AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific)XanthopterinFluorescenceNucleic Acid ConformationSpectrometry, FluorescencePurine NucleosidesRNA, Double-StrandedPurinesBase PairingPotassium IodideAcrylamideeIF-2 KinaseDNA-Cytosine MethylasesDNAInterferon InducersDeoxyribonucleotidesBase SequenceOligonucleotidesCytosineNucleic Acid DenaturationDNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseOligodeoxyribonucleotidesHydrogen BondingFluorescent DyesGuanosineBacteriophage T4G-QuadruplexesKineticsBase Pair MismatchGuanineMutagensT-PhagesNucleotidesThermodynamicsMutation2-AminopurineTemperatureRNAEscherichia coliMolecular Sequence DataSubstrate SpecificityModels, MolecularBase CompositionBinding SitesAdenosineInterferonsDNA ReplicationStructure-Activity RelationshipProtein KinasesCircular DichroismTranscription, GeneticProtein Kinase InhibitorsRNA, MessengerDNA RepairProtein BiosynthesisViral ProteinsCatalysisCell LineCricetinaeGene Expression RegulationTime FactorsDNA-Binding ProteinsDNA, BacterialProtein BindingPhosphorylationCells, Cultured
Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific)
An enzyme responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern on adenine residues in a specific short base sequence in the host cell DNA. The enzyme catalyzes the methylation of DNA adenine in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to form DNA containing 6-methylaminopurine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. EC 2.1.1.72.
Xanthopterin
2-Amino-1,5-dihydro-4,6-pteridinedione. Pigment first discovered in butterfly wings and widely distributed in plants and animals.
Fluorescence
The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.
Nucleic Acid Conformation
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
Spectrometry, Fluorescence
Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.
Purine Nucleosides
Purines with a RIBOSE attached that can be phosphorylated to PURINE NUCLEOTIDES.
RNA, Double-Stranded
RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.
Purines
A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.
Base Pairing
Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.
Potassium Iodide
An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Acrylamide
A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries.
eIF-2 Kinase
A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.
DNA-Cytosine Methylases
Methylases that are specific for CYTOSINE residues found on DNA.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Interferon Inducers
Agents that promote the production and release of interferons. They include mitogens, lipopolysaccharides, and the synthetic polymers Poly A-U and Poly I-C. Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been also known to induce interferons.
Deoxyribonucleotides
A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a DEOXYRIBOSE containing a bond to a phosphate group.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Oligonucleotides
Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)
Cytosine
A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.
Hydrogen Bonding
A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.
Fluorescent Dyes
Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.
Guanosine
A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Bacteriophage T4
Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T4-like phages, in the family MYOVIRIDAE. It infects E. coli and is the best known of the T-even phages. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant and circularly permuted.
G-Quadruplexes
Higher-order DNA and RNA structures formed from guanine-rich sequences. They are formed around a core of at least 2 stacked tetrads of hydrogen-bonded GUANINE bases. They can be formed from one two or four separate strands of DNA (or RNA) and can display a wide variety of topologies, which are a consequence of various combinations of strand direction, length, and sequence. (From Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(19):5402-15)
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Base Pair Mismatch
The presence of an uncomplimentary base in double-stranded DNA caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in DNA replication. Multiple, sequential base pair mismatches lead to formation of heteroduplex DNA; (NUCLEIC ACID HETERODUPLEXES).
Guanine
Mutagens
Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.
T-Phages
A series of 7 virulent phages which infect E. coli. The T-even phages T2, T4; (BACTERIOPHAGE T4), and T6, and the phage T5 are called "autonomously virulent" because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection. Phages T1, T3; (BACTERIOPHAGE T3), and T7; (BACTERIOPHAGE T7) are called "dependent virulent" because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle. The T-even phages contain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of ordinary cytosine in their DNA.
Nucleotides
The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Thermodynamics
A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
2-Aminopurine
A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).
Temperature
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Substrate Specificity
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
Models, Molecular
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
Base Composition
The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.
Binding Sites
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Adenosine
A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.
Interferons
Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.
DNA Replication
The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.
Structure-Activity Relationship
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
Protein Kinases
A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.
Circular Dichroism
A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Transcription, Genetic
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Protein Kinase Inhibitors
Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
DNA Repair
The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.
Protein Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.
Viral Proteins
Proteins found in any species of virus.
Catalysis
The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.
Cell Line
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Cricetinae
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
Gene Expression Regulation
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
DNA-Binding Proteins
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
DNA, Bacterial
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Protein Binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Phosphorylation
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Marker effects on reversion of T4rII mutants. (1/327)

The frequencies of 2-aminopurine- and 5-bromouracil-induced A:T leads to G:C transitions were compared at nonsense sites throughout the rII region of bacteriophage T4. These frequencies are influenced both by adjacent base pairs within the nonsense codons and by extracodonic factors. Following 2AP treatment, they are high in amber (UAG) and lower in opal (UGA) codons than in allelic ochre (UAA) codons. In general, 5BU-induced transitions are more frequent in both amber and opal codons than in the allelic ochre codons. 2AP- and 5BU-induced transition frequencies in the first and third positions of opal codons are correlated with those in the corresponding positions of the allelic ochre codons. Similarly, the frequencies of 2AP-induced transition in the first and second positions of amber codons and their ochre alleles are correlated. However, there is little correlation between the frequencies of 5BU-induced transitions in the first and second positions of allelic amber and ochre codons.  (+info)

Base pairing of anhydrohexitol nucleosides with 2,6-diaminopurine, 5-methylcytosine and uracil asbase moiety. (2/327)

Hexitol nucleic acids (HNAs) with modified bases (5-methylcytosine, 2,6-diaminopurine or uracil) were synthesized. The introduction of the 5-methylcytosine base demonstrates that N -benzoylated 5-methylcytosyl-hexitol occurs as the imino tautomer. The base pairing systems (G:CMe, U:D, T:D and U:A) obey Watson-Crick rules. Substituting hT for hU, hCMefor hC and hD for hA generally leads to increased duplex stability. In a single case, replacement of hC by hCMedid not result in duplex stabilization. This sequence-specific effect could be explained by the geometry of the model duplex used for carrying out the thermal stability study. Generally, polypurine HNA sequences give more stable duplexes with their RNA complement than polypyrimidine HNA sequences. This observation supports the hypothesis that, besides changes in stacking pattern, the difference in conformational stress between purine and pyrimidine nucleosides may contribute to duplex stability. Introduction of hCMeand hD in HNA sequences further increases the potential of HNA to function as a steric blocking agent.  (+info)

Direct selection for mutators in Escherichia coli. (3/327)

We have constructed strains that allow a direct selection for mutators of Escherichia coli on a single plate medium. The plate selection is based on using two different markers whose reversion is enhanced by a given mutator. Plates containing limiting amounts of each respective nutrient allow the growth of ghost colonies or microcolonies that give rise to full-size colonies only if a reversion event occurs. Because two successive mutational events are required, mutator cells are favored to generate full-size colonies. Reversion of a third marker allows direct visualization of the mutator phenotype by the large number of blue papillae in the full-size colonies. We also describe plate selections involving three successive nutrient markers followed by a fourth papillation step. Different frameshift or base substitution mutations are used to select for mismatch-repair-defective strains (mutHLS and uvrD). We can detect and monitor mutator cells arising spontaneously, at frequencies lower than 10(-5) in the population. Also, we can measure a mutator cascade, in which one type of mutator (mutT) generates a second mutator (mutHLS) that then allows stepwise frameshift mutations. We discuss the relevance of mutators arising on a single medium as a result of cells overcoming successive growth barriers to the development and progression of cancerous tumors, some of which are mutator cell lines.  (+info)

Purine analogue 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside inhibits early and late phases of the angiogenesis process. (4/327)

Angiogenesis has been identified as an important target for antineoplastic therapy. The use of purine analogue antimetabolites in combination chemotherapy of solid tumors has been proposed. To assess the possibility that selected purine analogues may affect tumor neovascularization, 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (6-MMPR), 6-methylmercaptopurine, 2-aminopurine, and adenosine were evaluated for the capacity to inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. 6-MMPR inhibited fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2)-induced proliferation and delayed the repair of mechanically wounded monolayer in endothelial GM 7373 cell cultures. 6-MMPR also inhibited the formation of solid sprouts within fibrin gel by FGF2-treated murine brain microvascular endothelial cells and the formation of capillary-like structures on Matrigel by murine aortic endothelial cells transfected with FGF2 cDNA. 6-MMPR affected FGF2-induced intracellular signaling in murine aortic endothelial cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2. The other molecules were ineffective in all of the assays. In vivo, 6-MMPR inhibited vascularization in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane and prevented blood vessel formation induced by human endometrial adenocarcinoma specimens grafted onto the chorioallantoic membrane. Also, topical administration of 6-MMPR caused the regression of newly formed blood vessels in the rabbit cornea. Thus, 6-MMPR specifically inhibits both the early and the late phases of the angiogenesis process in vitro and exerts a potent anti-angiogenic activity in vivo. These results provide a new rationale for the use of selected purine analogues in combination therapy of solid cancer.  (+info)

The comparative effects of famciclovir and valacyclovir on herpes simplex virus type 1 infection, latency, and reactivation in mice. (5/327)

Infections by herpes simplex virus (HSV) cannot yet be eliminated, but the severity of the disease can be reduced. Two newer drugs with established efficacy for such infections, famciclovir and valacyclovir, were tested in a mouse eye model of HSV infection. Both drugs significantly reduced mortality and titers of virus shed from the eyes of mice infected with an otherwise lethal dose of HSV type 1 (HSV-1). Similar titers of HSV-1 were found in the eyes, ganglia, and brains of treated animals. Although valacyclovir reduced the latent viral DNA load better in these studies than did famciclovir, rates of reactivation by explantation and UV exposure were the same. Thus, in this study, famciclovir and valacyclovir were equally effective in limiting the virulence and spread of HSV-1, despite their biochemical and pharmacologic differences.  (+info)

Characterization of the interaction of lambda exonuclease with the ends of DNA. (6/327)

Lambda exonuclease processively degrades one strand of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in the 5"-3" direction. To understand the mechanism through which this enzyme generates high processivity we are analyzing the first step in the reaction, namely the interaction of lambda exonuclease with the ends of substrate DNA. Endonuclease mapping of lambda exonuclease bound to DNA has shown that the enzyme protects approximately 13-14 bp on dsDNA, and no nucleo-tides on the single-stranded tail of the DNA product. We have developed a rapid fluorescence-based assay using 2-aminopurine and measured the steady-state rate constants for different end-structures of DNA. The relative k(cat)for 5" ends decreases in the order 5" recessed > blunt >> 5" overhang. However, k(cat)/K(m)remains relatively constant for these different structures suggesting they are all used equally efficiently as substrates. From these data we propose that a single-stranded 5" overhang end can bind non-productively to the enzyme and the non-hydrolyzed strand is required to aid in the proper alignment of the 5" end. We have also measured the length-dependence of the steady-state rate para-meters and find that they are consistent with a high degree of processivity.  (+info)

Mechanism of action and in vitro activity of 1',3'-dioxolanylpurine nucleoside analogues against sensitive and drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants. (7/327)

(-)-Beta-D-1',3'-Dioxolane guanosine (DXG) and 2,6-diaminopurine (DAPD) dioxolanyl nucleoside analogues have been reported to be potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have recently conducted experiments to more fully characterize their in vitro anti-HIV-1 profiles. Antiviral assays performed in cell culture systems determined that DXG had 50% effective concentrations of 0.046 and 0.085 microM when evaluated against HIV-1(IIIB) in cord blood mononuclear cells and MT-2 cells, respectively. These values indicate that DXG is approximately equipotent to 2', 3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) but 5- to 10-fold less potent than 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) in the two cell systems tested. At the same time, DAPD was approximately 5- to 20-fold less active than DXG in the anti-HIV-1 assays. When recombinant or clinical variants of HIV-1 were used to assess the efficacy of the purine nucleoside analogues against drug-resistant HIV-1, it was observed that AZT-resistant virus remained sensitive to DXG and DAPD. Virus harboring a mutation(s) which conferred decreased sensitivity to 3TC, 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, such as a 65R, 74V, or 184V mutation in the viral reverse transcriptase (RT), exhibited a two- to fivefold-decreased susceptibility to DXG or DAPD. When nonnucleoside RT inhibitor-resistant and protease inhibitor-resistant viruses were tested, no change in virus sensitivity to DXG or DAPD was observed. In vitro drug combination assays indicated that DXG had synergistic antiviral effects when used in combination with AZT, 3TC, or nevirapine. In cellular toxicity analyses, DXG and DAPD had 50% cytotoxic concentrations of greater than 500 microM when tested in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and a variety of human tumor and normal cell lines. The triphosphate form of DXG competed with the natural nucleotide substrates and acted as a chain terminator of the nascent DNA. These data suggest that DXG triphosphate may be the active intracellular metabolite, consistent with the mechanism by which other nucleoside analogues inhibit HIV-1 replication. Our results suggest that the use of DXG and DAPD as therapeutic agents for HIV-1 infection should be explored.  (+info)

In vitro induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants resistant to phosphoralaninate prodrugs of Z-methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogues. (8/327)

Two methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogues with a phenylphosphoralaninate moiety, QYL-685 and QYL-609, exert potent and specific activities against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain LAI (HIV-1(LAI)) and HIV-2 in vitro. In this study, we induced HIV-1 variants resistant to QYL-685 by exposing HIV-1(LAI) to increasing concentrations of QYL-685. After 16 passages, the virus (HIV-1(P16)) was less sensitive to QYL-685 (104-fold), QYL-609 (>41-fold), and (-)-beta-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) (>1, 100-fold) than was HIV-1(LAI) and contained an M184I mutation. Two infectious clones, HIV-1(M184I) and HIV-1(M184V), were resistant to QYL-685, QYL-609, and 3TC, confirming that the M184I mutation was responsible for the observed resistance. Viral-fitness analyses (competitive HIV-1 replication assays) revealed that in the absence of drugs, M184I and M184V conferred a replication disadvantage on the virus compared to the replication efficiency of the wild-type infectious clone (HIV-1(wt)). However, in the presence of QYL-685 (4 microM), HIV-1(M184I) and HIV-1(M184V) showed greater fitness than HIV-1(wt). These data may provide structural and virological relevance with regard to the emergence of M184I and M184V substitutions in HIV-1.  (+info)

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A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Famciclovir in Reducing Herpes Virus Shedding - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govA Study to Evaluate the Effect of Famciclovir in Reducing Herpes Virus Shedding - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
The study is designed to assess the efficacy and safety of famciclovir 250 mg twice a day (bid) suppressive treatment in men and women with herpes virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, with and without a reported history of genital herpes and with or without herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1) seropositivity ...
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Information about the drug famciclovir (Famvir) used for the treatment cold sores, genital herpes, shingles, chickenpox, and patients with normal immune systems and HIV infected patients.
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Interventions with proven effect for prevention are clustered in the preconception, between pregnancy and pregnancy periods as well as during preterm labor (Figure 3). Interventions to reduce death and disability among premature babies can be applied both during labor and after birth. If interventions with proven benefit were universally available to women and their babies. While requiring a long-term investment, risks for preterm birth and the solutions needed to reduce these risks during each stage of the reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health continuum, are becoming increasingly evident (Chapters 3-5). However, for many of these risks such as genital tract infections, we do not yet have effective program solutions for prevention. For premature baby care, the greatest emphasis should be on development and delivery research, learning how to implement what is known to be effective in caring for premature babies, and this has a shorter timeline to impact at scale (Chapter 6). Some ...
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Beshear reports highest single-day number of virus cases - Washington TimesBeshear reports highest single-day number of virus cases - Washington Times
Gov. Andy Beshear reported 147 new coronavirus cases in Kentucky on Tuesday, the largest single-day number since the outbreak began, along with seven more virus-related deaths.
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Coronavirus: Indias Single-Day Coronavirus Count Continues To Rise, 9,983 In 24 HoursCoronavirus: Indias Single-Day Coronavirus Count Continues To Rise, 9,983 In 24 Hours
Coronavirus cases in India crossed 2.56 lakh cases on Monday after a record number of 9,983 cases were reported in 24 hours, even as the government allowed a number of relaxations after over two months of lockdown. This is the biggest single-day jump in cases as the country recorded over 9,000 cases for the sixth consecutive day.
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|p|New Delhi, Apr 16 (PTI) Delhi recorded its highest-ever one-day COVID-19 figures Friday when 19,486 cases and 141 deaths were reported, prompting Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal to order setting up more coronavirus facilities and increase the strength of oxygen beds.|/p|
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 701 immunocompetent adults with recurrent herpes labialis. Patients self-initiated therapy within 1 hour of first onset of signs or symptoms of a recurrent herpes labialis episode with famciclovir 1500 mg as a single dose (n=227), famciclovir 750 mg twice daily (n=220) or placebo (n=254) for 1 day. The median time to healing among patients with non-aborted lesions (progressing beyond the papule stage) was 4.4 days in the famciclovir 1500 mg single-dose group (n=152) as compared to 6.2 days in the placebo group (n=168). The median difference in time to healing between the placebo and famciclovir 1500 mg treated groups was 1.3 days (95% CI: 0.6 - 2.0). No differences in proportion of patients with aborted lesions (not progressing beyond the papule stage) were observed between patients receiving famciclovir or placebo: 33% for famciclovir 1500 mg single dose and 34% for placebo. The median time to loss of pain and tenderness was ...
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The international development of the RGHQoL: a quality of life measure for recurrent genital herpes | SpringerLinkThe international development of the RGHQoL: a quality of life measure for recurrent genital herpes | SpringerLink
This paper describes the international development and psychometric testing of the Recurrent Genital Herpes Quality of Life Questionnaire (RGHQoL), a condition-specific quality of life (QoL) instrument. The theoretical foundation for the measure is the needs-based model of QoL and the content of the instrument was derived from in-depth qualitative interviews with relevant patients in the UK. Versions of the RGHQoL were required for the UK, USA, Italy, Germany, France and Denmark for use in international clinical trials. The results indicate that the final 20 item measure has good reliability, internal consistency and validity for all language versions. A small responsiveness study in Denmark suggested that the measure is sensitive to changes in QoL associated with the initiation of suppression treatment for recurrent genital herpes (RGH). It is concluded that the RGHQoL is a valuable instrument for inclusion in clinical trials. The psychometric properties of the instrument are such that it may ...
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Canadian provinces report record daily Covid-19 cases - Daijiworld.comCanadian provinces report record daily Covid-19 cases - Daijiworld.com
Ottawa, Nov 22 (IANS): Amid the ongoing second wave of the coronavirus pandemic in Canada, some of the countrys province have reported record high single-day confirmed cases, according to health authorities.. Currently, Canada accounts for a total of 324,375 Covid-19 cases and 11,397 deaths, reports Xinhua news agency.. Ontario reported a record daily increase of 1,588 cases on Saturday, surpassing the provinces previous single-day high of 1,581 cases on November 14.. This is the 16th straight day in which Ontario has reported case counts in the quadruple digits.. The total number of confirmed cases in the province now stands at 102,378, with 3,472 deaths.. Toronto and the neighbouring Peel Region are entering a shutdown from Monday, which will last for at least 28 days.. Several other regions in the province are moving to higher restriction levels.. Quebec reported 1,189 new cases on Saturday, raising its total tally to 130,888.. New Brunswick announced 23 new cases, setting a new single-day ...
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Sri Lanka records highest single-day Covid-19 death toll - Times of India - https://bhartiyanews24x7.comSri Lanka records highest single-day Covid-19 death toll - Times of India - https://bhartiyanews24x7.com
An eight-day-old baby from Pussellawa town in Kandy District, who died on Wednesday, was the countrys youngest Covid victim, Health officials said. Most of the patients who died due to Covid-19 were between 65 -75 years of age ...
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St. Louis area sets single-day record for new COVID-19 hospital admissionsSt. Louis area sets single-day record for new COVID-19 hospital admissions
In September, we were concerned when our admissions totals climbed over 40. Seeing totals like this is heartbreaking, Dr. Garza said in a press release Wednesday ...
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This is a good but expensive tool against disease. The drug is available in pill form, 500, 250 and 125 mg.. If you need a cream with the same active substance, it is called Penciclovir. It is effective from genital herpes, cytomegalovirus, and herpes zoster.. Famciclovir is retained in the body for up to 12 hours after the first application, so that it does not spread the virus is actively suppressing all forms of herpes simple.. Due to the fact that this drug has on the body toxic effects, the dosage is better to agree with your doctor. Usually enough taking 500 mg three times a day.. Of the side effects are: skin rash; depression; gastrointestinal disorders.. ...
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COVID-19 surges across U.S. as some hospitals stretchedCOVID-19 surges across U.S. as some hospitals stretched
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To attend BOSC 2017, you need to register for ISMB/ECCB 2017. You can register for the full meeting (July 21-25) or just the first two full days (July 22-23). In the past, BOSC has taken place the two days before ISMB as a Special Interest Group (SIG). This year, ISMB is trying a new structure: the SIGs (now called Communities of Special Interest, or COSIs) are integrated into the main ISMB meeting. BOSC will take place the first two full days of ISMB (July 22-23). BOSC attendees can register for the full ISMB/ECCB meeting (July 21-25) or for just two days (there is no single-day registration option this year). Note that the pricing structure is designed to encourage participants to join ISCB, as this saves you money overall. If you choose the July 22-23 option, this includes the opening ISMB reception and keynote the evening of July 21. As in past years, you will be able to move freely between all of the COSIs that take place during the days for which you register. ...
https://www.open-bio.org/w/index.php?title=BOSC_2017&diff=prev&oldid=4979
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This paper deals with periodic vehicle routing problem (PVRP) which is a challenging variant of the traditional single-day vehicle routing problem (VRP). The PVRP is the problem of planning routes for delivery vehicles for days of a given T-day horizon. In this problem, not all customers require delivery on everyday. The problem has to be designed for each customer, calculating how often this customer must be visited for a given T-day planning horizon. In other words, each customer has a proper frequency for being visited. To solve this problem, customers have to be assigned to a combination of days and then the vehicle routing problems have to be solved for every single day. So, the PVRP is a complex combinatorial problem combining two classical problems: the assignment problem and the vehicle routing problem. Up to now, few solution procedures for the PVRP using genetic algorithm appear in the literature. The objective of this paper is to minimize the total costs of all routes over the ...
http://mailab.snu.ac.kr/index.php?mid=board_oUdi14&sort_index=author&order_type=desc&document_srl=5121
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The solar quiet (Sq) source morphology changes on a daily basis and becomes disturbed during periods of increased magnetic activity. Therefore, it may be preferable to use single-day magnetic field...
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At least five states Friday reported single-day records of Covid-19 cases, adding to the growing concern over case tally spikes that has sent many states backpedaling on their reopening plans.
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Site-directed mutagenesisSite-directed mutagenesis
... examples of such chemicals are aminopurine, nitrosoguanidine, and bisulfite. Site-directed mutagenesis was achieved in 1974 in ... 82 (2): 488-92. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.2.488. PMC 397064. PMID 3881765. Wells, J. A.; Estell, D. A. (1988). "Subtilisin--an enzyme ... 2 (9): 1096-1103. doi:10.1128/MCB.2.9.1096. PMC 369902. PMID 6983647. McHugh, G. L.; Miller, C. G. (1974). "Isolation and ... 8 (2): 181-189. doi:10.1128/JVI.8.2.181-189.1971. PMC 356229. PMID 4940243.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-directed_mutagenesis
Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique)Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique)
Such chemicals include aminopurine, which induces an AT to GC transition, while nitrosoguanidine, bisulfite, and N4- ... 400 (1-2): 25-32. doi:10.1016/s0027-5107(98)00061-x. PMID 9685575. Flibotte S, Edgley ML, Chaudhry I, Taylor J, Neil SE, Rogula ... 124 (2): 343-58. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(78)90303-0. PMID 712841. Vanessa E. Gray; Ronald J. Hause; Douglas M. Fowler (September ... 2 (9): 1096-103. doi:10.1128/mcb.2.9.1096. PMC 369902. PMID 6983647. McHugh GL, Miller CG (October 1974). "Isolation and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis_(molecular_biology_technique)
DNA base flippingDNA base flipping
2-Aminopurine is a base that is structurally similar to adenine, but is very fluorescent when flipped out from the DNA duplex. ... 74 (2): 299-307. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90421-l. PMID 8343957. Brunger A.T. (1992)"X-PLOR, Version 3.1 : A system for x-ray ... Other fluorescent probes used to study DNA base flipping are 6MAP (4‑amino‑6‑methyl‑7(8H)‑pteridone) and Pyrrolo‑C (3-[β-D-2- ... 31 (2): 89-97. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2005.12.008. ISSN 0968-0004. PMID 16403636. Nakao, M (2001). "Epigenetics: Interaction of DNA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_base_flipping
Balaji PrakashBalaji Prakash
"Investigating the inhibitory potential of 2-Aminopurine metal complexes against serine/threonine protein kinases from ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaji_Prakash
Missense mRNAMissense mRNA
Nucleoside analogues such as 2-aminopurine and 5-bromouracil can insert in place of A and T respectively. Ionizing radiation ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missense_mRNA
Frameshift mutationFrameshift mutation
85 (2): 142-154. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.06.022. PMC 2725244. PMID 19679224. Walsh, T.; Casadei, S.; Lee, M. K.; Pennil, C. C ... 153 (2): S4-S14. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.005. PMC 2810958. PMID 18639722. Iannuzzi, MC; Stern, RC; Collins, FS; Hon, CT; ... 13 (2): R9. doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-2-r9. PMC 3334572. PMID 22322200. Tucker, Tracy; Marra, Marco; Friedman, Jan M. (2009). " ... Retrieved 2 June 2009. Frameshift+Mutation at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) NCBI dbSNP ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameshift_mutation
ExcimerExcimer
46 (2): 193-209. doi:10.1070/PU2003v046n02ABEH001308. Conibear, Paul B.; Bagshaw, Clive R.; Fajer, Piotr G.; Kovács, Mihály; ... The reactions of benzene and their products depicted are a [2+2]cycloaddition to the ortho product (A), a [2+3]cycloaddition to ... Stereospecific 1,2 and 1,4 cycloadditions". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 93 (8): 2073-2074. doi:10.1021/ ... US patent 2805242, Ayer, Donald & George Buchi, "1-cyanobicyclo [4.2.0] octa-2, 4-dienes and their synthesis", issued 1957-09- ...
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Site-directed mutagenesisSite-directed mutagenesis
... examples of such chemicals are aminopurine,[4] nitrosoguanidine,[5] and bisulfite.[6] Site-directed mutagenesis was achieved in ... 8 (2): 181-189. PMC 356229. PMID 4940243.. *^ Marshall H. Edgell, Clyde A. Hutchison, III, and Morton Sclair (1972). "Specific ... Early attempts at mutagenesis using radiation or chemical mutagens were non-site-specific, generating random mutations.[2] ... "Mechanism of 2-aminopurine mutagenesis in mouse T-lymphosarcoma cells". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2 (9): 1096-1103. doi: ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-directed_mutagenesis
Nucleic acid analogueNucleic acid analogue
Another example of a metal complexing to natural nucleobases is the formation of A-Zn-T and G-Zn-C at high pH; Co+2 and Ni+2 ... 34 (2): 257-81. doi:10.1385/cbb:34:2:257. PMID 11898867. Berry DA, Jung KY, Wise DS, Sercel AD, Pearson WH, Mackie H, Randolph ... 20 (2): 177-82. doi:10.1038/nbt0202-177. PMID 11821864. Hirao I, Kimoto M, Mitsui T, Fujiwara T, Kawai R, Sato A, Harada Y, ... 37 (2): e14. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn956. PMC 2632903. PMID 19073696. Yamashige R, Kimoto M, Takezawa Y, Sato A, Mitsui T, Yokoyama ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_analogue
List of MeSH codes (D03)List of MeSH codes (D03)
2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-8-chloro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1h-3-benzazepin-7-ol MeSH D03.438.079.800 - 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1- ... quinolizin-2-ol, 2-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- MeSH D03.438.834.775 - sparteine MeSH D03.438. ... 5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole MeSH D03.383.312.649.290 - fanft MeSH D03.383.312.649.308 - furagin MeSH D03.383. ... fura-2 MeSH D03.383.129.462.470 - muscimol MeSH D03.383.129.462.580 - oxadiazoles MeSH D03.383.129.462.580.200 - 5-amino-3-((5- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D03)
Carbocyclic nucleosideCarbocyclic nucleoside
7 (2): 127-132. doi:10.1016/S0960-894X(96)00594-X. Borthwick AD, Butt S, Biggadike K, Exall AM, Roberts SM, Youds PM, Kirk BE, ... 2. JAI Press Inc. pp. 89-146. ISBN 1-55938-693-2. Cameron JM (December 1993). "New antiherpes drugs in development". Reviews in ... 156 (2): 1046-1053. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80950-1. PMID 2847711.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Carter SG, Kessler ... Carbocyclic (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2-deoxyuridine( (+) C-BVDU) GR95168 possesses activity against herpes simplex virus type l ( ...
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C5H5N5C5H5N5
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5H5N5
5-Bromouracil5-Bromouracil
It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside derivative (5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine) is used to treat ... and can induce DNA mutation in the same way as 2-aminopurine. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Bromouracil
2-Aminopurine2-Aminopurine
... , a purine analog of guanine and adenine, is a fluorescent molecular marker used in nucleic acid research. It most ... Nucleic acid analogues Jean JM, Hall KB (2001). "2-Aminopurine fluorescence quenching and lifetimes: role of base stacking". ... observation of a protonated base pair between 2-aminopurine and cytosine in an oligonucleotide by proton NMR". Proc. Natl. Acad ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Aminopurine
അഡിനിൻ - വിക്കിപീഡിയഅഡിനിൻ - വിക്കിപീഡിയ
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Adenine, ang malayang ensiklopedyaAdenine, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Ang Adenine(A, Ade) ay isang nucleobase(deribatibong purine) na may iba ibang mga tungkulin sa biokemika kabilang ang respirasyong selular sa anyo ng parehong mayaman sa enerhiyang adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at mga kapwa-paktor na nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) at flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), at sintesis ng protina bilang kemikal na sangkap ng DNA at RNA. Ang hugis ng adenine ay komplementaryo sa thymine sa DNA o uracil sa RNA. ...
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine
Janet RideoutJanet Rideout
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Rideout
Biomolecular engineeringBiomolecular engineering
... days of research in this field yielded discoveries about the potential of certain chemicals such as bisulfite and aminopurine ... 16 (2): 159-168. doi:10.1002/bit.260160202. PMID 4817138. Zhang Ya-Tao, Zhi, Tian-Tian, Zhang, Lin, Huang, He, Chen, Huan-Lin ... 16 (1): 2-16. doi:10.1021/bp088059d. PMID 10662483. Slabaugh, Michael R. & Seager, Spencer L. (2007). Organic and Biochemistry ... These monosaccharides consist of a five to six carbon ring that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - typically in a 1:2:1 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_engineering
2-Aminopurine2-Aminopurine
CAS Registry Number: 452-06-2. *Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD ... Other names: 1H-Purin-2-amine; Purine, 2-amino-; SQ 22,451; SQ 22451 ... InChI=1S/C5H5N5/c6-5-7-1-3-4(10-5)9-2-8-3/h1-2H,(H3,6,7,8,9,10) ...
https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C5H5N5/c6-5-7-1-3-4
2-Aminopurine - Wikipedia2-Aminopurine - Wikipedia
2-Aminopurine, a purine analog of guanine and adenine, is a fluorescent molecular marker used in nucleic acid research. It most ... Nucleic acid analogues Jean JM, Hall KB (2001). "2-Aminopurine fluorescence quenching and lifetimes: role of base stacking". ... observation of a protonated base pair between 2-aminopurine and cytosine in an oligonucleotide by proton NMR". Proc. Natl. Acad ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Aminopurine
DNA nanodevices monitored with fluorogenic looped-out 2-aminopurine - Analyst (RSC Publishing)DNA nanodevices monitored with fluorogenic looped-out 2-aminopurine - Analyst (RSC Publishing)
It is found that looped-out 2-AP, an analogue of adenine, in split parallel G-quadruplexes, triplexes and duplexes always shows ... We report several DNA nanodevices monitored with fluorogenic looped-out 2-aminopurine. ... DNA nanodevices monitored with fluorogenic looped-out 2-aminopurine P. Peng, Y. Du and T. Li, Analyst, 2018, Advance Article , ... It is found that looped-out 2-AP, an analogue of adenine, in split parallel G-quadruplexes, triplexes and duplexes always shows ...
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/an/c7an01953j
Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Atherosclerosis by 2-Aminopurine in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient MiceInhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Atherosclerosis by 2-Aminopurine in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice
Lichun Zhou,1 Dezhi Yang,2 Dong Fang Wu,3 Zhong Mao Guo,1 Emmanuel Okoro,1 and Hong Yang1 ... 2, no. 5, pp. 113-120, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus ... 1-2, pp. 29-63, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus ... 2, pp. 395-405, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2013/847310/ref/
2-Aminopurine-2-deoxyriboside-Triphosphate | TriLink BioTechnologies2-Aminopurine-2'-deoxyriboside-Triphosphate | TriLink BioTechnologies
2-Aminopurine-2-deoxyribose is a fluorescent purine analog used as a marker in nucleic acid research. It is also used in ... 2-Aminopurine-2-deoxyribose is a fluorescent purine analog used as a marker in nucleic acid research. It is also used in ... 2-Aminopurine-drTP Application. Aptamers, Epigenetics/DNA Damage, In vitro Transcription, Mutagenesis, Photocrosslinking ... Patro, Jennifer N.; Urban, Milan; Kuchta, Robert D. . Role of the 2-amino group of purines during dNTP polymerization by human ...
https://www.trilinkbiotech.com/2-aminopurine-2-deoxyriboside-triphosphate.html
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Conformation Change of the Loop Adenine of Avian Leukosis Virus RNA Upon Antibiotic Binding Revealed by 2-Aminopurine...Conformation Change of the Loop Adenine of Avian Leukosis Virus RNA Upon Antibiotic Binding Revealed by 2-Aminopurine...
I.Z. Shukshina2. 1Engelhardt Institute. of Molecular Biology. Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow, 119991 Russia. 2Moscow ... To this end we replaced the unpaired adenine in the hairpin loop of avian leukosis virus RNA with a fluorescent probe 2- ... aminopurine (2-AP). This approach permitted us to discriminate between the local conformation of the unpaired adenine in ... It has also been found that the intensity of 2-AP fluorescence for the two RNA dimers is different. Significantly lower ...
http://www.jbsdonline.com/c3034/c4265/conformation-change-loop-adenine-of-avian-leukosis-virus-rna-upon-antibiotic-binding-revealed-2-aminopurine-fluorescence-p17300.html
Probing Structure and Dynamics of DNA with 2-Aminopurine: Effects of Local Environment on Fluorescence †Probing Structure and Dynamics of DNA with 2-Aminopurine: Effects of Local Environment on Fluorescence †
Probing Structure and Dynamics of DNA with 2-Aminopurine: Effects of Local Environment on Fluorescence † ...
https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.acs-doi-10_1021_bi001664o
Electronic transition moments of 2-aminopurineElectronic transition moments of 2-aminopurine
The electronic spectrum of the unnatural nucleic acid base 2-aminopurine is important in order to understand the spectroscopy ... the near-UV spectrum of 2-aminopurine is resolved into contributions from five electronic transitions. Four moderately strong ... moment directions and effective absorption components is also a prerequisite for the interpretation of emission spectra of 2- ... aminopurine incorporated into DNA as a probe of nucleic acid base motion or excitation energy transfer processes. Using linear ...
https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/143447
DNA base stacking involving adenine and 2-aminopurineDNA base stacking involving adenine and 2-aminopurine
... Item metadata. dc.contributor.author. van Mourik, Tanja. ... For each type of stack, between five and nine minima were located, usually connected by low barriers of 1-2 kcal/mol. This ... van Mourik , T & Hogan , S W L 2016 , DNA base stacking involving adenine and 2-aminopurine Structural Chemistry , vol. 27 ... The potential energy surfaces of stacked structures consisting of adenine (A) and 2-aminopurine (2AP) have been investigated in ...
https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/8230?show=full
N|sup|2|/sup|-Modified 2-aminopurine ribonucleosides as minor-groove-modulating adenosine replacements in duplex RNA -...N|sup|2|/sup|-Modified 2-aminopurine ribonucleosides as minor-groove-modulating adenosine replacements in duplex RNA -...
N2-Modified 2-aminopurine ribonucleosides as minor-groove-modulating adenosine replacements in duplex RNA. ... Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of N,sup,2,/sup,-Modified 2-aminopurine ribonucleosides as minor-groove-modulating ...
https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/nsup2sup-modified-2-aminopurine-ribonucleosides-as-minor-groove-m/fingerprints/
Polbase - Reference: Nonrandom substitution of 2-aminopurine for adenine during deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro.Polbase - Reference: Nonrandom substitution of 2-aminopurine for adenine during deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro.
Incorporation of 2-aminopurine nucleotide was higher for mutator than for antimutator T4 DNA polymerases; and incorporation of ... 2-AP was favored after guanine and disfavored after adenine and thymine. ... Nonrandom substitution of 2-aminopurine for adenine during deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro. Pless RC, Levitt LM, ... Incorporation of 2-aminopurine nucleotide was higher for mutator than for antimutator T4 DNA polymerases; and incorporation of ...
https://polbase.neb.com/references/1017
Bases and modificationsBases and modifications
2-OMe RNA Bases (A, C, G, U) X. 2-OMe RNA bases (A, C, G, U). Modification Code:. mA, mC, mG, mU ... 2-Deoxy Bases (A, C, G, T) X. 2-Deoxy bases (A, C, G, T). Modification Code:. dA, dC, dG, dT ... 2-Deoxy-uridine X. 2-Deoxy-uridine. Modification Code:. dU. Description:. DNA modification has long been the industry ... 2-OMe-inosine X. 2-OMe-inosine. Modification Code:. mI. Description:. The naturally occurring 2-O-methyl (2-OMe) ...
https://horizondiscovery.com/products/custom-synthesis/bases-and-modifications
Configurational diffusion down a folding funnel describes the dynamics of DNA hairpins | PNASConfigurational diffusion down a folding funnel describes the dynamics of DNA hairpins | PNAS
2 where n(t) is the center of mass of the probability distribution as a function of time. n(t) at t = 0+ is assumed a δ- ... 2). Tf was determined from the ratio I(∞,Tf)/I(0−,Ti) calibrated on a fluorescence melting profile for each hairpin. The ... pdf). The discrete values of the free energies (at θI = 0, 1/6, 1/3, ½, 2/3, 5/6, and 1) are interpolated on a finer grid by ... Figure 2 Kinetics of unwinding/hairpin formation. The fluorescence of 2AP substituted at site 1 (hairpin H1) is monitored as a ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/98/14/7771?ijkey=2fc35a6bffc21f4fe511df36f0f712fdbbcb059c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Scilit | Article - The Effect of 2, 4 D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) Concentrat [...]Scilit | Article - The Effect of 2, 4 D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) Concentrat [...]
Benzyl Amino Purine) Concentration on the Establishment of Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) in Vitro Dwika Karima Wardani, ... The Effect of 2, 4 D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and BAP ( ...
https://www.scilit.net/article/ada3e6bf3972a7a548cb5575b9681048
Seminars | Department of ChemistrySeminars | Department of Chemistry
2. The development of new biomaterials via a general synthetic chemoselective redox responsive ligation (click) and release ...
http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/taxonomy/term/5?page=29
1,3-dioxolanylpurine nucleosides (2R,4R) and (2R,4S) with selective anti-HIV-1 activity in human lymphocytes. - PubMed - NCBI1,3-dioxolanylpurine nucleosides (2R,4R) and (2R,4S) with selective anti-HIV-1 activity in human lymphocytes. - PubMed - NCBI
The decreasing antiviral activity order of beta-isomers was as follows: guanine , 6-chloro-2-aminopurine , 2-fluoroadenine , or ... and 2,6-dichloropurine in the presence of TMS triflate. The chloro or fluoro substituents were readily converted into amino, N- ... 2-chloroadenine , 6-chloropurine approximately equal to N6-methyladenine approximately equal to 6-mercaptopurine approximately ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8421287?dopt=Abstract
AZD7451 for Recurrent Gliomas - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govAZD7451 for Recurrent Gliomas - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
2) Determine the ionized calcium levels. Exclusion is then to be based on whether these ionized calcium levels are out of ... Patients must be at least 4 weeks from other cytotoxic therapies not listed above and 2 weeks for non-cytotoxic agents (e.g., ... A 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) to be performed within 2 weeks of trial entry with QTc less than or equal to 470 msec. ... In cases where the serum calcium is below the normal range, 2 options would be available: 1) the calcium adjusted for albumin ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01468324
Famciclovir Pediatric Formulation in Children 1 to 12 Years of Age With Herpes Simplex Infection - Full Text View -...Famciclovir Pediatric Formulation in Children 1 to 12 Years of Age With Herpes Simplex Infection - Full Text View -...
Time Frame: Administered 2 times daily over 7 days ]. A patient with multiple AEs within the primary system organ class is ... 2-Aminopurine. Antiviral Agents. Anti-Infective Agents. Antimetabolites. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action. ... Apparent Oral Clearance of Penciclovir (CL/F) [ Time Frame: Plasma level measurements: pre-dose, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours post- ... Apparent Terminal Elimination Half-life of Penciclovir (T1/2) [ Time Frame: Plasma level measurements: pre-dose, 1, 2, 3, 4 and ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00098059
Acid-base equilibria in aqueous solutions of 2-aminopurine radical cations generated by two-photon photoionization<...Acid-base equilibria in aqueous solutions of 2-aminopurine radical cations generated by two-photon photoionization<...
Perkin Transactions 2, No. 2, 02.2000, p. 271-275.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review ... Y1 - 2000/2. N2 - The acid-base equilibria of the nucleic acid analogue 2-aminopurine (2AP) and 2-aminopurine riboside (2-APr) ... 70 mJ cm-2 pulse-1) have been investigated using transient absorption spectroscopy techniques. It is of interest to investigate ... 70 mJ cm-2 pulse-1) have been investigated using transient absorption spectroscopy techniques. It is of interest to investigate ...
https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/acid-base-equilibria-in-aqueous-solutions-of-2-aminopurine-radica
Polbase - Reference: On the molecular basis of transition mutations. Frequency of forming 2-aminopurine-cytosine base mispairs...Polbase - Reference: On the molecular basis of transition mutations. Frequency of forming 2-aminopurine-cytosine base mispairs...
2-aminopurine-cytosine base mispairs are reduced if next to a 5 primer thymine site and more prevalent if next to a 5 guanine ... The frequency of 2-aminopurine X cytosine base mispair formation in the G X C----A X T pathway is similar to that found ... Frequency of forming 2-aminopurine-cytosine base mispairs in the G X C----A X T mutational pathway by T4 DNA polymerase in ... 2-aminopurine-cytosine base mispairs are reduced if next to a 5 primer thymine site and more prevalent if next to a 5 guanine ...
https://polbase.neb.com/references/246
PQR | [(2r,3s,5r)-3-hydroxy-5-[6-[[(1r)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]amino]purine-1,3,7-triium-9-yl]tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl...PQR | [(2r,3s,5r)-3-hydroxy-5-[6-[[(1r)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]amino]purine-1,3,7-triium-9-yl]tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl...
2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]amino]purine-1,3,7-triium-9-yl]tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate (C18H24N5O7P) from the ... Amino]Purine-1,3,7-Triium-9-Yl]Tetrahydrofuran-2-Yl]Methyl Dihydrogen Phosphate ... amino]purine-1,3,7-triium-9-yl]tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate. ... 2R,3S,5R)-3-Hydroxy-5-[6-[[(1R)-2-Hydroxy-1-Phenyl-Ethyl] ... 2r,3s,5r)-3-hydroxy-5-[6-[[(1r)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl] ...
http://pqr.pitt.edu/mol/PUJUJNGEVFRCND-BYNSBNAKSA-O
Radiomimetic and radiosensitizing effects of 5-bromouracil and 2-aminopurine in root meristems of barley and onion. | Indian J...Radiomimetic and radiosensitizing effects of 5-bromouracil and 2-aminopurine in root meristems of barley and onion. | Indian J...
Radiomimetic and radiosensitizing effects of 5-bromouracil and 2-aminopurine in root meristems of barley and onion. ... Radiomimetic and radiosensitizing effects of 5-bromouracil and 2-aminopurine in root meris ...
https://search.bvsalud.org/gim/resource/en/sea-61667
PQR | [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurine-1,3,7-triium-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxy...PQR | [[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurine-1,3,7-triium-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxy...
2-[2-(2-indol-1-ium-3-ylethylamino)-2-oxo-ethyl]sulfanylethylamino]-3-oxo-propyl]amino]-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-butyl] hydrogen ... 6-aminopurine-1,3,7-triium-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxy-phosphoryl] [(3R)-3-hydroxy-4-[[ ... 2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-Aminopurine-1,3,7-Triium-9-Yl)-4-Hydroxy-3-Phosphonooxy-Tetrahydrofuran-2-Yl]Methoxy-Hydroxy-Phosphoryl] [(3R ... 2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(6-aminopurine-1,3,7-triium-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxy-phosphoryl] [(3r ...
http://pqr.pitt.edu/mol/VDFYTLYHVSZQLY-GMHMEAMDSA-O
Part 2 - Session 1 | CourseraPart 2 - Session 1 | Coursera
Now, the argument of Benzer is that if two amino purine. can induce either one or both of these transitions and make an active ... Part 2. To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video ... Since ochre can be converted into amber by treatment with 2-aminopurine, a base analog mutagen, the two codons must have two ...
https://www.coursera.org/learn/papers-molecular-genetics/lecture/5F0bd/part-2
Part 2 - Session 7 | CourseraPart 2 - Session 7 | Coursera
Now, the argument of Benzer is that if two amino purine can induce either one or both of these transitions and make an active ... Part 2. To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video ... 2:15. And there are lots of other mutants in the R2A which are not ambivalent and ... 2:26. There is a slight little problem in the logic of the paper at that point. ...
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/papers-molecular-genetics/part-2-5F0bd
guanine (CHEBI:16235)guanine (CHEBI:16235)
N2-carboxyethylguanine (CHEBI:62032) has functional parent guanine (CHEBI:16235). O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine (CHEBI:27549) has ... 9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-5-O-phosphono-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)guanine (CHEBI:42701) has functional parent guanine (CHEBI:16235). 9-[2 ... guanine (CHEBI:16235) is a 2-aminopurines (CHEBI:20702) guanine (CHEBI:16235) is a oxopurine (CHEBI:25810) guanine (CHEBI:16235 ... 1,N2-ethenoguanine (CHEBI:134096) has functional parent guanine (CHEBI:16235). 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (CHEBI:52617) has ...
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:16235
Famciclovir for the suppression of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus reactivation in HIV-infected persons. A...Famciclovir for the suppression of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus reactivation in HIV-infected persons. A...
Percentage of days with HSV-2 shedding was reduced from 9.7% to 1.3%. Breakthrough reactivations that occurred while patients ... were receiving famciclovir were infrequent, short, and often asymptomatic, HSV-2 isolates from these reactivations were ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9424977/?dopt=Abstract
Browsing Scholarship by TitleBrowsing Scholarship by Title
2-Aminopurine fluorescence quenching and lifetimes: Role of base stacking  Jean, John M.; Hall, Kathleen B. ...
https://dspace.sunyconnect.suny.edu/handle/1951/70988/browse?rpp=20&sort_by=1&type=title&etal=-1&starts_with=0&order=ASC
Table of Contents - January 02, 2001, 98 (1) | PNASTable of Contents - January 02, 2001, 98 (1) | PNAS
2-Aminopurine fluorescence quenching and lifetimes: Role of base stacking John M. Jean and Kathleen B. Hall ... The biological lifetime of nitric oxide: Implications for the perivascular dynamics of NO and O2 Douglas D. Thomas, Xiaoping ... Disruption of matrix metalloproteinase 2 binding to integrin αvβ3 by an organic molecule inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth ... Oligomerization of opioid receptors with β2-adrenergic receptors: A role in trafficking and mitogen-activated protein kinase ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/98/1
AdenineGuanineFluorescence of 2-aminopurineNucleotideFluorescentAnaloguesRibosideFluorophoresCytosineNucleic acidAnalogsMutationsDerivativesBaseReplicationDeoxynucleosideTriphosphateSynthesisInhibitsInhibitorVitroProbeLipidLifetimesOchreEthylCOMPOUNDDuplexAminoProteinsMoleculeEmissionFormulaApoptosisOrganicAcidSubstrateSignificantlyPolyHydrogenJournalChemistryStructureAntiviral
Adenine15
  • 2-Aminopurine, a purine analog of guanine and adenine, is a fluorescent molecular marker used in nucleic acid research. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is found that looped-out 2-AP, an analogue of adenine, in split parallel G-quadruplexes, triplexes and duplexes always shows much higher fluorescence intensity than that in single- or double-stranded DNAs, due to the weaker quenching effects derived from the reduced base stacking environments. (rsc.org)
  • To this end we replaced the unpaired adenine in the hairpin loop of avian leukosis virus RNA with a fluorescent probe 2-aminopurine (2-AP). (jbsdonline.com)
  • This approach permitted us to discriminate between the local conformation of the unpaired adenine in several RNA states during dimerization dimerization: hairpin, a kissing loop dimer (KD) and an extended duplex dimer (ED). It was shown that fluorescence intensity of 2-AP in the monomer hairpin RNA has higher than that of the both RNA dimers. (jbsdonline.com)
  • We studied the conformational change of the unpaired loop adenine of kissing loop dimer RNA upon the interaction with aminoglycoside antibiotics (AMG): paromomycin, neomycin, tobramycin and kanamycin B. It turned out that only tobramycin increases nearly three times the intensity of fluorescence 2-AP of kissing loop dimer. (jbsdonline.com)
  • The potential energy surfaces of stacked structures consisting of adenine (A) and 2-aminopurine (2AP) have been investigated in the gas phase. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Reference: Nonrandom substitution of 2-aminopurine for adenine during deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in vitro. (neb.com)
  • and incorporation of 2-AP was favored after guanine and disfavored after adenine and thymine. (neb.com)
  • 2,6-Diaminopurine (2-aminoadenine, DAP) is an adenine analog which can be found in S-2L cyanophage DNA where 2,6-diaminopurine is completely substituted for adenine. (horizondiscovery.com)
  • The unwinding of the hairpin is initiated by a laser temperature jump (T-jump), and the kinetics are monitored by measuring the change in the fluorescence of 2-aminopurine (2AP), a fluorescent analog of the adenine base, which is substituted at various sites along the stem of the hairpin (Fig. 1 ). (pnas.org)
  • 2-Aminopurine X cytosine mispairs are observed to occur at a 2-3 order of magnitude greater frequency than adenine X cytosine mispairs. (neb.com)
  • The mutagenic effects of 2-aminopurine (2AP) have been compared in the adenine-3 (ad-3) region of two-component heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa: nucleotide excision repair-proficient (uvs-2+/uvs-2+) heterokaryon 12 (H-12) and nucleotide excision repair-deficient (uvs-2/uvs-2) heterokaryon 59 (H-59). (rti.org)
  • Several cytokinins \[N 6 -benzyladenine (BA), N 6 -(2-isopentenyl) adenine (2ip), 6-furfuryl aminopurine (Kn), and adenine sulfate (Ads)\] were assayed. (bioone.org)
  • This property was realized by replacing adenine moieties in the species-specific capture probes with 2-aminopurine. (suddenoakdeath.org)
  • 5-bromouracil (replacing thymine) or 2-aminopurine replacing adenine. (academic.ru)
Guanine2
  • A 5-fold reduction in proofreading frequency occurs when the mispair is formed with 2-aminopurine deoxynucleoside monophosphate stacked adjacent to a 5'-primer guanine. (neb.com)
  • In two of the complexes, alteration of a guanine to either 2-aminopurine or nebularine resulted in an increase in K(d) from 88nM to 209nM and 316nM, respectively. (rcsb.org)
Fluorescence of 2-aminopurine1
  • Probably, the fluorescence of 2-aminopurine can be successfully used to detect the binding of ligands to different structures of RNA. (jbsdonline.com)
Nucleotide4
  • An in vitro model system including wild-type T4 DNA polymerase, the mutagenic nucleotide analogue 2-aminopurine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, and poly[d(A,C)] X oligo(dT) poly(dC) X oligo(dG) template-primers is used to measure the frequency of 2-aminopurine X cytosine base mispairs formed in the G X C----A X T mutational pathway. (neb.com)
  • 2 . The method of claim 1 further comprising removing nucleotide derivatives and nucleotides that are not incorporated into the primer. (google.ca)
  • 3 . The method of claim 2 further comprising the step of repeating said conducting and removing steps using a second nucleotide species and a nucleotide derivative corresponding to a nucleotide species different from said second species. (google.ca)
  • These resemble molecular beacons, but we directly incorporate environment-sensitive fluorescent nucleotide analogs such as 2-aminopurine during synthesis, etc. (uh.edu)
Fluorescent1
  • 2-Aminopurine-2'-deoxyribose is a fluorescent purine analog used as a marker in nucleic acid research. (trilinkbiotech.com)
Analogues2
  • Exports purine analogues, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-mercaptoguanine, but not to 2-aminopurine and purine nucleoside analogues. (tcdb.org)
  • 0.5 ns) were collected for 12 D-A purines in four organic solvents and even water (for the 2-aminopurine analogues). (ufl.edu)
Riboside1
  • The acid-base equilibria of the nucleic acid analogue 2-aminopurine (2AP) and 2-aminopurine riboside (2-APr) radicals generated by two-photon photoionization of the 2AP residues with intense 308 nm XeCl excimer laser pulses (fwhm = 12 ns, ca. 70 mJ cm -2 pulse -1 ) have been investigated using transient absorption spectroscopy techniques. (nyu.edu)
Fluorophores1
  • 2‐aminopurine and isoxanthopterin are extrinsic fluorophores that are incorporated synthetically into deoxyribonucleic acid. (els.net)
Cytosine3
  • Frequency of forming 2-aminopurine-cytosine base mispairs in the G X C----A X T mutational pathway by T4 DNA polymerase in vitro. (neb.com)
  • The frequency of inserting 2-aminopurine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate in place of dGMP opposite template cytosine sites is about 3-6% when either strong or weak base-stacking partners are present on the primer strand. (neb.com)
  • The frequency of 2-aminopurine X cytosine base mispair formation in the G X C----A X T pathway is similar to that found previously in the A X T----G X C pathway (Watanabe, S. M., and Goodman, M.F. (1981) Proc. (neb.com)
Nucleic acid3
  • The electronic spectrum of the unnatural nucleic acid base 2-aminopurine is important in order to understand the spectroscopy and photophysics of the normal DNA bases. (chalmers.se)
  • Knowledge of transition moment directions and effective absorption components is also a prerequisite for the interpretation of emission spectra of 2-aminopurine incorporated into DNA as a probe of nucleic acid base motion or excitation energy transfer processes. (chalmers.se)
  • The TET/JBP family of nucleic acid base-modifying 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent dioxygenases. (springer.com)
Analogs3
  • Analogs of nucleotides and other chemicals were later used to generate localized point mutations, examples of such chemicals are aminopurine, nitrosoguanidine, and bisulfite. (wikipedia.org)
  • A cGMP analog lacking the C6 oxygen had ∼80-fold weakened affinity, modifications at N 2 , N7, or 2′-OH diminished affinity ∼16-fold, and analogs with groups appended at N1 had only 2- to 6-fold weakened affinity. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Das J., Bhan A., Mandal S.S. and Lovely C.J. Total syntheses and cytotoxicity of kealiiquinone, 2-deoxykealiiquinone and analogs, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters , 2013 , 23, 6183-7. (uta.edu)
Mutations2
  • In addition, quantitative differences were also found between the spectra of ad-3 mutations in 1 subclass of multiple-locus mutations, but not 2 additional subclasses. (rti.org)
  • Interestingly, a temperature-sensitive influenza A virus mutant with mutations in the NS1 gene exhibited a defect in protein synthesis at the nonpermissive temperature that correlated with an increased level of phosphorylated PKR and eIF-2α ( 13 ). (asm.org)
Derivatives2
  • Such 2-AP r derivatives were isolated following intraperitoneal but not oral administration and were shown to be competent for infectivity via intraperitoneal but not oral infection of naïve mice. (asm.org)
  • These 2-AP r derivatives were deficient in methyl-directed mismatch repair and were resistant to nitric oxide, yet they retained the bile-sensitive phenotype of the parental dam mutant strain. (asm.org)
Base9
  • Taking advantage of these traits, we introduce a new strategy to monitor the behaviours of DNA nanodevices via the fluorescence signal output by utilizing changes in the base stacking environment of 2-AP. (rsc.org)
  • Compared with conventional fluorescence labelling, looped-out 2-AP as a reporter shows good photostability and can be quenched by base-pairing, thereby providing an efficient quencher-free methodology for monitoring DNA nanodevices. (rsc.org)
  • The DAP-T base pair possesses an extra hydrogen bond compared with A-T because of the additional -NH 2 pointing toward the minor groove of DNA. (horizondiscovery.com)
  • Thermodynamic studies of base pairing involcing 2,6-diaminopurine. (horizondiscovery.com)
  • Since ochre can be converted into amber by treatment with 2-aminopurine, a base analog mutagen, the two codons must have two common bases (UAx) and the third differs by a transition (UAG versus UAA). (coursera.org)
  • Since dam mutant strains are sensitive to the DNA base analog 2-aminopurine (2-AP), we screened for 2-AP-resistant (2-AP r ) isolates in systemic tissues of mice infected with dam mutant Salmonella . (asm.org)
  • Appendix E is an investigation of the "base flipping" pathway of 2-aminopurine (2AP). (bl.uk)
  • We observed directional emission in a quartz substrate from the DNA base analogue 2-aminopurine (2-AP). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • En mathématiques, une base d une topologie est un ensemble d ouverts tel que tout ouvert de la topologie soit l union d éléments de cet ensemble. (academic.ru)
Replication3
  • Whether 2-aminopurine induces incorporation errors at the DNA replication? (semanticscholar.org)
  • Cells not permissive for delNS1 virus replication produced infectious particles when the infected cells were incubated with 2-aminopurine (2-AP) ( 15 ), a chemical inhibitor of PKR. (asm.org)
  • 2001. Inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by interferon-gamma and recovery of virus replication with 2-aminopurine. (osu.edu)
Deoxynucleoside1
Triphosphate2
  • 2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said second polymerase is present in an amount sufficient to remove misincorporated deoxynucleotide triphosphate at said position. (google.es)
  • 3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein said second polymerase is present in an amount insufficient to remove a substantial amount of said complementary deoxynucleotide triphosphate. (google.es)
Synthesis3
  • The interferon (IFN)-induced double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR mediates inhibition of protein synthesis through phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) and is also involved in the induction of the IFN gene through the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. (asm.org)
  • Its best-characterized substrate is the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), the phosphorylation of which leads to inhibition of protein synthesis ( 21 ). (asm.org)
  • The activated form of PKR is capable of blocking protein synthesis through its ability to phosphorylate the α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2α). (asm.org)
Inhibits1
  • 2-Aminopurine inhibits lipid accumulation induced by apolipoprotein E-deficient lipoprotein in macrophages: potential role of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 α phosphorylation in foam cell formation," Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , vol. 326, no. 2, pp. 395-405, 2008. (hindawi.com)
Inhibitor1
  • Proteasome inhibitor MG132 at the concentrations of 2 or 3 µmol/L was used to stimulate the HL-60 cell cultured for 24 h and 48 h respectively, and the Annexin V/7-AAD staining and flow cytomotry were used to detect the apoptosis of the HL-60 cells. (jove.com)
Vitro5
  • The incorporation of the deoxyribonucleotide of 2-aminopurine [(AP)] for deoxyadenylate into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in vitro has been examined by using five highly purified DNA polymerases: calf thymus polymerase alpha, Escherichia coli polymerase I, and the polymerases induced by T4 phage mutant L56 (mutator phenotype), wild-type T4 phage, and T4 phage mutant L141 (antimutator phenotype). (neb.com)
  • Fully 2'-modified oligonucleotide duplexes with improved in vitro potency and stability compared to unmodified small interfering RNA. (horizondiscovery.com)
  • Breakthrough reactivations that occurred while patients were receiving famciclovir were infrequent, short, and often asymptomatic, HSV-2 isolates from these reactivations were susceptible to penciclovir in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • However, in vitro studies in which 3 H-labeled SAM was incubated with DNA suggest that SAM can also act as a chemical alkylating agent, spontaneously transferring its methyl group to DNA via non-enzyme-catalyzed reactions ( 2 , 29 , 37 ). (asm.org)
  • This protein effectively blocks the dsRNA-mediated activation of purified PKR and eIF-2α in vitro. (asm.org)
Probe1
  • 2-Aminopurine as a probe for quadruplex loop structures / Robert D. Gray, Luigi Pettracone, Robert Bucaglia, Jonathan B. Chaires. (princeton.edu)
Lipid1
  • Thus, 2-methylhexanoyl-CoA is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. (hmdb.ca)
Lifetimes1
Ochre1
  • We have now shown quite unmistakably that three of these revert to ochre with 2-aminopurine. (nih.gov)
Ethyl1
  • Hydroxylamine (HA), 2-aminopurine (AP), 5-bromouracil (BU), and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) were tested for mutagenic activity on seeds of Melilotus alba annua . (unl.edu)
COMPOUND4
  • 2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. (google.com)
  • 2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). (hmdb.ca)
  • 2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA is a potentially toxic compound. (hmdb.ca)
  • This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain 2-enoyl coas. (hmdb.ca)
Duplex1
  • Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies indicate an unusual conformation of 2-aminopurine within ATAT and TATA duplex sequences. (berkeley.edu)
Amino1
  • 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, also called 2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency or MBHD, is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to process the amino acid isoleucine properly. (hmdb.ca)
Proteins1
  • The TCP domain: a motif found in proteins regulating plant growth and development", The Plant Journal, vol. 18, No. 2, 1999, pp. 215-222. (freepatentsonline.com)
Molecule2
  • 2-Methylhexanoyl-CoA is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. (hmdb.ca)
  • The first cycle polymerized L -lactide- O -carboxyanhydride into poly( L -lactide acid) (PLLA) via a ring-opening polymerization and released one CO 2 molecule per polymer repeat unit. (rsc.org)
Emission3
  • a) In transition metal complexes such as [Ru(bpy) 2 (dppz)] 2+ the absorption and emission are due to a charge transfer transition of the entire complex. (els.net)
  • The absorption and emission of Fura‐2 displays spectral shifts upon binding calcium. (els.net)
  • The directional emission at 59° is almost completely p-polarized, consistent with its origin from surface plasmons due to coupling of excited 2-AP with the aluminum. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Formula1
  • A cyclopropane derivative of formula (I) ##STR1## wherein B1 is a purine or pyrimidine residue, R1 and R2 are, independently, hydrogen or a protecting group for hydroxyl and each of k, m and n represents, independently, an integer of 1 or 2 is useful for its antiviral effect. (google.com)
Apoptosis1
  • These results differ from those in cells arrested at the G 2 checkpoint, in which UCN-01 abrogates cell cycle arrest, permitting cells to progress in the cell cycle before apoptosis. (aacrjournals.org)
Organic3
  • 2-Methylhexanoyl-CoA , also known as 2-methylcaproyl-CoA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl coas. (hmdb.ca)
  • 2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA, also known as S-(2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-oxo-acyl coas. (hmdb.ca)
  • These are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A substructure linked to a long-chain 2-enoyl chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. (hmdb.ca)
Acid1
  • Callus formation was observed best (83.3%) in MS media supplemented with 3.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.1 mg/L indolebutyric acid (IBA). (academicjournals.org)
Substrate1
  • 2-Methylbutyryl-CoA is a substrate for Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (short-chain specific, mitochondrial), Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (medium-chain specific, mitochondrial) and Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (long-chain specific, mitochondrial). (hmdb.ca)
Significantly1
  • Significantly, nearly all CO 2 molecules were consumed in the second step, with 91% incorporated into the block copolymer, and 9% converted to the byproduct. (rsc.org)
Poly1
  • In the second cycle, epoxide molecules (cyclohexeneoxide) combined with the CO 2 generated in the first step and grew into poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) from the terminal ends of the PLLA chains. (rsc.org)
Hydrogen1
  • 3. A cyclopropane according to claim 1 wherein each of R 1 and R 2 is hydrogen. (google.com)
Journal2
  • Apolipoprotein E-deficient lipoproteins induce foam cell formation by activation of PERK-EIF-2 α signaling cascade," Journal of Bioanalysis and Biomedicine , vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 113-120, 2010. (hindawi.com)
  • J. Lewerenz and P. Maher, "Basal levels of eIF2 α phosphorylation determine cellular antioxidant status by regulating ATF4 and xCT expression," Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol. 284, no. 2, pp. 1106-1115, 2009. (hindawi.com)
Chemistry1
  • Communications Chemistry, 2 (1), 108.10.1038/s42004-019-0213-5. (etis.ee)
Structure5
  • This result implies that 2-AP loses the initial intra-loop interactions in the structure KD on interaction with tobramycin, becoming more exposed into the solution that is reflected in its fluorescence increase. (jbsdonline.com)
  • Chapter 2 presents the computational techniques used: electronic structure methods (Hartree-Fock-based and density functional theory) and molecular dynamics. (bl.uk)
  • These inadequacies led to the development of alternatives such as the cyanine Dyes (Cyanine Dyes) which have the general structure shown in Figure 2 . (atdbio.com)
  • The S segment contains a unique sequence (U S ) flanked by a substantial inverted repeat (TR S /IR S ). Thus, the genome structure of EHV-1 subtype 2 is similar to that published previously for EHV-1 subtype 1, but the two subtypes differ in the occurrences of Eco RI and Bam HI restriction sites. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • DNA sequence data for four EHV-1 subtype 2 genes, including one potentially encoding a glycoprotein, were obtained by sequencing a 4574 bp Bam HI fragment containing the junction between U S and TR S . The genome structure, hybridization and sequence data confirm that EHV-1 subtype 2 is of the alphaherpesvirus lineage. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Antiviral1
  • Major antiviral effectors induced by IFN include Mx ( 29 , 30 , 32 ), the 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase ( 2 , 8 ), and the double-stranded-RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) ( 25 ). (asm.org)
2-Aminopurine
2-Aminopurine (webbook.nist.gov)
Bases and modifications
Bases and modifications (horizondiscovery.com)
Guanine (CHEBI:16235)
Guanine (CHEBI:16235) (ebi.ac.uk)
Table of Contents - January 02, 2001, 98 (1) | PNAS
Table of Contents - January 02, 2001, 98 (1) | PNAS (pnas.org)
In Vivo-Selected Mutations in Methyl-Directed Mismatch Repair Suppress the Virulence Attenuation of Salmonella dam Mutant...
In Vivo-Selected Mutations in Methyl-Directed Mismatch Repair Suppress the Virulence Attenuation of Salmonella dam Mutant... (jb.asm.org)
Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria | PNAS
Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria | PNAS (pnas.org)
Browsing Waterloo Research by Title
Browsing Waterloo Research by Title (uwspace.uwaterloo.ca)
Fundamental Facets of Somatic Embryogenesis and Its Applications for Advancement of Peanut Biotechnology | Springer for...
Fundamental Facets of Somatic Embryogenesis and Its Applications for Advancement of Peanut Biotechnology | Springer for... (rd.springer.com)
Stoffwechsel der Purine und Pyrimidine | Springer for Research & Development
Stoffwechsel der Purine und Pyrimidine | Springer for Research & Development (rd.springer.com)
2-Aminopurine-2'-deoxyriboside-Triphosphate | TriLink BioTechnologies
2-Aminopurine-2'-deoxyriboside-Triphosphate | TriLink BioTechnologies (trilinkbiotech.com)
Evidence for a Watson-Crick Hydrogen Bonding Requirement in DNA Synthesis by Human DNA Polymerase κ | Molecular and Cellular...
Evidence for a Watson-Crick Hydrogen Bonding Requirement in DNA Synthesis by Human DNA Polymerase κ | Molecular and Cellular... (mcb.asm.org)
Fluorescent Analogues in Biological Research
Fluorescent Analogues in Biological Research (els.net)
Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties of Donor-Acceptor Purines
Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties of Donor-Acceptor Purines (ufdc.ufl.edu)
Space Groups
Space Groups (viperdb.scripps.edu)
PPT - Mutations, Mutagenesis, and Repair PowerPoint Presentation - ID:793271
PPT - Mutations, Mutagenesis, and Repair PowerPoint Presentation - ID:793271 (slideserve.com)
Synthesis and properties of fluorescent oligonucleotides
Synthesis and properties of fluorescent oligonucleotides (atdbio.com)
Mutations | Microbiology
Mutations | Microbiology (courses.lumenlearning.com)
ASMscience | DNA Mismatch Repair
ASMscience | DNA Mismatch Repair (asmscience.org)
A bend, flip and trap mechanism for transposon integration | eLife
A bend, flip and trap mechanism for transposon integration | eLife (elifesciences.org)
Poly(I:C) induces intense expression of c-IAP2 and cooperates with an IAP inhibitor in induction of apoptosis in cancer cells |...
Poly(I:C) induces intense expression of c-IAP2 and cooperates with an IAP inhibitor in induction of apoptosis in cancer cells |... (bmccancer.biomedcentral.com)
2-NH₂-cPuMP BIOLOG Life Science Institute
2-NH₂-cPuMP BIOLOG Life Science Institute (biolog.de)
Volume 69, Issue 7 | Microbiology Society
Volume 69, Issue 7 | Microbiology Society (microbiologyresearch.org)
WikiGenes - Gene Transfer, Horizontal
WikiGenes - Gene Transfer, Horizontal (wikigenes.org)
SMART: Bet_v_1 domain annotation
SMART: Bet_v_1 domain annotation (smart.embl.de)
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for 2-Methylhexanoyl-CoA (HMDB0011660)
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for 2-Methylhexanoyl-CoA (HMDB0011660) (hmdb.ca)
Spatial distribution and specification of mammalian replication origins during G1 phase | JCB
Spatial distribution and specification of mammalian replication origins during G1 phase | JCB (jcb.rupress.org)
G-quadruplex DNA : methods and protocols / edited by Peter Baumann. - Princeton University Library Catalog
G-quadruplex DNA : methods and protocols / edited by Peter Baumann. - Princeton University Library Catalog (catalog.princeton.edu)
Recent progress in dissecting molecular recognition by DNA polymerases with non-native substrates, Current Opinion in Chemical...
Recent progress in dissecting molecular recognition by DNA polymerases with non-native substrates, Current Opinion in Chemical... (deepdyve.com)
RCSB PDB - 1U1O: Crystal Structure of UP1 Complexed With d(TTAGGGTTAG(DI)G); A Human Telomeric Repeat Containing Inosine
RCSB PDB - 1U1O: Crystal Structure of UP1 Complexed With d(TTAGGGTTAG(DI)G); A Human Telomeric Repeat Containing Inosine (rcsb.org)
N6-Methyladenine: A Conserved and Dynamic DNA Mark | SpringerLink
N6-Methyladenine: A Conserved and Dynamic DNA Mark | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Organic - Chemical Communications Blog
Organic - Chemical Communications Blog (blogs.rsc.org)
Zahajska | Institute of Experimental Botany CAS
Zahajska | Institute of Experimental Botany CAS (ueb.cas.cz)