of the kinetics of expression of kynurenine pathway enzymes in animal models also pointed to a potential role for tryptophan metabolites in disease resolution and administration of L -kynurenine or [3,4-dimethoxycinnamonyl]-anthranilic acid (a synthetic derivative of 3
Depressive Disorders, WPA Series Evidence and Experience in by Helen Herrman, Mario Maj, Norman Sartorius -...Depressive Disorders, WPA Series Evidence and Experience in by Helen Herrman, Mario Maj, Norman Sartorius -...
2003) A Short History of Nearly Everything, Sydney, Australia: Doubleday. Danish University Antidepressant Group (1986) Citalopram. Clinical effect profile and comparison with clomipramine: a controlled multicenter study. Psychopharmacology, 90, 131-138. Danish University Antidepressant Group (1990) Paroxetine. a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor showing better tolerance, but weaker antidepressant effect than clomipramine in a controlled multicenter study. Journal of Affective Disorder, 18, 289-299. Furthermore, boundaries between depression with psychotic features and bipolar depressions remain a clinical quagmire. 2. Is melancholic depression ready to be classified as a distinct subtype of depressive disorders? On the basis of inconsistent data on psychobiological validators of melancholic depression, Rush and Weissenburger (1994) recommended retaining melancholic features as one of the DSM-IV depression specifiers and noted that further research to test their distinct biological and ...
Beneficial actions of microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites. - PubMed - NCBIBeneficial actions of microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
Detection, quantification, and total synthesis of novel 3-hydroxykynurenine glucoside-derived metabolites present in human...Detection, quantification, and total synthesis of novel 3-hydroxykynurenine glucoside-derived metabolites present in human...
This is a list of all employees at the Department of Biomedical Sciences. The list is sorted in alphabetical order in accordance to the employees first name.
Reactome | Tryptophan catabolismReactome | Tryptophan catabolism
Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge.
IDO1 / INDO - TA506402 | acris-antibodies.comIDO1 / INDO - TA506402 | acris-antibodies.com
IDO1 / INDO, 0.1 ml. This gene encodes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygese (IDO) - a heme enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in tryptophan catabolism to N-formyl-kynurenine.
APHRA - Sadness Is A GestureAPHRA - 'Sadness Is A Gesture'
Debut album from APHRA - the electropop alter-ego of Philadelphias Rebecca Waychunas - is challenging, melancholic, and fascinating to hear
faradeana: 2011faradeana: 2011
haa. tu la list barang ak beli. makan tak kira lagi. sampai2 je kat CS tu terus melantak mekdi. kami pegi 5 org sume. ak, ecah, wawa, k.jannah & nisah. haha. nisah dah buat kitorang glemer jap kat mekdi tu. boleh dia sendawa KOATT GILA ! tu baru sendawa. sekali dia gelak. NYARINGNYA !!! semua pakwe makwe kat situ tgk meja kitorang. kitorang melantak gelak punya kuat kat situ..hahaha..gila lah wei !! : ...
ESP - Celoteh UmmiESP - Celoteh Ummi
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Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylaseAminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase
Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenaseAminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
C7H7NO3C7H7NO3
3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase
3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase
A23187A23187
Quinolinic acidQuinolinic acid
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
NeurosporaNeurospora
3-Phosphoglyceric acid3-Phosphoglyceric acid
Methylcrotonyl-CoAMethylcrotonyl-CoA
Methylmalonyl-CoAMethylmalonyl-CoA
Glutamic acidGlutamic acid
4-Chlorokynurenine4-Chlorokynurenine
Acetyl-CoAAcetyl-CoA
GlycineGlycine
HistidineHistidine
List of MeSH codes (D02)List of MeSH codes (D02)
CysteineCysteine
CysteineCysteine
Fumaric acidFumaric acid
OrnithineOrnithine
Isovaleryl-CoAIsovaleryl-CoA
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceHealth Care
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenaseortho-AminobenzoatesKynurenineOxazinesStreptomyces antibioticusXanthurenatesTryptophanNiacinQuinolinic AcidOxygenasesIndoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-DioxygenaseDioxygenasesStreptomycesBasidiomycotaFree Radical ScavengersChromatography, Thin LayerQuinolinic AcidsCorpus StriatumDictionaries, MedicalInflammationImmunity, InnateT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryCell DifferentiationFungiTh2 CellsAcetylserotonin O-MethyltransferaseKynurenic AcidFas-Associated Death Domain ProteinApoptosisCaspasesCaspase 8Antigens, CD95Fas Ligand ProteinCaspase 3International CooperationIntracranial AneurysmAneurysmRegistriesAneurysm, InfectedHypermediaGenetic LinkageCryptococcus gattiiCryptococcus neoformansCryptococcusCryptococcosisD-Amino-Acid OxidaseCandida albicansGastrointestinal TractMetagenomeMicrobiotaIntestinesReceptors, Aryl HydrocarbonSkatole
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase-containing astrocytic processes surround glutamate-containing axon terminals in the rat...3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase-containing astrocytic processes surround glutamate-containing axon terminals in the rat...
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid | definition of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid by Medical dictionary3-hydroxyanthranilic acid | definition of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid by Medical dictionary
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid - Wikipedia3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid - Wikipedia
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid - Substance Information - ECHA3-hydroxyanthranilic acid - Substance Information - ECHA
bmse000321 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid at BMRBbmse000321 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid at BMRB
Volume 177 Issue 4514, 5 May 1956Volume 177 Issue 4514, 5 May 1956
3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase - Wikipedia3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase - Wikipedia
High neopterin and IP-10 levels in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with neurotoxic tryptophan metabolites in acute central...High neopterin and IP-10 levels in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with neurotoxic tryptophan metabolites in acute central...
HAAO - 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase - Bos taurus (Bovine) - HAAO gene & proteinHAAO - 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase - Bos taurus (Bovine) - HAAO gene & protein
haao - 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase - Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) - haao gene & proteinhaao - 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase - Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) - haao gene & protein
Aminobenzoates - DrugBankAminobenzoates - DrugBank
de la Fuente A[au] - PubMed - NCBIde la Fuente A[au] - PubMed - NCBI
Characterization of the Biosynthesis Gene Cluster for the Pyrrole Polyether Antibiotic Calcimycin (A23187) in Streptomyces...Characterization of the Biosynthesis Gene Cluster for the Pyrrole Polyether Antibiotic Calcimycin (A23187) in Streptomyces...
Alice Assingers Research | CureHunterAlice Assinger's Research | CureHunter
Biomimetic and bioinspired approaches for wiring enzymes to electrode interfaces - Energy & Environmental Science (RSC...Biomimetic and bioinspired approaches for wiring enzymes to electrode interfaces - Energy & Environmental Science (RSC...
Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibition ameliorates neurodegeneration by modulation of kynurenine pathway metabolites | PNASTryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibition ameliorates neurodegeneration by modulation of kynurenine pathway metabolites | PNAS
Ursula Grohmann - PubMed - NCBIUrsula Grohmann - PubMed - NCBI
Der Stoffwechsel der P-haltigen Verbindungen | Springer for Research & DevelopmentDer Stoffwechsel der P-haltigen Verbindungen | Springer for Research & Development
IL-17 and Therapeutic Kynurenines in Pathogenic Inflammation to Fungi | The Journal of ImmunologyIL-17 and Therapeutic Kynurenines in Pathogenic Inflammation to Fungi | The Journal of Immunology
CiNii Articles - 大野 武男CiNii Articles - 大野 武男
Succinate synthesis and excretion by Penicillium simplicissimum under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.Succinate synthesis and excretion by Penicillium simplicissimum under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Human Metabolome Database: Showing Protein Methyltransferase-like protein 6 (HMDBP11825)Human Metabolome Database: Showing Protein Methyltransferase-like protein 6 (HMDBP11825)
Radical Scavenging Properties of Tryptophan Metabolites | SpringerLinkRadical Scavenging Properties of Tryptophan Metabolites | SpringerLink
Molecular Mechanisms of Enzyme-Catalyzed Dioxygenation (An Interdisciplinary Review) | Springer for Research & DevelopmentMolecular Mechanisms of Enzyme-Catalyzed Dioxygenation (An Interdisciplinary Review) | Springer for Research & Development
Plus itPlus it
Apoptosis Inducers - Apoptosis and Cell Cycle | Sigma-AldrichApoptosis Inducers - Apoptosis and Cell Cycle | Sigma-Aldrich
Göran K Hansson | Profile page | Karolinska InstitutetGöran K Hansson | Profile page | Karolinska Institutet
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for 2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde (HMDB0001330)Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for 2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde (HMDB0001330)
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Cinnavalininate (HMDB0004078)Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Cinnavalininate (HMDB0004078)
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Superoxide (HMDB0002168)Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Superoxide (HMDB0002168)
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceHealth Care
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenaseortho-AminobenzoatesKynurenineOxazinesStreptomyces antibioticusXanthurenatesTryptophanNiacinQuinolinic AcidOxygenasesIndoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-DioxygenaseDioxygenasesStreptomycesBasidiomycotaFree Radical ScavengersChromatography, Thin LayerQuinolinic AcidsCorpus StriatumDictionaries, MedicalInflammationImmunity, InnateT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryCell DifferentiationFungiTh2 CellsAcetylserotonin O-MethyltransferaseKynurenic AcidFas-Associated Death Domain ProteinApoptosisCaspasesCaspase 8Antigens, CD95Fas Ligand ProteinCaspase 3International CooperationIntracranial AneurysmAneurysmRegistriesAneurysm, InfectedHypermediaGenetic LinkageCryptococcus gattiiCryptococcus neoformansCryptococcusCryptococcosisD-Amino-Acid OxidaseCandida albicansGastrointestinal TractMetagenomeMicrobiotaIntestinesReceptors, Aryl HydrocarbonSkatole
AnthranilicMetabolitesKynurenicAmino acidsQuinolinicXanthurenicNicotinic acidMetaboliteMetabolism3HAOBiosynthesisCinnabarinic acidSynthesisPhenazine-1-carboxylic acidQUINDerivativesPathwayKynureninaseEnzymeMoleculeSerumEssential aminExcretionProteinsKYNACompoundsFattyDHHARegulatoryProteinIndoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activityMechanismAcetic acidSemialdehydeOxidationCausativePathwaysPrecursorAlzheimer'sAlanineConcentrationsGlutamate
Anthranilic12
Metabolites11
Kynurenic10
Amino acids8
  • Several amino acids (AAs) have been shown to be associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but no previous studies have investigated the association of AAs with insulin secretion in a longitudinal setting. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • However, most of these studies have been cross-sectional, and none of these studies has investigated the association of amino acids (AAs) with changes in insulin secretion in a longitudinal setting. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. (hmdb.ca)
  • These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). (hmdb.ca)
  • Various studies revealed that C. gattii could assimilate d -proline ( 2 , 3 , 13 , 31 ) and d -tryptophan ( 2 , 3 , 35 ) whereas C. neoformans , including serotype AD, did not assimilate these amino acids. (asm.org)
  • It is shown here that Cu(II), and to a lesser extent Fe(III), enhance oxidation of free 3OHKyn, 3OHAA and 3OHKyn bound to specific amino acids and lens proteins, with this resulting in increased cross-linking of lens proteins. (figshare.com)
  • A Metabolic Relationship Between the Aromatic Amino Acids" by Joseph F. Nyc, Francis A. Haskins et al. (unl.edu)
  • The evidence presented suggests the possibility of a common precursor to the aromatic amino acids. (unl.edu)
Quinolinic10
  • 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase (3HAO) is the biosynthetic enzyme for quinolinic acid, an endogenous agonist of the NMDA glutamate receptor subtype and a potent neurotoxin. (jneurosci.org)
  • In order to explore the anatomical basis of possible functional interactions between glutamate and quinolinic acid in the rat striatum, pre- and postembedding immunocytochemical methods were used to localize 3HAO immunoreactivity (-i) and glutamate-i at the electron microscopic level. (jneurosci.org)
  • Since quinolinic acid is known to enter the extracellular compartment readily, these results suggest that astrocytic quinolinic acid may participate in the regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the rat striatum. (jneurosci.org)
  • Increased concentrations of excitotoxin quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are associated with infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex. (docme.ru)
  • In the present study, inoculation of macaques with D/ l/California, an immunosuppressive serotype 1 type D retrovirus, was associated with acute and chronic increases in CSF and serum quinolinic acid concentrations in macaques that had developed SAIDS, a simian disease analogous to AIDS in humans-particularly macaques with demonstrable opportunistic infections. (docme.ru)
  • quinolinic acid, 15.6fold). (docme.ru)
  • Macaques infected with D/ l/California may provide a primate model for investigation of the mechanisms involved in increases in CSF quinolinic acid in retrovirus and other infectious diseases, including HIV-1. (docme.ru)
  • Severe depression is associated with increased microglial quinolinic acid in subregions of the anterior cingulate gyrus: evidence for an immune-modulated glutamatergic neurotransmission? (edu.au)
  • HAAO catalyzes the synthesis of quinolinic acid (QUIN) from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. (bio-rad.com)
  • Understand why preventing a build-up of quinolinic acid (QA) is important. (neurohacker.com)
Xanthurenic12
Nicotinic acid6
Metabolite5
Metabolism9
3HAO1
Biosynthesis1
  • It is isomerized by glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase to give aminolevulinic acid in the biosynthesis of porphyrins , including heme and chlorophyll . (rug.nl)
Cinnabarinic acid8
Synthesis5
Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid1
QUIN3
  • In endotoxin-treated mice, the activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase(IDO), the first enzyme of the kynurenine pathway that synthesizes QUIN, is increased in several extrahepatic tissues, plasma L-kynurenine (L-KYN) is elevated , and QUIN, 3-hydroxykynurenine L-TRP and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations are increased in cerebral cortex [5, 61. (docme.ru)
  • 2008), it may be predicted that in some forms of epilepsy, over activation of microglial branch with respect to the astrocytic branch of the KP leads to accumulation of QUIN and 3-HK in the CNS. (ukessays.com)
  • It has been proposed that adjunctive treatment with KMO inhibitor along with anti-convulsants can improve the treatment outcome, as inhibition of KMO increase the KYNA production and decrease the 3-HK and QUIN production in the CNS (Campbell et al. (ukessays.com)
Derivatives3
Pathway5
Kynureninase1
Enzyme12
Molecule3
  • One molecule, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid , was orders of magnitude better than the others, and was selected for follow-up in the lab. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Thus, two equivalents of 3-phosphoglycerate are produced for each molecule of CO 2 that is fixed. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle), two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules are synthesized, one of which continues through the Calvin cycle to be regenerated to RuBP and the other is reduced to form one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). (wikipedia.org)
Serum2
  • Moderate decay due conversion to glutamic acid in improperly stored serum/plasma samples, leading to a marked increase in the Glu/Gln ratio. (uib.no)
  • Moderate decay due conversion to aspartic acid in improperly stored serum/plasma samples, leading to an increase in the Asp/Asn ratio. (uib.no)
Essential amin2
Excretion1
Proteins2
KYNA1
  • Perkins and Stone, 1982) discovered that KYNA is a broad spectrum antagonists of glutamate receptor which can inhibit three types of ionotropic receptors- N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate and a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. (ukessays.com)
Compounds2
  • Here we test for the chemotaxis of this strain towards six chloro-nitroaromatic compounds (CNACs), namely 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (2C4NP), 2-chloro-3-nitrophenol (2C3NP), 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol (4C2NP), 2-chloro-4-nitrobenzoate (2C4NB), 4-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate (4C2NB) and 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate (5C2NB), and examine its relationship to the degradation of such compounds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The latter may promote the oxidation of free, or protein-bound, o -aminophenols, such as the UV filter compounds 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKyn) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3OHAA). (figshare.com)
Fatty4
  • In its HO2 form, superoxide can also initiate lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. (hmdb.ca)
  • EPA is an omega-3 fatty acid whose biological effects include the modulation of inflammatory response. (hindawi.com)
  • By competing with omega-6 fatty acids, EPA is degraded by cellular lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase. (hindawi.com)
  • Lysoplasmalogenase is specific for the sn- 2-deacylated (lyso) form of plasmalogen and catalyses hydrolytic cleavage of the vinyl ether bond, releasing a fatty aldehyde and sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine or sn- glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. (qmul.ac.uk)
DHHA2
Regulatory3
  • In this article we review evidence supporting opposing roles for IDO-dependent immune regulation-including the generation of regulatory T (Treg) 3 cells ( 4 , 5 )-and the IL-23/Th17 axis in controlling inflammation to specific fungi. (jimmunol.org)
  • In addition to the Th1/Th2 balance, it has recently been shown that the occurrence of long-lasting antifungal protection is dependent on the presence of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (Treg) 3 that, by negatively regulating anticandidal Th1 reactivity, limit exaggerated inflammatory responses ( 2 ). (jimmunol.org)
  • 3 ⇓ - 5 Less well characterized and of emerging importance are regulatory checkpoints intrinsic to mature, immunostimulatory DCs in controlling the degree and duration of immune responses. (bloodjournal.org)
Protein4
  • This protein is involved in step 3 of the subpathway that synthesizes quinolinate from L-kynurenine. (uniprot.org)
  • IFNγ can induce chemokine and cytokine secretion in the tumor microenvironment, including IP-10, an angiostatic protein ( 8 , 13 ), and can inhibit tumor angiogenesis ( 3 , 13 , 14 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • 1 It acts as an antioxidant whether it is free or albumin bound, 2 unconjugated or conjugated, 3,4 and it inhibits both lipid and protein oxidation. (ahajournals.org)
  • 3-Hydroxyanthranilate 34-dioxygenase is a monomeric cytosolic protein belonging to the family of intramolecular dioxygenases containing nonheme ferrous iron. (bio-rad.com)
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity1
  • In this paper, we place an emphasis on the role of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells in maintaining stromal and vascular quiescence, and we underscore the importance of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity as a myeloid-driven tumor tolerance mechanism. (hindawi.com)
Mechanism2
Acetic acid1
  • Gas chromatographic determination of urinary indole-3-acetic acid. (nii.ac.jp)
Semialdehyde4
Oxidation1
Causative1
  • 3,4 The causative factors of vascular access stenosis include small diameter of artery and vein, surgical technique, previous venipunctures, hemodynamic stress, and the presence of accessory veins. (ahajournals.org)
Pathways2
Precursor1
  • Glycerate 3-phosphate is also a precursor for serine , which, in turn, can create cysteine and glycine through the homocysteine cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Alzheimer's1
Alanine2
  • Lobocka M, Hennig J, Wild J, Kłopotowski T. Organization and expression of the Escherichia coli K-12 dad operon encoding the smaller subunit of D-amino acid dehydrogenase and the catabolic alanine racemase. (labome.org)
  • CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: L-3-hydroxykynurenine + H(2)O = 3- CC hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine. (genome.jp)
Concentrations1
  • PatientContactRelationship IETF language tag This record is generally less unambiguous evidence for efficacy and safety of folic acid decrease plasma homocysteine concentrations in breast cancer-related lymphoedema. (cbdordersnow.com)
Glutamate1
  • Glutamate-i was heavily deposited (3-13-fold higher gold particle density than tissue average) in axon terminals forming asymmetric synapses with spines and, occasionally, dendrites. (jneurosci.org)
Characterization of the Biosynthesis Gene Cluster for the Pyrrole Polyether Antibiotic Calcimycin (A23187) in Streptomyces...
Characterization of the Biosynthesis Gene Cluster for the Pyrrole Polyether Antibiotic Calcimycin (A23187) in Streptomyces... (aac.asm.org)
Biomimetic and bioinspired approaches for wiring enzymes to electrode interfaces - Energy & Environmental Science (RSC...
Biomimetic and bioinspired approaches for wiring enzymes to electrode interfaces - Energy & Environmental Science (RSC... (pubs.rsc.org)
Der Stoffwechsel der P-haltigen Verbindungen | Springer for Research & Development
Der Stoffwechsel der P-haltigen Verbindungen | Springer for Research & Development (rd.springer.com)
Human Metabolome Database: Showing Protein Methyltransferase-like protein 6 (HMDBP11825)
Human Metabolome Database: Showing Protein Methyltransferase-like protein 6 (HMDBP11825) (hmdb.ca)
Molecular Mechanisms of Enzyme-Catalyzed Dioxygenation (An Interdisciplinary Review) | Springer for Research & Development
Molecular Mechanisms of Enzyme-Catalyzed Dioxygenation (An Interdisciplinary Review) | Springer for Research & Development (rd.springer.com)
Plus it
Plus it (diabetes.diabetesjournals.org)
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Cinnavalininate (HMDB0004078)
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Cinnavalininate (HMDB0004078) (hmdb.ca)
A Crucial Role for Tryptophan Catabolism at the Host/Candida albicans Interface | The Journal of Immunology
A Crucial Role for Tryptophan Catabolism at the Host/Candida albicans Interface | The Journal of Immunology (jimmunol.org)
Growth and Pigment Production on d-Tryptophan Medium by Cryptococcus gattii, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans |...
Growth and Pigment Production on d-Tryptophan Medium by Cryptococcus gattii, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans |... (jcm.asm.org)
Frontiers | Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Intestinal Immunity Mediated by Tryptophan Metabolism | Frontiers in Cellular and...
Frontiers | Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Intestinal Immunity Mediated by Tryptophan Metabolism | Frontiers in Cellular and... (frontiersin.org)
WikiGenes
WikiGenes (wikigenes.org)
EasySep™ Human B Cell Isolation Kit
EasySep™ Human B Cell Isolation Kit (stemcell.com)
Stability of biomarkers during sample collection, processing, transportation and storage
Stability of biomarkers during sample collection, processing, transportation and storage (folk.uib.no)
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing mature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells expand potent autologous regulatory T...
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing mature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells expand potent autologous regulatory T... (bloodjournal.org)
Experimental Vitamin B6 Deficiency and the Effect of Oestrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives on Tryptophan Metabolism and...
Experimental Vitamin B6 Deficiency and the Effect of Oestrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives on Tryptophan Metabolism and... (portlandpress.com)
Relationships Between Pteridine Synthesis and Tryptophan Degradation | Springer for Research & Development
Relationships Between Pteridine Synthesis and Tryptophan Degradation | Springer for Research & Development (rd.springer.com)
Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Inhibition during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Lowers PD-1 Expression and Improves...
Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Inhibition during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Lowers PD-1 Expression and Improves... (jimmunol.org)
Human Activated T Lymphocytes Modulate IDO Expression in Tumors through Th1/Th2 Balance | The Journal of Immunology
Human Activated T Lymphocytes Modulate IDO Expression in Tumors through Th1/Th2 Balance | The Journal of Immunology (jimmunol.org)
Chemotaxis of Burkholderia sp. Strain SJ98 towards chloronitroaromatic compounds that it can metabolise | BMC Microbiology |...
Chemotaxis of Burkholderia sp. Strain SJ98 towards chloronitroaromatic compounds that it can metabolise | BMC Microbiology |... (bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com)
Abdominal aortic aneurysm linked to dysregulated tryptophan metabolism, study finds | EurekAlert! Science News
Abdominal aortic aneurysm linked to dysregulated tryptophan metabolism, study finds | EurekAlert! Science News (eurekalert.org)
Modulation of Tumor Tolerance in Primary Central Nervous System Malignancies
Modulation of Tumor Tolerance in Primary Central Nervous System Malignancies (hindawi.com)
Frontiers | The Role of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Cancer Development, Diagnostics, and Therapy | Immunology
Frontiers | The Role of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Cancer Development, Diagnostics, and Therapy | Immunology (frontiersin.org)
Frontiers | Whole Genome Sequencing and Metabolomic Study of Cave Streptomyces Isolates ICC1 and ICC4 | Microbiology
Frontiers | Whole Genome Sequencing and Metabolomic Study of Cave Streptomyces Isolates ICC1 and ICC4 | Microbiology (frontiersin.org)
Bench-to-bedside review: Bacterial pneumonia with influenza - pathogenesis and clinical implications | Critical Care | Full Text
Bench-to-bedside review: Bacterial pneumonia with influenza - pathogenesis and clinical implications | Critical Care | Full Text (ccforum.biomedcentral.com)
Increased ratio of quinolinic acid to kynurenic acid in cerebrospinal fluid of D retrovirusЧinfected rhesus macaques ...
Increased ratio of quinolinic acid to kynurenic acid in cerebrospinal fluid of D retrovirusЧinfected rhesus macaques ... (docme.ru)
Kynurenine Pathway Properties and Applications
Kynurenine Pathway Properties and Applications (ukessays.com)
Tryptophan Catabolism in Cancer: Beyond IDO and Tryptophan Depletion | Cancer Research
Tryptophan Catabolism in Cancer: Beyond IDO and Tryptophan Depletion | Cancer Research (cancerres.aacrjournals.org)
Serum Total Bilirubin Level and Prevalent Lower-Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease | Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and...
Serum Total Bilirubin Level and Prevalent Lower-Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease | Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and... (atvb.ahajournals.org)
Cross-linking of lens crystallin proteins induced by tryptophan metabolites and metal ions: implications for cataract...
Cross-linking of lens crystallin proteins induced by tryptophan metabolites and metal ions: implications for cataract... (figshare.com)
Relationship between Serum Tryptophan and Tryptophan Metabolite Levels after Tryptophan Ingestion in Normal Subjects and Age...
Relationship between Serum Tryptophan and Tryptophan Metabolite Levels after Tryptophan Ingestion in Normal Subjects and Age... (clinsci.org)
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid - Substance Information - ECHA
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid - Substance Information - ECHA (echa.europa.eu)
L-Tryptophan | 73-22-3 | Reference standards | Alsachim
L-Tryptophan | 73-22-3 | Reference standards | Alsachim (alsachim.com)
Antibodies / Antigens | Buy Direct | Eagle Biosciences
Antibodies / Antigens | Buy Direct | Eagle Biosciences (eaglebio.com)