A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.
Mercury poisoning, also known as hydrargyria, is a type of metal toxicity caused by exposure to excessive levels of mercury, leading to harmful effects on the nervous system, kidneys, and other organs, often resulting from improper handling or ingestion of mercury-containing substances.
Inorganic compounds that contain mercury as an integral part of the molecule.
A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.
The contribution to barometric PRESSURE of gaseous substance in equilibrium with its solid or liquid phase.
Neurologic disorders associated with exposure to inorganic and organic forms of MERCURY. Acute intoxication may be associated with gastrointestinal disturbances, mental status changes, and PARAPARESIS. Chronic exposure to inorganic mercury usually occurs in industrial workers, and manifests as mental confusion, prominent behavioral changes (including psychosis), DYSKINESIAS, and NEURITIS. Alkyl mercury poisoning may occur through ingestion of contaminated seafood or grain, and its characteristic features include POLYNEUROPATHY; ATAXIA; vision loss; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; and DEAFNESS. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch20, pp10-15)
Organic compounds in which mercury is attached to a methyl group.
Stable mercury atoms that have the same atomic number as the element mercury, but differ in atomic weight. Hg-196, 198-201, and 204 are stable mercury isotopes.
An alloy used in restorative dentistry that contains mercury, silver, tin, copper, and possibly zinc.
Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.
Organic compounds which contain mercury as an integral part of the molecule.
The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Water in its gaseous state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.
A filament-like structure consisting of a shaft which projects to the surface of the SKIN from a root which is softer than the shaft and lodges in the cavity of a HAIR FOLLICLE. It is found on most surfaces of the body.
Unstable isotopes of mercury that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Hg atoms with atomic weights 185-195, 197, 203, 205, and 206 are radioactive mercury isotopes.
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) SHELLFISH and FISH PRODUCTS are more specific types of SEAFOOD.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.
Spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed.
Organic mercury compounds in which the mercury is attached to an ethyl group.
Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
Personnel who provide dental service to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency.
Substances or energies, for example heat or light, which when introduced into the air, water, or land threaten life or health of individuals or ECOSYSTEMS.
The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing chemicals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.
'Mining' in medical terminology is not a commonly used term, but it can refer to the process of extracting or excavating minerals or other resources from the earth, which can have health impacts such as respiratory diseases and hearing loss among workers in the mining industry.
An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.
A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them.
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.
Contamination of the air, bodies of water, or land with substances that are harmful to human health and the environment.
Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.
The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal.
Metals with high specific gravity, typically larger than 5. They have complex spectra, form colored salts and double salts, have a low electrode potential, are mainly amphoteric, yield weak bases and weak acids, and are oxidizing or reducing agents (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Experimental devices used in inhalation studies in which a person or animal is either partially or completely immersed in a chemically controlled atmosphere.
A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Individuals who assist the dentist or the dental hygienist.
Oils which are used in industrial or commercial applications.
Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc.
The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.
The industry concerned with the removal of raw materials from the Earth's crust and with their conversion into refined products.
The application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms.
Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
The first planet in order from the sun. It has no known natural satellites. It is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the solar system.
An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.
The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.19, symbol Pb. (Dorland, 28th)
The maximum exposure to a biologically active physical or chemical agent that is allowed during an 8-hour period (a workday) in a population of workers, or during a 24-hour period in the general population, which does not appear to cause appreciable harm, whether immediate or delayed for any period, in the target population. (From Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology, 1st ed)
A series of actions, sometimes symbolic actions which may be associated with a behavior pattern, and are often indispensable to its performance.
The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.
Individuals licensed to practice DENTISTRY.
Substances intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. Included in this definition are skin creams, lotions, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. (U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Office of Cosmetics Fact Sheet (web page) Feb 1995)
A broad class of substances encompassing all those that do not include carbon and its derivatives as their principal elements. However, carbides, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, and carbon disulfide are included in this class.
Substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to protect them from chemical change or microbial action. They include ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS and antioxidants.
A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.
Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants.
Instruments for measuring arterial blood pressure consisting of an inflatable cuff, inflating bulb, and a gauge showing the blood pressure. (Stedman, 26th ed)
An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.
Respirators to protect individuals from breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors.
The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.

In the context of medicine, Mercury does not have a specific medical definition. However, it may refer to:

1. A heavy, silvery-white metal that is liquid at room temperature. It has been used in various medical and dental applications, such as therapeutic remedies (now largely discontinued) and dental amalgam fillings. Its use in dental fillings has become controversial due to concerns about its potential toxicity.
2. In microbiology, Mercury is the name of a bacterial genus that includes the pathogenic species Mercury deserti and Mercury avium. These bacteria can cause infections in humans and animals.

It's important to note that when referring to the planet or the use of mercury in astrology, these are not related to medical definitions.

Mercury poisoning, also known as hydrargyria or mercurialism, is a type of metal poisoning caused by exposure to mercury or its compounds. It can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. Symptoms may vary but can include sensory impairment (vision, hearing, speech), disturbed sensation and a lack of coordination. The type of symptoms can vary greatly, depending on the type and amount of mercury and the form in which it was taken. Long-term exposure to mercury can lead to serious neurological and kidney problems. It is usually diagnosed through tests that measure the amount of mercury in the body, such as blood or urine tests. Treatment generally involves eliminating the source of mercury exposure, supportive care, and, in some cases, chelation therapy which helps to remove mercury from the body.

Mercury compounds refer to chemical substances that contain the element mercury (Hg) combined with other elements. These compounds can be inorganic or organic, and they have been used in various applications such as medicines, dental fillings, and industrial processes. However, exposure to mercury compounds can be toxic and harmful to human health, causing neurological and kidney problems, among other health issues. Therefore, their use is regulated and limited to specific applications where the benefits outweigh the risks.

Volatilization, in the context of pharmacology and medicine, refers to the process by which a substance (usually a medication or drug) transforms into a vapor state at room temperature or upon heating. This change in physical state allows the substance to evaporate and be transferred into the air, potentially leading to inhalation exposure.

In some medical applications, volatilization is used intentionally, such as with essential oils for aromatherapy or topical treatments that utilize a vapor action. However, it can also pose concerns when volatile substances are unintentionally released into the air, potentially leading to indoor air quality issues or exposure risks.

It's important to note that in clinical settings, volatilization is not typically used as a route of administration for medications, as other methods such as oral, intravenous, or inhalation via nebulizers are more common and controlled.

Vapor pressure, in the context of physical chemistry and thermodynamics, refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its condensed phase (liquid or solid) at a given temperature. It is a measure of the escaping tendency of molecules from the liquid or solid state to the gas state. At higher temperatures, the vapor pressure generally increases because a greater number of molecules possess sufficient energy to overcome intermolecular forces and enter the vapor phase.

In medical terminology, vapor pressure is not frequently used explicitly. However, understanding this concept can be helpful in pharmaceutical sciences, particularly when dealing with the formulation and delivery of drugs in various dosage forms such as aerosols, nebulizers, or inhalers. These applications rely on the transformation between liquid and vapor states under specific conditions to achieve desired therapeutic effects.

Mercury poisoning, specifically affecting the nervous system, is also known as erethism or cerebral mercurialism. It is a condition that results from prolonged exposure to mercury or its compounds, which can lead to serious neurological and psychiatric symptoms. The central nervous system is particularly sensitive to mercury's toxic effects.

The symptoms of mercury poisoning affecting the nervous system may include:

1. Personality changes: This might include increased irritability, excitability, or emotional lability.
2. Cognitive impairment: There can be issues with memory, attention, and concentration, leading to difficulties in learning and performing complex tasks.
3. Neuromuscular symptoms: These may include tremors, fine motor coordination problems, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, it might lead to ataxia (loss of balance and coordination) or even paralysis.
4. Sensory impairment: Mercury poisoning can cause sensory disturbances such as numbness, tingling, or pain in the extremities (peripheral neuropathy). Additionally, visual and auditory disturbances might occur.
5. Speech and hearing problems: Changes in speech patterns, including slurred speech, or difficulties with hearing may also be present.
6. Mood disorders: Depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric symptoms can develop as a result of mercury poisoning.
7. Insomnia: Sleep disturbances are common in individuals exposed to mercury.

It is important to note that these symptoms might not appear immediately after exposure to mercury but could take months or even years to develop, depending on the severity and duration of exposure. If you suspect mercury poisoning, seek medical attention promptly for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Methylmercury compounds are organic forms of mercury, created when methyl groups (CH3) bind to a mercury ion (Hg+). These compounds can be highly toxic and bioaccumulate in living organisms, including humans. They are primarily formed in the environment through the action of bacteria on inorganic mercury, but can also be produced synthetically.

Methylmercury is particularly dangerous because it easily passes through biological membranes, allowing it to enter the brain and other tissues where it can cause significant damage. Exposure to high levels of methylmercury can lead to neurological problems, developmental issues in children, and even death. It's commonly found in contaminated fish and seafood, making these a significant source of human exposure.

Mercury isotopes refer to variants of the chemical element mercury (Hg) that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. This means that while all mercury isotopes have 80 protons in their nucleus, they can have different numbers of neutrons, ranging from 120 to 124 or more.

The most common and stable mercury isotope is Hg-202, which has 80 protons and 122 neutrons. However, there are several other mercury isotopes that occur naturally in trace amounts, including Hg-196, Hg-198, Hg-199, Hg-200, and Hg-204.

Mercury isotopes can also be produced artificially through various nuclear reactions. These isotopes may have different physical and chemical properties than the more common mercury isotopes, which can make them useful for a variety of applications, such as in medical imaging or environmental monitoring. However, some mercury isotopes are radioactive and can be hazardous to handle or dispose of improperly.

Dental amalgam is a commonly used dental filling material that consists of a mixture of metals, including silver, tin, copper, and mercury. The mercury binds the other metals together to form a strong, durable, and stable restoration that is resistant to wear and tear. Dental amalgam has been used for over 150 years to fill cavities and repair damaged teeth, and it remains a popular choice among dentists due to its strength, durability, and affordability.

However, there has been some controversy surrounding the use of dental amalgam due to concerns about the potential health effects of mercury exposure. While the majority of scientific evidence suggests that dental amalgam is safe for most people, some individuals may be more sensitive to mercury and may experience adverse reactions. As a result, some dentists may recommend alternative filling materials, such as composite resin or gold, for certain patients.

Overall, dental amalgam is a safe and effective option for filling cavities and restoring damaged teeth, but it is important to discuss any concerns or questions with a qualified dental professional.

Mercuric chloride, also known as corrosive sublimate, is defined medically as a white or colorless crystalline compound used historically as a topical antiseptic and caustic. It has been used in the treatment of various skin conditions such as warts, thrush, and some parasitic infestations. However, its use is limited nowadays due to its high toxicity and potential for serious side effects, including kidney damage, digestive problems, and nervous system disorders. It is classified as a hazardous substance and should be handled with care.

Organomercury compounds are organic chemical compounds that contain at least one mercury atom bonded to carbon. These compounds can be divided into two main categories: those with a covalent bond between carbon and mercury (carbon-mercury bonds), and those with a coordination bond where mercury acts as a ligand to a metal center.

The carbon-mercury bonds are typically found in organometallic compounds, which contain at least one direct bond between a carbon atom and a metal. Examples of organomercury compounds include methylmercury (CH3Hg+) and phenylmercury (C6H5Hg+). These types of organomercury compounds are often used in industry as catalysts, fungicides, and disinfectants. However, they can be highly toxic to humans and the environment, particularly methylmercury which is a potent neurotoxin that can accumulate in the food chain.

The coordination compounds of mercury are those where mercury acts as a ligand, binding to a metal center through a coordinate covalent bond. These types of organomercury compounds are less common and tend to be less toxic than those with carbon-mercury bonds. They may be used in some chemical reactions or as reagents in laboratory settings.

It is important to note that exposure to organomercury compounds should be avoided, as they can have serious health effects even at low levels of exposure.

In medical terms, gases refer to the state of matter that has no fixed shape or volume and expands to fill any container it is placed in. Gases in the body can be normal, such as the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen that are present in the lungs and blood, or abnormal, such as gas that accumulates in the digestive tract due to conditions like bloating or swallowing air.

Gases can also be used medically for therapeutic purposes, such as in the administration of anesthesia or in the treatment of certain respiratory conditions with oxygen therapy. Additionally, measuring the amount of gas in the body, such as through imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans, can help diagnose various medical conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "steam" is not a medical term. It refers to water in its gaseous state, produced when water is heated to its boiling point. If you have any questions about a medical condition or treatment, please provide more context and I will do my best to help answer your question.

Unithiol is the common name for the drug compound mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG). It is a synthetic aminocarboxylic acid that acts as a chelating agent, binding to heavy metals in the body and facilitating their elimination. Unithiol has been used in the treatment of various conditions associated with heavy metal toxicity, such as Wilson's disease, lead poisoning, and mercury poisoning. It is also known for its potential use in protecting against chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

In medical terms, Unithiol can be defined as:

A synthetic chelating agent with the chemical formula C5H9NO3S, used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning to promote the excretion of toxic metals from the body. It is administered orally and works by forming stable complexes with heavy metals, which are then eliminated through urine. Unithiol has been found to be particularly effective in treating Wilson's disease, a genetic disorder that causes copper accumulation in various organs. Additionally, it may provide neuroprotective effects against chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Medically, hair is defined as a threadlike structure that grows from the follicles found in the skin of mammals. It is primarily made up of a protein called keratin and consists of three parts: the medulla (the innermost part or core), the cortex (middle layer containing keratin filaments) and the cuticle (outer layer of overlapping scales).

Hair growth occurs in cycles, with each cycle consisting of a growth phase (anagen), a transitional phase (catagen), and a resting phase (telogen). The length of hair is determined by the duration of the anagen phase.

While hair plays a crucial role in protecting the skin from external factors like UV radiation, temperature changes, and physical damage, it also serves as an essential aspect of human aesthetics and identity.

Mercury radioisotopes refer to specific variants of the element mercury that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation as they decay towards a more stable state. These isotopes are often produced in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators for various medical, industrial, and research applications. In the medical field, mercury-203 (^203Hg) and mercury-207 (^207Hg) are used as gamma emitters in diagnostic procedures and therapeutic treatments. However, due to environmental and health concerns associated with mercury, its use in medical applications has significantly decreased over time.

Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:

1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.

2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.

3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.

Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.

Medical definitions typically do not include general food items like seafood. However, I can provide you with a general definition:

Seafood is a category of food that comes from aquatic animals (both saltwater and freshwater) including fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and echinoderms. It is an essential source of protein, vitamins, and minerals in many diets around the world. Some common examples of seafood are salmon, shrimp, lobster, clams, oysters, and squid.

If you're looking for a medical aspect related to seafood, it is worth noting that some people may have allergies to certain types of seafood, which can cause mild to severe reactions. In such cases, avoiding the specific allergen is crucial to prevent adverse health effects.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

Humidity, in a medical context, is not typically defined on its own but is related to environmental conditions that can affect health. Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air. It is often discussed in terms of absolute humidity (the mass of water per unit volume of air) or relative humidity (the ratio of the current absolute humidity to the maximum possible absolute humidity, expressed as a percentage). High humidity can contribute to feelings of discomfort, difficulty sleeping, and exacerbation of respiratory conditions such as asthma.

Atomic spectrophotometry is a type of analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific atoms or ions in a sample by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or emitted at wavelengths characteristic of those atoms or ions. This technique involves the use of an atomic spectrometer, which uses a source of energy (such as a flame, plasma, or electrode) to excite the atoms or ions in the sample, causing them to emit light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of the element of interest.

Atomic spectrophotometry can be further divided into two main categories: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES). In AAS, the sample is atomized in a flame or graphite furnace and the light from a lamp that emits light at the same wavelength as one of the elements in the sample is passed through the atoms. The amount of light absorbed by the atoms is then measured and used to determine the concentration of the element. In AES, the sample is atomized and excited to emit its own light, which is then measured and analyzed to determine the concentration of the element.

Atomic spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, forensic science, and industrial quality control for the determination of trace elements in a variety of sample types including liquids, solids, and gases.

Ethylmercury compounds are organic chemical substances that contain the ethylmercury ion (C2H5Hg+). Ethylmercury is a form of mercury that is less toxic than methylmercury but can still pose health risks in high enough concentrations. These compounds were once used as preservatives in vaccines and other medical products, but their use has been largely discontinued due to concerns about their potential neurotoxicity. Examples of ethylmercury compounds include thimerosal and merbromin.

Occupational air pollutants refer to harmful substances present in the air in workplaces or occupational settings. These pollutants can include dusts, gases, fumes, vapors, or mists that are produced by industrial processes, chemical reactions, or other sources. Examples of occupational air pollutants include:

1. Respirable crystalline silica: A common mineral found in sand, stone, and concrete that can cause lung disease and cancer when inhaled in high concentrations.
2. Asbestos: A naturally occurring mineral fiber that was widely used in construction materials and industrial applications until the 1970s. Exposure to asbestos fibers can cause lung diseases such as asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
3. Welding fumes: Fumes generated during welding processes can contain harmful metals such as manganese, chromium, and nickel that can cause neurological damage and respiratory problems.
4. Isocyanates: Chemicals used in the production of foam insulation, spray-on coatings, and other industrial applications that can cause asthma and other respiratory symptoms.
5. Coal dust: Fine particles generated during coal mining, transportation, and handling that can cause lung disease and other health problems.
6. Diesel exhaust: Emissions from diesel engines that contain harmful particulates and gases that can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems.

Occupational air pollutants are regulated by various government agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, to protect workers from exposure and minimize health risks.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

The term "dental staff" generally refers to the group of professionals who work together in a dental practice or setting to provide oral health care services to patients. The composition of a dental staff can vary depending on the size and type of the practice, but it typically includes:

1. Dentists: These are medical doctors who specialize in oral health. They diagnose and treat dental diseases, conditions, and disorders, and perform various procedures such as fillings, root canals, extractions, and crowns.
2. Dental Hygienists: These are licensed healthcare professionals who provide preventive dental care services to patients. They clean teeth, remove plaque and tartar, apply fluoride and sealants, take X-rays, and educate patients on proper oral hygiene practices.
3. Dental Assistants: These are trained professionals who assist dentists during procedures and perform various administrative tasks in a dental practice. They prepare patients for treatment, sterilize instruments, take impressions, and schedule appointments.
4. Front Office Staff: These are the receptionists, schedulers, and billing specialists who manage the administrative aspects of a dental practice. They handle patient inquiries, schedule appointments, process insurance claims, and maintain patient records.
5. Other Specialists: Depending on the needs of the practice, other dental professionals such as orthodontists, oral surgeons, endodontists, periodontists, or prosthodontists may also be part of the dental staff. These specialists have advanced training in specific areas of dentistry and provide specialized care to patients.

Overall, a well-functioning dental staff is essential for providing high-quality oral health care services to patients in a safe, efficient, and patient-centered manner.

Environmental pollutants are defined as any substances or energy (such as noise, heat, or light) that are present in the environment and can cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage the natural ecosystems. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, agriculture, and household activities. They can be in the form of gases, liquids, solids, or radioactive materials, and can contaminate air, water, and soil. Examples include heavy metals, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and greenhouse gases.

It is important to note that the impact of environmental pollutants on human health and the environment can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and it depends on the type, concentration, duration and frequency of exposure. Some common effects of environmental pollutants include respiratory problems, cancer, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and developmental delays in children.

It is important to monitor, control and reduce the emissions of these pollutants through regulations, technology advancements, and sustainable practices to protect human health and the environment.

The chemical industry is a broad term that refers to the companies and organizations involved in the production or transformation of raw materials or intermediates into various chemical products. These products can be used for a wide range of applications, including manufacturing, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and consumer goods. The chemical industry includes businesses that produce basic chemicals, such as petrochemicals, agrochemicals, polymers, and industrial gases, as well as those that manufacture specialty chemicals, such as dyestuffs, flavors, fragrances, and advanced materials. Additionally, the chemical industry encompasses companies that provide services related to the research, development, testing, and distribution of chemical products.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. The term "fishes" is not typically used in a medical context. "Fish" or "fishes" refers to any aquatic organism belonging to the taxonomic class Actinopterygii (bony fish), Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays), or Agnatha (jawless fish).

However, if you are referring to a condition related to fish or consuming fish, there is a medical issue called scombroid fish poisoning. It's a foodborne illness caused by eating spoiled or improperly stored fish from the Scombridae family, which includes tuna, mackerel, and bonito, among others. The bacteria present in these fish can produce histamine, which can cause symptoms like skin flushing, headache, diarrhea, and itchy rash. But again, this is not related to the term "fishes" itself but rather a condition associated with consuming certain types of fish.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "mining" is not a term that has a widely accepted medical definition. It is most commonly associated with the extraction of minerals from the earth in the field of geology and mining engineering. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Thimerosal is a mercury-containing organic compound that has been used as a preservative in various pharmaceutical products, including vaccines, to prevent contamination by bacteria. It is metabolized or degraded into ethylmercury and thiosalicylate. Ethylmercury is an organomercurial compound that is less toxic than methylmercury and is excreted from the body more quickly. Thimerosal has been used in vaccines since the 1930s, and its use has been thoroughly studied and reviewed by regulatory agencies and health organizations worldwide. No evidence has been found to link thimerosal-containing vaccines to any harmful effects, except for minor reactions at the injection site. However, due to unfounded concerns about its safety, thimerosal was removed from or reduced in most childhood vaccines in the United States and other countries as a precautionary measure, starting in the late 1990s. Despite the removal of thimerosal from most vaccines, autism rates have not decreased, which supports the conclusion that thimerosal does not cause autism.

Succimer is an medication, specifically a chelating agent, that is used to treat heavy metal poisoning, such as lead or mercury. It works by binding to the metal ions in the body and allowing them to be excreted through urine. The chemical name for succimer is dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). It is available in the form of oral capsules and is typically prescribed by a healthcare professional.

Inhalation exposure is a term used in occupational and environmental health to describe the situation where an individual breathes in substances present in the air, which could be gases, vapors, fumes, mist, or particulate matter. These substances can originate from various sources, such as industrial processes, chemical reactions, or natural phenomena.

The extent of inhalation exposure is determined by several factors, including:

1. Concentration of the substance in the air
2. Duration of exposure
3. Frequency of exposure
4. The individual's breathing rate
5. The efficiency of the individual's respiratory protection, if any

Inhalation exposure can lead to adverse health effects, depending on the toxicity and concentration of the inhaled substances. Short-term or acute health effects may include irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, or lungs, while long-term or chronic exposure can result in more severe health issues, such as respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, or cancer.

It is essential to monitor and control inhalation exposures in occupational settings to protect workers' health and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Various methods are employed for exposure assessment, including personal air sampling, area monitoring, and biological monitoring. Based on the results of these assessments, appropriate control measures can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with inhalation exposure.

Miosis is the medical term for the constriction or narrowing of the pupil of the eye. It's a normal response to close up viewing, as well as a reaction to certain drugs like opioids and pilocarpine. Conversely, dilation of the pupils is called mydriasis. Miosis can be also a symptom of certain medical conditions such as Horner's syndrome or third cranial nerve palsy.

Environmental pollution is the introduction or presence of harmful substances, energies, or objects in the environment that can cause adverse effects on living organisms and ecosystems. These pollutants can be in the form of chemical, physical, or biological agents that contaminate air, water, soil, or noise levels, exceeding safe limits established by environmental regulations.

Examples of environmental pollution include:

1. Air pollution: The presence of harmful substances such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air that can cause respiratory and other health problems.
2. Water pollution: Contamination of water sources with chemicals, heavy metals, pathogens, or other pollutants that can harm aquatic life and make the water unsafe for human consumption or recreational use.
3. Soil pollution: The presence of harmful substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial waste in soil that can reduce soil fertility, contaminate crops, and pose a risk to human health.
4. Noise pollution: Excessive noise levels from transportation, industrial activities, or other sources that can cause stress, sleep disturbances, and hearing loss in humans and animals.
5. Light pollution: The excessive use of artificial light that can disrupt ecosystems, affect human circadian rhythms, and contribute to energy waste.

Environmental pollution is a significant global health issue that requires urgent attention and action from governments, industries, and individuals to reduce pollutant emissions, promote sustainable practices, and protect the environment for future generations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soil pollutants" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Soil pollution refers to the presence or accumulation of hazardous substances, chemicals, or other pollutants in soil that can have negative effects on plant life, human health, and the environment.

However, if you're asking about potential health effects of exposure to soil pollutants, it could include a variety of symptoms or diseases, depending on the specific pollutant. For example, exposure to lead-contaminated soil can lead to developmental delays in children, while exposure to certain pesticides or industrial chemicals can cause neurological problems, respiratory issues, and even cancer.

If you have more specific information about a particular substance or context, I may be able to provide a more precise answer.

"Body burden" is a term used in the field of environmental health to describe the total amount of a chemical or toxic substance that an individual has accumulated in their body tissues and fluids. It refers to the overall load or concentration of a particular chemical or contaminant that an organism is carrying, which can come from various sources such as air, water, food, and consumer products.

The term "body burden" highlights the idea that people can be exposed to harmful substances unknowingly and unintentionally, leading to potential health risks over time. Some factors that may influence body burden include the frequency and duration of exposure, the toxicity of the substance, and individual differences in metabolism, elimination, and susceptibility.

It is important to note that not all chemicals or substances found in the body are necessarily harmful, as some are essential for normal bodily functions. However, high levels of certain environmental contaminants can have adverse health effects, making it crucial to monitor and regulate exposure to these substances.

Heavy metals are a group of elements with a specific gravity at least five times greater than that of water. They include metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb). These metals are considered toxic when they accumulate in the body beyond certain levels, interfering with various biological processes and causing damage to cells, tissues, and organs.

Heavy metal exposure can occur through various sources, including occupational exposure, contaminated food, water, or air, and improper disposal of electronic waste. Chronic exposure to heavy metals has been linked to several health issues, such as neurological disorders, kidney damage, developmental problems, and cancer. Monitoring and controlling exposure to these elements is essential for maintaining good health and preventing potential adverse effects.

An Atmosphere Exposure Chamber (AEC) is a controlled environment chamber that is designed to expose materials, products, or devices to specific atmospheric conditions for the purpose of testing their durability, performance, and safety. These chambers can simulate various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and contaminants, allowing researchers and manufacturers to evaluate how these factors may affect the properties and behavior of the materials being tested.

AECs are commonly used in a variety of industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, and medical devices, to ensure that products meet regulatory requirements and industry standards for performance and safety. For example, an AEC might be used to test the durability of a new aircraft material under extreme temperature and humidity conditions, or to evaluate the performance of a medical device in a contaminated environment.

The design and operation of AECs are subject to various regulations and standards, such as those established by organizations like the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). These standards ensure that AECs are designed and operated in a consistent and controlled manner, allowing for accurate and reliable test results.

Medical definitions of water generally describe it as a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for all forms of life. It is a universal solvent, making it an excellent medium for transporting nutrients and waste products within the body. Water constitutes about 50-70% of an individual's body weight, depending on factors such as age, sex, and muscle mass.

In medical terms, water has several important functions in the human body:

1. Regulation of body temperature through perspiration and respiration.
2. Acting as a lubricant for joints and tissues.
3. Facilitating digestion by helping to break down food particles.
4. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
5. Helping to maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes.
6. Assisting in the regulation of various bodily functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate.

Dehydration can occur when an individual does not consume enough water or loses too much fluid due to illness, exercise, or other factors. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Solvents, in a medical context, are substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing other materials, often used in the preparation of medications and solutions. They are commonly organic chemicals that can liquefy various substances, making it possible to administer them in different forms, such as oral solutions, topical creams, or injectable drugs.

However, it is essential to recognize that solvents may pose health risks if mishandled or misused, particularly when they contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Prolonged exposure to these VOCs can lead to adverse health effects, including respiratory issues, neurological damage, and even cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to handle solvents with care and follow safety guidelines to minimize potential health hazards.

A dental assistant is a healthcare professional who works under the direction of a dentist and provides patient care, takes and develops x-rays, assists the dentist during procedures, performs infection control procedures, and helps with office management. They may also provide education to patients on oral hygiene and other dental health topics. Dental assistants must be trained and certified in many states and are an important part of the dental care team.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Industrial Oils" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Industrial oils are typically used in machinery and equipment for various industrial applications, such as hydraulic systems, lubricants, and coolants. They are not directly related to medicine or human health.

However, if a person were to come into contact with these oils through their occupation, there could be potential health effects, such as skin irritation or respiratory issues, depending on the specific type of oil and the nature of the exposure. But this would not fall under a medical definition of the term itself.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "gasoline" is not a medical term. It is a petroleum-derived liquid used as fuel in internal combustion engines. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

In medical terms, the term "atmosphere" is not typically used as a standalone definition or diagnosis. However, in some contexts, it may refer to the physical environment or surroundings in which medical care is provided. For example, some hospitals and healthcare facilities may have different atmospheres depending on their specialties, design, or overall ambiance.

Additionally, "atmosphere" may also be used more broadly to describe the social or emotional climate of a particular healthcare setting. For instance, a healthcare provider might describe a patient's home atmosphere as warm and welcoming, or a hospital ward's atmosphere as tense or chaotic.

It is important to note that "atmosphere" is not a medical term with a specific definition, so its meaning may vary depending on the context in which it is used.

"Inhalation administration" is a medical term that refers to the method of delivering medications or therapeutic agents directly into the lungs by inhaling them through the airways. This route of administration is commonly used for treating respiratory conditions such as asthma, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and cystic fibrosis.

Inhalation administration can be achieved using various devices, including metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, and soft-mist inhalers. Each device has its unique mechanism of delivering the medication into the lungs, but they all aim to provide a high concentration of the drug directly to the site of action while minimizing systemic exposure and side effects.

The advantages of inhalation administration include rapid onset of action, increased local drug concentration, reduced systemic side effects, and improved patient compliance due to the ease of use and non-invasive nature of the delivery method. However, proper technique and device usage are crucial for effective therapy, as incorrect usage may result in suboptimal drug deposition and therapeutic outcomes.

The Extraction and Processing Industry, also known as the extraction industry or the mining sector, is a major category of businesses and economic activities involved in the removal of minerals and other natural resources from the earth. This industry includes several types of extraction operations, such as:

1. Oil and gas extraction: This involves the exploration, drilling, and pumping of crude oil and natural gas from underground reservoirs.
2. Mining: This includes the extraction of various minerals like coal, iron ore, copper, gold, silver, and other metals and non-metallic minerals. There are different methods used for mining, such as surface mining (open-pit or strip mining) and underground mining.
3. Support activities for mining: This category includes services and supplies needed for the extraction of minerals, like drilling, exploration, and mining support services.

After the extraction process, these raw materials undergo further processing to transform them into usable forms, such as refining crude oil into various petroleum products or smelting metals for manufacturing purposes. This processing stage is often included in the definition of the Extraction and Processing Industry.

The medical definition of this industry may not be explicitly stated; however, it indirectly impacts public health and the environment. For instance, mining activities can lead to air and water pollution, exposure to harmful substances, and increased risk of accidents and injuries for workers. Therefore, understanding the Extraction and Processing Industry is essential in addressing potential health hazards associated with these operations.

Fumigation is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and environmental medicine. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), fumigation is defined as "the treatment of a building or commodity by introducing a gaseous pesticide (fumigant) in sufficient concentration to kill all stages of pests present."

Fumigation is used to control pests, such as insects, rodents, and other organisms that can cause harm to human health, property, or the environment. It is commonly used in agriculture to protect stored commodities from pests during transportation and storage. In addition, fumigation may be used in public health to disinfect buildings, equipment, and other items that have been infested with pests, such as bed bugs, cockroaches, or termites.

Fumigants are toxic gases that can cause harm to humans and animals if not handled properly. Therefore, fumigation should only be carried out by trained professionals who follow strict safety protocols to protect people, pets, and the environment from exposure.

Air pollutants are substances or mixtures of substances present in the air that can have negative effects on human health, the environment, and climate. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, residential heating and cooking, agricultural activities, and natural events. Some common examples of air pollutants include particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Air pollutants can cause a range of health effects, from respiratory irritation and coughing to more serious conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, and cancer. They can also contribute to climate change by reacting with other chemicals in the atmosphere to form harmful ground-level ozone and by directly absorbing or scattering sunlight, which can affect temperature and precipitation patterns.

Air quality standards and regulations have been established to limit the amount of air pollutants that can be released into the environment, and efforts are ongoing to reduce emissions and improve air quality worldwide.

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that is a byproduct of the mining and smelting of zinc, lead, and copper. It has no taste or smell and can be found in small amounts in air, water, and soil. Cadmium can also be found in some foods, such as kidneys, liver, and shellfish.

Exposure to cadmium can cause a range of health effects, including kidney damage, lung disease, fragile bones, and cancer. Cadmium is classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP).

Occupational exposure to cadmium can occur in industries that produce or use cadmium, such as battery manufacturing, metal plating, and pigment production. Workers in these industries may be exposed to cadmium through inhalation of cadmium-containing dusts or fumes, or through skin contact with cadmium-containing materials.

The general population can also be exposed to cadmium through the environment, such as by eating contaminated food or breathing secondhand smoke. Smoking is a major source of cadmium exposure for smokers and those exposed to secondhand smoke.

Prevention measures include reducing occupational exposure to cadmium, controlling emissions from industrial sources, and reducing the use of cadmium in consumer products. Regular monitoring of air, water, and soil for cadmium levels can also help identify potential sources of exposure and prevent health effects.

Crystallization is a process in which a substance transitions from a liquid or dissolved state to a solid state, forming a crystal lattice. In the medical context, crystallization can refer to the formation of crystals within the body, which can occur under certain conditions such as changes in pH, temperature, or concentration of solutes. These crystals can deposit in various tissues and organs, leading to the formation of crystal-induced diseases or disorders.

For example, in patients with gout, uric acid crystals can accumulate in joints, causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. Similarly, in nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), minerals in the urine can crystallize and form stones that can obstruct the urinary tract. Crystallization can also occur in other medical contexts, such as in the formation of dental calculus or plaque, and in the development of cataracts in the eye.

In the context of medicine, "lead" most commonly refers to lead exposure or lead poisoning. Lead is a heavy metal that can be harmful to the human body, even at low levels. It can enter the body through contaminated air, water, food, or soil, and it can also be absorbed through the skin.

Lead poisoning occurs when lead builds up in the body over time, causing damage to the brain, nervous system, red blood cells, and kidneys. Symptoms of lead poisoning may include abdominal pain, constipation, fatigue, headache, irritability, memory problems, and in severe cases, seizures, coma, or even death.

Lead exposure is particularly dangerous for children, as their developing bodies are more sensitive to the harmful effects of lead. Even low levels of lead exposure can cause learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and developmental delays in children. Therefore, it's important to minimize lead exposure and seek medical attention if lead poisoning is suspected.

The Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) is a term used in occupational health to refer to the highest concentration of a hazardous substance (usually in air) that should not cause harmful effects to most workers if they are exposed to it for a typical 8-hour workday, 5 days a week. It's important to note that MAC values are based on average population data and may not protect everyone, particularly those who are sensitive or susceptible to the substance in question.

It's also crucial to differentiate MAC from other similar terms such as the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) or Threshold Limit Value (TLV), which are used in different regulatory contexts and may have slightly different definitions and criteria.

Please consult with a certified industrial hygienist, occupational health professional, or other appropriate experts for specific guidance related to hazardous substance exposure limits.

I'm not aware of a specific medical definition for "ceremonial behavior." However, in general, ceremonial behaviors are actions or rituals that are performed in a formal, ritualistic manner, often as part of a cultural, religious, or social tradition. These behaviors can serve various purposes, such as marking important life events, expressing shared values and beliefs, or reinforcing social bonds.

In some cases, ceremonial behaviors may have health implications. For example, participation in cultural or religious rituals can provide a sense of community and support, which can have positive effects on mental health. Additionally, certain ceremonial practices, such as meditation or prayer, may have direct physiological effects that contribute to stress reduction and relaxation.

However, it's important to note that the term "ceremonial behavior" is not a medical diagnosis or clinical concept, and its meaning can vary depending on the context in which it is used.

In medical terms, 'air' is defined as the mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere. It primarily consists of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and small amounts of other gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of neon, helium, and methane.

Air is essential for human life, as it provides the oxygen that our bodies need to produce energy through respiration. We inhale air into our lungs, where oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism, is exhaled out of the body through the lungs and back into the atmosphere.

In addition to its role in respiration, air also plays a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate and weather patterns, as well as serving as a medium for sound waves and other forms of energy transfer.

Trichloroethanes are not a medical term, but rather a group of chemical compounds that include 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethane. These chemicals have been used as solvents, degreasing agents, and refrigerants.

1,1,1-Trichloroethane, also known as methyl chloroform, is a colorless liquid with a sweet, mild odor. It has been used as a solvent for cleaning electronic components, removing adhesives, and degreasing metals. It can also be found in some consumer products such as spray paints, aerosol cleaners, and spot removers.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane, also known as aerothane, is a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor. It has been used as a solvent for cleaning and degreasing metals, plastics, and other surfaces. It can also be found in some consumer products such as typewriter correction fluids and spot removers.

Exposure to trichloroethanes can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Short-term exposure to high levels of these chemicals can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, dizziness, headache, and nausea. Long-term exposure to lower levels can lead to liver and kidney damage, neurological effects, and an increased risk of cancer.

It is important to handle trichloroethanes with care and follow proper safety precautions, including using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and respirators, and ensuring adequate ventilation in the work area.

A dentist is a healthcare professional who specializes in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and conditions that affect the oral cavity and maxillofacial region. This includes the teeth, gums, jaw, and related structures. Dentists are trained to provide a wide range of services, including:

1. Routine dental exams and cleanings
2. Fillings, crowns, and other restorative treatments
3. Root canals and extractions
4. Dental implants and dentures
5. Orthodontic treatment (braces, aligners)
6. Treatment of gum disease
7. Oral cancer screenings
8. Cosmetic dental procedures (teeth whitening, veneers)
9. Management of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ)
10. Emergency dental care

To become a dentist, one must complete a Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or Doctor of Medical Dentistry (DMD) degree from an accredited dental school and pass written and clinical exams to obtain licensure in their state. Many dentists also choose to specialize in a particular area of dentistry, such as orthodontics, oral surgery, or pediatric dentistry, by completing additional training and residency programs.

Cosmetics are defined in the medical field as products that are intended to be applied or introduced to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, and altering the appearance. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), cosmetics include skin creams, lotions, makeup, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, shampoos, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product.

It's important to note that the FDA classifies cosmetics and drugs differently. Drugs are defined as products that are intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease, and/or affect the structure or function of the body. Some products, such as anti-dandruff shampoos or toothpastes with fluoride, can be considered both a cosmetic and a drug because they have both cleansing and therapeutic properties. These types of products are subject to regulation by both the FDA's Office of Cosmetics and Colors and its Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.

Cosmetics must not be adulterated or misbranded, meaning that they must be safe for use under labeled or customary conditions, properly packaged and labeled, and not contain any harmful ingredients. However, the FDA does not have the authority to approve cosmetic products before they go on the market, with the exception of color additives. Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring that their products are safe and properly labeled.

I must clarify that "Inorganic Chemicals" is a broad term related to the field of chemistry and not specifically within the realm of medicine. However, I can provide a general definition for you:

Inorganic chemicals are chemical substances that primarily consist of matter other than carbon-based compounds. They include metallic and non-metallic elements, along with their compounds, excluding carbon-hydrogen bonds (organic compounds). Examples of inorganic chemicals are salts, acids, and bases, as well as metal alloys and oxides.

In the context of medicine, certain inorganic chemicals can be used in medical treatments, such as lithium carbonate for bipolar disorder or potassium chloride as an electrolyte replenisher. However, some inorganic chemicals can also pose health risks depending on the type and level of exposure. For instance, lead and mercury are toxic heavy metals that can cause serious health problems if ingested or inhaled.

Pharmaceutical preservatives are substances that are added to medications, pharmaceutical products, or biological specimens to prevent degradation, contamination, or spoilage caused by microbial growth, chemical reactions, or environmental factors. These preservatives help extend the shelf life and ensure the stability, safety, and efficacy of the pharmaceutical formulation during storage and use.

Commonly used pharmaceutical preservatives include:

1. Antimicrobials: These are further classified into antifungals (e.g., benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, thimerosal), antibacterials (e.g., parabens, phenol, benzyl alcohol), and antivirals (e.g., phenolic compounds). They work by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
2. Antioxidants: These substances prevent or slow down oxidation reactions that can degrade pharmaceutical products. Examples include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherols (vitamin E), sulfites, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).
3. Chelating agents: These bind to metal ions that can catalyze degradation reactions in pharmaceutical products. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is an example of a chelating agent used in pharmaceuticals.

The choice of preservative depends on the type of formulation, route of administration, and desired shelf life. The concentration of the preservative should be optimized to maintain product stability while minimizing potential toxicity or adverse effects. It is essential to conduct thorough safety and compatibility studies before incorporating any preservative into a pharmaceutical formulation.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. Gold is typically a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. It is a dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions.

However, if you are referring to "Gold" in the context of medical terminology, it may refer to:

1. Gold salts: These are a group of compounds that contain gold and are used in medicine for their anti-inflammatory properties. They have been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, although they have largely been replaced by newer drugs with fewer side effects.
2. Gold implants: In some cases, a small amount of gold may be surgically implanted into the eye to treat conditions such as age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy. The gold helps to hold the retina in place and can improve vision in some patients.
3. Gold thread embedment: This is an alternative therapy used in traditional Chinese medicine, where gold threads are embedded into the skin or acupuncture points for therapeutic purposes. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support its effectiveness.

I hope this information helps! If you have any further questions, please let me know.

Irritants, in a medical context, refer to substances or factors that cause irritation or inflammation when they come into contact with bodily tissues. These substances can cause a range of reactions depending on the type and duration of exposure, as well as individual sensitivity. Common examples include chemicals found in household products, pollutants, allergens, and environmental factors like extreme temperatures or friction.

When irritants come into contact with the skin, eyes, respiratory system, or mucous membranes, they can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, pain, coughing, sneezing, or difficulty breathing. In some cases, prolonged exposure to irritants can lead to more serious health problems, including chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and disease.

It's important to note that irritants are different from allergens, which trigger an immune response in sensitive individuals. While both can cause similar symptoms, the underlying mechanisms are different: allergens cause a specific immune reaction, while irritants directly affect the affected tissues without involving the immune system.

A sphygmomanometer is a device used to measure blood pressure. It consists of an inflatable cuff that is wrapped around the upper arm and connected to a column of mercury or aneroid gauge, which measures the pressure in the cuff. The cuff is inflated to occlude the brachial artery, and then gradually deflated while listening for the sounds of the pulsating blood flow with a stethoscope placed over the brachial artery.

The onset of the first sound (systolic pressure) and the disappearance of the last sound (diastolic pressure) are recorded to give an indication of the patient's blood pressure. Digital sphygmomanometers are also available, which use electronic sensors to detect the sounds and provide a digital readout of the blood pressure.

Selenium is a trace element that is essential for the proper functioning of the human body. According to the medical definitions provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), selenium is a component of several major metabolic pathways, including thyroid hormone metabolism, antioxidant defense systems, and immune function.

Selenium is found in a variety of foods, including nuts (particularly Brazil nuts), cereals, fish, and meat. It exists in several forms, with selenomethionine being the most common form found in food. Other forms include selenocysteine, which is incorporated into proteins, and selenite and selenate, which are inorganic forms of selenium.

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for selenium is 55 micrograms per day for adults. While selenium deficiency is rare, chronic selenium deficiency can lead to conditions such as Keshan disease, a type of cardiomyopathy, and Kaschin-Beck disease, which affects the bones and joints.

It's important to note that while selenium is essential for health, excessive intake can be harmful. High levels of selenium can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and neurological damage. The tolerable upper intake level (UL) for selenium is 400 micrograms per day for adults.

Respiratory Protective Devices (RPDs) are personal protective equipment items designed to protect the user from inhalation of hazardous substances or harmful levels of airborne contaminants in the environment. These devices create a physical barrier between the user's respiratory system and the surrounding air, filtering out or purifying the air before it is breathed in.

RPDs can be categorized into two main types:

1. **Air-purifying Respirators (APRs):** These devices use filters, cartridges, or canisters to remove contaminants from the surrounding air. They are further divided into several subcategories, including filtering facepiece respirators, half-mask elastomeric respirators, full-facepiece elastomeric respirators, and powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs).
2. **Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs):** These devices deliver clean breathing air from an external source, either through a compressor or compressed air cylinder. They are further divided into two subcategories: self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBAs) and supplied-air respirators with escape provisions.

The choice of RPD depends on the nature and concentration of the airborne contaminants, the user's physiological and psychological capabilities, and the work environment. Proper selection, fitting, use, maintenance, and training are crucial to ensure the effectiveness and safety of Respiratory Protective Devices.

Plant transpiration is the process by which water vapor escapes from leaves and other aerial parts of plants to the atmosphere. It is a type of evapotranspiration, which refers to both evaporation from land surfaces and transpiration from plants. Water molecules are absorbed by plant roots from the soil, move up through the xylem tissue to the leaves, and then evaporate from the leaf surface through stomatal pores. This process helps in the transportation of nutrients from the soil to various parts of the plant, regulates the temperature of the plant, and maintains the turgor pressure within the cells. Plant transpiration is influenced by environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature, humidity, and wind speed.

Sarin is a potent and deadly nerve agent, a type of organic compound called a phosphoro-organic fluid. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid, which is also known as GB. Sarin is a human-made chemical warfare agent that is considered a weapon of mass destruction and is banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993.

Sarin works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body. This leads to an overaccumulation of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions and synapses, causing uncontrolled muscle contractions, paralysis, respiratory failure, and ultimately death if not treated promptly.

Exposure to Sarin can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Symptoms of exposure include runny nose, tightness in the chest, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, and confusion. Immediate medical attention is required for anyone exposed to Sarin, as antidotes such as atropine and pralidoxime can be administered to counteract its effects.

Keating of England patented a mercury vapor lamp, considered by some to be the first true mercury vapor lamp. The first mercury ... "The Mercury Vapor Lamp". Lamptech. Retrieved 24 November 2017. Hull, Janet Starr. "Mercury Vapor Lights". Archived from the ... Self-ballasted lamps are typically more expensive than a standard mercury vapor lamp. When a mercury vapor lamp is first turned ... In the US, ballasts for mercury vapor lamps for general illumination, excluding specialty application mercury vapor lamp ...
"High pressure sodium vapor lamp". Google Patents. Retrieved 21 December 2017. (Pages using the EasyTimeline extension, Articles ... 1963 Kurt Schmidt invents the first high pressure sodium-vapor lamp. 1972 M. George Craford invents the first yellow light- ... 1920 Arthur Compton invents the sodium-vapor lamp. 1921 Junichi Miura creates the first incandescent lightbulb to utilize a ... 1901 Peter Cooper Hewitt creates the first commercial mercury-vapor lamp. 1904 Alexander Just and Franjo Hanaman invent the ...
Peter Cooper Hewitt invented and patented the mercury-vapor lamp. 1901 Assembly line Used globally around the world, an ... 1902 Mercury arc valve A mercury arc valve is a type of electrical rectifier which converts alternating current into direct ... "Mercury arc rectifiers". Virtual Mercury Rectifier Museum. Steinmetz, Katy (July 12, 2010). "A Brief History of Air ... Mercury arc rectifiers were invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt in 1902. 1902 Air conditioning Air conditioning is the cooling and ...
Mann, M. M.; Nielsen, Walter M. (1934). "The Effect of Hydrogen on the Afterglow in Mercury Vapor". Physical Review. 46 (11): ... Nielsen, Walter M. (1931). "On Some of the New Ultra-Ionization Potentials of Mercury Vapor". Physical Review. 37: 87-88. doi: ... Nielsen, Walter M. (1926). "The Formation of Negative Ions in Mercury Vapor". Physical Review. 27 (6): 716-723. doi:10.1103/ ... Nielsen, Walter M. (1930). "Magnetic Analysis of Negative Ions in Mercury Vapor". Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
... and mercury vapor. The pressure inside the lamp is around 0.3% of atmospheric pressure. The partial pressure of the mercury ... and causes asymmetric distribution of mercury ions along the tube. The localized depletion of mercury vapor pressure manifests ... The mercury-vapor lamp was superior to the incandescent lamps of the time in terms of energy efficiency, but the blue-green ... Mercury vapor lamps continued to be developed at a slow pace, especially in Europe, and by the early 1930s, they received ...
A gas-discharge lamp, Hewitt's invention used mercury vapor produced by passing current through liquid mercury. His first lamps ... who invented the first mercury-vapor lamp in 1901. Hewitt was issued U.S. Patent 682,692 on September 17, 1901. In 1903, Hewitt ... Hewitt invented and patented a mercury-vapor lamp that was the forerunner of the fluorescent lamp. ... In 1902, Hewitt developed the mercury arc rectifier, the first rectifier that could convert alternating current power to direct ...
He is best remembered for inventing a water-cooled mercury-vapor lamp (Kromayer lamp) for ultraviolet irradiation of the skin. ... In 1901 he received the title of professor at the university, then in 1904 relocated to Berlin, where he opened a private ...
Peter Cooper Hewitt explained his newly invented mercury-vapor lamp, where "a gas is used as the illuminating medium instead of ... The 1901 United Kingdom census was taken of all persons alive in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland at the ... April 10, 1901. p. 2. "New Ten Dollar Buffalo Bill- Secretary of the Treasury Approves Design for Note Soon to Be Issued as ... April 13, 1901. p. 1. "Tesla Plays the Wizard- He Makes Electricity Do Weird Things before the Public". New York Sun. April 13 ...
The patent application for the first mercury-vapor lamp, now commonplace in street lights around the world because of its ... p. 1. The World Almanac & Book of Facts 1901. p. 93. "Assassin Fires at Prince of Wales", The New York Times, April 5, 1900, p ... 160-61The Annual Register of World Events: A Review of the Year 1901, p. 10 Thomas Pankenham, The Boer War (Random House, 1979 ... 682,692 would be granted on September 17, 1901. Olga Nethersole was acquitted by a jury of charges of public nuisance, arising ...
... engineer who invented the first Mercury-vapor lamp in 1901, the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane, and the Mercury-arc valve, ... 1901), vice president of New York Central System and president of the American Society of Civil Engineers Irving Langmuir (1903 ... and Petroleum Engineers from 1901 to 1902 Frederick Remsen Hutton (E.M. 1876), secretary of the American Society of Mechanical ...
American electrical engineer and inventor of the first mercury-vapor lamp Dennis George Wyldbore Hewitt (1897-1917), First ... World War Victoria Cross recipient Henry Kent Hewitt (1887-1972), US Navy admiral Joe Hewitt (RAAF officer) (1901-1985), Royal ...
... which also licensed his patent on the high-pressure mercury-vapor lamp. The idea of coating the tube of an arc lamp emitting in ... Edmund Germer (August 24, 1901 - August 10, 1987) was a German inventor, recognized as the father of the fluorescent lamp. His ... 1901 births, 1987 deaths, People associated with electricity, Humboldt University of Berlin alumni, All stub articles, German ...
... transmissions using a mercury-vapor vacuum-tube. In 1904 he developed a high-speed alternator which produced transmitting ... Ruhmer carried out a series of experimental transmissions along the Havel river and on Lake Wannsee from 1901 to 1902. He ... Ruhmer (1908) page 39 "The Photographophone" by Ernst Ruhmer, Scientific American, July 20, 1901, page 36. "Another Electric ...
... an experiment which demonstrated the variation of polarization of the resonance fluorescent light from a mercury vapor in a ... Wilhelm Hanle (13 January 1901 - 29 April 1993, Gießen) was a German experimental physicist. He is known for the Hanle effect. ... 1901-1993), Physiker, Nazi-Forscher, Ehrensenator der JLU Gießen. In: www.bruno-w-reimann.de Walker, Mark German National ... 1901 births, 1993 deaths, Nuclear program of Nazi Germany, Scientists from Mannheim, People from the Grand Duchy of Baden, ...
It turned out that at room temperature the maximum attainable tension in water was 250 bar and in mercury nearly 500 bar. This ... in agriculture with a dissertation On the absorption of water vapor and of certain salts in aqueous solution by quartz. He was ... 1950) The limiting negative pressure of mercury in Pyrex glass. J. Appl. Phys. 24:488-90. (1953) ASM-N-2 Bat Peter Briggs Myers ... On the adsorption of water vapor and of certain salts in aqueous solution by quartz (Ph.D. thesis). Johns Hopkins University. ...
The mineral indralite and the mercury-containing stupp (stupp is a mixture of mercury, dust, soot and unreacted ore produced in ... Goldschmiedt also improved the method of Victor Meyer to determine, through vapor density, the molecular mass of compounds with ... Losik, V. I.; Nevelich, V. V.; Rizhamadze, G. V. (1969). "Canned centrifugal electric pumps for pumping stupp in mercury ... the mercury smelting process) produced from it became the starting point for his research of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ...
Leo Arons: Mercury-vapor lamp together with Peter Cooper Hewitt. Leopold Auerbach: Discovery of Plexus myentericus Auerbachi, ... Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick: Glass Contact lenses Richard Fiedler: Invented the modern flamethrower in 1901. Artur Fischer: ... "Blattnerphone", Orbem.co.uk, retrieved 07 February 2014 Renouf, Edward (1901-02-15). "Noble gases". Science. 13 (320): 268-270 ... is reported to be the first flying a powered aircraft in 1901 Rainer Weiss: born in Berlin, American physiscist who invented ...
"W. L. EMMET, 82, ENGINEER, IS DEAD; Inventor of Own 'Prime Mover' and Mercury Vapor Power Process Stricken in Erie" (PDF). The ... 1900-1974) Hester Alida Emmet (1901-1965), who married architect John Louis Bancel LaFarge, a grandson of artist John La Farge ...
The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected ... They conducted their experiment with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object and with a bellows used to ... Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used within vehicles or ... Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses the forced ...
... and the latest in mercury vapor illumination in the parking lot. The hospital building included the kitchen, laundry, ... The original hospital in The Dalles was started in 1901 by pioneer doctors, Dr. Belle Cooper Rinehart and Dr. Mary Powell ... 1901 establishments in Oregon, 2023 mergers and acquisitions, Pages using the Kartographer extension). ...
... setting up fifteen arc lamps and fifteen mercury-vapor lamps to make the 1897 series Comedian Paulus Singing, the first known ... A 1901 fire destroyed most of the venue, but the theatre was rebuilt the same year and continued to present performances with ... The Count de Rohan-Chabot applied for municipal approval to have it rebuilt, and authorization was granted in May-June 1901, ... The Théâtre Robert-Houdin was partly destroyed by a fire on 30 January 1901. ...
... mercury vapor, or other gases, in addition to neon. In 1915 a U.S. patent was issued to Claude covering the design of the ... 1901. Claude's first book, Electricity Made Accessible to Everyone, was a very popular exposition. It won the Prix Hébert de ...
The light assembly rotated on a liquid mercury reservoir, allowing up to one rotation per 15 seconds. The mercury was contained ... The original light was an incandescent oil vapor lamp fueled with kerosene. At 370,000 candle power it could be seen from 35 ... The mercury was removed in 1995 by Chemical Waste Management of Pompano Beach at a cost of $32,500. The lead based paint ... The old mechanism contained 400 pounds (180 kg) of mercury which was replaced by a specially designed ball bearing system. ...
Igniting this gas mixture would oxidize any arsine present into arsenic and water vapor. This would cause a cold ceramic bowl ... he explains how to distinguish mercury poisoning from arsenic poisoning. And on p. 246, §440, he describes the course of the ... when arsenic vapor lands on the plate, it will condense to form a shiny silver-white (weisse Silberglanz) patch. He also ... one makes a paste of the arsenic trioxide with a fatty oil and distills it in a retort long enough until no more oily vapors ...
Mercury spacecraft MA-6, Col. John Glenn piloted the Mercury Friendship 7 spacecraft in the first FAI-legal completed human- ... Vapor-phase Axial Deposition Method for Mass Production of High-quality Optical Fiber 1978 - Digital Image from Synthetic ... The company Mercury Records launches the first stereo record on the market. The company Ampex expands the video recorder with ... 1901 The Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo began the development of a system, which he called Telekine for testing ...
Germicidal UV for disinfection is most typically generated by a mercury-vapor lamp. Low-pressure mercury vapor has a strong ... Mercury-based lamps operating at low vapor pressure emit UV light at the 253.7 nm line. Ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-C ... The optimal wavelengths for disinfection are close to 260 nm.: 2-6, 2-14 Mercury vapor lamps may be categorized as either low- ... The UV lamps for water treatment consist of specialized low-pressure mercury-vapor lamps that produce ultraviolet radiation at ...
... mercury flowed through a tube to which was joined a tube from the vessel that was to be evacuated; the flow of mercury trapped ... such as its vapor density and its extraordinary rate of expansion with temperature, under a wide range of conditions. At the 12 ... Thilorier thought that the liquid carbon dioxide had caused water vapor in the air to freeze on the vial; he was puzzled when ... It was a type of mercury pump: ... 1901) "Le Collier de la Riene" (The Queen's necklace), La Revue ...
This effect later became the basis of the gas-discharge lamp, which led to neon lighting and mercury vapor lamps. In 1706 he ... By 1705, Francis Hauksbee had discovered that if he placed a small amount of mercury in the glass of his modified version of ... "1901: Semiconductor Rectifiers Patented as "Cat's Whisker" Detectors". The Silicon Engine. Computer History Museum. Retrieved ... when he patented the radio crystal detector in 1901. John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode, in 1904. Reginald ...
Towns nearby: Beatty, Mercury, Goldfield. It is aligned as a Crater Flat volcanic field, Réveille Range, Lunar Crater volcanic ... When sulfur dioxide (boiling point at standard state: -10 °C) reacts with water vapor, it creates sulfate ions (the precursors ... 10 (2): 1901-1932. Bibcode:2014CliPa..10.1707G. doi:10.5194/cpd-10-1901-2014. ISSN 1814-9359. "BBC Two - Timewatch". BBC. " ...
... mercury vapor, and electric ship propulsion. Another of her brothers was Robert Temple Emmet, a West Point graduate, and Medal ... 1901), the St. Louis Exhibition (1904) and the Carnegie International Exhibition (1912). Emmet was also awarded the Thomas R. ...
Keating of England patented a mercury vapor lamp, considered by some to be the first true mercury vapor lamp. The first mercury ... "The Mercury Vapor Lamp". Lamptech. Retrieved 24 November 2017. Hull, Janet Starr. "Mercury Vapor Lights". Archived from the ... Self-ballasted lamps are typically more expensive than a standard mercury vapor lamp. When a mercury vapor lamp is first turned ... In the US, ballasts for mercury vapor lamps for general illumination, excluding specialty application mercury vapor lamp ...
Mercury vapor lamp. Disposable razor blade. Vacuum cleaner. 1902. Radio magnetic detector. Air Conditioner. Neon lamp. Radio ... Iron-Mercury coherer with telephone detector. Automobile self starter. Magnetic tape recorder. Gas turbine ...
... and by the way by this process certainly a good portion of mercury-vapor escaped into the room poisoning the lungs of the ... Hmm ... the aluminum cone will dissolve in the mercury. It turns out an amalgam of aluminum.amalgam is oxidized in air. we get ... 15 Watt of ultrasonic power applied to such a small volume of mercury certainly rip off molecules of aluminium by collapsing ... Just one question: what are the chemical properties of mercury ?. Regards. Mike. ...
1904 Chance Brothers took the design of the Incandescent Oil Vapor (I.O.V.) lamp that had been invented in France in 1898, and ... 1890 Leon Bourdelles, in France, invented the mercury float system for lens rotation. ... 1898 A Luchaire Incandescent oil vapor lamp was first used at Llle Penfret lighthouse in France. ... it was converted into vapor under pressure in a retort and then mixed with air in a mixing chamber to form a gas for heating an ...
A Combination of Hair Hygrometer and Mercury Thermometer. This hygrometer-thermometer instrument combination allows the reading ... saturation pressure and partial pressure of the water vapor. Made by Wilhelm Lambrecht of Germany. Wilhelm Lambrecht started ...
Halogen (Mercury Vapor) Lamps: These are most commonly used lamps for pole lighting and street lighting till the beginning of ... Most common streetlights use about 150-180 Watts Mercury Vapor lamps.. Is yellow light better than white for driving?. Early ... The worlds longest-lasting light bulb has been burning in a Livermore, California, fire station since 1901. Thats 119 years ...
When lit, some of the vaporised fuel was diverted to a Bunsen burner to keep the vaporizer warm and the fuel in vapor form. The ... The lens assembly sometimes floated in liquid mercury to reduce friction. In more modern lighthouses, electric lights and motor ... The "white sock" pictured is an unburnt mantle on which the vapor burned.. The vaporized oil burner was invented in 1901 by ... Beare, Thomas Hudson (1901). "Douglass, James Nicholas". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement ...
On the last day of the festival, a crowd of 10,500 came to witness the lighting of the new mercury vapor street lights and walk ... was started in 1901 by W.G. Norton and Conrad Elerding. They built it on the north side of the railroad between Wauponsee and ... on Quarry Street operated from 1891-1901. Jugtown, in Goose Lake Township, was a boom town of 40 potters and their families in ...
In an age where many medical men still believed in humors and vapors, Wall was reluctant to credit that which he could not see ... and spreading lime and chlorate of mercury in infected areas. The fever dead were buried in metal coffins or mass graves under ... That took place in 1901, too late to clear a cloud of public opinion from John Perry Walls reputation and far too late to ...
1901 the official proceedings and most of the papers of the American Association for the Advancement of Science have been ... THE SPECTRUM OF MERCURY VAPOR. TO THE EDITOR OF SCIENCE: In your issue of September 10, Professor C. D. Child calls attention ... At the higher temperatures, because of the relatively small mean free path (the vapor pressure of mercury at 160° is roughly ... of this type of radiation has to do with the formation of clusters of two or three atoms which may be formed when mercury vapor ...
A smoke or vapor dispensed in canisters.. The War of the Worlds. Wells. 1898. ... A compact vehicle for planetary surfaces - like Mercury.. Brightside Crossing. Nourse. 1956. ... 1901. Breed Humans For Machines. Carefully cull the strong, resilient humans in favor of weakness, that the human race might be ...
... this type of light bulb works by producing radiation from excited mercury vapor. The majority of Mercury lamps give off a white ... Mercury Mercury light bulbs are a type of discharge lamp, ... High Intensity Discharge can relate to Metal Halide, Mercury ... This type of base is found on a variety of different lamps, including GLS, LED Corn, Sodium, Mercury and Metal Halide Light ... Inductive ballasts are used with Fluorescent Tubes, Compact Fluorescents, Metal Halide, Sodium and Mercury light bulbs. ...
bs mercury will surely drktioi the sense. of Binel. anil cuniplctt-U j.M-.t lie. wbt-le a^ptfiii utifu ii r11• i•. fillip5. 1 ... Ufiowy vapor driving into the opan with. Very ttroke of the ptBioua. When. h»-se mighty inom leis bt-gio their short. jnrney ... 1901, will be at the. r.larence. Bouse,. Tuesday, June 23. (one day only) «ud return onue. every 2f ilnyn. (Iflicp linurN 9 i ...
... along with the effects of water vapor and clouds." ... Mercury in retrograde and Schumann spikes maybe. Kp index was ... 1901&endbaseyear=2000. NOAA still have the 1930s record high temperatures. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/scec/ ...
We offer a catalog of discount marine parts and boating parts and accessories, including Mercury Mariner supplies and parts. ... Deep penetrating, fast release vapor or a liquid. *Total disinfection accomplished in 4 to 6 hours ...
Newsflash: Water Vapor has ZERO carbon-footprint. The 78% nitrogen in the sky has zeero carbon footprint. The 21% of oxygen in ... Moreover, there is the issue with Mercury and Sulfur Dioxide when it comes to coal use. That must be addressed more so. BTW, ... The other greenhouse gases ... other than water vapor ... are too small in quantity to drive any air mass greater than a ... The only greenhouse gas which holds influence is water vapor. In fact, Cirrus clouds retain infrared light more effectively ...
82292 CHAYKO, V. M. //CHEM.-KHIMICHESKIYE VOLOKNAll DO/00/1978,V ----- NOO03, PP 0047-0048 ADSORPTION OF BENZENE VAPORS BY ... MERCURY, ZINC AND COPPER CONTENT IN THE GRAIN NTIS TT 80-53104 BULKIN, G. A. 000000028503 //DOKLADY AN SSSR, EARTH SCIENCE/l 00 ... PP 0938-0941 INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN VAPOR BARRIER, ROOF SEALING AND THERMAL IWALATING LAYER-DIFFUSION PROCESSES IN ONE-PLY FLAT ... 00100/1901,VOO16,40005. PP 0021-0027 HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING FOR STIRRED OESULP"IZATION BISI 20bbl 0 CAI ZONGJIAN 11DAZWONG ...
... smoke has been shown to carry airborne particles of fungal and bacterial cells, hitching a ride on water vapor or ... When the material is heated, formaldehyde and possibly even mercury can be emitted. ... The researchers used temperature records stretching back to 1901 to assess the probability of a heatwave last month and in the ...
The Roman equivalent to Hermes was the god Mercury.. 66. Louis XIV, par exemple : ROI Louis XIV is perhaps the most famous of ... The fog is actually a vapor made up of volatile organic compounds released by the vegetation covering the peaks. ... Mercurys Greek counterpart : HERMES Hermes was the Greek god of transitions and boundaries, one who intercedes between mortals ... " ("Folkekongen" in Norwegian). He was also a grandchild of Edward VII, who was on the British throne from 1901 to 1910. ...
cru5_vapor_pres_1deg.zip - 120 *.asc files, same date range. * cru5_vapor_pres_hdeg.zip - 240 files (120 *.asc and 120 *.dif ... vapor pressure, and cloud cover. There are 13 files in this data set provided at 0.5 and 1.0 degree spatial resolutions. ... Part II: Development of 1901-1996 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate." Journal of Climate 13(13): 2217-2238. doi: ...
A Surface Acoustic Wave Mercury Vapor Sensor, Reichi B. Haskell. PDF. Asynchronous Validity Resolution in Sequentially ... Surface Interactions of Mercury on Gold Foil Electrodes in Electrodeposition and Stripping and ; An Investigation of Free ... Mercury Dynamics in Sulfide-Rich Sediments: Geochemical Influence on Contaminant Mobilization and Methylation within the ... Fire and its Effects on Mercury and Methylmercury Dynamics for Two Watersheds in Acadia National Park, Maine, Kenneth B. ...
The dramatic Valley of Vapors has been short on vapors ever since all but two of the springs were capped to prevent pollution, ... there is on the third floor a room once used for treating syphilitics with mercury and later given over to a deep Hubbard tub ... Through the high windows the sunlight enters and pierces the curling masses of vapor which rise slowly in the heavy air." ... who began their seasons in Hot Springs from 1901 to 1933. A number of players, including Babe Ruth, came on their own, so great ...
John Glenn, former Mercury and space shuttle astronaut. - Neil Armstrong, former Gemini and Apollo astronaut. - Michael Griffin ... If we checked and saw this deflection, that would be evidence the ice is probably in equilibrium with the water vapor in the ... The schools address is 1901 Mississippi Ave. SE.. More than 300 students from area schools will hear a presentation from ...
The spectra of mercury .... (Printed by the University of Chicago Press, 1900), by William Bachford Huff (page images at ... with description of instrument used for daytime vapor-trail tracking. (L.G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Massachusetts : Air Force ... The angle of contact on glass made by mercury when covered with another liquid. (s.n., 1918), by A. L. Clark (page images at ... The measured time intervals between the appearance of certain spectrum lines of helium and of mercury.. ([Charlottesville, Va ...
Mercury uptake by trees from the air represents an important but poorly quantified pathway in the global mercury cycle. We ... In this study, we analyze small inputs of water to ecosystems such as fog, dew, and adsorption of vapor. To measure them, we ... The amount of mercury taken up by leaves and needles depends on their age and growing height on the tree. Scaling up our ... Seasonal variation of mercury concentration of ancient olive groves of Lebanon Nagham Tabaja, David Amouroux, Lamis Chalak, ...
  • Mercury vapor lamps are more energy efficient than incandescent lamps with luminous efficacies of 35 to 55 lumens/watt. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clear mercury lamps produce a greenish light due to mercury's combination of spectral lines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mercury vapor lamps are becoming obsolete due to the higher efficiency and better color balance of metal halide lamps. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1860, John Thomas Way used arc lamps operated in a mixture of air and mercury vapor at atmospheric pressure for lighting. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ultraviolet light from mercury vapor lamps was applied to water treatment by 1910. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Hewitt lamps used a large amount of mercury. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the 1930s, improved lamps of the modern form, developed by the Osram-GEC company, General Electric company and others led to widespread use of mercury vapor lamps for general lighting. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mercury vapor lamp ballasts are similar to the ballasts used with fluorescent lamps. (wikipedia.org)
  • In fact, the first British fluorescent lamps were designed to operate from 80-watt mercury vapor ballasts. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are also self-ballasted mercury vapor lamps available. (wikipedia.org)
  • Self-ballasted mercury vapor lamps can be screwed into a standard incandescent light socket supplied with the proper voltage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Halogen (Mercury Vapor) Lamps: These are most commonly used lamps for pole lighting and street lighting till the beginning of 21st century. (thisisbeep.com)
  • Most common streetlights use about 150-180 Watts Mercury Vapor lamps. (thisisbeep.com)
  • Arc lamps were the first widely used light bulbs and the only type of light available from 1800-1901. (bltdirect.com)
  • This filter can significantly reduce the transmission of light from sodium vapor and mercury vapor lamps, which are mainly located in the range from 575nm to 600nm wavelengths, please refer to the chart below. (moveshootmove.com)
  • Sodium vapor and mercury vapor lamps, commonly used in street lighting and industrial lighting, emit yellow and orange lights from the ground to the sky, ruining the nightscape views and pictures. (moveshootmove.com)
  • Color corrected" mercury bulbs overcome this problem with a phosphor on the inside of the outer bulb that emits at the red wavelengths, offering whiter light and better color rendition. (wikipedia.org)
  • A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses an electric arc through vaporized mercury to produce light. (wikipedia.org)
  • The German physicist Leo Arons (1860-1919) studied mercury discharges in 1892 and developed a lamp based on a mercury arc. (wikipedia.org)
  • In February 1896 Herbert John Dowsing and H. S. Keating of England patented a mercury vapor lamp, considered by some to be the first true mercury vapor lamp. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first mercury vapor lamp to achieve widespread success was invented in 1901 by American engineer Peter Cooper Hewitt. (wikipedia.org)
  • Continued vaporization of the liquid mercury increases the arc tube pressure to between 2 and 18 bar, depending on lamp size. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mercury vapor lamp is a negative resistance device. (wikipedia.org)
  • This hygrometer-thermometer instrument combination allows the reading of relative and absolute humidity, temperature, dew point temperature, saturation pressure and partial pressure of the water vapor. (antiquescientificgadgets.com)
  • The data comprise a suite of six climate elements: precipitation, mean temperature, diurnal temperature range, wet-day frequency, vapor pressure, and cloud cover. (ornl.gov)
  • The world's longest-lasting light bulb has been burning in a Livermore, California, fire station since 1901. (thisisbeep.com)
  • Mercury vapor lights operate at an internal pressure of around one atmosphere and require special fixtures, as well as an electrical ballast. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the mercury, the tube is filled with argon gas at low pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mercury in the tube is a liquid at normal temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first mercury vapor lamp to achieve widespread success was invented in 1901 by American engineer Peter Cooper Hewitt. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1901, American Peter Cooper Hewitt patented mercury-vapor lamp. (greenbuildingadvisor.com)
  • S. Rıo-Segade, C. Bendicho, Determination of total and inorganic mercury in biological and environmental samples with on-line oxidation coupled to flow injection-cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, Spectrochim. (amecj.ir)
  • We test the hypothesis that significant secondary organic aerosol production can take place even during winter nights through the oxidation of the emitted organic vapors by the nitrate radicals produced during the reaction of ozone and nitrogen oxides. (copernicus.org)
  • Charles Wheatstone observed the spectrum of an electric discharge in mercury vapor in 1835, and noted the ultraviolet lines in that spectrum. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the mercury, the tube is filled with argon gas at low pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The company began manufacturing plumbing products by 1901 but the American story really took off in 1999 when the family-owned business launched a range of product in the USA. (ny-engineers.com)
  • He discovered that by passing electric current through a small amount of mercury gas, an electric arc was produced and light given off. (greenbuildingadvisor.com)
  • Exposed in a camera obscura and developed in mercury vapors, each highly polished silver plate is a unique photograph that, viewed in proper light, exhibits extraordinary detail and three-dimensionality. (metmuseum.org)
  • Daguerre made two discoveries: exposing the silver to iodine vapours before exposing it to light and then to the vapors of mercury after the photograph was taken resulted in an inactive image becoming visible. (digitalphotographers.com)
  • Mercury vapor lights operate at an internal pressure of around one atmosphere and require special fixtures, as well as an electrical ballast. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hewitt was issued U.S. Patent 682,692 on September 17, 1901. (wikipedia.org)
  • next, the voltage between the two main electrodes will ionize the mercury gas. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mercury in the tube is a liquid at normal temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
  • The methods have been applied for trace determination of mercury (II) in food and environmental water samples. (amecj.ir)
  • By the 1950s and '60s, when the practice of releasing fluoride vapors into the air was reined in due to the introduction of air pollution technology, fluoride had already been added to U.S. drinking water. (platoscave.org)
  • M. Bacci, D. Magrini, M. Picollo, M. Vervat, A study of the blue colors used by Telemaco Signorini (1835-1901), J. Cult. (amecj.ir)
  • Arsenic and mercury distribution in an aquatic food chain: importance of femtoplankton and picoplankton filtration fractions. (nih.gov)