Half of unplanned pregnancies are aborted.[10] Among unintended pregnancies in the United States, 60% of the women used birth ... of recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage.[2] Globally 40% of pregnancies are unplanned. Half of unplanned pregnancies are ... of pregnancies are unplanned, and between a quarter and half of those unplanned pregnancies were unwanted pregnancies.[142][143 ... and a woman in subsequent pregnancies as a multigravida or as multiparous.[15][18] Therefore, during a second pregnancy a woman ...

... , also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in females under the age of 20.[2] A female can become ... may be factors in teen pregnancy.[49][50] Most teenage pregnancies in the developed world appear to be unplanned.[50][51] Many ... In reporting teenage pregnancy rates, the number of pregnancies per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19 when the pregnancy ends is ... Teenage pregnancy. everychildmatters.gov.uk *^ "The Psychological Effects of Teenage Women During Pregnancy". Archived from the ...

... of unplanned pregnancies are aborted.[17] Among unintended pregnancies in the United States, 60% of the women used birth ... of pregnancies are unplanned, and between a quarter and half of those unplanned pregnancies were unwanted pregnancies.[154][155 ... and a woman in subsequent pregnancies as a multigravida or as multiparous.[19][22] Therefore, during a second pregnancy a woman ... The number of pregnancies in women ages 15 to 44 is 133 per 1,000 women.[11] About 10% to 15% of recognized pregnancies end in ...

Half of unplanned pregnancies are aborted. Among unintended pregnancies in the United States, 60% of the women used birth ... Globally 40% of pregnancies are unplanned. Half of unplanned pregnancies are aborted. Of pregnancies in 2012 120 million ... of pregnancies are unplanned, and between a quarter and half of those unplanned pregnancies were unwanted pregnancies. Globally ... The number of pregnancies in women ages 15 to 44 is 133 per 1,000 women. About 10% to 15% of recognized pregnancies end in ...

... , also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in females under the age of 20. A female can become ... may be factors in teen pregnancy. Most teenage pregnancies in the developed world appear to be unplanned. Many Western ... In reporting teenage pregnancy rates, the number of pregnancies per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19 when the pregnancy ends is ... for women aged 15-44). More than 80% of teen pregnancies are unintended. Over half of unintended pregnancies were to women not ...

... moving to the US in the early 20th century and examines the lives of three women grappling with unplanned pregnancies at three ... Her 2005 novel Younger, about a woman in her forties who pretends to be in her twenties in order to get an entry level job, is ... Her first novel, The Man I Should Have Married, published in 2003, focuses on a woman retracing the decisions of her life and ... Redmond Satran writes novels that explore women's lives and issues from a contemporary and historical perspective. ...

Women in Africa, in general, get married at much earlier ages than women elsewhere - leading to earlier pregnancies. In Nigeria ... undertaken measures to inform the nation's youth about the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancy ... refers to the woman's age when the pregnancy ended. Consequently, actual numbers of pregnancies that occurred among teenagers ... Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of mortality among women between the ages of 15 and 19 in such ...

However, about two-thirds of women seek help outside of the main healthcare system to terminate the unplanned pregnancy, and 12 ... is believed to be the cause of many diseases affecting mainly rural women during their pregnancy. Since pregnancy is considered ... As with the pregnancy diet, warm foods are encouraged, such as hot curries. A woman's diet must consist of rice and vegetables ... During the last weeks of normal pregnancy, a woman may choose to go to a masseuse for "lifting of the uterus (yok thong) to ...

Most of those women reported that it was an unplanned pregnancy. This shows a 15% drop in pregnancies from 2008 to 2010. There ... Teen pregnancy is defined as pregnancies in women under the age of 20, regardless of marital status. Teen pregnancy rates have ... Of all women, 16% will be teen mothers. The largest increases in unintended pregnancies were found among women who were ... Teenage pregnancy imposes lasting hardships on two generations: mother and child. Evidence from U.S. studies show that women ...

... in 1959 by a group of evangelical Christian churches with the purpose of addressing the needs of women in unplanned pregnancy. ... Fertile embryos are then implanted in the woman who will carry the embryo to term. But the process results in a number of ... The Catholic Church has stated that frozen embryos have a right to life even before they are implanted in a woman's uterus. It ... Nightlight is a licensed non-profit Hague accredited adoption agency that provides pro-life counseling to pregnant women and ...

There is also a risk of an unplanned pregnancy in heterosexual relationships. Around the world, sex education programs are run ... In comparison, of women who turned 15 between 1964 and 1993, approximately 91% had premarital sex by age 30. Of women who ... A 1938 survey of American college students found that 52% of men and 24% of women had had sex. 37% of women were virgins but ... In the earlier years of the study, men reported more pleasure and greater anxiety than women, while women reported more ...

Overall, all pregnancies, including ectopic pregnancies, are less common among patients who have had a female sterilization ... or unplanned additional major surgery, while complications from anesthesia itself may include hypoventilation and cardiac ... Most methods of female sterilization are approximately 99% effective or greater in preventing pregnancy.[5] These rates are ... While female sterilization procedures are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, there is a small continuing risk of ...

In the United States, women who have an unintended pregnancy are more likely to have subsequent unplanned pregnancies.[16] ... Women with unintended pregnancies have less education and participate less in the workforce than women whose pregnancies are ... Unintended pregnancies may be unwanted pregnancies or mistimed pregnancies.[5] Worldwide, 38% of pregnancies (about 80 million ... Unintended pregnancies are pregnancies that are mistimed, unplanned or unwanted at the time of conception.[1] Unintended ...

Therefore, younger black women may experience stress with pregnancy due to social and economic factors, but older women ... Unplanned pregnancies and birth intervals of less than twenty-four months are known to correlate with low birth weights and ... Studies suggest that women who experience sexual violence before or during pregnancy are more likely to experience infant death ... Stress is a lead factor in inducing labor in pregnant women, and therefore high levels of stress during pregnancy could lead to ...

For women and men over age 18 the PRI is set at 330 μg/day. PRI for pregnancy is 600 μg/day, for lactation 500 μg/day. For ... are unplanned, and not all women comply with the recommendation. Approximately 53% of the US population uses dietary ... Pregnant women (RDA) Pregnant women (UL) Lactating women (RDA) Lactating women (UL) ... Pregnancy[edit]. Folate intake during pregnancy has been linked to a lessened risk of NTDs.[28] ,a meta-analysis of folate ...

For women and men over age 18 the PRI is set at 330 μg/day. PRI for pregnancy is 600 μg/day, for lactation 500 μg/day. For ... are unplanned, and not all women comply with the recommendation. Approximately 53% of the US population uses dietary ... Women with planned pregnancies and who are over the age of 25 are more likely to use folic acid supplement. Canadian public ... Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects (NTD) in the baby. Low levels ...

While not all teenage pregnancies are unplanned and unintentional, unplanned pregnancies may be associated with the following ... "Pregnancy and protection: Perceptions, attitudes and experiences of Australian female adolescents". Women and Birth. 22 (2): 50 ... "Teenage Pregnancies" (PDF). "Teenage Pregnancy - an adolescent health issue in Australia" (PDF). "Teen Pregnancy Crisis". ... In Australia, pregnancy and childbirth in teenage women are associated with obstetric and social risks, and there is evidence ...

Therefore, younger black women may experience stress with pregnancy due to social and economic factors, but older women ... Unplanned pregnancies and birth intervals of less than twenty-four months are known to correlate with low birth weights and ... Studies suggest that women who experience sexual violence before or during pregnancy are more likely to experience infant death ... Women carrying unapproved pregnancies faced state consequences and social stigma and were thus less likely to use prenatal care ...

Women of low socioeconomic status in urban areas are more liable to contract sexually transmitted diseases and have unplanned ... pregnancies. Global studies demonstrate that risk for contracting cervical cancer, exclusive to women, increases as ... AIDS-affected Hispanic women hold smaller salaries than average women, are part of poorer families, and are more likely to head ... "Globally, girls missing at birth and deaths from excess female mortality after birth add up to 6 million women a year, 3.9 ...

Brief Interventions for alcohol abuse reduce the incidence of unsafe sex, sexual violence, unplanned pregnancy and, likely, STD ... The number of women regularly drinking alcohol has almost caught up with men. 0-0-1-3 - a United States Air Force program for ... In the USA, binge drinking is defined as consuming more than five units in men and four units in women. It increases chances ... The chances of becoming dependent are increased greatly in men who have 15 or more drinks each week or women who have 12 or ...

Pregnancies by Polish women-workers were subject to abortion, and in case of birth, the children were taken by SS Lebensborn. ... and estimates a total of about 450,000 including unplanned and undocumented expulsions. Eberhardt notes that on top of these ... One practice that had terrible effects on Polish women was the refusal for female slave workers to travel home for birth. ... Łódź demanded that Polish women be kept at work until reaching 8.5 months of pregnancy. The aim was to help in miscarriage and ...

Most of those women reported that it was an unplanned pregnancy. This shows a 15% drop in pregnancies from 2008 to 2010. There ... Teen pregnancy is defined as pregnancies in women under the age of 20, regardless of marital status. Teen pregnancy rates have ... Of all women, 16% will be teen mothers.[11] The largest increases in unintended pregnancies were found among women who were ... Teenage pregnancy in the United States refers to females under the age of 20 who become pregnant. 89% of these births take ...

... unplanned pregnancy, unconsensual sexual activity and the struggle for access to abortion create other burdens for women. While ... Women are particularly vulnerable at the two extremes of life. Young women and adolescents are at risk from STIs, pregnancy and ... Women's health refers to the health of women, which differs from that of men in many unique ways. Women's health is an example ... Women who are socially marginalized are more likely to die at younger ages than women who are not. Women who have substance ...

... of the women planned for vaginal delivery still ended up having Cesarean section for unplanned reasons such as pregnancy ... Care in pregnancyEdit. Women with a multiple pregnancy are usually seen more regularly by midwives or doctors than those with ... As preterm birth is such a risk for women with multiple pregnancies, it has been suggested that these women should be ... As recently as 2015, there was no way to stop twins being born early.[26] In women with single pregnancies drugs called ...

Pregnancy interval makes a difference as women with a six-month span or less between pregnancies have a two-fold increase in ... the number of unplanned antenatal visits and may reduce the number of babies admitted to special care when compared with women ... Increased risk has not been shown in women who terminated their pregnancies medically. Pregnancies that are unwanted or ... Additional support during pregnancy does not appear to prevent low birthweight or preterm birth. Women are identified to be at ...

... s (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. Problems may include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, low intelligence, behavior problems, and problems with hearing or seeing. Those affected are more likely to have trouble in school, legal problems, participate in high-risk behaviors, and have trouble with alcohol or other drugs. The most severe form of the condition is known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Other types include partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) and alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD). Some accept only FAS as a diagnosis, seeing the evidence as inconclusive with respect to other types. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Surveys from the United States have found about 10% of pregnant women have drunk ...

... are health problems that are related to pregnancy. Complications that occur primarily during childbirth are termed obstetric labor complications, and problems that occur primarily after childbirth are termed puerperal disorders. Severe complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium are present in 1.6% of mothers in the US[1] and in 1.5% of mothers in Canada.[2] In the immediate postpartum period (puerperium), 87% to 94% of pregnant individuals report at least one health problem.[3][4] Long-term health problems (persisting after six months postpartum) are reported by 31% of pregnant individuals.[5] In 2016, complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium resulted globally in 230,600 deaths, down from 377,000 deaths in 1990. The most common causes of maternal mortality are maternal bleeding, maternal sepsis and other infections, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, obstructed labor, and pregnancy ...

... (HG) is a pregnancy complication that is characterized by severe nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and possibly dehydration. Signs and symptoms may also include vomiting several times a day and feeling faint. Hyperemesis gravidarum is considered more severe than morning sickness. Often symptoms get better after the 20th week of pregnancy but may last the entire pregnancy duration. The exact causes of hyperemesis gravidarum are unknown. Risk factors include the first pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity, prior or family history of HG, trophoblastic disorder, and a history of eating disorders. Diagnosis is usually made based on the observed signs and symptoms. HG has been technically defined as more than three episodes of vomiting per day such that weight loss of 5% or three kilograms has occurred and ketones are present in the urine. Other potential causes of the symptoms should be excluded including urinary tract ...

... , also known as tubal pregnancy, is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus.[4] Signs and symptoms classically include abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding.[1] Less than 50 percent of affected women have both of these symptoms.[1] The pain may be described as sharp, dull, or crampy.[1] Pain may also spread to the shoulder if bleeding into the abdomen has occurred.[1] Severe bleeding may result in a fast heart rate, fainting, or shock.[4][1] With very rare exceptions the fetus is unable to survive.[5]. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include: pelvic inflammatory disease, often due to Chlamydia infection, tobacco smoking, prior tubal surgery, a history of infertility, and the use of assisted reproductive technology.[2] Those who have previously had an ectopic pregnancy are at much higher risk of having another one.[2] Most ectopic pregnancies (90%) occur in the ...

Alcohol in pregnancy is the use of alcohol (also known formally as ethanol) during gestation. This also includes the time period between conception and awareness of the pregnancy. Alcohol use not only can result in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), but it can result in one or many other disorders and conditions. Not all women who consume alcohol during pregnancy will have a baby with all of the features and characteristics of FASP. Alcohol use during pregnancy also can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, low birthweight, and prematurity. Not all infants exposed to alcohol in utero will have defects related to the alcohol consumption. Alcohol use during pregnancy can also result in the inability to care for an infant after the birth if the drinking continues. The use of alcohol during pregnancy is associated with domestic violence and potential harm to the infant. ...

... is a form of counseling that provides information and support regarding a women's pregnancy. Woman seeking pregnancy options counseling are typically doing so in the case of an unintended pregnancy. Limited access to birth control and family planning resources, as well as misuse of birth control are some of the major contributing factors to unintended pregnancies around the world. In 2012, the global rate of unintended pregnancies was estimated to be 40 percent, or eighty-five million pregnancies. Pregnancy options counselors educate women about the different options that are available and help guide them to a decision on how to proceed with their pregnancy. The options include abortion, adoption, or parenting. The job of a pregnancy options counselor is to neither encourage nor discourage a woman's particular decision, nor do they ...

Most pregnant women can engage in sexual activity during pregnancy throughout gravidity. Most research suggests that, during pregnancy, sexual desire and frequency of sexual relations decrease. In context of this overall decrease in desire, some studies indicate a second-trimester increase, preceding a decrease. However, these decreases are not universal: a significant number of women report greater sexual satisfaction throughout their pregnancies. Sex during pregnancy is a low-risk behaviour except when the physician advises that sexual intercourse be avoided, because it may, in some pregnancies, lead to serious pregnancy complications or health issues such as a high-risk for premature labour or a ruptured uterus.[citation needed] Such a decision may be based upon a history of difficulties in a previous childbirth. However, it has been observed that evidence in this area is ...

... , that is the administration of a vaccine to a pregnant woman, is not a routine event as it is generally preferred to administer vaccines either prior to conception or in the postpartum period. When widespread vaccination is used, the risk for an unvaccinated pregnant patient to be exposed to a related infection is low, allowing for postponement, in general, of routine vaccinations to the postpartum period. Nevertheless, immunization during pregnancy may occur either inadvertently, or be indicated in a special situation, when it appears prudent to reduce the risk of a specific disease for a potentially exposed pregnant woman or her fetus. As a rule of thumb the vaccination with live virus or bacteria is contraindicated in pregnancy. BCG vaccine is used against tuberculosis and is contraindicated in pregnancy. Inactivated bacterial vaccine is used during pregnancy for women who have a specific risk of ...

Drug use during pregnancy can have temporary or permanent effects on the fetus. Any drug that acts during embryonic or fetal development to produce a permanent alteration of form or function is known as a teratogen. Drugs may refer to both pharmaceutical drug and recreational drugs. The apprehension is not necessarily data driven and is a cautionary response to the lack of clinical studies in pregnant women. The indication is a trade-off between the adverse effects of the drug, the risks associated with intercurrent diseases and pregnancy complications, and the efficiency of the drug to prevent or ameliorate such risks. In some cases, the use of drugs in pregnancy carries benefits that outweigh the risks. For example, high fever is harmful for the fetus in the early months, thus the use of paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally associated with lower risk than the fever itself. Similarly, diabetes mellitus during ...

Tobacco smoking and pregnancy is related to many effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco. A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the fetus. Ideally, women should not smoke before, during or after pregnancy. If this is not the case, however, the daily number of cigarettes can be reduced to minimize the risks for both the mother and child. This is particularly important for women in developing countries where breastfeeding is essential for the child's overall nutritional status. It is recommended for women planning pregnancy to stop smoking. It is important to examine these effects because smoking before, during and after pregnancy is not an unusual ...

... follows a system of behavior determined by local beliefs, traditions and attitudes, and is also affected by economic conditions and limitations of available health care facilities. In Haiti, infertility carries a negative social stigma; women are expected to bear children. The period of pregnancy and birth is viewed as a happy, celebratory time for a family, not a medical health problem. Pregnant women are expected to fulfill their work obligations up until their delivery. It is normal for pregnant women to experience an increase in salivation and to spit frequently, since they do not believe in swallowing their excess saliva. Women may sometimes carry a spit cup with them and feel no embarrassment in using it in public. Pregnant women are restricted from eating spices, which they believe may irritate the fetus. ...

... is a Latin term literally meaning "in the womb" or "in the uterus". In biology, the phrase describes the state of an embryo or fetus. In legal contexts, the phrase is used to referred to an unborn child, i.e., gestational age until birth. Under common law, unborn children are still considered to exist for property transfer purposes. ...

目前科學界尚未就同性戀、雙性戀、異性戀的形成原因達成共識[42]。不過他們相信性傾向是由生物因子（包括基因）[43][44]和環境因子（包括出生順序、接觸特定的產前激素[45][46]、母親的產前壓力（英语：prenatal stress））的共同作用所促成[47][48][49]。 ...