15 hydroxy 11 alpha 9 alpha epoxymethano prosta 5 13 dienoic acid. Medical search

A group of physiologically active prostaglandin endoperoxides. They are precursors in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The most frequently encountered member of this group is the prostaglandin H2.

Synthetic compounds that are analogs of the naturally occurring prostaglandin endoperoxides and that mimic their pharmacologic and physiologic activities. They are usually more stable than the naturally occurring compounds.

Eicosatetraenoic acids substituted in any position by one or more hydroxy groups. They are important intermediates in a series of biosynthetic processes leading from arachidonic acid to a number of biologically active compounds such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase.

Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., ESTERASES, glycosidases (GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES), lipases, NUCLEOTIDASES, peptidases (PEPTIDE HYDROLASES), and phosphatases (PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES). EC 3.

Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds.

A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)

A P450 oxidoreductase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the terminal carbon of linear hydrocarbons such as octane and FATTY ACIDS in the omega position. The enzyme may also play a role in the oxidation of a variety of structurally unrelated compounds such as XENOBIOTICS, and STEROIDS.

FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Oxidases that specifically introduce DIOXYGEN-derived oxygen atoms into a variety of organic molecules.

A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes.

Biphenyl compounds are a class of organic compounds consisting of two phenyl rings attached to a central carbon atom, with potential medical applications as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits TRYPSIN; NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE; and other PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES.

One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is regulated by OXYGEN availability and is targeted for degradation by VHL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN.

A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

The phenomenon whereby certain chemical compounds have structures that are different although the compounds possess the same elemental composition. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A member of the NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR subfamily of the LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNEL family. It consists entirely of pentameric a7 subunits expressed in the CNS, autonomic nervous system, vascular system, lymphocytes and spleen.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the stereoselective, regioselective, or chemoselective syn-dehydrogenation reactions. They function by a mechanism that is linked directly to reduction of molecular OXYGEN.

A group of compounds that contain a bivalent O-O group, i.e., the oxygen atoms are univalent. They can either be inorganic or organic in nature. Such compounds release atomic (nascent) oxygen readily. Thus they are strong oxidizing agents and fire hazards when in contact with combustible materials, especially under high-temperature conditions. The chief industrial uses of peroxides are as oxidizing agents, bleaching agents, and initiators of polymerization. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

Cell surface receptor for LAMININ, epiligrin, FIBRONECTINS, entactin, and COLLAGEN. Integrin alpha3beta1 is the major integrin present in EPITHELIAL CELLS, where it plays a role in the assembly of BASEMENT MEMBRANE as well as in cell migration, and may regulate the functions of other integrins. Two alternatively spliced isoforms of the alpha subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA3), are differentially expressed in different cell types.

An integrin alpha subunit that is unique in that it does not contain an I domain, and its proteolytic cleavage site is near the middle of the extracellular portion of the polypeptide rather than close to the membrane as in other integrin alpha subunits.

An integrin alpha subunit that primarily associates with INTEGRIN BETA1 or INTEGRIN BETA4 to form laminin-binding heterodimers. Integrin alpha6 has two alternatively spliced isoforms: integrin alpha6A and integrin alpha6B, which differ in their cytoplasmic domains and are regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

An integrin found in FIBROBLASTS; PLATELETS; MONOCYTES, and LYMPHOCYTES. Integrin alpha5beta1 is the classical receptor for FIBRONECTIN, but it also functions as a receptor for LAMININ and several other EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.

An interleukin-1 subtype that occurs as a membrane-bound pro-protein form that is cleaved by proteases to form a secreted mature form. Unlike INTERLEUKIN-1BETA both membrane-bound and secreted forms of interleukin-1alpha are biologically active.

An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors that mediate contraction of SMOOTH MUSCLE in a variety of tissues such as ARTERIOLES; VEINS; and the UTERUS. They are usually found on postsynaptic membranes and signal through GQ-G11 G-PROTEINS.

This integrin alpha subunit combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form a receptor (INTEGRIN ALPHA5BETA1) that binds FIBRONECTIN and LAMININ. It undergoes posttranslational cleavage into a heavy and a light chain that are connected by disulfide bonds.

Integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for LAMININ and COLLAGEN. It is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) in mature SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in LYMPHOCYTES and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. In SCHWANN CELLS and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as VLA-1 and CD49a-CD29.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

A cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and to other cells via binding to LAMININ. It is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. Integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on PLATELETS; LEUKOCYTES; and many EPITHELIAL CELLS, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. Alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA6) results in the formation of A and B isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.

Arachidonic acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids that play a role in various physiological processes and are commonly found in cell membranes.

The alpha subunits of integrin heterodimers (INTEGRINS), which mediate ligand specificity. There are approximately 18 different alpha chains, exhibiting great sequence diversity; several chains are also spliced into alternative isoforms. They possess a long extracellular portion (1200 amino acids) containing a MIDAS (metal ion-dependent adhesion site) motif, and seven 60-amino acid tandem repeats, the last 4 of which form EF HAND MOTIFS. The intracellular portion is short with the exception of INTEGRIN ALPHA4.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.

An integrin alpha subunit that binds COLLAGEN and LAMININ though its I domain. It combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form the heterodimer INTEGRIN ALPHA1BETA1.

Brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed.

An integrin alpha subunit that occurs as alternatively spliced isoforms. The isoforms are differentially expressed in specific cell types and at specific developmental stages. Integrin alpha3 combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form INTEGRIN ALPHA3BETA1 which is a heterodimer found primarily in epithelial cells.

Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

A nuclear transcription factor. Heterodimerization with RETINOID X RECEPTOR GAMMA is important to metabolism of LIPIDS. It is the target of FIBRATES to control HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.

A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha is a transcription factor found in the LIVER; PANCREAS; and KIDNEY that regulates HOMEOSTASIS of GLUCOSE.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Glycoprotein found in alpha(1)-globulin region in human serum. It inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteinases in vivo and has cytotoxic killer-cell activity in vitro. The protein also has a role as an acute-phase protein and is active in the control of immunologic and inflammatory processes, and as a tumor marker. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS.

Nucleocytoplasmic transport molecules that bind to the NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNALS of cytoplasmic molecules destined to be imported into the CELL NUCLEUS. Once attached to their cargo they bind to BETA KARYOPHERINS and are transported through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Inside the CELL NUCLEUS alpha karyopherins dissociate from beta karypherins and their cargo. They then form a complex with CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUSCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN and RAN GTP-BINDING PROTEIN which is exported to the CYTOPLASM.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.

The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.

A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein alpha subunits that were originally identified by their ability to inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES. Members of this family can couple to beta and gamma G-protein subunits that activate POTASSIUM CHANNELS. The Gi-Go part of the name is also spelled Gi/Go.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Peptide elongation factor 1 is a multisubunit protein that is responsible for the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to eukaryotic ribosomes. The alpha subunit (EF-1alpha) binds aminoacyl-tRNA and transfers it to the ribosome in a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. The beta and delta subunits (EF-1beta, EF-1delta) are involved in exchanging GDP for GTP. The gamma subunit (EF-1gamma) is a structural component.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A subfamily of nuclear receptors that regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a diverse group of GENES involved in the synthesis of BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and in GLUCOSE; CHOLESTEROL; and FATTY ACIDS metabolism.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

(9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9-carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A condition of decreased oxygen content at the cellular level.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

A family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein alpha subunits that activate ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Drugs that bind to and activate nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC). Nicotinic agonists act at postganglionic nicotinic receptors, at neuroeffector junctions in the peripheral nervous system, and at nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system. Agents that function as neuromuscular depolarizing blocking agents are included here because they activate nicotinic receptors, although they are used clinically to block nicotinic transmission.

Heparin-binding proteins that exhibit a number of inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. Originally identified as secretory products of MACROPHAGES, these chemokines are produced by a variety of cell types including NEUTROPHILS; FIBROBLASTS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS. They likely play a significant role in respiratory tract defenses.

Specific cell surface receptors which bind to FIBRONECTINS. Studies have shown that these receptors function in certain types of adhesive contact as well as playing a major role in matrix assembly. These receptors include the traditional fibronectin receptor, also called INTEGRIN ALPHA5BETA1 and several other integrins.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

A 38-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase that is abundantly expressed in a broad variety of cell types. It is involved in the regulation of cellular stress responses as well as the control of proliferation and survival of many cell types. The kinase activity of the enzyme is inhibited by the pyridinyl-imidazole compound SB 203580.

Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of fucose from a nucleoside diphosphate fucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid molecule. Elevated activity of some fucosyltransferases in human serum may serve as an indicator of malignancy. The class includes EC 2.4.1.65; EC 2.4.1.68; EC 2.4.1.69; EC 2.4.1.89.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein alpha subunits that activate TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES dependent signaling pathways. The Gq-G11 part of the name is also spelled Gq/G11.

Serum proteins that have the most rapid migration during ELECTROPHORESIS. This subgroup of globulins is divided into faster and slower alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-globulins.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The GTPase-containing subunits of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins. When dissociated from the heterotrimeric complex these subunits interact with a variety of second messenger systems. Hydrolysis of GTP by the inherent GTPase activity of the subunit causes it to revert to its inactive (heterotrimeric) form. The GTP-Binding protein alpha subunits are grouped into families according to the type of action they have on second messenger systems.

Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Collagen receptors are cell surface receptors that modulate signal transduction between cells and the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. They are found in many cell types and are involved in the maintenance and regulation of cell shape and behavior, including PLATELET ACTIVATION and aggregation, through many different signaling pathways and differences in their affinities for collagen isoforms. Collagen receptors include discoidin domain receptors, INTEGRINS, and glycoprotein VI.

A PERTUSSIS TOXIN-sensitive GTP-binding protein alpha subunit. It couples with a variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS, has been implicated in INTERLEUKIN-12 production, and may play a role in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.

A member of the serpin superfamily found in plasma that inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots which are induced by plasminogen activator. It is a glycoprotein, molecular weight approximately 70,000 that migrates in the alpha 2 region in immunoelectrophoresis. It is the principal plasmin inactivator in blood, rapidly forming a very stable complex with plasmin.

Eukaryotic initiation factor of protein synthesis. In higher eukaryotes the factor consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. As initiation proceeds, eIF-2 forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAi and GTP.

Orosomucoid is a protein produced by the liver and released into the bloodstream in response to inflammation, which helps to regulate blood clotting and protect the lining of blood vessels.

Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

An integrin that binds to a variety of plasma and extracellular matrix proteins containing the conserved RGD amino acid sequence and modulates cell adhesion. Integrin alphavbeta3 is highly expressed in OSTEOCLASTS where it may play role in BONE RESORPTION. It is also abundant in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and in some tumor cells, where it is involved in angiogenesis and cell migration. Although often referred to as the vitronectin receptor there is more than one receptor for vitronectin (RECEPTORS, VITRONECTIN).

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a role in APOPTOSIS. It is composed of two subunits: ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR and HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1, ALPHA SUBUNIT.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two NEUTRONS, i.e. equivalent to HELIUM nuclei, which are emitted during disintegration of heavy ISOTOPES. Alpha rays have very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability.

Quinolizines are a class of organic compounds with a six-membered ring containing five nitrogen atoms, used in the development of drugs for various medical indications.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-.

A non-fibrillar collagen found in the structure of BASEMENT MEMBRANE. Collagen type IV molecules assemble to form a sheet-like network which is involved in maintaining the structural integrity of basement membranes. The predominant form of the protein is comprised of two alpha1(IV) subunits and one alpha2(IV) subunit, however, at least six different alpha subunits can be incorporated into the heterotrimer.

Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-Bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. Both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Quinoxalines are a class of heterocyclic compounds with two nitrogen atoms in a six-membered ring, which have potential medicinal applications as antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer agents.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A ubiquitously expressed family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein alpha subunits that signal through interactions with a variety of second messengers as GTPASE-ACTIVATING PROTEINS; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS; and HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS. The G12-G13 part of the name is also spelled G12/G13.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.

A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM plants. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has antiinflammatory and antineuralgic properties.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Prostaglandins H (PGH) are a group of lipid signaling molecules that are synthesized from arachidonic acid by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). They are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including inflammation, pain, fever, and blood clotting. PGH are further classified into different subtypes based on their structure and function. For example, prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) is a precursor for other prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, which are involved in various inflammatory and immune responses. In the medical field, PGH and their derivatives are used as drugs to treat a variety of conditions, including pain, inflammation, and blood clotting disorders. For example, aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work by inhibiting the production of PGH and other inflammatory mediators. Similarly, thromboxane inhibitors are used to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Prostaglandin endoperoxides, synthetic, are a class of medications that are synthesized from prostaglandins, which are naturally occurring compounds that play a role in various physiological processes in the body. These synthetic prostaglandins are used to treat a variety of conditions, including inflammation, pain, and bleeding disorders. They are typically administered by injection or inhalation and are used to treat conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and rheumatoid arthritis. They are also used to prevent and treat bleeding in patients who are taking blood-thinning medications.

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) are a group of bioactive lipids that are derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) by enzymes called lipoxygenases. HETEs are involved in various physiological processes, including inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and blood clotting. There are several different HETEs, including 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). These compounds are produced by the action of lipoxygenases on AA, which is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is abundant in cell membranes. HETEs can act as signaling molecules, binding to specific receptors on the surface of cells and triggering a variety of cellular responses. For example, 5-HETE has been shown to promote the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, which can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. 12-HETE has been implicated in the regulation of blood pressure, while 15-HETE has been linked to the formation of blood clots. Overall, HETEs play important roles in many physiological processes, and their dysregulation has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory disorders.

Thromboxanes are a group of lipid-derived signaling molecules that are produced by platelets and other cells in response to injury or inflammation. They are synthesized from arachidonic acid, which is an essential fatty acid that is found in cell membranes. There are two main types of thromboxanes: thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2). TXA2 is a potent vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregator, which means that it causes blood vessels to narrow and platelets to stick together, respectively. It also promotes the formation of blood clots, which can help to stop bleeding after an injury. TXB2 is a breakdown product of TXA2 and is used as a marker of platelet activation. It is also a potent vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregator, but its effects are generally weaker than those of TXA2. Thromboxanes play an important role in the body's response to injury and inflammation, but they can also contribute to the development of certain medical conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and thrombosis. Medications that inhibit the production or action of thromboxanes are used to treat these conditions.

Hydrolases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of various substrates, including water, to break down complex molecules into simpler ones. In the medical field, hydrolases play important roles in various physiological processes, including digestion, metabolism, and detoxification. For example, digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and protease are hydrolases that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively, in the digestive tract. In the liver, enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 are hydrolases that detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and drugs. Hydrolases can also be used in medical treatments. For example, proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin and chymotrypsin are used in some digestive enzyme supplements to aid in the digestion of proteins. Additionally, hydrolases such as hyaluronidase are used in some medical procedures to break down connective tissue and improve tissue permeability. Overall, hydrolases are an important class of enzymes in the medical field, playing critical roles in various physiological processes and serving as potential therapeutic targets for various diseases and conditions.

Linoleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid that is essential for human health. It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is a member of the omega-6 fatty acid family. Linoleic acid is a liquid at room temperature and is found in many plant-based oils, such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil. In the medical field, linoleic acid is considered an essential nutrient because the body cannot produce it on its own and must obtain it through the diet. It is important for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails, and for supporting the immune system. Linoleic acid is also important for brain function and may help to reduce the risk of certain diseases, such as heart disease and cancer. However, it is important to note that while linoleic acid is essential for health, it is also possible to consume too much of it. Consuming large amounts of linoleic acid can increase the risk of certain health problems, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, it is important to consume linoleic acid in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Alkane 1-monooxygenase (also known as aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A1 or ALDH3A1) is an enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of alkanes, which are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of alkanes to their corresponding aldehydes, which can then be further metabolized by other enzymes in the body. Alkane 1-monooxygenase is primarily found in the liver and is thought to play a role in the detoxification of certain environmental pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and diesel exhaust particles. It is also involved in the metabolism of some drugs and alcohol. In the medical field, alkane 1-monooxygenase has been studied as a potential target for the development of new drugs for the treatment of liver disease and other conditions. For example, researchers have investigated the use of ALDH3A1 inhibitors to prevent the metabolism of certain drugs and increase their effectiveness, as well as the use of ALDH3A1 activators to enhance the detoxification of environmental pollutants.

In the medical field, "Fatty Acids, Unsaturated" refers to a type of fatty acid that contains one or more double bonds in the carbon chain. Unsaturated fatty acids are classified into two categories: monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). MUFAs have one double bond in their carbon chain, while PUFAs have two or more double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids are considered healthier than saturated fatty acids because they can lower cholesterol levels, reduce the risk of heart disease, and improve blood pressure. Some examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (a MUFA found in olive oil), linoleic acid (a PUFA found in vegetable oils), and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 PUFA found in fish oil). In medical contexts, the consumption of unsaturated fatty acids is often recommended as part of a healthy diet to promote cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

In the medical field, oxygenases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of oxygen to a substrate molecule. These enzymes are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including the metabolism of drugs, the synthesis of hormones and other signaling molecules, and the detoxification of harmful substances. There are many different types of oxygenases, each with its own specific substrate and reaction mechanism. Some examples of oxygenases include cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are involved in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics, and peroxidases, which are involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Oxygenases play a critical role in maintaining the health of living organisms, and their dysfunction can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders. For example, mutations in certain cytochrome P450 enzymes can lead to drug metabolism disorders, while deficiencies in peroxidases can contribute to the development of oxidative stress-related diseases.

Prostaglandins are a group of hormone-like substances that are produced in the body from fatty acids. They play a variety of roles in the body, including regulating inflammation, blood pressure, and pain. Prostaglandins are synthesized in cells throughout the body, including in the lining of the stomach, the lungs, and the reproductive organs. They are also produced in response to injury or infection, and are thought to play a role in the body's healing process. Prostaglandins are often used as medications to reduce inflammation and pain, and are also used to prevent blood clots and to induce labor in pregnant women.

Biphenyl compounds are a class of organic compounds that consist of two benzene rings joined together by a single carbon-carbon bond. They are commonly used as industrial solvents, plasticizers, and flame retardants. In the medical field, biphenyl compounds have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral properties. Some biphenyl compounds have also been used as diagnostic agents in medical imaging. However, some biphenyl compounds have been associated with adverse health effects, including endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenicity, and their use is regulated in many countries.

Alpha 1-Antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein produced by the liver that plays a crucial role in protecting the lungs from damage caused by enzymes called proteases. Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins, and in the lungs, they can cause inflammation and damage to the airways and lung tissue. AAT acts as a protease inhibitor, binding to and neutralizing proteases that would otherwise cause damage to the lungs. It is particularly important in protecting the lungs from damage caused by cigarette smoke, air pollution, and other irritants. Deficiency in AAT can lead to a condition called alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, which is a genetic disorder that can cause lung disease, liver disease, and other health problems. People with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency produce low levels of AAT or produce AAT that is not functional, leading to an increased risk of lung damage and other health problems.

Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha (α-adrenergic receptors) are a type of protein found on the surface of cells in the body that bind to and respond to signaling molecules called catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. These receptors are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including the regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, and metabolism. There are several different subtypes of α-adrenergic receptors, including α1A, α1B, and α1D receptors, which are found in different tissues throughout the body. Activation of these receptors can have a variety of effects, depending on the specific subtype and the tissue in which it is located. For example, activation of α1-adrenergic receptors in the heart can cause the heart to beat faster and stronger, while activation of α1-adrenergic receptors in the blood vessels can cause them to constrict, leading to an increase in blood pressure. α-adrenergic receptors are also involved in the body's response to stress and can be activated by the release of stress hormones such as cortisol. Activation of these receptors can help to prepare the body for the "fight or flight" response by increasing heart rate and blood pressure and redirecting blood flow to the muscles.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (HIF-1α) is a protein that plays a critical role in the body's response to low oxygen levels (hypoxia). It is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in oxygen transport, metabolism, and angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels). Under normal oxygen conditions, HIF-1α is rapidly degraded by the proteasome, a protein complex that breaks down unnecessary or damaged proteins. However, when oxygen levels drop, HIF-1α is stabilized and accumulates in the cell. This allows it to bind to specific DNA sequences and activate the transcription of genes involved in the body's response to hypoxia. HIF-1α is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including erythropoiesis (the production of red blood cells), angiogenesis, and glucose metabolism. It is also implicated in the development of several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. In the medical field, HIF-1α is a target for drug development, as modulating its activity has the potential to treat a variety of conditions. For example, drugs that inhibit HIF-1α activity may be useful in treating cancer, as many tumors rely on HIF-1α to survive in low-oxygen environments. On the other hand, drugs that activate HIF-1α may be useful in treating conditions such as anemia or heart failure, where increased oxygen delivery is needed.

Linoleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid that is essential for human health. It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is a member of the omega-6 fatty acid family. Linoleic acid is a liquid at room temperature and is found in many plant-based oils, such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil. In the medical field, linoleic acid is considered an essential nutrient because the human body cannot produce it on its own and must obtain it through the diet. It is important for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails, and for supporting the immune system. Linoleic acid is also important for brain function and may help to reduce the risk of certain diseases, such as heart disease and cancer. However, it is important to note that while linoleic acid is essential for health, it is also possible to consume too much of it. Consuming excessive amounts of linoleic acid has been linked to an increased risk of certain health problems, such as inflammation and obesity. Therefore, it is important to consume linoleic acid in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is a type of ion channel protein found on the surface of certain cells in the nervous system. It is activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released by nerve cells (neurons) to communicate with each other. The α7nAChR plays a role in a number of important functions in the brain and body, including learning and memory, mood regulation, and muscle movement. It is also involved in the development and progression of certain neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. In the medical field, the α7nAChR is being studied as a potential target for the development of new treatments for these and other conditions. For example, drugs that selectively activate the α7nAChR are being investigated as potential treatments for cognitive decline and other symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Fatty acid desaturases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon-carbon double bonds in fatty acids. This process, known as desaturation, increases the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid, resulting in the formation of a double bond in a different position. Desaturases are important in the metabolism of fatty acids, as they play a role in the synthesis of essential fatty acids, which cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through the diet. There are several different types of fatty acid desaturases, each of which catalyzes the desaturation of a specific type of fatty acid. These enzymes are found in a variety of organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.

In the medical field, peroxides are chemical compounds that contain the oxygen-oxygen (O-O) bond. They are commonly used as disinfectants, bleaching agents, and oxidizing agents in various medical applications. One of the most well-known peroxides in medicine is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is used as a topical antiseptic to clean wounds and prevent infection. Hydrogen peroxide is also used as a mouthwash to treat gum disease and other oral infections. Other peroxides used in medicine include peroxyacetic acid (PAA), which is used as a disinfectant for medical equipment and surfaces, and peroxynitrite (ONOO-), which is a potent oxidizing agent that plays a role in the body's immune response. Peroxides can also be used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as the use of ozone therapy to treat chronic pain and other inflammatory conditions. However, the use of peroxides in medicine should be carefully monitored and controlled to avoid potential side effects and complications.

Integrin alpha3beta1 is a protein complex that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion and migration. It is composed of two subunits, alpha3 and beta1, which are encoded by separate genes. In the medical field, integrin alpha3beta1 is involved in various physiological processes, including wound healing, tissue repair, and immune cell trafficking. It is also expressed on the surface of many cancer cells, and its expression levels have been associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Integrin alpha3beta1 is a key receptor for laminin, a major component of the extracellular matrix. Binding of laminin to integrin alpha3beta1 triggers a series of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In addition, integrin alpha3beta1 has been targeted for therapeutic intervention in various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. For example, blocking integrin alpha3beta1 has been shown to inhibit the growth and metastasis of certain types of cancer cells, and to reduce inflammation and tissue damage in autoimmune diseases.

Integrin alpha4 is a protein that plays a crucial role in the immune system and is involved in the adhesion of immune cells to the blood vessels and tissues. It is a member of the integrin family of proteins, which are transmembrane receptors that mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. In the medical field, integrin alpha4 is often studied in the context of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, where it is thought to play a role in the migration of immune cells into the central nervous system and the joints, respectively. It is also involved in the development and function of various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells. Integrin alpha4 is also a target for therapeutic intervention in certain diseases. For example, monoclonal antibodies that block the interaction between integrin alpha4 and its ligand, VCAM-1, have been developed for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.

Integrin alpha6 is a protein that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion and migration. It is a member of the integrin family of transmembrane proteins, which are responsible for mediating cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. In the medical field, integrin alpha6 is involved in a variety of physiological processes, including wound healing, tissue repair, and immune cell trafficking. It is also implicated in several pathological conditions, such as cancer, fibrosis, and inflammatory diseases. Integrin alpha6 is expressed on the surface of many different cell types, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. It interacts with various ligands, including laminin, collagen, and fibronectin, to mediate cell adhesion and migration. In cancer, integrin alpha6 is often overexpressed and has been associated with tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. It has also been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

Integrin alpha5beta1, also known as vitronectin receptor (VNR) or fibronectin receptor (FnR), is a transmembrane protein complex that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. It is composed of two subunits, alpha5 and beta1, which are encoded by separate genes and assemble into a heterodimeric complex. Integrin alpha5beta1 is expressed on the surface of many different cell types, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. It binds to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as fibronectin, vitronectin, and laminin, which are essential for tissue development, wound healing, and angiogenesis. In the medical field, integrin alpha5beta1 is of great interest due to its role in various diseases and conditions. For example, it has been implicated in cancer progression, as its overexpression is often associated with increased tumor invasion and metastasis. It is also involved in the development of fibrotic diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. Targeting integrin alpha5beta1 has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for these diseases. Several drugs that block the interaction between integrin alpha5beta1 and its ECM ligands are currently in preclinical or clinical development for the treatment of cancer and fibrotic diseases.

Integrin alpha4beta1, also known as very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), is a cell surface protein that plays a crucial role in the adhesion and migration of immune cells, particularly leukocytes, to the endothelium of blood vessels. It is composed of two subunits, alpha4 and beta1, which are encoded by different genes. In the context of the immune system, integrin alpha4beta1 is involved in the homing of immune cells to specific tissues, such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow. It also plays a role in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as in the regulation of inflammation and immune responses. In addition to its role in the immune system, integrin alpha4beta1 has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. For example, it has been shown to be involved in the metastasis of certain types of cancer cells, as well as in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, integrin alpha4beta1 is a key regulator of immune cell function and has important implications for the development and treatment of various diseases.

Interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α) is a type of cytokine, which is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in the immune system. It is produced by a variety of cells, including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells, in response to infection, injury, or inflammation. IL-1α is involved in the regulation of immune responses, including the activation of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. It also plays a role in the production of other cytokines and chemokines, which help to recruit immune cells to the site of infection or injury. In addition to its role in the immune system, IL-1α has been implicated in a number of other physiological processes, including the regulation of bone metabolism, the control of blood pressure, and the regulation of pain perception. Abnormal levels of IL-1α have been associated with a number of medical conditions, including inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. As such, IL-1α is an important target for the development of new therapeutic strategies for these conditions.

Integrin alpha2beta1 is a type of cell surface protein that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion and migration. It is a heterodimeric protein composed of two subunits, alpha2 and beta1, which are encoded by separate genes. In the medical field, integrin alpha2beta1 is involved in various physiological processes, including wound healing, tissue repair, and immune cell function. It is also expressed on the surface of many different types of cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Abnormalities in integrin alpha2beta1 expression or function have been linked to a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and cardiovascular disease. For example, integrin alpha2beta1 has been shown to play a role in the development and progression of breast cancer, and its expression has been associated with poor prognosis in patients with the disease. Additionally, integrin alpha2beta1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1 are a type of protein receptors found on the surface of cells in the body that bind to and respond to certain hormones and neurotransmitters, specifically norepinephrine and epinephrine. These receptors are classified as alpha-1 receptors because they are activated by alpha-1 adrenergic agonists, which are drugs that mimic the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Alpha-1 receptors are found in many different tissues throughout the body, including the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and urinary bladder. They play a role in a variety of physiological processes, including regulating blood pressure, heart rate, and smooth muscle contraction. When norepinephrine or epinephrine binds to an alpha-1 receptor, it triggers a series of chemical reactions within the cell that ultimately lead to the activation of various signaling pathways. These pathways can have a variety of effects, depending on the specific type of alpha-1 receptor and the tissue in which it is located. Alpha-1 receptors are also targeted by certain drugs, such as alpha-1 adrenergic blockers, which are used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and urinary incontinence. These drugs work by blocking the binding of norepinephrine and epinephrine to alpha-1 receptors, thereby reducing their effects on the body.

Integrin alpha5 is a protein that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion and migration. It is a member of the integrin family of transmembrane proteins, which are responsible for mediating cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Integrin alpha5 is expressed on the surface of many different types of cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. It binds to a variety of extracellular matrix proteins, including fibronectin, vitronectin, and laminin, through its beta chain partner, integrin beta1. Integrin alpha5 is involved in many different physiological processes, including wound healing, tissue repair, and angiogenesis. It has also been implicated in a number of pathological conditions, including cancer, fibrosis, and inflammatory diseases. In the medical field, integrin alpha5 is an important target for the development of new therapies. For example, drugs that block integrin alpha5 activity have been shown to be effective in treating certain types of cancer and fibrotic diseases.

Integrin alpha1beta1 is a type of cell surface protein that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion and migration. It is a heterodimeric protein composed of two subunits, alpha1 and beta1, which are encoded by separate genes. In the medical field, integrin alpha1beta1 is involved in various physiological processes, including tissue development, wound healing, and immune response. It is also expressed on the surface of many different types of cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Abnormalities in integrin alpha1beta1 expression or function have been linked to a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disorders. For example, integrin alpha1beta1 has been shown to play a role in the development and progression of breast cancer, and its expression has been associated with poor prognosis in patients with this disease. In addition, integrin alpha1beta1 is a target for therapeutic intervention in several diseases. For example, drugs that block the interaction between integrin alpha1beta1 and its ligands have been shown to be effective in treating certain types of cancer and autoimmune disorders.

Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 are a type of protein found on the surface of cells in the body that bind to and respond to a class of hormones called catecholamines, including adrenaline and noradrenaline. These receptors are part of the body's autonomic nervous system and play a role in regulating a variety of physiological processes, including blood pressure, heart rate, and inflammation. Activation of alpha-2 receptors can cause a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as a decrease in inflammation and pain. They are found in many different tissues throughout the body, including the brain, heart, and blood vessels.

Integrin alpha6beta1 is a protein complex that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion and migration. It is composed of two subunits, alpha6 and beta1, which are transmembrane proteins found on the surface of many different types of cells, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. In the medical field, integrin alpha6beta1 is of particular interest because it is involved in a number of important biological processes, including wound healing, tissue repair, and cancer progression. For example, integrin alpha6beta1 is thought to play a key role in the formation of blood vessels, and it has been implicated in the development of certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and ovarian cancer. In addition, integrin alpha6beta1 has been shown to play a role in the immune response, and it is involved in the adhesion of immune cells to the endothelium of blood vessels. It is also thought to play a role in the development of fibrosis, a condition in which scar tissue forms in response to injury or disease. Overall, integrin alpha6beta1 is a complex protein that plays a critical role in many different biological processes, and it is an important target for research in the medical field.

Fatty acids are organic compounds that are composed of a long chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached to them. They are a type of lipid, which are molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Fatty acids are an important source of energy for the body and are also used to synthesize other important molecules, such as hormones and cell membranes. In the medical field, fatty acids are often studied in relation to their role in various diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. They are also used in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Integrin alpha6beta4 is a protein complex that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of various tissues in the human body. It is a transmembrane protein that is expressed on the surface of cells and is involved in cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. In the medical field, integrin alpha6beta4 is of particular interest because it is involved in the development and progression of several diseases, including cancer. In particular, integrin alpha6beta4 is overexpressed in many types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer, and is thought to play a role in the growth and spread of these tumors. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also involved in the development of other diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and alopecia areata. In these conditions, the expression of integrin alpha6beta4 is altered, leading to abnormal cell behavior and tissue damage. Overall, integrin alpha6beta4 is a key protein in the regulation of cell behavior and tissue function, and its role in various diseases is an active area of research in the medical field.

Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that is found in the cell membranes of all living organisms. It is an essential fatty acid, meaning that it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet. In the medical field, arachidonic acid is known for its role in the production of eicosanoids, a group of signaling molecules that play important roles in various physiological processes, including inflammation, blood clotting, and immune function. Eicosanoids are synthesized from arachidonic acid by enzymes called cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs). Arachidonic acid is also a precursor to the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are another group of eicosanoids that have a wide range of effects on the body, including regulating blood pressure, controlling inflammation, and modulating pain and fever. In addition to its role in eicosanoid production, arachidonic acid is also important for maintaining the fluidity and integrity of cell membranes, and for regulating the activity of various enzymes and signaling molecules. Abnormal levels of arachidonic acid or disruptions in its metabolism have been linked to a number of medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disorders, and neurological disorders. As a result, arachidonic acid is an important area of research in the medical field, with efforts focused on developing new treatments and therapies for these conditions.

Integrin alpha chains are a family of proteins that are found on the surface of many different types of cells in the human body. These proteins are important for cell adhesion, which is the process by which cells stick to one another or to a surface. Integrin alpha chains are also involved in a number of other cellular processes, including cell migration, signaling, and the regulation of gene expression. There are many different types of integrin alpha chains, each of which is encoded by a different gene. These chains are typically paired with other integrin proteins, known as beta chains, to form heterodimers that are capable of binding to specific ligands on the surface of other cells or in the extracellular matrix. The specific integrin alpha chain that is present on a given cell can have a significant impact on the cell's behavior and function.

Integrins are a family of transmembrane proteins that play a crucial role in cell adhesion and signaling. They are composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, which form a heterodimer that spans the cell membrane. Integrins bind to various extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin, laminin, and collagen, and transmit signals across the cell membrane to the cytoplasm. This process is essential for cell migration, tissue development, and immune function. In the medical field, integrins are important targets for the development of drugs to treat various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

Integrin alpha1 is a type of protein that plays a crucial role in the formation and function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the human body. It is a component of integrin heterodimers, which are transmembrane receptors that mediate cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. Integrin alpha1 is expressed on the surface of many different types of cells, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. It binds to various ECM proteins, such as collagen, laminin, and fibronectin, and plays a key role in cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. In the medical field, integrin alpha1 is of interest because it is involved in a number of different diseases and conditions. For example, mutations in the gene that encodes integrin alpha1 can lead to a rare genetic disorder called osteogenesis imperfecta, which is characterized by brittle bones and frequent fractures. Additionally, integrin alpha1 has been implicated in the development of certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer, and may play a role in the progression of these diseases.

Integrin alpha3 is a protein that plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of various tissues in the human body. It is a member of the integrin family of proteins, which are transmembrane receptors that mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In the medical field, integrin alpha3 is often studied in the context of various diseases and conditions, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. For example, integrin alpha3 is involved in the adhesion and migration of cancer cells, and its expression has been linked to the progression and metastasis of various types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer. Integrin alpha3 is also involved in the immune response, and its expression has been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Additionally, integrin alpha3 plays a role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, including viral infections such as HIV and hepatitis C. Overall, integrin alpha3 is a critical protein that plays a central role in many physiological processes, and its dysregulation has been linked to a wide range of diseases and conditions.

Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disorder that affects the production of a protein called alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT). AAT is a protein that protects the lungs and liver from damage caused by enzymes called proteases. In people with AATD, the body produces an abnormal form of AAT that is not as effective at protecting the lungs and liver. There are two main types of AATD: Pi ZZ and Pi Z. The Pi ZZ type is the most common and is characterized by the production of a completely dysfunctional form of AAT. The Pi Z type is less common and is characterized by the production of a partially functional form of AAT. AATD can lead to a variety of health problems, including lung and liver disease. The most common form of lung disease associated with AATD is called emphysema, which is a chronic lung disease that causes the air sacs in the lungs to become damaged and destroyed. The liver disease associated with AATD is called liver cirrhosis, which is a condition in which the liver becomes scarred and unable to function properly. AATD is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that a person must inherit two copies of the defective gene (one from each parent) to develop the disorder.

Receptors, Nicotinic are a type of neurotransmitter receptor found in the nervous system that are activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. These receptors are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including muscle contraction, heart rate regulation, and the regulation of breathing. They are also found in the brain and are thought to play a role in learning, memory, and mood regulation. In the medical field, the study of nicotinic receptors is important for understanding the effects of nicotine, which is the primary psychoactive substance in tobacco, as well as for the development of drugs for the treatment of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.

PPAR alpha, also known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, is a type of nuclear receptor protein that plays a crucial role in regulating lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis in the body. It is activated by various ligands, including fatty acids and their derivatives, and regulates the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipogenesis, and glucose uptake and utilization. In the medical field, PPAR alpha is of particular interest in the treatment of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Activation of PPAR alpha has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, reduce triglyceride levels, and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, which are all important factors in the prevention and treatment of these conditions. Additionally, PPAR alpha agonists have been used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of these disorders, although their long-term safety and efficacy are still being studied.

Dinoprost is a synthetic prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) that is used in the medical field as a medication. It is primarily used to induce labor in pregnant women who are past their due date or who are at risk of complications during delivery. Dinoprost is administered as an injection into a muscle or vein, and it works by causing the muscles of the uterus to contract, which helps to initiate labor. Dinoprost is also used to treat a condition called uterine fibroids, which are noncancerous growths that can cause pain and heavy bleeding. In this case, dinoprost is used to shrink the fibroids and reduce symptoms. In addition to its use in obstetrics and gynecology, dinoprost has also been used to treat other conditions, such as bleeding disorders and certain types of cancer. However, its use for these conditions is less common and is typically reserved for cases where other treatments have been ineffective.

Recombinant proteins are proteins that are produced by genetically engineering bacteria, yeast, or other organisms to express a specific gene. These proteins are typically used in medical research and drug development because they can be produced in large quantities and are often more pure and consistent than proteins that are extracted from natural sources. Recombinant proteins can be used for a variety of purposes in medicine, including as diagnostic tools, therapeutic agents, and research tools. For example, recombinant versions of human proteins such as insulin, growth hormones, and clotting factors are used to treat a variety of medical conditions. Recombinant proteins can also be used to study the function of specific genes and proteins, which can help researchers understand the underlying causes of diseases and develop new treatments.

Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha (HNF1α) is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the development and function of the liver. It is encoded by the HNF1A gene and is expressed in the liver, pancreas, and small intestine. HNF1α is involved in the regulation of genes that are essential for the proper functioning of the liver, including genes involved in glucose metabolism, bile acid synthesis, and detoxification. It also plays a role in the development of the liver and pancreas during fetal development. Mutations in the HNF1A gene can lead to a group of inherited disorders known as maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), which is a form of diabetes that typically develops in childhood or adolescence. HNF1α mutations can also cause other liver-related disorders, such as liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. In addition to its role in human health, HNF1α has been studied in various animal models and has been shown to play a role in the development and function of the liver and pancreas in these organisms as well.

Alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin (A1AT) is a protein produced by the liver and secreted into the bloodstream. It is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family and plays a crucial role in protecting the lungs and other organs from damage caused by proteolytic enzymes. In the lungs, A1AT helps to prevent the breakdown of lung tissue by inhibiting the activity of proteolytic enzymes such as neutrophil elastase. It also has anti-inflammatory properties and helps to regulate the immune response. A1AT deficiency is a genetic disorder that results in low levels of A1AT in the blood. This can lead to a condition called emphysema, which is characterized by damage to the air sacs in the lungs. A1AT deficiency can also increase the risk of developing liver disease and other conditions. In addition to its role in protecting the lungs and liver, A1AT has been studied for its potential use in treating a variety of other conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain types of cancer.

Transforming Growth Factor alpha (TGF-α) is a protein that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It is a cytokine that plays a role in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. TGF-α is primarily involved in the regulation of epithelial cell growth and differentiation, and it has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, and inflammatory disorders. In the medical field, TGF-α is often studied as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. It has been shown to promote the growth and survival of cancer cells, and inhibitors of TGF-α have been developed as potential anti-cancer agents. Additionally, TGF-α has been implicated in the development of fibrosis, and it is being studied as a potential target for the treatment of fibrotic diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and liver fibrosis.

Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and controlling the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA. They play a crucial role in the development and function of cells and tissues in the body. In the medical field, transcription factors are often studied as potential targets for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, where their activity is often dysregulated. For example, some transcription factors are overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells, and inhibiting their activity may help to slow or stop the growth of these cells. Transcription factors are also important in the development of stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. By understanding how transcription factors regulate gene expression in stem cells, researchers may be able to develop new therapies for diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Overall, transcription factors are a critical component of gene regulation and have important implications for the development and treatment of many diseases.

Alpha karyopherins, also known as importins, are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in the transport of molecules into the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. These proteins recognize specific nuclear localization signals (NLS) on cargo molecules and facilitate their transport across the nuclear envelope. There are several different alpha karyopherins, each of which recognizes a different type of NLS. These proteins are essential for many cellular processes, including gene expression, DNA replication, and cell division. Mutations in alpha karyopherins can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

In the medical field, macromolecular substances refer to large molecules that are composed of repeating units, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These molecules are essential for many biological processes, including cell signaling, metabolism, and structural support. Macromolecular substances are typically composed of thousands or even millions of atoms, and they can range in size from a few nanometers to several micrometers. They are often found in the form of fibers, sheets, or other complex structures, and they can be found in a variety of biological tissues and fluids. Examples of macromolecular substances in the medical field include: - Proteins: These are large molecules composed of amino acids that are involved in a wide range of biological functions, including enzyme catalysis, structural support, and immune response. - Carbohydrates: These are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that are involved in energy storage, cell signaling, and structural support. - Lipids: These are molecules composed of fatty acids and glycerol that are involved in energy storage, cell membrane structure, and signaling. - Nucleic acids: These are molecules composed of nucleotides that are involved in genetic information storage and transfer. Macromolecular substances are important for many medical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and gene therapy. Understanding the structure and function of these molecules is essential for developing new treatments and therapies for a wide range of diseases and conditions.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine, a type of signaling protein, that plays a crucial role in the immune response and inflammation. It is produced by various cells in the body, including macrophages, monocytes, and T cells, in response to infection, injury, or other stimuli. TNF-alpha has multiple functions in the body, including regulating the immune response, promoting cell growth and differentiation, and mediating inflammation. It can also induce programmed cell death, or apoptosis, in some cells, which can be beneficial in fighting cancer. However, excessive or prolonged TNF-alpha production can lead to chronic inflammation and tissue damage, which can contribute to the development of various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and certain types of cancer. In the medical field, TNF-alpha is often targeted in the treatment of these conditions. For example, drugs called TNF inhibitors, such as infliximab and adalimumab, are used to block the action of TNF-alpha and reduce inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and other inflammatory conditions.

Prazosin is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and certain heart conditions, such as angina (chest pain) and heart failure. It belongs to a class of drugs called alpha blockers, which work by relaxing blood vessels and decreasing the workload on the heart. Prazosin is usually taken by mouth, and the dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient's response to the medication. Common side effects of prazosin include dizziness, lightheadedness, and low blood pressure. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking prazosin and to report any side effects that occur.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha, also known as 6-keto-PGF1α, is a metabolite of prostaglandin F1 alpha (PGF1α) in the body. It is produced by the conversion of PGF1α by the enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in various tissues, including platelets, endothelial cells, and monocytes. 6-Keto-PGF1α is a stable metabolite of PGF1α and is often used as a biomarker of platelet activation and inflammation in the body. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects, and has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory disorders. In the medical field, 6-keto-PGF1α is often measured in blood or urine samples using immunoassay techniques. It is also used as a research tool to study the biology of prostaglandins and their role in various physiological and pathological processes.

In the medical field, a protein subunit refers to a smaller, functional unit of a larger protein complex. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids, and these chains can fold into complex three-dimensional structures that perform a wide range of functions in the body. Protein subunits are often formed when two or more protein chains come together to form a larger complex. These subunits can be identical or different, and they can interact with each other in various ways to perform specific functions. For example, the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red blood cells, is made up of four subunits: two alpha chains and two beta chains. Each of these subunits has a specific structure and function, and they work together to form a functional hemoglobin molecule. In the medical field, understanding the structure and function of protein subunits is important for developing treatments for a wide range of diseases and conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases.

GTP-binding proteins, also known as G proteins, are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in signal transduction in cells. They are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. G proteins are composed of three subunits: an alpha subunit, a beta subunit, and a gamma subunit. The alpha subunit is the one that binds to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), a molecule that is involved in regulating the activity of the protein. When GTP binds to the alpha subunit, it causes a conformational change in the protein, which in turn activates or inhibits downstream signaling pathways. G proteins are activated by a variety of extracellular signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Once activated, they can interact with other proteins in the cell, such as enzymes or ion channels, to transmit the signal and initiate a cellular response. G proteins are found in all eukaryotic cells and play a critical role in many physiological processes. They are also involved in a number of diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

Clonidine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called alpha-agonists. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) by relaxing blood vessels and decreasing heart rate. Clonidine can also be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults, and to help manage withdrawal symptoms in people who are quitting smoking. It is usually taken by mouth, but can also be given by injection or applied as a patch on the skin. Side effects of clonidine may include dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, and drowsiness.

Collagen is a protein that is found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues throughout the body. It is the most abundant protein in the human body and is responsible for providing strength and support to tissues such as skin, bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. In the medical field, collagen is often used in various medical treatments and therapies. For example, it is used in dermal fillers to plump up wrinkles and improve skin texture, and it is also used in wound healing to promote tissue regeneration and reduce scarring. Collagen-based products are also used in orthopedic and dental applications, such as in the production of artificial joints and dental implants. In addition, collagen is an important biomarker for various medical conditions, including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and liver disease. It is also used in research to study the mechanisms of tissue repair and regeneration, as well as to develop new treatments for various diseases and conditions.

Yohimbine is a chemical compound that is derived from the bark of the yohimbe tree (Pausinystalia johimbe). It has been used in traditional medicine for centuries to treat various conditions, including erectile dysfunction, depression, and weight loss. In the medical field, yohimbine is primarily used as a medication to treat erectile dysfunction. It works by blocking the action of an enzyme called alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, which can cause blood vessels to constrict and reduce blood flow to the penis. By blocking these receptors, yohimbine can help to increase blood flow to the penis and improve erectile function. Yohimbine is available as a prescription medication and is typically taken orally. It can cause side effects, including headache, nausea, dizziness, and increased heart rate. It is important to note that yohimbine can interact with other medications, including antidepressants and blood pressure medications, so it should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

DNA-binding proteins are a class of proteins that interact with DNA molecules to regulate gene expression. These proteins recognize specific DNA sequences and bind to them, thereby affecting the transcription of genes into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately the production of proteins. DNA-binding proteins play a crucial role in many biological processes, including cell division, differentiation, and development. They can act as activators or repressors of gene expression, depending on the specific DNA sequence they bind to and the cellular context in which they are expressed. Examples of DNA-binding proteins include transcription factors, histones, and non-histone chromosomal proteins. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the transcription of genes by recruiting RNA polymerase and other factors to the promoter region of a gene. Histones are proteins that package DNA into chromatin, and non-histone chromosomal proteins help to organize and regulate chromatin structure. DNA-binding proteins are important targets for drug discovery and development, as they play a central role in many diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and infectious diseases.

Recombinant fusion proteins are proteins that are produced by combining two or more genes in a single molecule. These proteins are typically created using genetic engineering techniques, such as recombinant DNA technology, to insert one or more genes into a host organism, such as bacteria or yeast, which then produces the fusion protein. Fusion proteins are often used in medical research and drug development because they can have unique properties that are not present in the individual proteins that make up the fusion. For example, a fusion protein might be designed to have increased stability, improved solubility, or enhanced targeting to specific cells or tissues. Recombinant fusion proteins have a wide range of applications in medicine, including as therapeutic agents, diagnostic tools, and research reagents. Some examples of recombinant fusion proteins used in medicine include antibodies, growth factors, and cytokines.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a type of cytokine, which is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in the immune system. IL-1 is produced by various types of immune cells, including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells, in response to infection, injury, or inflammation. IL-1 has multiple functions in the immune system, including promoting the activation and proliferation of immune cells, enhancing the production of other cytokines, and regulating the inflammatory response. It can also stimulate the production of fever, which helps to fight off infections. In the medical field, IL-1 is often studied in the context of various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also being investigated as a potential target for the development of new treatments for these conditions.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It is composed of four types of nitrogen-containing molecules called nucleotides, which are arranged in a specific sequence to form the genetic code. In the medical field, DNA is often studied as a tool for understanding and diagnosing genetic disorders. Genetic disorders are caused by changes in the DNA sequence that can affect the function of genes, leading to a variety of health problems. By analyzing DNA, doctors and researchers can identify specific genetic mutations that may be responsible for a particular disorder, and develop targeted treatments or therapies to address the underlying cause of the condition. DNA is also used in forensic science to identify individuals based on their unique genetic fingerprint. This is because each person's DNA sequence is unique, and can be used to distinguish one individual from another. DNA analysis is also used in criminal investigations to help solve crimes by linking DNA evidence to suspects or victims.

GTP-binding protein alpha subunits, Gi-Go, are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in signal transduction pathways in cells. They are also known as G proteins or heterotrimeric G proteins because they consist of three subunits: an alpha subunit, a beta subunit, and a gamma subunit. The alpha subunit of Gi-Go proteins is responsible for binding to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), a small molecule that is involved in regulating many cellular processes. When GTP binds to the alpha subunit, it causes a conformational change in the protein, which in turn activates or inhibits downstream signaling pathways. Gi-Go proteins are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth and differentiation, metabolism, and immune function. They are also involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release in the nervous system and the contraction of smooth muscle cells in the cardiovascular system. Dysfunction of Gi-Go proteins has been implicated in a number of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Therefore, understanding the role of these proteins in cellular signaling pathways is an important area of research in the medical field.

Protein isoforms refer to different forms of a protein that are produced by alternative splicing of the same gene. Alternative splicing is a process by which different combinations of exons (coding regions) are selected from the pre-mRNA transcript of a gene, resulting in the production of different protein isoforms with slightly different amino acid sequences. Protein isoforms can have different functions, localization, and stability, and can play distinct roles in cellular processes. For example, the same gene may produce a protein isoform that is expressed in the nucleus and another isoform that is expressed in the cytoplasm. Alternatively, different isoforms of the same protein may have different substrate specificity or binding affinity for other molecules. Dysregulation of alternative splicing can lead to the production of abnormal protein isoforms, which can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of alternative splicing and the functional consequences of protein isoforms is an important area of research in the medical field.

DNA primers are short, single-stranded DNA molecules that are used in a variety of molecular biology techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. They are designed to bind to specific regions of a DNA molecule, and are used to initiate the synthesis of new DNA strands. In PCR, DNA primers are used to amplify specific regions of DNA by providing a starting point for the polymerase enzyme to begin synthesizing new DNA strands. The primers are complementary to the target DNA sequence, and are added to the reaction mixture along with the DNA template, nucleotides, and polymerase enzyme. The polymerase enzyme uses the primers as a template to synthesize new DNA strands, which are then extended by the addition of more nucleotides. This process is repeated multiple times, resulting in the amplification of the target DNA sequence. DNA primers are also used in DNA sequencing to identify the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. In this application, the primers are designed to bind to specific regions of the DNA molecule, and are used to initiate the synthesis of short DNA fragments. The fragments are then sequenced using a variety of techniques, such as Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing. Overall, DNA primers are an important tool in molecular biology, and are used in a wide range of applications to study and manipulate DNA.

Peptide Elongation Factor 1 (EF-1) is a protein complex that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis in cells. It is one of the three elongation factors involved in the process of translation, which is the process by which the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to synthesize proteins. EF-1 is responsible for delivering aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome, where it is incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. It recognizes the specific codon on the mRNA that corresponds to the amino acid carried by the aa-tRNA, and then binds to the aa-tRNA and the ribosome to facilitate the transfer of the amino acid to the polypeptide chain. Disruptions in the function of EF-1 can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as certain types of cancer. Therefore, understanding the role of EF-1 in protein synthesis is important for developing new treatments for these diseases.

In the medical field, a peptide fragment refers to a short chain of amino acids that are derived from a larger peptide or protein molecule. Peptide fragments can be generated through various techniques, such as enzymatic digestion or chemical cleavage, and are often used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Peptide fragments can be used as biomarkers for various diseases, as they may be present in the body at elevated levels in response to specific conditions. For example, certain peptide fragments have been identified as potential biomarkers for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disease. In addition, peptide fragments can be used as therapeutic agents themselves. For example, some peptide fragments have been shown to have anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer properties, and are being investigated as potential treatments for various diseases. Overall, peptide fragments play an important role in the medical field, both as diagnostic tools and as potential therapeutic agents.

Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 (HNF4) is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the development and function of the liver and other organs. It is encoded by the HNF4A gene and is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the liver, pancreas, and intestine. In the liver, HNF4 is involved in the regulation of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as the detoxification of harmful substances. It also plays a role in the development of liver cells and the maintenance of liver tissue structure. Mutations in the HNF4A gene can lead to a group of inherited disorders known as maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), which is a form of diabetes that typically develops in childhood or adolescence. These mutations can also cause other liver-related disorders, such as liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. In addition to its role in human health, HNF4 has been studied in various model organisms, including mice and zebrafish, to better understand its function and potential therapeutic applications.

In the medical field, isoenzymes refer to different forms of enzymes that have the same chemical structure and catalytic activity, but differ in their amino acid sequence. These differences can arise due to genetic variations or post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or glycosylation. Isoenzymes are often used in medical diagnosis and treatment because they can provide information about the function and health of specific organs or tissues. For example, the presence of certain isoenzymes in the blood can indicate liver or kidney disease, while changes in the levels of specific isoenzymes in the brain can be indicative of neurological disorders. In addition, isoenzymes can be used as biomarkers for certain diseases or conditions, and can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. For example, drugs that inhibit specific isoenzymes can be used to treat certain types of cancer or heart disease.

Receptors, GABA-A are a type of ionotropic receptor that are activated by the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These receptors are found throughout the central nervous system and play a key role in regulating inhibitory neurotransmission. Activation of GABA-A receptors leads to the opening of chloride ion channels, which results in a decrease in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. This decrease in membrane potential makes it more difficult for the neuron to generate an action potential, which in turn reduces the release of neurotransmitters and decreases the overall activity of the neuron. GABA-A receptors are important for a variety of physiological processes, including muscle relaxation, sleep, and the regulation of anxiety and seizures.

Prostaglandins F (PGF) are a group of lipid signaling molecules that are produced in the body from arachidonic acid. They are synthesized by various cells, including platelets, leukocytes, and smooth muscle cells, and play a role in a wide range of physiological processes, including inflammation, pain, and reproduction. PGF is particularly important in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. It stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery, and is also involved in the production of breast milk. In addition, PGF has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and may play a role in the development of certain types of cancer. In the medical field, PGF is sometimes used as a medication to induce labor or to treat conditions such as preterm labor, menstrual cramps, and uterine fibroids. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other conditions, such as osteoarthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

In the medical field, "DNA, Complementary" refers to the property of DNA molecules to pair up with each other in a specific way. Each strand of DNA has a unique sequence of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine), and the nucleotides on one strand can only pair up with specific nucleotides on the other strand in a complementary manner. For example, adenine (A) always pairs up with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs up with cytosine (C). This complementary pairing is essential for DNA replication and transcription, as it ensures that the genetic information encoded in one strand of DNA can be accurately copied onto a new strand. The complementary nature of DNA also plays a crucial role in genetic engineering and biotechnology, as scientists can use complementary DNA strands to create specific genetic sequences or modify existing ones.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-made proteins that can mimic the immune system's ability to fight off harmful pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. They are produced by genetically engineering cells to produce large quantities of a single type of antibody, which is specific to a particular antigen (a molecule that triggers an immune response). In the medical field, monoclonal antibodies are used to treat a variety of conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. They can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously, depending on the condition being treated. Monoclonal antibodies work by binding to specific antigens on the surface of cells or pathogens, marking them for destruction by the immune system. They can also block the activity of specific molecules involved in disease processes, such as enzymes or receptors. Overall, monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases, offering targeted and effective therapies with fewer side effects than traditional treatments.

GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs, also known as Gs alpha, are a type of protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various cellular processes, particularly in the signaling pathways of the endocrine and nervous systems. Gs alpha is a component of a larger protein complex called G-protein, which is activated by the binding of a specific hormone or neurotransmitter to its receptor on the cell surface. When the hormone or neurotransmitter binds to its receptor, it causes a conformational change in the receptor, which in turn activates the G-protein by changing the binding properties of its alpha subunit. The activated Gs alpha subunit then binds to a molecule called GDP (guanosine diphosphate) and releases it, replacing it with GTP (guanosine triphosphate). This change in the binding of GTP to Gs alpha subunit causes a conformational change in the protein complex, which then activates an enzyme called adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), which is a second messenger molecule that regulates various cellular processes, including gene expression, metabolism, and muscle contraction. The activation of adenylyl cyclase by Gs alpha subunit is a key step in the signaling pathways of many hormones and neurotransmitters, including thyroid-stimulating hormone, glucagon, and adrenaline. In summary, GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs, are a critical component of the G-protein signaling pathway, which plays a vital role in regulating various cellular processes in the endocrine and nervous systems.

Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIPs) are a family of small proteins that are produced by macrophages, a type of white blood cell. These proteins play a role in the immune response by promoting inflammation and attracting other immune cells to the site of infection or injury. MIPs are also involved in the regulation of angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, and in the development of certain types of cancer. There are several different types of MIPs, including MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and MIP-2, each with its own specific functions and effects on the immune system.

Receptors, Fibronectin are proteins that are present on the surface of cells and bind to the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. These receptors play a crucial role in cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. They are involved in various physiological processes, including wound healing, tissue repair, and cancer progression. In the medical field, the study of fibronectin receptors is important for understanding the mechanisms of various diseases and developing new therapeutic strategies.

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14 (MAPK14), also known as p38α, is a protein kinase enzyme that plays a crucial role in cellular signaling pathways. It is activated by various extracellular stimuli, such as cytokines, growth factors, and stress signals, and regulates a wide range of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. MAPK14 is involved in the regulation of inflammation, immune responses, and the response to oxidative stress. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. In the medical field, MAPK14 is a potential therapeutic target for the development of new drugs to treat diseases that are associated with abnormal MAPK14 signaling. For example, inhibitors of MAPK14 have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects in preclinical studies.

Fucosyltransferases (FTs) are a family of enzymes that transfer the fucose sugar molecule from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. In the medical field, FTs play important roles in various biological processes, including cell-cell adhesion, protein folding, and immune response. There are several types of FTs, each with a specific substrate specificity and tissue distribution. For example, some FTs are involved in the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the Golgi apparatus, while others are located in the plasma membrane and are involved in cell-cell adhesion. Abnormalities in FT activity have been linked to various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. For example, some cancer cells overexpress certain FTs, leading to increased production of fucosylated proteins that can promote tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, some autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, have been associated with changes in FT activity. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of FTs is important for developing new therapeutic strategies for various diseases.

The Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in maintaining the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane in animal cells. It is responsible for actively pumping three sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and two potassium ions (K+) into the cell, using energy from ATP hydrolysis. This process is essential for many cellular functions, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and the maintenance of cell volume. The Na+/K+-ATPase is also involved in the regulation of intracellular pH and the transport of other ions across the cell membrane. It is a ubiquitous enzyme found in all animal cells, and its dysfunction can lead to various diseases, including cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and neurological disorders.

GTP-binding protein alpha subunits, Gq-G11, are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in signal transduction pathways in the body. These proteins are also known as Gq proteins or G alpha q proteins. GTP-binding protein alpha subunits, Gq-G11, are activated by the binding of a specific ligand to a cell surface receptor. This activation causes the exchange of GDP (guanosine diphosphate) for GTP (guanosine triphosphate) on the G protein, which then dissociates into two subunits: the alpha subunit (Gq) and the beta-gamma subunit. The alpha subunit (Gq) then interacts with a variety of effector proteins, such as phospholipase C (PLC), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 then binds to IP3 receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum, causing the release of calcium ions into the cytoplasm. DAG, on the other hand, activates protein kinase C (PKC), which can lead to a variety of cellular responses, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. GTP-binding protein alpha subunits, Gq-G11, are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including vision, hearing, muscle contraction, and neurotransmission. They are also implicated in a number of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

Alpha-globulins are a type of protein found in the blood plasma. They are the largest type of globulin protein and make up about 10-15% of the total protein in the blood. Alpha-globulins are synthesized in the liver and play a variety of roles in the body, including transporting hormones, vitamins, and other molecules, as well as participating in immune responses. There are several different types of alpha-globulins, including albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and haptoglobin. Abnormal levels of alpha-globulins can be associated with a variety of medical conditions, including liver disease, kidney disease, and certain types of cancer.

GTP-binding protein alpha subunits, also known as Gα subunits, are a family of proteins that play a crucial role in signal transduction pathways in cells. These proteins are involved in regulating a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. Gα subunits are part of a larger family of proteins called G-proteins, which are composed of three subunits: an alpha subunit (Gα), a beta subunit (Gβ), and a gamma subunit (Gγ). The Gα subunit is responsible for binding and hydrolyzing guanosine triphosphate (GTP), a molecule that is involved in regulating the activity of many cellular signaling pathways. When a signaling molecule, such as a neurotransmitter or a hormone, binds to a cell surface receptor, it activates a G-protein by causing the Gα subunit to exchange its bound GDP for GTP. This change in the Gα subunit's conformation allows it to interact with and activate downstream effector proteins, such as enzymes or ion channels, which then carry out the specific cellular response to the signaling molecule. Once the signaling event is complete, the Gα subunit hydrolyzes the GTP back to GDP, returning it to its inactive state. This process is tightly regulated to ensure that the signaling pathway is turned off quickly and efficiently. Overall, GTP-binding protein alpha subunits play a critical role in regulating cellular signaling pathways and are involved in many important physiological processes.

Fibronectins are a family of large, soluble glycoproteins that are found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. They are synthesized by a variety of cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells, and are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Fibronectins are composed of two large subunits, each containing three distinct domains: an N-terminal domain, a central domain, and a C-terminal domain. The central domain contains a high-affinity binding site for fibronectin receptors on the surface of cells, which allows cells to adhere to the extracellular matrix and migrate through it. Fibronectins play a critical role in the development and maintenance of tissues, and are involved in a variety of pathological processes, including wound healing, tissue fibrosis, and cancer. They are also important in the immune response, as they can bind to and activate immune cells, and can modulate the activity of various cytokines and growth factors.

In the medical field, peptides are short chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. They are typically composed of 2-50 amino acids and can be found in a variety of biological molecules, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and enzymes. Peptides play important roles in many physiological processes, including growth and development, immune function, and metabolism. They can also be used as therapeutic agents to treat a variety of medical conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In the pharmaceutical industry, peptides are often synthesized using chemical methods and are used as drugs or as components of drugs. They can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically, depending on the specific peptide and the condition being treated.

Receptors, Collagen are proteins that are found on the surface of cells and are responsible for binding to collagen, a structural protein that is found in the extracellular matrix of tissues. These receptors play a role in regulating various cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. In the medical field, the study of receptors, collagen is important for understanding the function of collagen in various tissues and diseases, as well as for developing therapies for conditions that involve abnormal collagen metabolism or function.

GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunit, Gi2, also known as Gαi2, is a protein that plays a role in regulating cell signaling pathways in the body. It is a member of the G protein family, which is a group of proteins that are involved in transmitting signals from cell surface receptors to the interior of the cell. Gαi2 is activated when it binds to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), a molecule that is involved in cell signaling. When activated, Gαi2 can interact with and inhibit the activity of enzymes called adenylyl cyclases, which are responsible for producing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a molecule that is involved in many cellular processes. Gαi2 is expressed in a variety of tissues and cells throughout the body, including the brain, heart, and immune system. It is involved in a number of physiological processes, including the regulation of blood pressure, the control of the immune response, and the transmission of signals in the nervous system. Abnormalities in the function of Gαi2 have been linked to a number of diseases and conditions, including hypertension, autoimmune disorders, and certain types of cancer.

Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a crucial role in the body's "fight or flight" response. It is produced by the adrenal glands and is also found in certain neurons in the brain and spinal cord. In the medical field, norepinephrine is often used as a medication to treat low blood pressure, shock, and heart failure. It works by constricting blood vessels and increasing heart rate, which helps to raise blood pressure and improve blood flow to vital organs. Norepinephrine is also used to treat certain types of depression, as it can help to increase feelings of alertness and energy. However, it is important to note that norepinephrine can have side effects, including rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, and anxiety, and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Nuclear proteins are proteins that are found within the nucleus of a cell. The nucleus is the control center of the cell, where genetic material is stored and regulated. Nuclear proteins play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and gene regulation. There are many different types of nuclear proteins, each with its own specific function. Some nuclear proteins are involved in the structure and organization of the nucleus itself, while others are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Nuclear proteins can also interact with other proteins, DNA, and RNA molecules to carry out their functions. In the medical field, nuclear proteins are often studied in the context of diseases such as cancer, where changes in the expression or function of nuclear proteins can contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Additionally, nuclear proteins are important targets for drug development, as they can be targeted to treat a variety of diseases.

Idazoxan is a non-selective alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist that is used in the medical field to study the role of alpha-1 receptors in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. It is also used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as in the management of certain types of heart failure and other cardiovascular conditions. In addition, idazoxan has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of certain types of cancer, as well as in the management of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders.

Cytokines are small proteins that are produced by various cells of the immune system, including white blood cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. They play a crucial role in regulating immune responses and inflammation, and are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Cytokines can be classified into different groups based on their function, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and regulatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), promote inflammation and recruit immune cells to the site of infection or injury. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), help to dampen the immune response and prevent excessive inflammation. Regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13), help to regulate the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Cytokines play a critical role in many diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. They are also important in the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.

Phenylephrine is a medication that is used to treat nasal congestion and other symptoms of the common cold. It is a sympathomimetic drug that works by narrowing the blood vessels in the nasal passages, which helps to reduce swelling and congestion. Phenylephrine is available over-the-counter in a variety of forms, including nasal sprays, tablets, and liquids. It is also sometimes used to treat low blood pressure and to constrict blood vessels in the eyes, such as in the treatment of glaucoma. However, phenylephrine should not be used by people with certain medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, or glaucoma, as it can worsen these conditions. It is also not recommended for use in children under the age of six, as it can cause serious side effects.

Alpha-2-Antiplasmin (α2-AP) is a plasma protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood clotting. It is synthesized in the liver and circulates in the bloodstream, where it inhibits the activity of plasminogen activators, enzymes that convert plasminogen into plasmin. Plasmin is a protease that breaks down fibrin, the main component of blood clots, and helps to dissolve clots. In the medical field, α2-AP is often measured as a diagnostic marker for various conditions related to blood clotting, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Abnormal levels of α2-AP can also indicate liver disease or other conditions that affect its production or function. In addition to its role in blood clotting, α2-AP has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties, and is being studied as a potential therapeutic agent for various diseases.

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 (eIF2) is a protein complex that plays a crucial role in the initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It is composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. In the process of translation, the ribosome must first be recruited to the mRNA molecule to begin the synthesis of a protein. eIF2 is responsible for binding to the small ribosomal subunit and facilitating the recruitment of the large ribosomal subunit to the mRNA. However, under certain conditions such as viral infection or nutrient deprivation, the activity of eIF2 can be inhibited by phosphorylation. This inhibition leads to a decrease in protein synthesis, which is a protective mechanism to prevent the production of viral proteins or to conserve resources during times of stress. In the medical field, the regulation of eIF2 activity is important for the treatment of various diseases, including viral infections, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. For example, drugs that inhibit the phosphorylation of eIF2 have been developed as treatments for viral infections such as hepatitis C and influenza. Additionally, drugs that enhance eIF2 activity are being investigated as potential treatments for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Orosomucoid is a glycoprotein that is produced by the liver and secreted into the bloodstream. It is also known as alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) or alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI). In the medical field, orosomucoid is often used as a diagnostic marker for various conditions, including liver disease, inflammation, and infection. It is also used as a therapeutic agent to treat certain types of bleeding disorders, such as von Willebrand disease. Orosomucoid functions as an antiproteinase, meaning it inhibits the activity of certain enzymes that can break down proteins in the body. It is particularly effective at inhibiting proteases that are involved in the inflammatory response, such as elastase and collagenase. This makes orosomucoid an important component of the body's defense against tissue damage and inflammation.

Integrin alphaVbeta3 is a type of cell surface protein that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. It is a heterodimeric protein composed of two subunits, alphaV and beta3, which are encoded by separate genes. In the medical field, integrin alphaVbeta3 is of particular interest because it is overexpressed on the surface of many cancer cells, including breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer cells. This overexpression makes it a potential target for cancer therapy. Several drugs have been developed that target integrin alphaVbeta3, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors. These drugs work by binding to the integrin and blocking its function, thereby inhibiting cancer cell adhesion and migration. This can lead to the inhibition of tumor growth and the prevention of metastasis. In addition to its role in cancer, integrin alphaVbeta3 is also involved in other medical conditions, such as inflammation, wound healing, and angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels).

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the body's response to low oxygen levels (hypoxia). It is composed of two subunits, HIF-1α and HIF-1β, which are both encoded by different genes. Under normal oxygen conditions, HIF-1α is rapidly degraded by the proteasome, a protein complex that breaks down unnecessary or damaged proteins. However, when oxygen levels drop, HIF-1α is stabilized and accumulates in the cell. This leads to the formation of a functional HIF-1 complex, which then translocates to the nucleus and binds to specific DNA sequences called hypoxia response elements (HREs). Once bound to HREs, HIF-1 activates the transcription of a variety of genes involved in the adaptive response to hypoxia. These genes include those that promote angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), glucose metabolism, and erythropoiesis (the production of red blood cells). HIF-1 has been implicated in a number of medical conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. In cancer, HIF-1 is often upregulated and has been shown to promote tumor growth and metastasis. In cardiovascular disease, HIF-1 plays a role in the development of hypertension and heart failure. In neurodegenerative disorders, HIF-1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It is a vital mineral for the human body and is essential for many bodily functions, including bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. In the medical field, calcium is often used to diagnose and treat conditions related to calcium deficiency or excess. For example, low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) can cause muscle cramps, numbness, and tingling, while high levels (hypercalcemia) can lead to kidney stones, bone loss, and other complications. Calcium supplements are often prescribed to people who are at risk of developing calcium deficiency, such as older adults, vegetarians, and people with certain medical conditions. However, it is important to note that excessive calcium intake can also be harmful, and it is important to follow recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements.

Membrane proteins are proteins that are embedded within the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane. They play a crucial role in regulating the movement of substances across the membrane, as well as in cell signaling and communication. There are several types of membrane proteins, including integral membrane proteins, which span the entire membrane, and peripheral membrane proteins, which are only in contact with one or both sides of the membrane. Membrane proteins can be classified based on their function, such as transporters, receptors, channels, and enzymes. They are important for many physiological processes, including nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and cell growth and division.

Quinolizines are a class of organic compounds that contain a six-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms. They are structurally related to quinolines, which have a similar ring structure but with only one nitrogen atom. Quinolizines have a wide range of biological activities and are used in the treatment of various medical conditions, including: 1. Antimalarial drugs: Quinolizines are used as antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, which are used to treat and prevent malaria. 2. Antipsychotic drugs: Quinolizines are also used as antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine, which are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. 3. Antihistamines: Quinolizines are used as antihistamines, such as astemizole and terfenadine, which are used to treat allergies and other conditions caused by histamine release. 4. Antifungal drugs: Quinolizines are used as antifungal drugs, such as ketoconazole and itraconazole, which are used to treat fungal infections. 5. Anticancer drugs: Quinolizines are also used as anticancer drugs, such as quinoline-8-carboxylic acid, which is being studied for its potential to treat various types of cancer. Overall, quinolizines have a diverse range of biological activities and are used in the treatment of various medical conditions.

In the medical field, carrier proteins are proteins that transport molecules across cell membranes or within cells. These proteins bind to specific molecules, such as hormones, nutrients, or waste products, and facilitate their movement across the membrane or within the cell. Carrier proteins play a crucial role in maintaining the proper balance of molecules within cells and between cells. They are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including nutrient absorption, hormone regulation, and waste elimination. There are several types of carrier proteins, including facilitated diffusion carriers, active transport carriers, and ion channels. Each type of carrier protein has a specific function and mechanism of action. Understanding the role of carrier proteins in the body is important for diagnosing and treating various medical conditions, such as genetic disorders, metabolic disorders, and neurological disorders.

In the medical field, "trans-activators" refer to proteins or molecules that activate the transcription of a gene, which is the process by which the information in a gene is used to produce a functional product, such as a protein. Trans-activators can bind to specific DNA sequences near a gene and recruit other proteins, such as RNA polymerase, to initiate transcription. They can also modify the chromatin structure around a gene to make it more accessible to transcription machinery. Trans-activators play important roles in regulating gene expression and are involved in many biological processes, including development, differentiation, and disease.

Sialyltransferases are a family of enzymes that transfer sialic acid residues from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. These enzymes play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of sialylated glycans, which are complex carbohydrates that are found on the surface of many types of cells in the human body. Sialyltransferases are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including cell adhesion, immune response, and signaling. They are also involved in the development and progression of many diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders. In the medical field, sialyltransferases are often studied as potential targets for the development of new drugs and therapies. For example, some researchers are exploring the use of sialyltransferase inhibitors to treat cancer, while others are investigating the role of these enzymes in the development of infectious diseases.

Collagen Type IV is a type of protein that is found in the basement membrane of many tissues in the human body. It is a major component of the extracellular matrix, which is the network of proteins and other molecules that provide structural support to cells and tissues. Collagen Type IV is particularly important in the formation and maintenance of blood vessels, the lungs, and the kidneys. It is also involved in the development of many different types of cancer, and changes in the expression of this protein have been linked to a number of different diseases and conditions.

Bungarotoxins are a type of neurotoxin produced by certain species of venomous snakes, such as the Indian krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and the Chinese krait (Bungarus multicinctus). These toxins are highly potent and can cause paralysis and death in humans and other animals if not treated promptly. Bungarotoxins work by binding to and blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is essential for transmitting signals between nerve cells. This leads to a disruption in the normal functioning of the nervous system, causing symptoms such as muscle weakness, paralysis, and respiratory failure. In the medical field, bungarotoxins are used as a research tool to study the effects of neurotoxins on the nervous system. They are also used in the development of antivenom treatments for snake bites, as well as in the treatment of certain medical conditions such as myasthenia gravis, a disorder that causes muscle weakness and fatigue.

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. Antibodies are designed to recognize and bind to specific molecules on the surface of these foreign substances, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. There are five main classes of antibodies: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. Each class of antibody has a unique structure and function, and they are produced by different types of immune cells in response to different types of pathogens. Antibodies play a critical role in the immune response, helping to protect the body against infection and disease. They can neutralize pathogens by binding to them and preventing them from entering cells, or they can mark them for destruction by other immune cells. In some cases, antibodies can also help to stimulate the immune response by activating immune cells or by recruiting other immune cells to the site of infection. Antibodies are often used in medical treatments, such as in the development of vaccines, where they are used to stimulate the immune system to produce a response to a specific pathogen. They are also used in diagnostic tests to detect the presence of specific pathogens or to monitor the immune response to a particular treatment.

Oligosaccharides are short chains of sugar molecules that are composed of three to ten monosaccharide units. They are also known as "oligos" or "short-chain carbohydrates." In the medical field, oligosaccharides have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their ability to improve gut health, boost the immune system, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Some specific types of oligosaccharides that have been studied in the medical field include: 1. Prebiotics: These are oligosaccharides that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. 2. Galactooligosaccharides (GOS): These are oligosaccharides that are found naturally in breast milk and have been shown to improve gut health and immune function in infants. 3. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS): These are oligosaccharides that are found in many fruits and vegetables and have been shown to improve gut health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Overall, oligosaccharides are an important class of carbohydrates that have potential health benefits and are being studied in the medical field for their potential therapeutic applications.

Quinoxalines are a class of heterocyclic compounds that contain two nitrogen atoms in a six-membered ring. They are often used as intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. In the medical field, quinoxalines have been studied for their potential use as antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic agents. Some quinoxalines have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, and are being investigated as potential treatments for a variety of conditions, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic applications of quinoxalines.

RNA, Small Interfering (siRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA molecule that plays a role in gene regulation. siRNA is approximately 21-25 nucleotides in length and is derived from double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules. In the medical field, siRNA is used as a tool for gene silencing, which involves inhibiting the expression of specific genes. This is achieved by introducing siRNA molecules that are complementary to the target mRNA sequence, leading to the degradation of the mRNA and subsequent inhibition of protein synthesis. siRNA has potential applications in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, viral infections, and genetic disorders. It is also used in research to study gene function and regulation. However, the use of siRNA in medicine is still in its early stages, and there are several challenges that need to be addressed before it can be widely used in clinical practice.

GTP-binding protein alpha subunits, G12-G13, are a type of protein that plays a role in cell signaling. They are also known as heterotrimeric G proteins, and are composed of three subunits: a Gα subunit, a Gβ subunit, and a Gγ subunit. The Gα12 and Gα13 subunits are specific to the G12-G13 family of G proteins and are activated by binding to guanosine triphosphate (GTP).，Gα12Gα13，，、、。，、。

Nicotine is a highly addictive psychoactive substance found in tobacco plants. It is a stimulant that affects the central nervous system and can produce feelings of pleasure and relaxation. In the medical field, nicotine is used as a treatment for smoking cessation, as it can help reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms associated with quitting smoking. Nicotine is available in various forms, including patches, gum, lozenges, inhalers, and e-cigarettes. However, it is important to note that nicotine is also highly toxic and can be dangerous if not used properly. Long-term use of nicotine can lead to addiction, respiratory problems, heart disease, and other health issues.

Aconitine is a toxic alkaloid found in the plant species of the genus Aconitum, commonly known as wolfsbane. It is a potent neurotoxin that can cause serious health problems, including cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory failure, and death, if ingested or inhaled in sufficient quantities. In the medical field, aconitine is used as a medication to treat certain types of heart arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. It works by blocking sodium channels in cardiac cells, which can help to stabilize the heart rhythm and prevent further arrhythmias. However, due to its toxicity, aconitine is only used in very specific medical situations under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional. It is typically administered in a controlled and carefully monitored manner, and patients are closely monitored for any signs of adverse effects.

Cholestanols are a type of sterol that are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. They are structurally similar to cholesterol, but have a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the C-5 position instead of a methyl group (-CH3). Cholestanols are important for the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and the formation of bile acids. In the medical field, cholestanols are often measured as a marker of cholesterol metabolism and liver function. Elevated levels of cholestanols in the blood can be an indication of liver disease or other conditions that affect cholesterol metabolism. Additionally, cholestanols have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In the medical field, PKC is often studied in relation to its involvement in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. PKC enzymes are activated by the binding of diacylglycerol (DAG) and calcium ions, which leads to the phosphorylation of target proteins. This phosphorylation can alter the activity, localization, or stability of the target proteins, leading to changes in cellular signaling pathways. PKC enzymes are divided into several subfamilies based on their structure and activation mechanisms. The different subfamilies have distinct roles in cellular signaling and are involved in different diseases. For example, some PKC subfamilies are associated with cancer progression, while others are involved in the regulation of the immune system. Overall, PKC enzymes are an important area of research in the medical field, as they have the potential to be targeted for the development of new therapeutic strategies for various diseases.

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factors are a family of proteins that play important roles in regulating gene expression in a variety of biological processes, including development, differentiation, and cell cycle control. These proteins are characterized by a specific DNA-binding domain, known as the bHLH domain, which allows them to bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the transcription of target genes. bHLH transcription factors are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including the development of the nervous system, the formation of muscle tissue, and the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. They are also involved in the regulation of various diseases, including cancer, and are being studied as potential therapeutic targets. In the medical field, bHLH transcription factors are important for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying various diseases and for developing new treatments. They are also being studied as potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Transcription factor AP-2 (also known as transcription factor activating protein 2) is a protein that plays a role in regulating gene expression in the cell. It is a member of the AP-2 family of transcription factors, which are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and help to control the transcription of genes. AP-2 is involved in a variety of biological processes, including development, differentiation, and cell proliferation. It is expressed in many different types of cells and tissues, and its activity is regulated by a number of different factors, including hormones, growth factors, and other signaling molecules. In the medical field, AP-2 is of interest because it has been implicated in a number of different diseases and conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. For example, mutations in the AP-2 gene have been associated with certain types of leukemia and other blood cancers. Additionally, changes in the expression of AP-2 have been observed in a variety of different cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer. Overall, AP-2 is an important transcription factor that plays a role in regulating gene expression and controlling a variety of biological processes. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of AP-2 in health and disease, and to develop new treatments for the conditions in which it is implicated.

In the medical field, "Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic" refers to a class of organic compounds that contain two rings of carbon atoms, with one or more heteroatoms (atoms other than carbon) such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, incorporated into the structure. These compounds are often used as pharmaceuticals or as intermediates in the synthesis of drugs. They can exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, and antitumor effects. Examples of bicyclo compounds include the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen and the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin.

... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid MeSH D23.469.050.175.725.740 - prostaglandins a MeSH D23.469.050.175.725.750 - ... large neutral amino acid-transporter 1 MeSH D23.050.301.264.035.246 - antigens, cd146 MeSH D23.050.301.264.035.247 - antigens, ... transforming growth factor alpha MeSH D23.348.479.992.720 - transforming growth factor beta MeSH D23.348.479.996 - wnt proteins ... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid MeSH D23.469.700.645 - prostaglandins a, synthetic MeSH D23.469.700.660 - prostaglandins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D23)

... alpha-linolenic acid MeSH D10.251.355.450.450 - gamma-linolenic acid MeSH D10.251.355.840 - sorbic acid MeSH D10.251.355.920 - ... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid MeSH D10.251.355.255.100.637.100 - prostaglandins a MeSH D10.251.355.255.100.637.150 - ... arachidonic acid MeSH D10.251.355.096.450 - Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids MeSH D10.251.355.096.450.425 - 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14- ... linolenic acids MeSH D10.251.355.310.640.400 - alpha-linolenic acid MeSH D10.251.355.310.640.425 - gamma-linolenic acid MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D10)

... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid (Structural Class). Value Set Concept Status. Published. ... 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid (Structural Class). ... 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewValueSetConcept.action?id=2B7099FD-FD6B-DE11-9B52-0015173D1785

... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid Medicine & Life Sciences 100% ... To further define the origin of the vagal reflex, recordings of nerve impulses were made from 11 chemosensitive cardiac vagal ... To further define the origin of the vagal reflex, recordings of nerve impulses were made from 11 chemosensitive cardiac vagal ... To further define the origin of the vagal reflex, recordings of nerve impulses were made from 11 chemosensitive cardiac vagal ...

https://mayoclinic.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/thromboxane-asub2sub-mimetic-evokes-a-bradycardia-mediated-by-sti

... alpha-Fetoproteins D23.101.840.50 D23.101.140.50 alpha-Linolenic Acid D10.251.355.450.400 alpha-Tocopherol D3.830.219.909. ... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid D2.737.637.650.500.500 D1.248.497.158.685.750.744.650.500.500 D10.251.355.255.100.637. ... 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid D10.251.355.96.450.425 D10.251.355.310.166.550.425 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-( ... alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin D12.644.822.750.30 D12.776.645.750.30 alpha 1-Antitrypsin D12.644.822.750.35 D12.776.645.750.35 alpha- ...

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs.bvsalud.org/I/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/E/mnchg2016.txt

... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid U 50,488H use 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, ( ... UDP Glucuronic Acid use Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid UDP Glucuronic Acid 3 O beta D Galactosyl D Galactose ... U5897 use alpha-Chlorohydrin U5956 use Filipin U6 Small Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins use Ribonucleoprotein, U4-U6 Small Nuclear ... Uptake Inhibitors, Gamma Aminobutyric Acid use GABA Uptake Inhibitors Uptake Inhibitors, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid use GABA ...

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2017_Alfab-U.htm

12-alpha-Hydroxylase use Steroid 12-alpha-Hydroxylase 12-HETE use 12-Hydroxy-5.8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid ... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid 15-Lipoxygenase use Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase ... 12-S-HETE use 12-Hydroxy-5.8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid 12-S-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid use 12-Hydroxy-5.8,10,14- ... 99mTc-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid use Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid 99mTc-DMSA use Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic ...

https://decs2013.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2013_Alfab-0a9.htm

https://decs2011.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2011_Alfab-0a9.htm

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2015_Alfab-0a9.htm

https://decs2014.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2014_Alfab-0a9.htm

https://decs2012.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2012_Alfab-0a9.htm

https://decs2010.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2010_Alfab-0a9.htm

... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; Animals; GTP-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis*; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects*; ... mRNA level of Gi2 alpha but not of Gs alpha increased in a time and dose dependent manner. The increase was partially blocked ... Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid/pharmacology; Platelet Activating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors; Platelet Activating Factor/ ... Title: IL-1 beta regulates the expression of the Gi2 alpha gene via lipid mediators in guinea pig tracheal muscle. ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=767073

... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid Actions. * Search in PubMed ... AngaD7L2 was immobilized on sensor CM5 chip, and factors XII, XIIa, XI, XIa, X, Xa, IX, IXa, VIII, Kallikrein, and ... 1 μM arachidonic acid, and AngaD7L3 at various concentrations with agonists (F) 1 μg/ml collagen, (G) 0.8 μM 5-HT, and (H) 0.8 ... Figure 5 AngaD7L2 binds coagulation factors FXII, FXIIa, and FXI and prevents generation of FXIIa and FXIa in plasma.A, SPR- ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35460690/

... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid / pharmacology Actions. * Search in PubMed ... Dose-response curves were constructed for NE with and without the addition of the alpha-adrenergic antagonist prazosin, EPI ( ... and NE predominantly alpha-adrenergic effects in circulating concentrations, we hypothesized that these changes could lead to ... 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid Actions ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292436

... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid. Code System Preferred Concept Name. 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5, ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.3.26.1.5&code=N0000171030

... epoxymethano)prosta-5Z, 13E-dienoic Acid (15S)hydroxy-9alpha,11alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 11 alpha,9 alpha- ... 15S)hydroxy-9alpha,11alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid Term UI T116361. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2004). ... epoxymethano)prosta-5Z, 13E-dienoic Acid Term UI T058875. Date02/04/1997. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1998). ... HYDROXY-9ALPHA,11ALPHA-(EPOXYMETHANO)PROSTA-5,13-DIENOIC ACID and 9,11-EPOXYMETHANO-PGH2 use PROSTAGLANDIN H2 (NM) 1992-2003. ...

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D019796

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D019796

Glucosidases N0000167712 alpha-L-Fucosidase N0000006751 alpha-Linolenic Acid N0000169395 alpha-Macroglobulins N0000167728 alpha ... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid N0000167928 15-Oxoprostaglandin 13-Reductase N0000171021 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2 ... Type VIII N0000168676 Collagen Type X N0000168666 Collagen Type XI N0000168675 Collagen Type XII N0000168679 Collagen Type XIII ... alpha-2-Antiplasmin N0000183458 alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein N0000178560 Alpha-Amanitin N0000167087 alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4 ...

https://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/FDA/ndfrt/Archive/StructuralClass%202012-06-04.txt

12-S-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid use 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid ... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid. 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine ... 6-Oxoprostaglandin F1 alpha use 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase-fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase use ... 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/DeCS2008_Alfab-0a9_ing.htm

G13.920.590.29 alpha-Linolenic Acid D2.241.81.436.292.100 D2.241.81.436.410.400 alpha-MSH D12.644.360.50 D6.472.699.631.525.690 ... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid D2.241.81.436.687.25.200 D10.516.251.355.255.550.25.200 D10.516.251.355.708.25.200 4- ... C16.320.322.124 Factor XIII D8.586.913.50.200.800.500 Factor XIIIa D8.586.913.50.200.800.500.500 D8.586.913.50.200.800.300 ... B1.308.485.400 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid D2.241.81.436.103.450.425 D2.241.81.436.213.100.300.425 15-Hydroxy-11 ...

https://nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov/projects/mesh/1999-2010/newterms/mnchg2003.txt

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

PPAR-alpha) is expressed in the heart and regulates genes involved in myocardial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). The role of PPAR- ... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid (U-46619)] was unaltered in BK(Ca) and TRPV4 knockout mouse isolated aortae compared with ... Epoxy- and dihydroxy-eicosatrienoic acids (EETs and DHETs) are vasoactive cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid. ... A highly selective and potent PPAR-alpha agonist, GW7647, was administered by mouth for 2 days, and the third dose was given 1 ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Burns-Kurtis,+Cynthia+L

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/P/mnchg2016.txt

... alpha-L-Fucosidase alpha-Linolenic Acid alpha-Macroglobulins alpha-Mannosidase alpha-Mannosidosis alpha-Methyltyrosine alpha- ... Collagen Type XI Collagen Type XII Collagen Type XIII Collagen Type XVIII Collagenases Collagenous Sprue Collapse Therapy ... epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid 15-Oxoprostaglandin 13-Reductase 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2 17-alpha- ... Alpha Particles Alpha Rhythm alpha-2-Antiplasmin alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein Alpha-Amanitin alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- ...

https://nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov/projects/mesh/.newterms/mshd2017.txt

U46619 Human recombinant Beta

The increase was partially blocked by inhibitors of lipoxygenase (NDGA) and cyclooxygenase (indomethacin) and PAF antagonist (SC47014A), while U46619 (thromboxane A2 mimetic), LTD4, 15-HETE and PAF partially mimicked it. (nih.gov)
Dose-response curves were constructed for NE with and without the addition of the alpha-adrenergic antagonist prazosin, EPI (after 20%-30% preconstruction with the thromboxane analog U46619) with and without the addition of the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, and NE in the presence of 10(-8) M EPI. (nih.gov)

When isolated guinea pig muscle preparations were incubated with human recombinant IL-1 beta, mRNA level of Gi2 alpha but not of Gs alpha increased in a time and dose dependent manner. (nih.gov)

IL-1 beta regulates the expression of the Gi2 alpha gene via lipid mediators in guinea pig tracheal muscle. (nih.gov)
The IL-1 beta induced Gi2 alpha expression was almost completely inhibited by anti-phospholipase A2 antiserum, whereas preimmune serum had no apparent effects. (nih.gov)
From these observations, we suggest that IL-1 beta first induces the synthesis and release of Type II inflammatory phospholipase A2, which in turn stimulates the expression of Gi2 alpha gene via production of various lipid mediators. (nih.gov)
Because EPI exerts predominantly beta-adrenergic, and NE predominantly alpha-adrenergic effects in circulating concentrations, we hypothesized that these changes could lead to uterine arteriole vasoconstriction. (nih.gov)

Anatomy15

Organisms11

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs125

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes44

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Prostaglandins H

Prostaglandin Endoperoxides, Synthetic

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids

Thromboxanes

Hydrolases

Linoleic Acids

15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid

Alkane 1-Monooxygenase

Fatty Acids, Unsaturated

Pseudomonas

Chromatography, Thin Layer

Oxygenases

Prostaglandins

Biphenyl Compounds

Mass Spectrometry

alpha 1-Antitrypsin

Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit

Linoleic Acid

Isomerism

alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

Fatty Acid Desaturases

Peroxides

Integrin alpha3beta1

Integrin alpha4

Integrin alpha6

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Integrin alpha5beta1

Integrin alpha4beta1

Interleukin-1alpha

Integrin alpha2beta1

Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1

Integrin alpha5

Integrin alpha1beta1

Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2

Integrin alpha6beta1

Fatty Acids

Molecular Structure

Base Sequence

Integrin alpha6beta4

Arachidonic Acids

Integrin alpha Chains

Integrins

Integrin alpha1

Alpha Rhythm

Integrin alpha3

alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

Protein Binding

Molecular Sequence Data

Receptors, Nicotinic

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists

PPAR alpha

Dinoprost

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists

Recombinant Proteins

Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha

Binding Sites

Transfection

alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin

Transforming Growth Factor alpha

Signal Transduction

Gene Expression Regulation

Kinetics

Transcription Factors

Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists

alpha Karyopherins

Macromolecular Substances

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Prazosin

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha

Protein Subunits

Cloning, Molecular

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Mutation

Mice, Knockout

Gene Expression

Transcription, Genetic

GTP-Binding Proteins

Blotting, Western