2,3-Diphosphoglycerate

Diphosphoglyceric Acids

Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase

Hemoglobin A

Hemoglobins, Abnormal

Hemoglobins

Oxyhemoglobins

Erythrocytes

Phytic Acid

Glyceric Acids

Oxygen

Phosphoglycerate Mutase

Methanobacteriales

Glycerophosphates

Hemoglobin, Sickle

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

Carboxyhemoglobin

Methemoglobin

Polycythemia

Hemoglobinometry

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Partial Pressure

Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases

Euryarchaeota

Erythrocyte Aging

Phosphotransferases

Blood Protein Electrophoresis

Blood Preservation

Erythrocytes, Abnormal

Kinetics

Pyruvate Kinase

Erythrocyte Deformability

Phosphates

Inosine

Mathematics

Adenosine Triphosphate

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases

Fetal Hemoglobin

Erythrocyte Membrane

Allosteric Site

Carbon Monoxide

Hematocrit

Anemia, Sickle Cell

Carbon Dioxide

Binding Sites

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Phosphofructokinase-1

Pyruvates

Hemolysis

Glycolysis

Plateletpheresis

Observer Variation

Laboratories

Phosphoglycolate phosphatase

Luebering-Rapoport pathway

Methanopyrus

Blood doping

Phosphoglycerate mutase

Packed red blood cells

Aldolase A deficiency

Blood bank

Blood transfusion

Hypophosphatemia

3-phosphoglyceroyl-phosphate-polyphosphate phosphotransferase

Bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase

University of Virginia School of Medicine

List of MeSH codes (D09)

2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid

DPG

Ecophysiology

Refeeding syndrome

Blood bank

Diphosphoglycerate

GAPDHS

List of diseases (D)

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Methylotroph

Acylphosphatase

Samuel Mitja Rapoport

Glycolysis

Erythrocytes6

• Enzymes controlling 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in human erythrocytes, Fed. (ximicat.com)
• The purification and properties of diphosphoglycerate mutase from human erythrocytes. (genome.jp)
• On the Mechanisms of the Hypoxia Induced Increase of 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate in Erythrocytes. (springer.com)
• Hypophosphataemia-induced depletion of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes results in a left shift of the haemoglobin/oxygen dissociation curve, increasing haemoglobin affinity for oxygen and predisposing to local tissue hypoxia. (mja.com.au)
• Astrup, P., P.M. Rörth, C.T. Thorshauge: Dependency on acid-base status of oxyhemoglobin dissociation and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate level in human erythrocytes. (springer.com)
• Erythrocytes have intracellular hemoglobin, 2-3,diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), and ATP, which all exert osmotic pressure across the semipermeable cell membrane. (medscape.com)

Concentrations10

• RBC concentrations of 2,3-DPG, venous blood gas pH, and oxygen partial pressure required for 50% hemoglobin saturation (P50) were measured at CRRT initiation and days 2, 4, and 7. (asnjournals.org)
• at more elevated concentrations, blockade was nearly quantitative, affecting glycophorin and band 3 sites alike. (sanger.ac.uk)
• P50 for oxygen (3.6 and 3.6 kPa) and 2,3-DPG concentrations (5.3 and 5.1 mikromol/ml erythrocyte) in shed mediastinal blood (1h and 6h postoperatively) were not significantly different compared to patient-blood. (biomedsearch.com)
• Erythrocyte phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations were decreased. (nih.gov)
• A typical account goes like this [2]: "The membrane potential arises from the net actions of ion channels and ion pumps (such as the sodium-potassium ATPase) embedded in the membrane, which produce different concentrations of ions (and therefore electrical charge) on the intracellular and extracellular sides of the membrane. (i-sis.org.uk)
• The organism has been reported to contain the trianionic cDPG (cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate) and K + at concentrations of 1.1 and 3 M, respectively. (biochemsoctrans.org)
• Initial red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentrations were markedly decreased in ketoacidotic patients. (diabetesjournals.org)
• Non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma patients revealed normal 2,3-DPG concentrations on admission, and a similar decline of plasma phosphorus occurred, as in ketoacidosis, during treatment. (diabetesjournals.org)
• 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the concentrations of free fatty acids in the plasma of the subject is due to a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. (freepatentsonline.com)
• 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the concentrations of free fatty acids in the plasma of the subject is due to impairment of muscle function. (freepatentsonline.com)

Mutase7

• Decreased 2,3-DPG results from an inherited lack of the red blood cell enzymes 2,3-DPG mutase and 2,3-DPG phosphatase. (encyclopedia.com)
• Decreased levels of 2,3-DPG are found in cases of erythrocytosis and nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia caused by 2,3-DPG mutase and 2,3-DPG phosphatase deficiencies. (encyclopedia.com)
• Relationship of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase in various mammals. (biomedsearch.com)
• Called also diphosphoglycerate mutase. (thefreedictionary.com)
• It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (nih.gov)
• 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate mutase: its demonstration by electrophoresis and the detection of a genetic variant. (arctichealth.org)
• Phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-independent). (expasy.org)

Cell 2 3 diphosphoglycerate3

• Reduced red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate, hypophosphatemia, and increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity after cardiac surgery. (semanticscholar.org)
• Role of Red Cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate in the Adaptation of Man to Altitude. (springer.com)
• Austin, R.L., L.D. Stegink, C.V. Gisolfi, R.M. Lauer: The effect of exercise on red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in children. (springer.com)

Cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate3

• Catalyzes the formation of cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (cDPG) by formation of an intramolecular phosphoanhydride bond at the expense of ATP. (uniprot.org)
• Biosynthesis of cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. (uniprot.org)
• Isolation and characterization of 2-phosphoglycerate kinase and cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate synthetase from Methanothermus fervidus. (uniprot.org)

Affinity19

• The substitution affects one of the 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate binding sites, resulting in an increased affinity for oxygen, but both the haem-haem interaction and the alkaline Bohr effect are normal in the haemolysate. (nih.gov)
• LICHTMAN MA, MILLER DR, COHEN J, WATERHOUSE C. Reduced Red Cell Glycolysis, 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate and Adenosine Triphosphate Concentration, and Increased Hemoglobin-Oxygen Affinity Caused by Hypophosphatemia. (annals.org)
• This study sought to confirm that phosphate depletion during CRRT may decrease red blood cell (RBC) concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), a crucial allosteric effector of hemoglobin's (Hgb's) affinity for oxygen, thereby leading to impaired oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues. (asnjournals.org)
• Therefore, 10 consecutive patients were studied to determine if reduced 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration and increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity accompanied the fall in serum inorganic phosphate concentration. (semanticscholar.org)
• A significant fall in 2,3-DPG and an increase in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity was present in red cells of patients studied on the first postoperative day. (semanticscholar.org)
• In addition to reducing hemoglobin-O2 affinity, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) is known to modulate the mechanical properties of the erythrocyte membrane. (sanger.ac.uk)
• In studies of membrane-skeleton interactions, DPG was observed to inhibit the fast and slow phases of ankyrin binding to band 3 and to reduce both the number of ankyrin sites and affinity of ankyrin for each class of site. (sanger.ac.uk)
• Bard E., Teasdale F. (1979) Red cell oxygen affinity hemoglobin type 2,3-difosfoglicerate and pH, a function of fetal development. (edu.pl)
• Gibby O. M., Veale K. E. A., Hayes T. M., Jones J. G., Wardrop C. A. J. (1978) Oxygen availability from blood and the effect of phosphate replacement on erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and hemoglobin-oxygen affinity in diabetic ketoacidosis. (edu.pl)
• Genetically based modifications of hemoglobin (Hb) function that increase blood-O 2 affinity are hallmarks of hypoxia adaptation in vertebrates. (biologists.org)
• This combination of features compromises the acclimatization capacity of blood-O 2 affinity and has led to the hypothesis that felids have a restricted physiological niche breadth relative to other mammals. (biologists.org)
• Given the low O 2 affinity and reduced regulatory capacity of feline Hbs, the extreme hypoxia tolerance of snow leopards must be attributable to compensatory modifications of other steps in the O 2 -transport pathway. (biologists.org)
• As this positively charged cleft is accessible for DPG binding in the low-affinity T quaternary structure of the tetrameric (α 2 β 2 ) Hb but not in the high-affinity R structure, changes in red blood cell DPG levels alter Hb-O 2 affinity by shifting the T-R allosteric equilibrium of the Hb ( Weber, 2007 ). (biologists.org)
• Although Hb-O 2 affinity is also allosterically regulated by chloride ions (Cl − ), the Cl − concentration does not change appreciably in red blood cells ( Nikinmaa, 1990 ). (biologists.org)
• Plays a major role in regulating hemoglobin oxygen affinity by controlling the levels of its allosteric effector 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG). (uniprot.org)
• Inherited high erythropoietin levels Abnormal haemoglobin with the increased oxygen affinity Decreased level of metabolite (2,3 Diphosphoglycerate). (netdoctor.co.uk)
• Increased affinity for oxygen in the blood caused by decreased production of 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid . (wikipedia.org)
• We also investigated the effect of extracellular adenine nucleotides on red cell organic phosphate pattern and O2 affinity to test whether the inhibitory effect of normal or elevated PO2 on 2,3-DPG synthesis and the concomitant increase of ATP (and O2 half-saturation pressure) can be mimicked by these agents. (uni-regensburg.de)
• We also found that extracellular ATP, which is rapidly degraded to AMP by red cell ectoenzymes, can alter the red cell phosphate pattern and O2 affinity, i.e., significantly increase red cell ATP, decrease red cell 2,3-DPG and O2 affinity, and thus mimic the effect of normoxia and hyperoxia. (uni-regensburg.de)

Concentration13

• A marked reduction in red cell glucose utilization, lactate production, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate concentration occurred in a patient with intractable diarrhea during a period of hypophosphatemia induced by parenteral nutrition with hypertonic glucose and protein hydrolysate. (annals.org)
• HbS polymerizes only when deoxygenated, its oxygenation is influenced by a few factors, one key factor being the 2,3- diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration in the red blood cell. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• In addition, increased 2,3-DPG concentration decreases intracellular red cell pH further promoting HbS polymerization. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• The main objective of the work was to evaluate the influence of a six day supplementation with sodium phosphate on circulatory and pulmonary variables, the level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and the concentration of inorganic phosphates in blood serum of elite off-road cyclists. (edu.pl)
• The changes in the resting and post exercise concentration of 2,3-DPG were non significant, yet the supplementation procedure showed a tendency for increased level of this variable. (edu.pl)
• In an attempt to estimate the influences of CO on the CO2 Bohr effect and the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) effect linked to the reversible binding of O2 to the hemoglobin molecule (Hb), O2 dissociation curves of human blood in the presence of CO were investigated at 37 degrees C over a DPG concentration ranging from 2.2 to 4.3 mmol/(1RBC) and a pH range of 7.2 to 7.6. (elsevier.com)
• This study measured the level of 2,3-diphophoglycerate and the factors affecting its concentration, as well as the position of the oxygen - hemoglobin dissociation curve in patients with end-stage liver disease . (bvsalud.org)
• A 0.3 g/L increase in the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration corresponded to a P50 increase in 1.2 mmHg with a rightward displacement of the oxygen - hemoglobin dissociation curve. (bvsalud.org)
• The 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration showed a significant correlation with the PaO2, Ca-vO2, P50, and blood lactate level, but not with the hemodynamic parameters such as the cardiac index, oxygen delivery index, and pH . (bvsalud.org)
• The oxygen delivery capacity of the blood to the tissues was calculated by use of the oxygen status algorithm (OSA 2.0) programme and measurement of the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration. (biomedsearch.com)
• There were no significant changes of 2,3-DPG concentration in the patient-blood during cardiopulmonary bypass or after autotransfusion compared to preoperative values. (biomedsearch.com)
• Blood, from a catheter in a superficial cubital vein, will also be taken at rest, at a precise time during the exercise and immediately after the exercise to measure potential of hydrogen, bicarbonates, haemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and other blood markers of metabolic and hormonal adaptations to exercise. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• Time-dependent changes in the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate of normal human red cells show an initial lag phase, followed by a slow linear decrease. (unboundmedicine.com)

Glycolysis6

• Pseudomonas species lack the 6-phosphofructokinase gene required for glycolysis, and glucose is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) and pyruvate (Pyr) via the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway. (asm.org)
• These findings demonstrate that the decreased anabolism of glucose into UDPG and 1,3-β-glucan triggered by a defect in the Rim15p-mediated upregulation of PGM2 and UGP1 redirects the glucose flux into glycolysis. (asm.org)
• This drop in intracellular CO 2 causes a rise in cellular pH which has a stimulating effect on glycolysis . (wikipedia.org)
• Identification of TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) as the phosphoglycolate-independent 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase. (semanticscholar.org)
• Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) plays a key regulatory function in glucose oxidation by mediating fluxes through glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in an oxidative stress-dependent fashion. (bloodjournal.org)
• Progressive increases in PPP/glycolysis ratios were determined via metabolic flux analysis after spiking 13 C 1,2,3 -glucose in erythrocyte concentrates stored in Additive Solution-3 under blood bank conditions for up to 42 days. (bloodjournal.org)

Carbon dioxide2

• Influences of carbon monoxide on the binding of oxygen, carbon dioxide, proton and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to human hemoglobin. (elsevier.com)
• This phenomenon is seen because in respiratory alkalosis carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) decreases in the extracellular space, causing intracellular CO 2 to freely diffuse out of the cell. (wikipedia.org)

Metabolism9

• When more oxygen is required because of increased metabolism, such as in hyperthyroidism, more 2,3-DPG is produced. (encyclopedia.com)
• Age-Related Defects in Erythrocyte 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Metabolism i" by Yury G. Kaminsky, Prakash Reddy et al. (mst.edu)
• Collectively, our data suggested that AD and NA patients are associated with chronic disturbance of 2,3-DPG metabolism in RBCs. (mst.edu)
• Age-Related Defects in Erythrocyte 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Metabolism in Dementia," Aging and Disease , vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 244-255, International Society on Aging and Disease, Oct 2013. (mst.edu)
• Carbohydrate Metabolism and Its Disorders, vols 1 and 2, Academic Press. (ximicat.com)
• First studied and purified within plants, phosphoglycolate phosphatase plays a major role in photorespiratory 2-phosphoglycolate metabolism, an essential pathway for photosynthesis in plants. (wikipedia.org)
• Pseudomonas central carbon metabolism has been well studied during recent decades ( 1 - 3 ). (asm.org)
• 3 - 5 With refeeding, there is a shift back to carbohydrate metabolism and an increase in insulin levels. (mja.com.au)
• In addition, we have investigated the effect of carbamylation on the metabolism of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and the intracellular pH in SS and AA red cells and have found that neither one is affected by this process. (unboundmedicine.com)

Depletion2

• In contrast, the primary abnormality in DHSt is a change in the relative membrane permeability to K + . Efflux of K + is increased 2- to 4-fold and results in cation depletion, with decreased intracellular osmolality and water loss. (medscape.com)
• The time-dependent depletion of adenosine-5' triphosphate in these red cells is similar in nature to that of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. (unboundmedicine.com)

Hematocrit2

• Cade R., Privette M., Lunne D. (1979) Effect of phosphate on 2,3-DPG, O2 tension and hematocrit in patients on chronic hemodialysis. (edu.pl)
• Bureau , M. A. et al "Maternal Cigarette Smoking and Fetal Oxygen Transport: A Study of P50, 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate, Total Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, and Type F Hemoglobin in Fetal Blood. (aappublications.org)

Hypophosphatemia3

• [1] Hypophosphatemia occurs in about 2% of people within hospital and 70% of people in the intensive care unit (ICU). (wikipedia.org)
• Hypophosphatemia decreases 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) causing a left shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve. (wikipedia.org)
• If severe hypophosphatemia is present for longer than 2-3 days, serious complications can be seen, including rhabdomyolysis, respiratory failure, acute hemolytic anemia, and fatal arrhythmias. (medscape.com)

Adenosine4

• 11 Phosphate is found in phospholipids, nucleic acids, adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in red blood cells. (mja.com.au)
• However, in circulating chicken embryonic RBCs, the enzyme is induced together with carbonic anhydrase (CAII) and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) by norepinephrine (NE) and adenosine, which are released by the embryo under hypoxic conditions. (uni-regensburg.de)
• The p5n-I expression is induced (1) in definitive but not primitive RBCs by stimulation of beta-adrenergic/adenosine receptors, and (2) in definitive RBCs by hypoxic incubation of the chicken embryo. (uni-regensburg.de)
• No adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) remained in the blood stored in ACD alone. (dtic.mil)

Pyruvate1

• When aged cells containing little 2,3-diphosphoglycerate were incubated in the presence of inosine and pyruvate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate formation could be demonstrated. (pnas.org)

Dissociation4

• red cell 2 3 DPG level Can you superimpose on the graph the oxygen dissociation curve for foetal haemoglobin? (hendriksentuinbestrating.nl)
• The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve (OHDC) and intraerythrocytic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) play an important role in oxygen delivery, especially during shock. (meta.org)
• The latter is rephosphorylated by the enzyme to yield 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, but this reaction is slowed by dissociation of 3-phosphoglycerate from the enzyme, which is therefore more active in the presence of added 3-phosphoglycerate. (genome.jp)
• Depence of Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation and Intraery-Throcytic 2,3-DPG on Acid-Base Status of Blood. (springer.com)

Phosphoglycerate6

• The latter changes may indicate the diversion of glucose and more specifically 1,3-DPG into the RapoportLeubering pathway away from ATP generation at the phosphoglycerate kinase step and the utilization of plasma inorganic phosphate for 2,3-DPG resynthesis. (semanticscholar.org)
• Phosphoglycolate, which is a potent inhibitor of phosphofructokinase and triosephosphate isomerase, must be quickly metabolized and transformed into a useful substrate, and phosphoglycolate phosphatase catalyzes the first step in the regeneration of 3-phosphoglycerate from 2-phosphoglycolate at the expense of energy in the form of ATP. (wikipedia.org)
• In the direction shown, this enzyme is phosphorylated by 3-phosphoglyceroyl phosphate, to give phosphoenzyme and 3-phosphoglycerate. (genome.jp)
• Effects of 3-phosphoglycerate and other metabolites on the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by LKB1-STRAD-MO25. (semanticscholar.org)
• Shortly after these molecule splits into 2 3-carbon molecules named phosphoglycerate (12 after all have split. (biology-online.org)
• Another phosphate group is added to the phosphoglycerate by the dephosphorylation of 12 ATP (products are 12 diphosphoglycerate and 12 ADP. (biology-online.org)

Enzymes2

• These enzymes are needed to make 2,3-DPG. (encyclopedia.com)
• The gene was localized downstream of gnd and zwf-2 , which encode enzymes involved in the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. (asm.org)

Hemolytic anemia1

• CHC clinically manifests with mild hemolytic anemia and is remarkable for an abnormality of the band 3 chloride-bicarbonate exchanger AE1. (medscape.com)

Pathway3

• 2,3-DPG is an intermediate substrate in the glycolytic pathway, the only source of ATP production in red blood cells. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• The 1.58 Mb genome of Ca. N. cavascurensis harbors an amo AXCB gene cluster encoding ammonia monooxygenase and genes for a 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate pathway for autotrophic carbon fixation, but also genes that indicate potential alternative energy metabolisms. (frontiersin.org)
• Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme that controls glucose flux through the canonical Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway. (bloodjournal.org)

Cofactor1

• Among mammals, felid Hbs are unusual in that they have low intrinsic O 2 affinities and reduced sensitivities to the allosteric cofactor 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG). (biologists.org)

19721

• J Am Osteopath Assoc 1972;72(2):172. (jaoa.org)

Intracellular4

• Increased intracellular 2,3-DPG decreases oxygen binding and stabilizes the deoxygenated form (T form) of hemoglobin. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• Bicarbonate, unlike CO 2 , has poor diffusion across the cellular membrane and therefore there is little change in intracellular pH. (wikipedia.org)
• Intracellular calcium, as measured by a modification of Harrison and Long's procedure, is increased by 35 and 55% above control levels following exposure to shear stresses of 1000 and 1300 dynes/cm('2) for two minutes, and is associated with decreasing deformability. (rice.edu)
• No significant changes are found for intracellular magnesium, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or mean cell volume. (rice.edu)

Glucose3

• 2 In addition, tissue anabolism increases cellular demand for phosphate, glucose, potassium and water. (mja.com.au)
• Reversible oxidation of GAPDH promotes metabolic reprogramming of stored RBCs, as gleaned through tracing with 13 C 1,2,3 -glucose. (bloodjournal.org)
• Note that it takes 2 glyceraldehyde 3-P molecules for the cell to make a fructose and later a glucose (both are isomers of a hexose. (biology-online.org)

Enzyme3

• Reduced PK activity leads to accumulation of the upstream enzyme substrates, including 2,3- DPG, that favours polymerization of deoxy-HbS. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• Phosphoglycolate phosphatase(PGP), also commonly referred to as phosphoglycolate hydrolase, 2-phosphoglycolate phosphatase, P-glycolate phosphatase, and phosphoglycollate phosphatase, is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of 2-phosphoglycolate into glycolate and phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
• 30 years, these reactions have been considered the responsibility of a single enzyme, the 2,3-BPG synthase/2-phosphatase (BPGM). (semanticscholar.org)

Serum3

• In the laboratory, a person's serum is mixed with a substance that will react with 2,3-DPG. (encyclopedia.com)
• and from that measurement, the amount of 2,3-DPG in the person's serum is determined. (encyclopedia.com)
• The reduction in serum inorganic phosphorous followed the reduction in red cell 2,3-DPG and correlated with the reduction in ATP. (semanticscholar.org)

Critically Ill Patients1

• Should We Monitor ScVO(2) in Critically Ill Patients? (meta.org)

Levels13

• 2,3-DPG levels are important in large blood transfusions, because stored blood quickly loses 2,3-DPG and its ability to deliver oxygen. (encyclopedia.com)
• Exercise increases the body's need for oxygen and could cause a temporary increase in levels of 2,3-DPG. (encyclopedia.com)
• Increased levels of 2,3-DPG are found in conditions in which the body needs more oxygen, such as anemia, obstructive lung disease, cystic fibrosis , congenital heart disease , and hyperthyroidism. (encyclopedia.com)
• The data demonstrated that the minimal levels of 2,3-DPG in the adult sheep are likely due to the very low levels of DPGM. (biomedsearch.com)
• Also these findings show that the increases in 2,3-DPG levels, found in the newborn sheep during the 1st week of life, in adult rabbit and guinea pig when compared with their fetuses, are not due to an increase in levels of the DPGM. (biomedsearch.com)
• 2,3-DPG levels after 2 days of CRRT were not significantly lower than those in the reference group on day 2. (asnjournals.org)
• A reduction in red cell ATP was also present and persisted for 5 days during which time red cell 2,3-DPG returned to levels which were in excess of preoperative values. (semanticscholar.org)
• 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels were significantly decreased in AD and NA patients. (mst.edu)
• [3] In cases where patients have low levels of hemoglobin due to iron deficiency, but are cardiovascularly stable, parenteral iron is a preferred option based on both efficacy and safety. (wikipedia.org)
• At lower PO2 levels, your red blood cells make more of a substance called 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. (livestrong.com)
• 2,3-DPG levels remained unaffected by phosphate therapy. (diabetesjournals.org)
• The extra oxygen is released by increased levels of inorganic phosphates in the red blood cells, such as 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). (britannica.com)
• Its addition to blood preservation solutions results in better maintenance of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels during storage. (curehunter.com)

Phosphate replacement1

• The recovery of 2,3-DPG upon institution of therapy was accelerated when phosphate replacement infusions were given. (diabetesjournals.org)

Human3

• Since the discovery of its activity in plants, it has been purified within human cells and implicated in 2,3-DPG regulation. (wikipedia.org)
• 672. Arnone A,, X-ray diffraction study of binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to human deoxyhaemoglobin. (ximicat.com)
• Ayres, P.J., O. Garrod, S.A.S. Tait, J.F. Tait, G. Walker, W.H. Pearlman: The use of (16 -3 H) aldosterone in studies on human peripheral blood. (springer.com)

Neonatal1

• 1987) Modulation of erythrocyte membrane mechanical stability by 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate in the neonatal poikilocytosis/elliptocytosis syndrome. (els.net)

Reaction1

• The reaction between diphosphoglycerate and hemoglobin, Fed. (ximicat.com)

Arterial1

• There was a positive correlation between P50 std and 2,3-DPG, arterial blood pH, haemoglobin and cardiac index, as well as between 2,3-DPG and arterial blood pH. (meta.org)

INOSINE1

• Effect of inosine supplementation on 3-mile treadmill run performance and VO2 peak. (webmd.com)

Protein2

• Hemoglobin, the protein in the blood that carries oxygen, uses 2,3-DPG to control how much oxygen is released once the blood gets out into the tissues. (encyclopedia.com)
• TORQ recovery represents this 3:1 blend of Multiple Transportable Carbohydrates and high quality Whey Protein.It is generally accepted that consuming Multiple-Transportable Carbohydrates and Whey Protein at a 3:1 ratio immediately after exercise will speed up glycogen synthesis (see fully referenced information below). (torqfitness.co.uk)

Tissues3

• tissues and the content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in red cells. (britannica.com)
• The more 2,3-DPG in the cell, the more oxygen is delivered to body tissues. (encyclopedia.com)
• Without 2,3-DPG to control the movement of oxygen to its tissues, the body responds by making more red blood cells, a condition called erythrocytosis. (encyclopedia.com)

Compensatory1

• It is believed that an increase in the level of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is an important compensatory mechanism that allows satisfactory tissue oxygenation in hypoxic patients . (bvsalud.org)

Patients with type 2 diabet3

• Ketoacidosis may develop in patients with type 2 diabetes when severe stress such as sepsis or trauma is present. (health.am)
• DKA has long been considered a key clinical feature of type 1 diabetes (T1D), but in contrast to popular belief, DKA is more common in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). (renalandurologynews.com)
• however, patients with type 2 diabetes are also at risk during the catabolic stress of acute illness. (diabetesjournals.org)

Chemical Compounds1

• Diphosphoglycerate may refer to: 1,3-Diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate This set index page lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name. (wikipedia.org)

Concomitant increase1

• When sequential recordings of freshly collected blood were made, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was observed to decrease in association with a concomitant increase in inorganic orthophosphate. (pnas.org)

Gene1

• RRR1/ORC2 is an essential gene, but the rrr1-316 allele, which is viable, is defective in the replication of nuclear DNA and the maintenance of the 2-microns episomal DNA. (sanger.ac.uk)

19752

• Br Med J . 1975 Oct 25;4(5990):200-2. (nih.gov)
• 3, 112 (1975). (ximicat.com)

20201

• The pathogen causes coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19), which spread rapidly, reaching the pandemic level on March 11, 2020 2 . (nature.com)

Sodium2

• 2 , 3 , 10 This is often associated with hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, sodium and fluid retention, thiamine deficiency and hyperglycaemia. (mja.com.au)
• [3] He used sodium citrate as the anticoagulant, and the blood was extracted from punctures in the vein, and was stored in bottles at British and American Casualty Clearing Stations along the Front. (wikipedia.org)

Metabolic4

• However, that this effect is not seen in metabolic alkalosis , for in such cases the cause of the alkalosis is increased bicarbonate rather than decreased CO 2 . (wikipedia.org)
• His con- posium of the XXV International Congress tributions over 50 years covered four main of Physiology on "C0 and Metabolic eras in the development of physiology: 2 Regulations" are dedicated to Wallace muscle, electrolyte, respiratory, and hyper- Osgood Fenn. (springer.com)
• Previous studies documented metabolic reprogramming in stored red blood cells (RBCs) and oxidation of GAPDH at functional residues upon exposure to pro-oxidants diamide and H 2 O 2 . (bloodjournal.org)
• Mortality rates are 2-5% for DKA and 15% for HHS, and mortality is usually a consequence of the underlying precipitating cause(s) rather than a result of the metabolic changes of hyperglycemia. (diabetesjournals.org)

Glyceraldehyde3

• D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. (ximicat.com)
• We now have 12 diphosphoglycerate molecyles which are reduced by the reduction of 12 NADPH, the products are 12 NADP and 12 glyceraldehyde 3-P. At this point, 2 glyceraldehyde 3-P molecule are outputted while the other 10 continue cycling through. (biology-online.org)
• A series of reactions uses the energy from 6ATP to rearrange the atoms of the 10 glyceraldehyde 3-P to forming another 6 ribulosebisphosphate molecules to cycle through again. (biology-online.org)

Type2

• 5. The method according to claim 4 wherein the diabetes is type 2 diabetes. (freepatentsonline.com)
• 3 Many of these adult patients with DKA were classified as having type 2 diabetes because 29% of patients were obese, had measurable insulin secretion, and had a low prevalence of autoimmune markers of β-cell destruction. (diabetesjournals.org)

Erythrocyte membrane2

• Regulation of linkages between the erythrocyte membrane and its skeleton by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. (sanger.ac.uk)
• By fluorescence spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, we demonstrate that DPG binds the cytoplasmic domain of erythrocyte membrane band 3 in two stages characterized by apparent KD values of approximately approximately 2 and 12 mM. (sanger.ac.uk)

Dephosphorylation1

• Dephosphorylation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate by MIPP expands the regulatory capacity of the Rapoport-Luebering glycolytic shunt. (semanticscholar.org)

Increase7

• 2,3-DPG testing is done to help investigate both a deficiency in red blood cells (anemia) and an unexplained increase of red blood cells, called erythrocytosis. (encyclopedia.com)
• End-stage liver disease is associated with an increase in the level of the erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and P50. (bvsalud.org)
• An increase in the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate level correlates well with the oxygenation parameters , rather than with the hemodynamic parameters . (bvsalud.org)
• Furthermore, the impairment of UDPG or 1,3-β-glucan synthesis contributed to an increase in the fermentation rate. (asm.org)
• An increase in 2,3-DPG will improve the availability of oxygen to working muscles during exercise. (hammernutrition.com)
• Hypoxia is the alleged stimulus for initiation of increase of carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) synthesis of red blood cells from late chick embryos. (uni-regensburg.de)
• Knockdown of FOXM1 resulted in a 2-fold increase in erythroid cells compared to myeloid cells. (stanford.edu)

Pao21

• On the other hand, there existed no correlation between P50 std or 2,3-DPG, and Pao2, Paco2 and phosphoremia. (meta.org)