2,3-Diphosphoglycerate

Diphosphoglyceric Acids

Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase

Hemoglobin A

Hemoglobins, Abnormal

Hemoglobins

Oxyhemoglobins

Erythrocytes

Phytic Acid

Glyceric Acids

Oxygen

Phosphoglycerate Mutase

Methanobacteriales

Glycerophosphates

Hemoglobin, Sickle

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

Carboxyhemoglobin

Methemoglobin

Polycythemia

Hemoglobinometry

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Partial Pressure

Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases

Euryarchaeota

Erythrocyte Aging

Phosphotransferases

Blood Protein Electrophoresis

Blood Preservation

Erythrocytes, Abnormal

Kinetics

Pyruvate Kinase

Erythrocyte Deformability

Phosphates

Inosine

Mathematics

Adenosine Triphosphate

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases

Fetal Hemoglobin

Erythrocyte Membrane

Allosteric Site

Carbon Monoxide

Hematocrit

Anemia, Sickle Cell

Carbon Dioxide

Binding Sites

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Phosphofructokinase-1

Pyruvates

Hemolysis

Glycolysis

Phosphoglycolate phosphatase

Santiago Grisolía, 1st Marquess of Grisolía

Luebering-Rapoport pathway

Methanopyrus

Blood doping

Phosphoglycerate mutase

Aldolase A deficiency

Blood bank

Blood transfusion

Packed red blood cells

3-phosphoglyceroyl-phosphate-polyphosphate phosphotransferase

Mitapivat

Bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase

University of Virginia School of Medicine

List of EC numbers (EC 6)

List of MeSH codes (D09)

2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid

List of MeSH codes (D02)

DPG

Ecophysiology

List of EC numbers (EC 3)

Refeeding syndrome

Diphosphoglycerate

List of EC numbers (EC 5)

GAPDHS

List of diseases (D)

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Methylotroph

Acylphosphatase

Samuel Mitja Rapoport

Glycolysis

Enzyme11

• systematic name 2-phosphoglycolate phosphohydrolase), also commonly referred to as phosphoglycolate hydrolase, 2-phosphoglycolate phosphatase, P-glycolate phosphatase, and phosphoglycollate phosphatase, is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of 2-phosphoglycolate into glycolate and phosphate: 2-phosphoglycolate + H2O = glycolate + phosphate First studied and purified within plants, phosphoglycolate phosphatase plays a major role in photorespiratory 2-phosphoglycolate metabolism, an essential pathway for photosynthesis in plants. (wikipedia.org)
• Reduced PK activity leads to accumulation of the upstream enzyme substrates, including 2,3- DPG, that favors polymerization of deoxy-HbS. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• The enzyme is activated by 2,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate by transferring CC a phosphate to histidine (His(10) in man and Escherichia coli, His(8) CC in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). (expasy.org)
• These approximate rate laws were: 1) a Michaelis-Menten rate law with measured enzyme parameters, 2) a Michaelis-Menten rate law with approximated parameters, using the convenience kinetics convention, 3) a thermodynamic rate law resulting from a metabolite saturation assumption, and 4) a pure chemical reaction mass action rate law that removes the role of the enzyme from the reaction kinetics. (biomedcentral.com)
• The enzyme, found in a number of methanogenic archaeal genera, is involved in the biosynthesis of cyclic 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, a thermoprotectant. (qmul.ac.uk)
• The following ENZYME entries belong to class 3. (expasy.org)
• GAPDHS (the sperm-specific glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, also known as GAPD2, GAPDS, HSD-35, or GAPDH-2, is a glycolytic enzyme that plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism. (abeomics.com)
• Like its somatic cell counterpart, this sperm-specific enzyme functions in a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent manner to remove hydrogen and add phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to form 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. (abeomics.com)
• Phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3) (PGK 1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) to ADP producing 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) and ATP : 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP ⇌ glycerate 3-phosphate + ATP. (bloodraynebetrayal.com)
• PGK1 is a glycolytic enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate, generating an ATP molecule. (prospecbio.com)
• Diphosphoglycerate (DPG) is an enzyme that helps to enable the release of oxygen from the hemoglobin, thus making it available for cellular use. (kotsanisinstitute.com)

Mutase5

• Haggarty NW, Dunbar B, Fothergill LA: The complete amino acid sequence of human erythrocyte diphosphoglycerate mutase. (hmdb.ca)
• Molecular cloning and sequencing of the human erythrocyte 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase cDNA: revised amino acid sequence. (hmdb.ca)
• Cohen-Solal M, Joulin V, Romeo PH, Rosa R, Valentin C, Garel MC, Rosa J: Molecular cloning of the human 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase cDNA and revised amino acid sequence. (hmdb.ca)
• ID 5.4.2.11 DE phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-diphosphoglycerate-dependent). (expasy.org)
• AN 2,3-diphosphoglycerate dependent phosphoglycerate mutase. (expasy.org)

Concentration9

• HbS polymerizes only when deoxygenated, its oxygenation is influenced by a few factors, one key factor being the 2,3- diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration in the red blood cell. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• In addition, increased 2,3- DPG concentration decreases intracellular red cell pH further promoting HbS polymerization. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• Factors that modify the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen include body temperature, pH of blood and the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). (medscape.com)
• The Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate Concentration and Its Related Factors in Patients with End-stage Liver Disease. (ekja.org)
• Factors that shift the curve include changes in carbon dioxide concentration, blood temperature, blood pH, and the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). (askinghouse.com)
• Concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in RBCs promotes deoxygenation by pref. (ebsco.com)
• Values for p 50 and p x should not be applied if the estimated 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration ( c DPG) is less than 1 or higher than 9 mmol/L, unless the result is verified by direct independent measurement of the c DPG, or can be explained by the presence of a hemoglobin variant with abnormal hemoglobin-oxygen affinity. (siggaard-andersen.dk)
• All sporting competitions and appears the possibility that an accepted form of chemical contraception under Pat Dye told me that when he was and 40 mg daily) and placebo on plasma testosterone, LH and FSH levels, red cell Hilma Biocare Turinabol volume and red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) Hilma Biocare Turinabol concentration in endurance sportsmen were studied using a double-blind test system. (awnry.com)
• Because systemic D o 2 is directly linked to Hb concentration, the most rapid and effective way of increasing D o 2 (within minutes) in anemic patients is by giving an RBC transfusion. (aneskey.com)

Phosphate7

• This phosphate can be transferred to the free OH of 2-phospho-D- CC glycerate, followed by transfer of the phosphate already on the CC phosphoglycerate back to the histidine. (expasy.org)
• The other high energy compoundsinclude ADP,1,3-diphospho glycerate, phosphoenol pyruvate and also creatine phosphate. (brainkart.com)
• Since one molecule of glucose yield 2 molecule of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 2 high energy ATP are produced for one molecule of glucose. (brainkart.com)
• Low phosphate also lead to reduced levels of red cell 2,3- DPG (diphosphoglycerate), thereby increasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and reducing oxygen release at the tissue level. (gastrotraining.com)
• It therefore seems logical to provide generous supplements of oral, enteral or intravenous supplements of potassium (likely requirement 2-4 mmol/kg/day), phosphate (likely requirement 0.3-0.6 mmol/kg/day) and magnesium (likely requirement 0.2 mmol/kg/day intravenous, 0.4 mmol/kg/day oral) with feeding unless pre-feeding plasma levels are high. (gastrotraining.com)
• What is the PGK-catalyzed transfer of phosphate group from 1-3-bpg to ADP? (bloodraynebetrayal.com)
• [2] Indeed, the reactions that make up glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway , occur in the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes, catalyzed by metal. (wikipedia.org)

Adenosine3

• IMSEAR at SEARO: 2-3 Diphosphoglycerate, adenosine triphosphate & reduced glutathione content of rat blood in acute hypoxia. (who.int)
• Native RBCs contain hemoglobin (Hb), which carries oxygen (O 2 ) to cells, thus facilitating efficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and cell survival. (aneskey.com)
• CH 3 COCO 2 H ). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). (wikipedia.org)

Glycolysis3

• 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is created in erythrocytes during glycolysis. (openanesthesia.org)
• Serine is derived from 3-phospho-D-glycerate, an intermediate of glycolysis [MD:M00020], and glycine is derived from serine. (uni-freiburg.de)
• PGK1 is one of the central enzymes in the glycolysis pathway, which catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate and generates a molecule of ATP and it has been shown dysregulated in different kinds of tumors. (researchsquare.com)

Molecule3

• Since one molecule of glucose yield 2 molecule of Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate, 2 high energy ATP are produced for one molecule of glucose. (brainkart.com)
• Enolase, with the release of one molecule of H2O, will make phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) from 2-phosphoglycerate. (bloodraynebetrayal.com)
• Phosphoglycerate kinase helps carry out a chemical reaction that converts a molecule called 1,3-diphosphoglycerate, which is produced during the breakdown of glucose, to another molecule called 3-phosphoglycerate. (medlineplus.gov)

Hemoglobin5

• 2,3-DPG decreases oxygen binding by preferentially binding to the low oxygen-affinity T conformation of HbS and also stabilizes the T form of hemoglobin S and HbS fiber. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• Plays a major role in regulating hemoglobin oxygen affinity by controlling the levels of its allosteric effector 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG). (hmdb.ca)
• The hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve may be determined in patients with a lifelong history (particularly a familial history) of erythrocytosis with normal oxygen saturation and normal levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. (medscape.com)
• Formulas are available in which the measured arterial and venous oxygen saturations can be used to calculate the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 ) at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated with oxygen. (medscape.com)
• It is intended for laboratories using a combined blood pH- p CO 2 - p O 2 and O 2 -CO-Met-Hemoglobin analyzer. (siggaard-andersen.dk)

Pyruvate1

• This cycle is a series of ten reactions which ultimately breaks down glucose into pyruvate while generating 2 NADH and 2 ATP molecules. (bloodraynebetrayal.com)

Byproduct1

• Incubation of dopaminergic (DA) neuronal cells with MPP + (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion), the MPTP metabolic oxidation byproduct, mimics oxidative injury in Parkinson's disease [ 2 - 4 ]. (aging-us.com)

Pathway3

• 2,3-DPG is an intermediate substrate in the glycolytic pathway, the only source of ATP production in red blood cells. (clinicaltrials.gov)
• Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK1) (EC 2.7.2.3) is ubiquitously expressed and catalyzes one of the two ATP producing reactions in the glycolytic pathway via the reversible conversion of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate. (bloodraynebetrayal.com)
• In the second stage of the glycolytic pathway, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) catalyzes the transfer of the acylphosphate group of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP with formation of 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP. (bloodraynebetrayal.com)

Characterization1

• Isolation and characterization of 2-phosphoglycerate kinase and cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate synthetase from Methanothermus fervidus. (qmul.ac.uk)

Factors1

• The sigmoid oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation relationship is influenced by various physicochemical factors and its position is defined by the Pa o 2 at which 50% of the Hb is saturated (P 50 ), normally 3.5 kPa. (kikuke.com)

Substrate2

• The occurrence of photorespiration in plants, due to the lack of substrate specificity of rubisco, leads to the formation of 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate. (wikipedia.org)
• Phosphoglycolate, which is a potent inhibitor of phosphofructokinase and triosephosphate isomerase, must be quickly metabolized and transformed into a useful substrate, and phosphoglycolate phosphatase catalyzes the first step in the regeneration of 3-phosphoglycerate from 2-phosphoglycolate at the expense of energy in the form of ATP. (wikipedia.org)

Allosteric effector2

• Also, it should be recognised that oxygen, as an important homotropic allosteric effector, favours the stabilisation of the quaternary R (relaxed) state of haemoglobin (Hb) allowing for an increase in S aO 2 by a positive feedback mechanism (binding of oxygen to Hb facilitates binding of new oxygen molecules). (ersjournals.com)
• The remarkable increase in tidal volume in a patient with COVID-19 can be understood from the biochemical point of view: elimination of CO 2 , which is a strong heterotropic allosteric effector, will result in stabilisation of Hb's R state and assists its complete oxygenation. (ersjournals.com)

Anemia4

• 1 - 3 Although subjects with PK deficiency show a moderate degree of hemolytic anemia, the most severe cases die in utero 4 , 5 or are transfusion-dependent. (haematologica.org)
• The production of 2,3-DPG is likely an important adaptive mechanism, because the production increases for several conditions in the presence of diminished peripheral tissue O2 availability, such as hypoxemia, chronic lung disease, anemia, and congestive heart failure, among others. (openanesthesia.org)
• Physiological adaptation to anemia: role of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG). (uniben.edu)
• Anemia decreases the capacity of blood to deliver O 2 because of lower Hb content. (aneskey.com)

Ozone1

• During the last 14 years, we have made a great effort to examine ozone therapy in a scientific fashion both at a basic and clinical level, and we now have some ideas how ozone acts, how and why its toxicity can be controlled and how therapeutic effects can be exerted (2-11). (biz.tr)

Cell4

• To participate in this study, you must be at least 2 years old with known or suspected sickle cell disease, sickle cell trait, or other red blood cell disorders. (nih.gov)
• Microcirculation alterations cause a reduction of blood flow, red cell sedimentation, and an increase in blood viscosity (2% per degree heat loss), which increases the reduced availability of oxygen in the tissues leading to a hypoxic situation and acidosis [10]. (askinghouse.com)
• About 80% of lung cancer cases are NSCLC, which is composed of three major pathological subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma[2]. (researchsquare.com)
• Red cell volume and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in athletes scand j clin lab invest. (hipnohelp.org)

Shunt1

• Values for p O 2 a and/or p O 2 Alv should not be applied if the estimated functional v-a shunt ( F va) is negative. (siggaard-andersen.dk)

Catalyzes2

• Phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. (bloodraynebetrayal.com)
• It catalyzes conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP from 1,3-diphosphoglycerate and ADP [ 15 , 16 ]. (aging-us.com)

Intracellular4

• In addition, the majority of the identified PK gene mutations are missense mutations, 2 , 3 and previous studies revealed that there were some kinetically aberrant enzymes, which showed normal intracellular stability in erythroid cells. (haematologica.org)
• Diagram showing the importance of local capillary oxygen tension and diffusion distance in determining the rate of oxygen delivery and the intracellular P o 2 . (kikuke.com)
• On the left there is a low capillary P o 2 and pressure gradient for oxygen diffusion with an increased diffusion distance resulting in low intracellular and mitochondrial P o 2 . (kikuke.com)
• On the right the higher P o 2 pressure gradient and the shorter diffusion distance result in significantly higher intracellular P o 2 values. (kikuke.com)

20181

• 2018 Feb;176(2):1182-1198. (bloodraynebetrayal.com)

Partial pressure1

• where Sa o 2 is arterial oxygen saturation and Pa o 2 is partial pressure of arterial oxygen. (aneskey.com)

Arterial oxygen1

• However, in the lower panels an increased intercapillary distance, as would occur with tissue oedema, reducing D o 2 by progressive falls in arterial oxygen tension results in a change in the D o 2 /V o 2 relationship with V o 2 falling at much higher levels of global D o 2 . (kikuke.com)

Critically ill1

• In a group of critically ill patients prostacyclin increased both D o 2 and V o 2 and this was interpreted as indicating that there was a previously unidentified oxygen debt. (kikuke.com)

Role1

• The role of vasodilators is less well defined: tissue perfusion is frequently already compromised by systemic hypotension and a reduced systemic vascular resistance, and their effect on regional distribution is unpredictable and may impair blood flow to vital organs despite increasing global D o 2 . (kikuke.com)

Patients7

• These biochemical processes may improve the S aO 2 in patients with decreased Hb-O 2 affinity in alveolar capillaries without any V ʹ A / Q ʹ mismatch. (ersjournals.com)
• A discussion of CO 2 gas exchange mechanisms will further clarify the course of events resulting in hypoxaemia in COVID-19 patients. (ersjournals.com)
• Also, due to the low resistance to diffusion of CO 2 , P aCO 2 - P ETCO 2 gap is maintained unchanged in cases when patients have oxygen diffusion limitations [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
• Surprisingly, COVID-19 patients may achieve a high P aCO 2 - P ETCO 2 gap, sometimes exceeding the predicted cut-off values of mortality in non-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients ( i.e. 10-15 mmHg) [ 4 ]. (ersjournals.com)
• 5 ] in type L COVID-19 pneumonia patients, we have found a median P aCO 2 - P ETCO 2 gap for supine position of 20.6 mmHg and 14.9 mmHg for prone position. (ersjournals.com)
• 6 ] reported a P aCO 2 - P ETCO 2 gap of 15 mmHg in COVID-19 patients who need a high F IO 2 to maintain S aO 2 . (ersjournals.com)
• 27 Studies in patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure have also shown that it is Pa o https://datingranking.net/cs/nostringsattached-recenze/ 2 rather than D o 2 -that is, diffusion rather than convection-that has the major influence on outcome. (kikuke.com)

Hypoxia2

• Ever since Charles Darwin published his book 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection' nearly years ago (Darwin, ), adaptive evolution has remained a critical research particular interest are insights from hypoxia-tolerant animals - species adapted to oxygen (O 2) poor aquatic or terrestrial environments (Nathaniel et al. (innovationoptimiser.com)
• Therefore, in cases of "happy" hypoxia or silent hypoxaemia, an exaggerated increase in S aO 2 with minimal hyperoxia may take place due to the allosteric effects of oxygen rather than V ʹ A / Q ʹ maldistribution. (ersjournals.com)

Normal2

• 3-phosphogylcerate is the normal product of carboxylation and will enter the Calvin cycle. (wikipedia.org)
• With a normal intercapillary distance illustrated in the top panels the D o 2 /V o 2 relationship is the same for all interventions. (kikuke.com)

Carbon1

• Hence, a decreased V ʹ A / Q ʹ ratio will result in a higher alveolar ( P ACO 2 ) and arterial carbon dioxide tension ( P aCO 2 ), but won't change the P aCO 2 and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension ( P ETCO 2 ) gap [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)

Haemoglobin1

• The effect of 2,3-DPG on haemoglobin is profound. (derangedphysiology.com)

Blood2

• 2004 - elevated blood pressure [3,4]. (hipnohelp.org)
• 2 is reduced by anaemia or low blood flow. (kikuke.com)

Levels2

• High levels of 2,3-DPG shift the curve to the right, while low levels of 2,3-DPG cause a leftward shift, seen in states such as septic shock and hypophosphatemia. (openanesthesia.org)
• 7 ], the P aCO 2 - P ETCO 2 gap is reached at very high levels of 33 mmHg (18-40 mmHg). (ersjournals.com)

Gene1

• 2. Lehmacher, A. and Hensel, R. Cloning, sequencing and expression of the gene encoding 2-phosphoglycerate kinase from Methanothermus fervidus. (qmul.ac.uk)

Acid1

• Freshly ejaculated human sperms were washed in PBS and extracted in 3% acetic acid, 10% glycerol, 30 mM benzaminidine. (abeomics.com)

Volume1

• The volume of lungs depends on (1) difference in pressure between inside and outside of the lungs, called transpulmonary pressure and (2) stretchability of the lungs, called lung compliance . (biologyonline.com)

Activity1

• Since the discovery of its activity in plants, it has been purified within human cells and implicated in 2,3-DPG regulation. (wikipedia.org)

Metabolism1

• At that altitude, nearly all of the available oxygen is required to support basal metabolism, and the climbing rate near the summit drops to 2 m/min. (medscape.com)