3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid

Homovanillic Acid

Phenylacetates

Dopamine

Biogenic Monoamines

Homogentisic Acid

Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid

Cycloparaffins

Dihydroxyphenylalanine

Biogenic Amines

Levodopa

Corpus Striatum

Catechols

Benserazide

Nomifensine

Catecholamines

Microdialysis

Vanilmandelic Acid

Brain Chemistry

Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol

Dialysis

Pargyline

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Serotonin

Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Probenecid

Monoamine Oxidase

Lobeline

Haloperidol

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Norepinephrine

Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases

Tyramine

Electrochemistry

Oxidopamine

Nucleus Accumbens

Neostriatum

Hypothalamus

Reserpine

Substantia Nigra

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Methamphetamine

Rats, Inbred Strains

Epinephrine

Rats, Wistar

Neurotransmitter Agents

Brain

Extracellular Space

Parkinson Disease

Motor Activity

Behavior, Animal

Dopamine Agents

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

Argiotoxin

Tyrosine

4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid

Metabolic intermediate

3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase

Mesocarb

Amfonelic acid

Microbial symbiosis and immunity

C8H8O4

Dopa

Eucalyptus globulus

Monoamine oxidase

Cutamesine

List of MeSH codes (D02)

DOPAC13

• Dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were simultaneously measured. (nih.gov)
• MDMA caused a rapid increase in striatal dialysate levels of dopamine and decreased extracellular levels of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). (erowid.org)
• Then HPLC-fluorescence detection was used to analyze the contents of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homoranillic acid (HVA) in substantial nigra and striatum. (cdc.gov)
• Further, there were no measurable decrements in serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) or VMAT in any brain regions assayed. (erowid.org)
• We report here the highly sensitive and selective electrochemical determination of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), one of the dopamine metabolites in the presence of important interferents ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) using an ultrathin electropolymerized film of 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (p-ATT) modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode in 0.20M phosphate buffer solution (pH 5.0). (ias.ac.in)
• However, the relative increase was markedly higher in LP rats, and this was associated with a training-induced increase in dopaminergic activity in the CPu, which was determined by the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)/DA ratio. (vub.be)
• A radioenzymatic method to measure picogram amounts of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid(DOPAC) in small samples of brain tissue. (unica.it)
• A simple radioenzymatic method for determination of picogram amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the rat brain. (unica.it)
• Back inside the dopamine cell, dopamine is quickly broken down by the enzyme MAO-B into 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (or DOPAC). (scienceofparkinsons.com)
• DOPAC can be further broken down into Homovanillic acid (HVA), and both DOPAC and HVA are often used in research studies to indicate levels of dopamine activity. (scienceofparkinsons.com)
• Patients with a major depressive episode with melancholia (n = 15) had significantly lower levels of the three dopamine metabolites: homovanillic acid (HVA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and conjugated dihydroxyphenylacetic (CONJDOPAC), when compared with a combined group of patients with a major depressive episode or dysthymic disorder (n = 13). (elsevier.com)
• Here, we investigated the effect of acute systemic administration of the brain-penetrant COMT inhibitor tolcapone on tissue levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and the dopamine metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). (ox.ac.uk)
• 1. Clonidine (0.5 mg/kg) reduced meal-induced changes in the levels of serotonin (5HT), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HTP), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in rats but did not affect basal concentrations of any of these compounds. (motofamily.com)

Dopamine9

• 3) Estrogen treatment also prevented the protection of caffeine against dopamine loss in young male mice. (jneurosci.org)
• Nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons as well as oxidative markers 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and striatal dopamine levels were quantified for assessment of the neuroprotective efficacy of diapocynin. (springer.com)
• This results in extrapyramidal motor dysfunction, including tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia [ 1 ] and decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the production and storage of dopamine (DA) in the striatum [ 2,3 ]. (avensonline.org)
• The neuroprotective effect of WIN was accompanied by increased dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the substantia nigra pars compacta and dorsal striatum of MPTP-treated mice. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
• Dopamine and its major metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were used as indices of dopaminergic activities. (cjphysiology.org)
• Once past the blood-brain barrier, levodopa is converted to dopamine by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase Label , 8 . (drugbank.com)
• Once levodopa is converted to dopamine, it is converted to sulfated or glucuronidated metabolites, epinephrine E, or homovanillic acid through various metabolic processes 2 . (drugbank.com)
• LibZIP Description:A comparison of the effects of a single dose of clonidine and a constant dose of fenfluramine on the plasma levels of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and dopamine and on meal-induced release of serotonin in the rat. (motofamily.com)
• One clinical trial measured plasma dopamine, norepinephrine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and dihydroxyphenylglycol levels in 81 infants at risk. (medscape.com)

Metabolites3

• A 3-compartment model with corrections for tissue blood volume, metabolites, and partial volume appeared to be superior for describing 18 F-FDOPA kinetics in tumors and the striatum. (snmjournals.org)
• A 3-compartment model with corrections for metabolites and partial volume could adequately describe 18 F-FDOPA kinetics in tumors, the striatum, and the cerebellum. (snmjournals.org)
• Phase I and phase II enzymes are responsible for intensive catabolism over the parent compounds both in the intestine and in the liver, leading to a broad range of (poly)phenol metabolites [ 1, 3, 4 ]. (iospress.com)

Phenolic2

• The outcomes emerged from this research allow the scientific community to state the bioavailability and bioactivity of many dietary phenolic, especially flavonoids, and explore their role in several chronic diseases [ 1-3 ]. (iospress.com)
• Prior R.L., Rogers T.R., Khanal R.C., Wilkes S.E., Wu X., Howard L.R. (2010) Urinary excretion of phenolic acids in rats fed cranberry. (phenol-explorer.eu)

Phenylalanine2

• The body makes tyrosine from another amino acid called phenylalanine. (medicinenet.com)
• People with PKU are not able to process the amino acid phenylalanine, which is used by the body to make tyrosine. (medicinenet.com)

Propionic acid2

• 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid dimer-conjugated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. (genalice.com)
• Specific for free dityrosine, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid dimer, dityrosine-BSA conjugate, and dityrosine in protein or peptides. (genalice.com)

Tyrosine7

• Imaging of brain tumors with labeled amino acids or analogs, such as methionine, tyrosine, leucine, alanine, and isobutyric acid, has been reported ( 1 - 5 ). (snmjournals.org)
• Tyrosine is one of the amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. (medicinenet.com)
• Taking 150 mg/kg of tyrosine seems to help people who have lost a night's sleep stay alert for about 3 hours longer than they otherwise would. (medicinenet.com)
• 4 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), initiated 24 h after MPTP administration, protected against MPTP-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta independently of CB1 cannabinoid receptor activation. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
• DiBrY is a Br-modified tyrosine at 3- and 5- position, which is one of the major oxidative products derived from neutrophil myeloperoxidase. (jinpanbio.com)
• This antibody is specific for 3,5-Dibrominated tyrosine and other di-halogenated tyrosine at 3- and 5- position. (jinpanbio.com)
• This antibody can react with dibromotyrosine (DiBrY), N-acetylated dichloro tyrosine (NAcDiClY), diiodo tyrosine (DiIY), N-bromosuccinimide-treated BSA, HOCl-treated BSA and dibromo-tyrosone conjugated BSA (halogene-modified tyrosine at both 3- and 5-position). (jinpanbio.com)

Norepinephrine1

• In both patients with major depressive episode and major depressive episode with melancholia, those who were non-suppressors on the dexamethasone suppression test had significantly higher CSF levels of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol compared to those who were suppressors. (elsevier.com)

Metabolite3

• Herein, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of diapocynin, an oxidative metabolite of the naturally occurring agent apocynin, in a pre-clinical 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. (springer.com)
• Interpretation of the in vivo actions of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is complicated by the formation of the active metabolite, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). (erowid.org)
• In patients with major depressive episode with melancholia, levels of HVA and of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid significantly correlated with the severity of depression. (elsevier.com)

GABA1

• Randomised double-blind, nelson e, there is too late at constant, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid gaba itself as with chronic, seek emergency contraception. (gors.nl)

Hippuric1

• Earlier work on shilajit showed that its major organic constituents included benzoic acid, hippuric acid, fatty acids, resin, and waxy materials, gums, albuminoids, and vegetable matter with benzoic acid being the active ingredient. (biologicalmedicineinstitute.com)

Serotonin1

• Uptake and superfusion experiments were performed on human embryonic kidney 293 cells permanently expressing the hSERT using [(3)H]serotonin (5-HT) and [(3)H]1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) as substrates. (neurotransmitter.net)

Monoamine1

• Note: however that MPTP serves as a protoxin, via it metabolism by monoamine axidase B (MAO-B) to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). (avensonline.org)

Deficiency1

• A deficiency of the hepatic enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGO) forces the accumulation of homogentisic acid, which is rapidly cleared in the kidney and excreted. (medscape.com)

Brain3

• The clinical application of l -3,4-dihydroxy-6- 18 F-fluoro-phenyl-alanine ( 18 F-FDOPA) in brain tumors has been reported as a case report ( 1 ), as a clinical study ( 5 ), and from our institution ( 8 ). (snmjournals.org)
• Their structures having at least one hydroxyl group and one aromatic ring, together with functional groups have been linked to a huge variety of beneficial properties to human health, some of them related with brain health [ 1-3 ]. (iospress.com)
• It has been established that the (poly)phenols influence the brain by modulating receptors function, interacting with neuronal signaling pathways, and by promoting the expression of proteins mainly involved in synaptic plasticity and neuronal repair [ 1-3 ]. (iospress.com)

MPTP8

• To explore a possible biological basis for this interaction, we systematically investigated how the neuroprotective effect of caffeine is influenced by gender, ovariectomy (OVX), and then exogenous estrogen in the mouse 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD. (jneurosci.org)
• 4) Consistent with the putative protective effect of estrogen, female and OVX plus estrogen mice were relatively resistant to MPTP toxicity compared to male and OVX plus placebo mice, respectively. (jneurosci.org)
• Notably, diapocynin markedly inhibited MPTP-induced oxidative markers including 3-NT and 4-HNE levels in the SN. (springer.com)
• In this study, we used 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to produce the proposed sensitization and precipitating stages and determine if curcumin can ameliorate the toxic changes. (avensonline.org)
• At 3 months, the offspring of the PBS control and the MPTP group were challenged with PBS or MPTP (10 mg/kg/day) for seven days, to cause further harm and to the produce the precipitating stage. (avensonline.org)
• WIN55,212-2 (WIN) protects mouse nigrostriatal neurons from 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
• At 3 days post-MPTP, we found significant microglial activation and up-regulation of CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the ventral midbrain. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)
• Treatment with WIN or the CB2 receptor agonist JWH015 (4 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) reduced MPTP-induced microglial activation, whereas genetic ablation of CB2 receptors exacerbated MPTP systemic toxicity. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

Gentisic7

• We found that gentisic acid promoted high cell proliferation activity compared with other compounds. (medsci.org)
• Gentisic acid improved HaCaT cell proliferation by over 20% in MTT assay. (medsci.org)
• Gentisic acid also had higher healing activity in an in vitro wound healing assay than allantoin as a positive control. (medsci.org)
• Furthermore, we have identified how the treatment of gentisic acid can increase proliferation in the cell. (medsci.org)
• Western blot analysis of proteins in the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway showed that ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased by gentisic acid treatment. (medsci.org)
• Thus, our study indicates that gentisic acid promotes the proliferation of keratinocyte by phosphorylation of ERK1/2. (medsci.org)
• 2D structure of gentisic acid. (medsci.org)

Bile3

• Cholesterol is important for the body to manufacture hormones, vitamin D, bile acids, and help maintain the structure of your cells. (labme.ai)
• Intestine farnesoid X receptor agonist and the gut microbiota activate G-protein bile acid receptor-1 signaling to improve metabolism. (omeka.net)
• Bile acids activate farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1 (aka Takeda G protein-coupled receptor-5 [TGR5]) to regulate bile acid metabolism and glucose and insulin sensitivity. (omeka.net)

Amino acid1

• l -3,4-Dihydroxy-6- 18 F-fluoro-phenyl-alanine ( 18 F-FDOPA) is an amino acid analog used to evaluate presynaptic dopaminergic neuronal function. (snmjournals.org)

Enzyme1

• In a poorly understood complex reaction, the enzyme phenylpyruvic acid oxidase is thought simultaneously to move the pyruvic acid side chain, to decarboxylate it, and to add an additional hydroxyl group to the ring. (medscape.com)

Neuronal1

• Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are major events that occur during neuronal death that causes PD [ 4,5 ]. (avensonline.org)

MDMA1

• The effects of self-administered 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on behavior and neurochemistry have not been previously studied in laboratory primates. (erowid.org)

Protein3

• ing for the gamma isoform of protein kinase C [4]. (scirp.org)
• 3-Bromotyrosine and 3,5-dibromotyrosine are major products of protein oxidation by eosinophil peroxidase: potential markers for eosinophil-dependent tissue injury in vivo. (jinpanbio.com)
• Novel investigations indicate that fulvic acid is an antiaggregation factor of tau protein in vitro, which projects fulvic acid as a potential anti-Alzheimer's disease molecule. (biologicalmedicineinstitute.com)

Parkinson's Disease1

• WIN55,212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, protects against nigrostriatal cell loss in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. (bordeaux-neurocampus.fr)

Compounds1

• Proliferation assay was performed on acid natural compounds to identify candidates for natural-derived components of skin injury treatment. (medsci.org)

Metabolism1

• Alkaptonuria, also called black urine disease, alcaptonuria, and black bone disease, is one of 4 disorders originally defined as an inborn error of metabolism by Archibald Garrod in his Croonian Lectures of 1902. (medscape.com)

Neuroinflammation1

• Together, a vicious cycle leading to the prolonged neuroinflammation and the progressive DA neurodegeneration is created [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Importantly1

• Importantly, diapocynin administered 3 days after initiation of the disease restored the neurochemical deficits. (springer.com)

Major1

• In fact, shilajit contains more than 84 types of minerals and provides most of the necessary essential minerals the body requires.12, 13, 14 The major physiological action of shilajit was found to be due to the presence of the bioactive dibenzoalpha-pyrones along with humic and fulvic acids which acted as carrier molecules for the active ingredients. (biologicalmedicineinstitute.com)

Uptake2

• Saturation analyses rendered K(m) values of 0.60 and 17.0 microM for the uptake of [(3)H]5-HT and [(3)H]MPP(+), respectively. (neurotransmitter.net)
• Lowering the extracellular Na(+) concentrations in uptake and superfusion experiments revealed differential effects on substrate transport: at 10 mM Na(+) the K(m) value for [(3)H]5-HT uptake increased approximately 5-fold and the V(max) value remained unchanged. (neurotransmitter.net)

Analyses1

• Two- and 3-compartment models were tested, and Patlak ( 10 ) and Logan ( 11 ) graphical analyses were evaluated. (snmjournals.org)

Found1

• The variety lauha shilajit is commonly found in Himalayan ranges and is traditionally considered to be the most therapeutically effective3, 4, 5 and most well-known commercial variety. (biologicalmedicineinstitute.com)