Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.Palmitic Acids: A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds.Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Stearic Acids: A group of compounds that are derivatives of octadecanoic acid which is one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids. (Stedman, 25th ed)Lauric Acids: 12-Carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.Acylation: The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule.Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)Oleic Acids: A group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon.Myristic Acids: 14-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.Chromatography, Gas: Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.Chromatography, Thin Layer: Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Fatty Acids, Unsaturated: FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.Linoleic Acids: Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds.TriglyceridesPalmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.Hydroxylamine: A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide.Lipids: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated: Fatty acids which are unsaturated in only one position.Glycerides: GLYCEROL esterified with FATTY ACIDS.Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.Palmitates: Salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid.Lipid Metabolism: Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.Fatty Acids, Nonesterified: FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products.Hydroxylamines: Organic compounds that contain the (-NH2OH) radical.Lipoproteins: Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.EstersCarbon Isotopes: Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.TritiumGlycolipids: Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)Acyl Coenzyme A: S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation.Carbon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.Coenzyme A Ligases: Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.Ceramides: Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the basic units of SPHINGOLIPIDS. They are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. They abnormally accumulate in FABRY DISEASE.Fatty Acid Desaturases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the stereoselective, regioselective, or chemoselective syn-dehydrogenation reactions. They function by a mechanism that is linked directly to reduction of molecular OXYGEN.Phytanic Acid: A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.Docosahexaenoic Acids: C22-unsaturated fatty acids found predominantly in FISH OILS.Fats: The glyceryl esters of a fatty acid, or of a mixture of fatty acids. They are generally odorless, colorless, and tasteless if pure, but they may be flavored according to origin. Fats are insoluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents. They occur in animal and vegetable tissue and are generally obtained by boiling or by extraction under pressure. They are important in the diet (DIETARY FATS) as a source of energy. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Lipoylation: Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS.Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes.Coenzyme ACerebrosides: Neutral glycosphingolipids that contain a monosaccharide, normally glucose or galactose, in 1-ortho-beta-glycosidic linkage with the primary alcohol of an N-acyl sphingoid (ceramide). In plants the monosaccharide is normally glucose and the sphingoid usually phytosphingosine. In animals, the monosaccharide is usually galactose, though this may vary with the tissue and the sphingoid is usually sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1st ed)Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Serum Albumin, Bovine: Serum albumin from cows, commonly used in in vitro biological studies. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins: Intracellular proteins that reversibly bind hydrophobic ligands including: saturated and unsaturated FATTY ACIDS; EICOSANOIDS; and RETINOIDS. They are considered a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed family of proteins that may play a role in the metabolism of LIPIDS.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Eicosapentaenoic Acid: Important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families.Pulmonary Surfactants: Substances and drugs that lower the SURFACE TENSION of the mucoid layer lining the PULMONARY ALVEOLI.alpha-Linolenic Acid: A fatty acid that is found in plants and involved in the formation of prostaglandins.Acyltransferases: Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Fatty Acid Synthases: Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA derivatives.Phosphatidylethanolamines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids.DiglyceridesLipocalin 1: A lipocalin that was orignally characterized from human TEARS. It is expressed primarily in the LACRIMAL GLAND and the VON EBNER GLANDS. Lipocalin 1 may play a role in olfactory transduction by concentrating and delivering odorants to the ODORANT RECEPTORS.Proteolipids: Protein-lipid combinations abundant in brain tissue, but also present in a wide variety of animal and plant tissues. In contrast to lipoproteins, they are insoluble in water, but soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture. The protein moiety has a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. The associated lipids consist of a mixture of GLYCEROPHOSPHATES; CEREBROSIDES; and SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS; while lipoproteins contain PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and TRIGLYCERIDES.Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES from the SMALL INTESTINE to the tissues. Their density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) is the same as that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.Sphingomyelins: A class of sphingolipids found largely in the brain and other nervous tissue. They contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group so therefore are the only sphingolipids classified as PHOSPHOLIPIDS.Acetates: Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases.Carnitine: A constituent of STRIATED MUSCLE and LIVER. It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Fatty Alcohols: Usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4 carbons, derived from natural fats and oils, including lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, and linoleyl alcohols. They are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, plastics, and lube oils and in textile manufacture. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Lysophosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES obtained by their partial hydrolysis which removes one of the fatty acid moieties.Radioisotope Dilution Technique: Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Dietary Fats, Unsaturated: Unsaturated fats or oils used in foods or as a food.Intestinal Absorption: Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.Cross-Over Studies: Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Sphingolipids: A class of membrane lipids that have a polar head and two nonpolar tails. They are composed of one molecule of the long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine (4-sphingenine) or one of its derivatives, one molecule of a long-chain acid, a polar head alcohol and sometimes phosphoric acid in diester linkage at the polar head group. (Lehninger et al, Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd ed)Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Postprandial Period: The time frame after a meal or FOOD INTAKE.Microsomes: Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Mortierella: A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Mortierellaceae, order MUCORALES. Its species are abundant in soil and can cause rare infections in humans and animals. Mortierella alpinais is used for production of arachidonic acid.Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Adipose Tissue: Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.HydrocarbonsThiolester HydrolasesGlycerophosphates: Any salt or ester of glycerophosphoric acid.Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Arachidonic AcidsHydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of oleoyl-CoA, A, and water from stearoyl-CoA, AH2, and oxygen where AH2 is an unspecified hydrogen donor.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Lysophospholipase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid ester bond in lysoglycerophosphatidates with the formation of glyceryl phosphatidates and a fatty acid. EC 3.1.1.5.Myelin P2 Protein: A positively charged protein found in peripheral nervous system MYELIN. Sensitive immunological techniques have demonstrated that P2 is expressed in small amounts of central nervous system myelin sheaths of some species. It is an antigen for experimental allergic neuritis (NEURITIS, EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC), the peripheral nervous system counterpart of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. (From Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry, 5th ed, p133)Phospholipases A2: Phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.Butter: The fatty portion of milk, separated as a soft yellowish solid when milk or cream is churned. It is processed for cooking and table use. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Phospholipases A: Phospholipases that hydrolyze one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates.Oils: Unctuous combustible substances that are liquid or easily liquefiable on warming, and are soluble in ether but insoluble in water. Such substances, depending on their origin, are classified as animal, mineral, or vegetable oils. Depending on their behavior on heating, they are volatile or fixed. (Dorland, 28th ed)Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Ceramidases: Amidohydrolases that are specific for the cleavage of the N-acyl linkage of CERAMIDES. Ceramidases are classified as acidic, neutral or basic according to the optimal pH with which they function.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
DHHC domain
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Linoleic acidPalm oil and palmitic acidFFAs2000Endoplasmic reticulum stressOleic acidsCarboxylicFatty acid compositionLipidDocosahexaenoicLipidsMethyl esterDietary1998SecretionHydroxy acidsLevels of fatty acidsOxidativeEstersProteinsLong-chainOmega-3 fatApoptosisCompositionEicosapentaenoic acidResiduesPhysicochemical propertiesAlcohols1997TriglycerideIntakeTrans FattyEssential fattySFAsMediatesAbsorptionPalmitoylationDegradationTriglyceridesPrecursorCholesterolSaltsPalmitatePUFAsAliphaticCardiovascularMetabolitesFree fattHydrophobicSoybeanThioesterConcentrationsInduceSignificantly
Linoleic acid5
- For instance, the level of conjugated linoleic acid could be increased not only by feed factors, but also through thorough knowledge of rumen biohydrogenation or by cow selection using information on SCD and DGAT polymorphism. (scielo.org.za)
- Commodity soybean oil is composed of five fatty acids: palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2), and linolenic acid (18:3). (plantphysiol.org)
- Argan oil contains: 44% Oleic acid 30% Alpha-linolenic acid 12% Palmitic acid 6% Stearidonic acid 5% Linoleic acid(Conflicts with table in argan oil) 3% Myristic acid Argan trees are a major source of forage for sheep, goats, camels and cattle. (wikipedia.org)
- Oleic acid was the most abundant FA in the catfish lipids, constituting 28.0% (w/w) of total FA in the muscle and 25.6% in the mixture, followed by palmitic acid and linoleic acid, amounting to 20.2 and 12.2%, respectively, in the muscle and 20.2 and 12.5% in the mixture. (unl.edu)
- Specific associations to be addressed include the relationships between intakes of palm oil, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, trans-isomers of fatty acids, oleic acid, vitamin E, beta-carotene and incidence rate of CHD. (harvard.edu)
Palm oil and palmitic acid2
- Mancini A et al (2015) Biological and nutritional properties of palm oil and palmitic acid: effects on health. (springer.com)
- The investigators state that the findings from this study will provide abundant information on associations between dietary factors and coronary heart disease, and in particular regarding the relation of palm oil and palmitic acid intake to the risk of myocardial infarction, a topic of great debate and economic consequence but for which data have been almost entirely lacking. (harvard.edu)
FFAs6
- Free fatty acids (FFAs) are essential sources of energy within the cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Among the three main abundant FFAs, saturated non-esterified fatty acid (palmitic acid, PA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid, OA) are the most common. (frontiersin.org)
- Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) is G-protein coupled receptor predominantly expressed in pancreatic β-cells that is activated by a variety of free fatty acids (FFAs). (biomedcentral.com)
- Free fatty acids (FFAs) have also been shown to be involved in insulin resistance [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Among established risk factors for CAD, metabolic syndrome is one of the modern day epidemics and is characterized by increased levels of circulating nonesterified free fatty acids (FFAs). (biomedcentral.com)
- CAV1 IEC-KO mice are protected from the elevation in circulating fasted low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol associated with a high-fat diet (HFD), but have increased postprandial LDL cholesterol, total free fatty acids (FFAs), palmitoleic acid, and palmitic acid. (biologists.org)
20001
Endoplasmic reticulum stress3
- To address this problem, the oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis and their mediator molecules have been investigated in the insulin releasing beta cells exposed to palmitic and/or oleic acid. (frontiersin.org)
- Our findings have shown the protective action of oleic acid against palmitic acid on beta cell lipotoxicity through promotion of triglyceride accumulation and insulin secretion and regulation of some effector molecules involved in oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and apoptosis. (frontiersin.org)
- Bachar E, Ariav Y, Ketzinel-Gilad M, Cerasi E, Kaiser N et al (2009) Glucose amplifies fatty acid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic beta-cells via activation of mTORC1. (springer.com)
Oleic acids2
- Ben oil and are rich in palmitic, stearic, behenic and oleic acids tis, rheumatism, and hypertension (Aviara et al. (scribd.com)
- Total and trans-monounsatu rated fatty acids and palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids were dose-dependently associated with colorectal cancer risk, but these effects did not persist after further energy adjustment. (elsevier.com)
Carboxylic3
- Ester: Compounds derived from a combination of a carboxylic acid (-COOH) and an alcohol. (reefs.com)
- Fatty Acids: A carboxylic acid (COOH) with a long aliphatic tail (consisting of hydrogen and carbon. (reefs.com)
- Taking into account the efficient biotransformation of the alcohols and the physicochemical properties of the corresponding carboxylic acids the potential for elimination into breast milk is considered to be low. (europa.eu)
Fatty acid composition5
- Our study shows that dietary fat and fatty acid composition influence the concentrations of total cholesterol content, total fat content, and fatty acid composition in broiler muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
- Moringa belongs to the in terms of fatty acid composition (Zhao and Zhang, 2013). (scribd.com)
- Fatty Acid Composition and Oxidation of Lipids in Korean Catfish" by K. T. Hwang, J. E. Kim et al. (unl.edu)
- Fatty Acid (%) Composition of Oat Oil Phospholipid Diacylglycerol Palmitic 12.9 15.3 16.7 14.7 Stearic 3.2 2.3 1.9 1.6 Oleic 35.0 42.9 38.3 42.7 Linoleic 45.3 36.1 39.2 37.0 Southall M, et al. (slidegur.com)
- Developmental quotient at 24 months and fatty acid composition of diet in early infancy: a follow-up study," Archives of Diseases in Childhood. (zendesk.com)
Lipid10
- Herein, we have demonstrated that in cultured 1.1B4 beta cells oleic acid promotes neutral lipid accumulation and insulin secretion, whereas palmitic acid is poorly incorporated into triglyceride and it does not stimulate insulin secretion from human pancreatic islets at physiologically glucose concentrations. (frontiersin.org)
- These energy-rich fatty acids are stored in the form of neutral lipids, TAG and steryl esters (STE), within a dedicated intracellular compartment termed the lipid droplet (LD). (biologists.org)
- Total lipid content was determined by extraction of fat by petrol ether (Soxhlet) after acid hydrolysis of samples. (biomedcentral.com)
- Second, S -acylation is crucial for endoplasmic reticulum-to-plasma membrane trafficking via a novel cellular targeting pathway that is insensitive to brefeldin A. We found that a 12-amino acid peptide of CBL1 is sufficient to mediate dual lipid modification and to confer plasma membrane targeting. (plantcell.org)
- Lipid oxidation and hydrolysis were determined as PV, thiobarbituric acid value, and FFA in the muscle and the mixture during storage at 2°C for 12 d and -14°C for 9 wk. (unl.edu)
- Frozen storage at -14°C and addition of ascorbic acid both reduced lipid oxidation. (unl.edu)
- The distinct TAG peaks may reflect differences in the postprandial lipid metabolism after intake of fatty acids with different chain lengths and degrees of saturation. (cambridge.org)
- Lymphatic absorption and effects on lipid metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid given in the form of different molecular structure. (nii.ac.jp)
- OAT LIPIDS Composition of Oat Lipids Total lipid content of oats: from 2%-11.8% dry weight Triglycerides Phospholipids Lecithin Glycolipids Free fatty acids Oleic, Linoleic, Palmitic, Stearic Zhou M, et al. (slidegur.com)
- D Whole Oat Oil Lipid Class Composition 0.9% 8.9% 6.8% Triglycerides Free Fatty Acids Diacylglycerols Phospholipids 83.4% Southall M, et al. (slidegur.com)
Docosahexaenoic6
- docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) n -3 PUFAs reduces coronary heart disease mortality in populations with or without established cardiovascular diseases [ 5 ]. (mdpi.com)
- suggested a link between low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DEA), and asthenozoospermia. (separationsnow.com)
- Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid suppressed NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 expression as well as IL-1β secretion by THP-1 cells in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans invasion. (alliedacademies.org)
- For this study, we investigated the effects of two n-3 PUFAs, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, on CXCR4 expression and activity in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. (aacrjournals.org)
- Rates and recoveries of docosahexaenoic acid given as monoacylglycerol in lymph was higher than those of triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol or ethyl esters. (nii.ac.jp)
- When docosahexaenoic acid was given to rats at a 1% level in the diet for 1 week, triacylglycerol type-docosahexaenoic acid reduced plasm and liver triacylglycerol more effectively than monoacylglycerol and ethyl ester-type docosahexaenoic acid. (nii.ac.jp)
Lipids6
- Modulating endogenous levels and/or production of novel fatty acids of oils has gained significant attention in recent years, due to the increasing awareness of consumers of the impact dietary lipids have on health. (plantphysiol.org)
- In this installment, he examines lipids and fatty acids, which help us understand how corals derive their nutrition as well as their feeding preferences. (reefs.com)
- This time, we'll begin to examine coral/zooxanthellae lipids and their subunits called fatty acids. (reefs.com)
- Fatty acids are stored as neutral lipids called triacylglycerol or wax esters. (reefs.com)
- 2001. Lipotoxicity of the pancreatic beta-cell is associated with glucose-dependent esterification of fatty acids into neutral lipids. (nchu.edu.tw)
- PPARα activation enhances fatty acid oxidation and decreases the levels of circulating and cellular lipids in obese diabetic patients. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Methyl ester1
- Recent evidences indicated that adipocytes can secrete fatty acid metabolites, such as palmitic acid methyl ester (PAME), which is able to cause vasorelaxation and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. (hindawi.com)
Dietary6
- Excessive levels of dietary saturated fatty acids or an imbalance of saturated versus unsaturated fats have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases [ 1 ]. (mdpi.com)
- Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) are among the most potent agonists of bovine PPAR suggesting the possibility of dietary interventions to improve the response to diseases in dairy cows via activation of PPAR [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Dietary intake of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and possibly the incidence of some cancers, asthma and diabetes among other conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
- No differences in fatty acids were noted in the blood plasma, suggesting a metabolic problem rather than poor dietary intake. (separationsnow.com)
- The investigators propose to conduct a population-based case-control study in Costa Rica to test hypotheses relating dietary intake of specific fatty acids (FA), vitamin E and beta-carotene to risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). (harvard.edu)
- Lopez S., Bermudez B., Pacheco Y.M., Lopez-Lluch G., Moreda W., Villar J., Abia R., Muriana F.J.G., Dietary oleic and palmitic acids modulate the ratio of triacylglycerols to cholesterol in postprandial triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in men and cell viability and cycling in human monocytes, J. Nutr. (edpsciences.org)
19981
- 1998), and trans-10, cis-12-C18:2 are two main isoforms of the group of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). (scielo.org.za)
Secretion2
- The supplementation of saturated palmitic acid with the monounsaturated oleic acid reversed the negative effects of palmitic acid alone regulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells through ROS, MMP-2, ATF6, XBP1u, IL8 reduction and SOD2, PTP-1B activation. (frontiersin.org)
- The plant hormones gibberellin and abscisic acid regulate gene expression, secretion and cell death in aleurone. (semanticscholar.org)
Hydroxy acids3
- Cutin consists of omega hydroxy acids and their derivatives, which are interlinked via ester bonds, forming a polyester polymer of indeterminate size. (wikipedia.org)
- These breakdown-resistant, improved copper peptides give a longer-acting and stronger skin regeneration and also can be used with hydroxy acids and Retin-A (marchio registrato). (anagen.net)
- The single peptides (tripeptides or pentapeptides) used in many products are fragile, short-acting, and cannot be used with hydroxy acids. (anagen.net)
Levels of fatty acids1
- Elevated plasma levels of fatty acids represent a risk factor for coronary artery disease and cardiac dysfunction. (mdpi.com)
Oxidative4
- To this end, significant efforts have been made to increase oxidative stability of soybean oil as a means to avoid trans-fats generated through the hydrogenation process and to enhance ω -3 fatty acid content of the oil for use in both food and feed applications and increase the total oil content of seeds. (plantphysiol.org)
- This fatty acid profile results in low oxidative stability that limits the uses of soybean oil in food products and industrial applications. (plantphysiol.org)
- Indeed, the oxidative degradation of fatty acids and the transient production of pro-inflammatory mediators, as nutrients are metabolised, are appropriate homeostatic responses. (biomedcentral.com)
- The structures of triacylglycerols consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid and palmitic acid did not give any effect on the isomeric composition of monohydroperoxides derived from eicosapentaenoic acid formed by autoxidation Comparing the oxidative stabilities of tri-, di- and monoacylglycerols of eicosapentaenoic acid, triacylglycerol was more susceptible for autoxidation than others. (nii.ac.jp)
Esters3
- Seminal plasma samples were dissolved in chloroform/methanol, centrifuged, and the supernatant solution was treated with methoxyamine/pyridine, then derivatised with a mixture of MSTFA (N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide) and TMCS (trimethylchlorosilane), converting the fatty acids to their more volatile trimethylsilyl esters for GC-MS. (separationsnow.com)
- They are composed of a hydrophobic core containing cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- A variety of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) were detected from the extracts and analyzed as methyl esters qualitatively as well as quantitatively by gas chromatographic (GLC & GC-MS) techniques. (begellhouse.com)
Proteins5
- A third motif towards the C-terminus of many proteins has been identified that contains a conserved aromatic amino acid, a glycine and an asparagine called the PaCCT motif (PAlmitoiltransferase Conserved C-Terminus motif). (wikipedia.org)
- Palmitoylation is the addition of the saturated 16-carbon fatty acid, palmitic acid, to specific cysteine residues of substrate proteins by thioester linkage. (frontiersin.org)
- Black boxes indicate amino acids that are identical in these proteins. (biologists.org)
- S -Acylation, more commonly referred to as palmitoylation, involves the reversible thioesterification of fatty acids, usually palmitic or stearic acid, to Cys thiols of proteins and serves to tether proteins to the cytoplasmic surfaces of cellular membranes ( Huang and El-Husseini, 2005 ). (plantcell.org)
- P art One of this series examined the symbiotic relationship between the coral animal and its dinoflagellate ( Symbiodinium ), and the general nutritional requirements of each, Part Two described foods for corals while Part Three dealt with proteins and their 'building blocks' called amino acids. (reefs.com)
Long-chain2
- belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. (hmdb.ca)
- nonesterified, long-chain fatty acids (hereafter referred to as fatty acids) play a vital role in many cellular processes. (physiology.org)
Omega-3 fat2
- Recently, omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to have beneficial effects in inflammatory diseases. (alliedacademies.org)
- In this study, we investigated the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on inflammatory responses and cell death induced by the Gram-negative bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in macrophages. (alliedacademies.org)
Apoptosis3
- Recent evidence indicates that saturated fatty acids induce cell death through apoptosis and this effect is specific for palmitate. (mdpi.com)
- In the present study we show that n -3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) treatment to culture medium of H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts protects cells against palmitate-induced apoptosis, as well as counteracts palmitate-mediated increase of autophagy. (mdpi.com)
- Arici M, Chana R, Lewington A, Brown J, Brunskill NJ (2003) Stimulation of proximal tubular cell apoptosis by albumin-bound fatty acids mediated by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma. (springer.com)
Composition2
- The objective of the study was to present information about the chemical composition, the fatty acids profile, and cholesterol content of chicken meat in order to investigate the impact of chicken meat consumption on cardiovascular risk in the general population. (biomedcentral.com)
- The review summarizes literature dealing with the effects of animal factors (breed, cow individuality, parity and stage of lactation) on fatty acid (FA) composition of milk fat. (scielo.org.za)
Eicosapentaenoic acid2
- Judging from the volatile aldehyde generation, the flavor stability of eicosapentaenoic acid-containing triacylglycerols was dependent on the number of eicosapentaenoic acid in a triacylglycerol molecule, i.e., trieicosapentaenoylglycerol gave the largest quantity of volatile aldehydes among all triacylglycerols. (nii.ac.jp)
- Production of eicosapentaenoic acid-riched triacylglycerol by Mucor hiemalis HA-30. (nii.ac.jp)
Residues2
- Conserved motifs within protein sequences point towards the most important amino acid residues for function. (wikipedia.org)
- SP-C is a lipoprotein composed of 35 amino acid residues with an a-helical domain between residues 9-34 (Johansson, J. et al. (allindianpatents.com)
Physicochemical properties1
- The handling of different triglycerides (TAG) in the gastrointestinal tract is determined in part by the physicochemical properties of the individual constituent fatty acids (FA). (bmj.com)
Alcohols1
- With regards to the blood-brain barrier chain-length dependant absorption potential exists with the lower aliphatic alcohols and acids more readily being taken up than aliphatic alcohols/acids of longer chain-length (Gelman and Gilbertson, 1975). (europa.eu)
19971
- A 1997 British analysis evaluated 147 human trials and concluded that palmitic acid, an active ingredient in palm oil, raised total blood cholesterol levels. (manupbootcamp.com)
Triglyceride1
- The recovery of 13 C label in stool either as triglyceride (TAG) or fatty acid (FA), was used to assess digestion and absorption. (bmj.com)
Intake1
- These associations persisted after including energy with the nutrient-energy-adjusted term or total fatty acid intake (energy adjusted). (elsevier.com)
Trans Fatty1
- Postnatal consumption of trans -fatty acids (TFA), associated with partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO), increases the risk of atherosclerosis, whereas evidence for those TFA associated with ruminant-derived dairy products and meat remain equivocal. (cambridge.org)
Essential fatty2
- The oil contains 80% unsaturated fatty acids, is rich in essential fatty acids, and is more resistant to oxidation than olive oil. (wikipedia.org)
- Triacylglycerides serve as energy store and a reserve of essential fatty acids, and can be released upon demand. (reefs.com)
SFAs2
- In the human diet, meat is seen as a major source of fat, and especially of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), which have been implicated in diseases associated with modern life, mostly in developed countries. (biomedcentral.com)
- Altogether 57 different FA including 21 saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and 36 unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) containing 19 monounsaturated (MUFA), 8 diunsaturated (DUFA), 6 triunsaturated (TUFA) and 3 polyunsaturated (PUFA) as well as 2 sterols i.e. β-Sitosterol and cholesterol were found. (begellhouse.com)
Mediates1
- An abscisic acid-induced protein kinase, PKABA1, mediates abscisic acid-suppressed gene expression in barley aleurone layers. (semanticscholar.org)
Absorption4
- To determine the extent of impaired digestion or absorption, in three groups of eight malnourished children (aged 5-23 months) using isotopic probes of the predominant fatty acids in coconut and corn oil used to fortify the diet. (bmj.com)
- Figure 1 shows that increasing the level of palmitic acid (16:0) at the sn-2 position leads to an increase in calcium and fat absorption. (advancedlipids.com)
- Higher concentration of sn-2 palmitate, and thus higher absorption of palmitic acid, has been shown in multiple studies to reduce the formation of calcium soaps in babies stool. (advancedlipids.com)
- Higher palmitic acid absorption has also been shown to support beneficial gut microbiota and intestinal health. (advancedlipids.com)
Palmitoylation1
- Palmitoylation Palmitic acid Putilina T, Wong P, Gentleman S (May 1999). (wikipedia.org)
Degradation2
- The degradation of fatty acids through β-oxidation provides a major energy source to tissues such as liver, heart and skeletal muscle. (biologists.org)
- Gibberellic acid promoting phytic acid degradation in germinating soybean under calcium lactate treatment. (semanticscholar.org)
Triglycerides4
- this ingredient primarily consists of triglycerides of oleic, linoleic, linolenic and saturated acid ().Soybean oil is used in cosmetics as an emollient (to soften and smooth) and emulsifier (to keep a product from separating). (atelierdehooibeer.nl)
- In human milk, the triglycerides have a special structure, with about 70-80% of the palmitic acid located in the middle position (sn-2). (advancedlipids.com)
- Free Fatty Acid Triglycerides CLINICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE USE OF OAT-CONTAINING PRODUCTS IN SKIN CARE Skin Conditions Where Colloidal Oatmeal Has Been Shown Well Tolerated Atopic dermatitis* Contact dermatitis Rashes Burns Postchemotherapy dermatologic toxicity Kurtz ES, Wallo W. J Drugs Dermatol. (slidegur.com)
- Because triglycerides such as those in single cell organism oils (branded as life'sDHA™) are not soluble in water, they must be broken down and held in suspension - a process called emulsification - and require bile acids for digestion before they can be absorbed in the intestinal tract and then used by the body. (zendesk.com)
Precursor3
- Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. (hmdb.ca)
- Functionally cells require cholesterol as a precursor to bile acids and steroid hormones. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- It is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, an important precursor of prostacyclin, among others. (wikipedia.org)
Cholesterol2
- Achieving a better balance of fatty acids in the diet, by decreasing intakes of cholesterol and saturated fats, is therefore seen as an important and effective strategy by which to reduce the incidence of these diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- A Dutch analysis, released in 2003, weighed data from 35 clinical studies and found that palmitic acid significantly increased the ratio of total cholesterol to so-called "good cholesterol," a widely recognized risk factor for heart disease. (manupbootcamp.com)
Salts1
- Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. (hmdb.ca)
Palmitate1
- INFAT ® PRO is our most concentrated grade, with 60% or more of the palmitic acid bound to the second position (sn-2 palmitate). (advancedlipids.com)
PUFAs3
- On the other hand, n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been implicated in the protection against cardiovascular diseases, cardiac ischemic damage and myocardial dysfunction. (mdpi.com)
- On the other hand, long chain n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in which the first double bond is located between carbon 3 and 4, counting from methyl end ( omega or n ) of the carbon chain, proved to exert beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. (mdpi.com)
- We compared the n-3 PUFAs with the saturated fatty acid stearic acid as a control. (aacrjournals.org)
Aliphatic1
- These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. (hmdb.ca)
Cardiovascular1
- We investigated the protective role of TXL extracts on endothelial cells injured by a known risk factor - palmitic acid (PA), which is elevated in metabolic syndrome and associated with cardiovascular complications. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolites1
- The Nanjing researchers aimed to take a complete metabolic profile of fatty acids and other metabolites in seminal plasma. (separationsnow.com)
Free fatt3
- High fat feeding increases fat mass, elevates plasma free fatty acid levels and suppresses insulin signaling [ 2 ]. (mdpi.com)
- Jensen MD et al (1989) Influence of body fat distribution on free fatty acid metabolism in obesity. (springer.com)
- UCO contains impurities, such as Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and water, which have to be removed before the transesterification process. (eubia.org)
Hydrophobic1
- the membrane-binding domain consists of a series of amphipathic α helices with several hydrophobic amino acids exposed to a membrane monolayer. (wikipedia.org)
Soybean1
- Commodity soybean prices have risen over 65% during the last decade, from $158.3 per metric ton in June 1999 to $445.2 per metric ton in June 2009. (plantphysiol.org)
Thioester1
- that allows the palmitic acid to bind, exposing the thioester bond to the catalytic triad. (proteopedia.org)
Concentrations1
- Abdelmagid SA et al (2015) Comprehensive profiling of plasma fatty acid concentrations in young healthy Canadian adults. (springer.com)
Induce1
- 2009. Free fatty acids induce a proinflammatory response in islets via the abundantly expressed interleukin-1 receptor I. Endocrinology. (nchu.edu.tw)
Significantly5
- Also, the major saturated fatty acid (SFA) (C16:0 and C18:0) was significantly differ among the four treatments. (biomedcentral.com)
- Significantly increased levels of the mono-unsaturated acid, oleic acid, were found in asthenozoospermic samples, in line with previous work. (separationsnow.com)
- Significantly higher levels of palmitic acid (a saturated fatty acid) were also noted, along with low levels of the amino acid valine. (separationsnow.com)
- Four other compounds, benzoic acid, cholecalciferol, D-pinitol and nonadecanoic acid, were also found at significantly different levels in the two groups of samples, although the authors implied that the effects of oleic acid, palmitic acid and valine were likely to be more important. (separationsnow.com)
- Consequently, we found that the fatty acid treatment significantly reduced CXCR4-mediated cell migration. (aacrjournals.org)
