AcuteEstablished rheumatic heart d2018Develop rheumatic heart dResulting in rheumatic heart dDevelopment of rheumatic feverInflammationDiagnose rheumatic feverComplicationKnown as rheumaticIncidencePrevent rheumaticSymptomsDiagnosisInfectionSore throatDisproportionatelyChronicPatientsPreventableComplicationsMitralOccurCases per 100,000Scarlet feverInfectionsSecondary prophylaxisEndocarditisArthritisHospitalizationStrep bacteriaEpisodesIllnessBacteriaZealandRecurrentCardiologyValvularJointsAortic valvePersistsDeathsHeart valveCommonChildren and young adultsAntibioticsPrevalenceSevereWaikatoPrevention
Acute36
- Acute rheumatic fever in New Zealand persists and is a barometer of equity as its burden almost exclusively falls on Māori and Pacific Island populations. (biomedcentral.com)
- Participants were 77 young people (aged 14-21) on an acute rheumatic fever registry in Waikato region, New Zealand classified as either fully adherent (all injections received and no more than one late) or partially adherent based on injections at baseline. (biomedcentral.com)
- While acute rheumatic fever (RF) has declined to near zero in most developed countries, it persists in New Zealand (NZ) with 168 new hospitalizations in 2018 (3.6/100,000) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- We investigated outcomes for patients born after 1983 and hospitalized with initial acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in New Zealand during 1989-2012. (cdc.gov)
- Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a rare inflammatory condition triggered in response to untreated group A Streptococcus infection. (cdc.gov)
- Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an autoimmune inflammatory process that develops as a sequela of streptococcal infection. (medscape.com)
- The most significant complication of ARF is rheumatic heart disease, which usually occurs after repeated bouts of acute illness. (medscape.com)
- [ 7 ] Although several classic group A streptococcal emm types are considered to be rheumatogenic and most likely to be associated with acute rheumatic fever, in Oceania and Hawaii, group A streptococcal strains not traditionally associated with rheumatic fever have been found to cause the disease. (medscape.com)
- [ 11 , 12 ] The resultant inflammation may persist well beyond the acute infection and produces the protean manifestations of rheumatic fever. (medscape.com)
- Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a sequela of a previous group A streptococcal infection , usually of the upper respiratory tract and less frequently of soft tissues. (medscape.com)
- Sydenham (1624-1668) described chorea but did not associate it with acute rheumatic fever (ARF). (medscape.com)
- No single specific laboratory test can confirm the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). (medscape.com)
- In 2002, a report announced that scientists had mapped the genome (genetic material) of an A streptococcus bacterium responsible for acute rheumatic fever. (encyclopedia.com)
- Rheumatic fever (acute rheumatic fever) is a condition that can affect the heart, joints, brain, and skin . (cdc.gov)
- Acute rheumatic fever and heart disease disproportionately affect Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. (abtassociates.com)
- Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are preventable health problems that disproportionately affect Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations and cause serious health problems and premature deaths. (abtassociates.com)
- Acute rheumatic fever is a common and were obtained and where further informa- serious public health problem in developing tion was needed the patient was clinically countries [ 1,2 ]. (who.int)
- Diagnosis of industrialized and developing countries [ 3- acute rheumatic fever was based on the 6 ]. (who.int)
- There were 2,076 cases of acute rheumatic fever identified in QLD, WA, SA and the NT combined (including both first known and recurrent cases) - 95% (1,963) of which were in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, during 2014-2018. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
- Seventy-two percent of acute rheumatic fever cases in Indigenous Australians were first known episodes, and 73% were in those aged 5-24, in 2014-2018. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
- Indigenous Australians were hospitalised for acute rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease at 6.4 times the rate for non-Indigenous Australians (82 and 13 per 100,000 respectively) between July 2017 and June 2019. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
- Hospitalisations for acute rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease were highest for Indigenous Australians aged 10-14 (167 per 100,000, or 300 hospitalisations). (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
- Secondary prevention and treatment of acute rheumatic fever / rheumatic heart disease are essential, through the implementation of disease registers and control programs, education of patients and their families, treatment with penicillin prophylaxis, and regular clinical review and access to specialists and hospital care. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
- Recommended acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease preventative measures include monitoring Group A Streptococcus (GAS) diseases, the development of a GAS vaccine, long-acting penicillins, and improvements in social determinants, along with better access to health care and improved housing. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
- Australia has one of the highest recorded rates of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in the world. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
- Māori and Pacific peoples, in particular, are disproportionately affected, for both acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD). (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
- Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a multisystem autoimmune response to untreated or partially treated group A Streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis. (mhmedical.com)
- This patient, in fact, had acute rheumatic fever, which is a delayed autoimmune response to a Strep throat infection. (fuchsberg.com)
- Acute rheumatic fever is an autoimmune response to a previous group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GAS) infection causing acute generalized anti-inflammatory response primarily affecting the heart. (mims.com)
- Patients presenting with acute rheumatic fever are severely unwell, in extreme pain and requires hospitalization. (mims.com)
- This draws comparisons between SARS-CoV-2 and other acute bacterial and viral infections which alter arterial stiffness such as rheumatic fever, Kawasaki disease, pneumonia, H. Pylori, and lupus, all of which may persist long after symptoms have resolved. (news-medical.net)
- Rheumatic Fever Rheumatic fever is a nonsuppurative, acute inflammatory complication of group A streptococcal pharyngeal infection, causing combinations of arthritis, carditis, subcutaneous nodules, erythema. (msdmanuals.com)
- Association of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and mannose-binding lectin-2 gene polymorphisms in acute rheumatic fever. (cdc.gov)
- TNF-a, TGF-ß1, IL-6, and IL-10) polymorphisms in pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever in Turkish children. (cdc.gov)
- INTRODUCTION: Acute rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease that develops due to streptococcal infection. (bvsalud.org)
- MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients (n: 182) who were diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever between 2010 and 2019 were enrolled in the study. (bvsalud.org)
Established rheumatic heart d1
- Many patients are seen recommendations of the American Society with established rheumatic heart disease at of Echocardiography. (who.int)
20182
- (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, accessed 20 March 2018). (who.int)
- There were 4,993 people who had a diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease recorded on registers in Qld, WA, SA and the NT as at December 2018, of whom 87% (4,325) were Indigenous Australians. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
Develop rheumatic heart d2
- Recent estimates suggest that 33.4 million people worldwide have rheumatic heart disease and that 300,000-500,000 new cases of rheumatic fever (approximately 60% of whom will develop rheumatic heart disease) occur annually, with 230,000 deaths resulting from its complications. (medscape.com)
- People who develop rheumatic heart disease (long-term heart damage) with symptoms of heart failure may require medicines to help manage this as well. (cdc.gov)
Resulting in rheumatic heart d1
- When ARF develops, exudative and proliferative inflammatory lesions can appear in connective tissues of the joints, blood vessels, and subcutaneous tissue, but they are especially detrimental in cardiac tissue, where structural changes can occur, resulting in rheumatic heart disease (RHD). (medscape.com)
Development of rheumatic fever1
- [ 1 ] Investigations of rheumatic fever occurring in the aboriginal populations of Australia suggest that streptococcal skin infections might also be associated with the development of rheumatic fever. (medscape.com)
Inflammation2
- Rheumatic fever causes inflammation of tissues and organs and can result in serious damage to the heart valves, joints, central nervous system and skin. (encyclopedia.com)
- Doctors treat symptoms of rheumatic fever with medicines to reduce fever, pain, and general inflammation. (cdc.gov)
Diagnose rheumatic fever1
- There is no single test used to diagnose rheumatic fever. (cdc.gov)
Complication6
- Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory reaction that can develop as a complication of a Group A streptococcal infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Rheumatic fever (RF) is an illness that occurs as a complication of untreated or inadequately treated strep throat infection. (encyclopedia.com)
- Cardiac involvement is the most serious complication of rheumatic fever and causes significant morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
- Sydenham's chorea appears in about 20 percent of children and young adults as a complication of rheumatic fever, a complication of untreated strep throat or scarlet fever. (luriechildrens.org)
- A complication of strep throat infection, rheumatic fever may result in scar tissue forming on the aortic valve. (gh.ge)
- S. pyogenes causes, in addition to complicated and invasive infections and the non-purulent complications, rheumatic fever and heart disease, but in high-income countries this rheumatic complication has almost disappeared as socioeconomics have improved (4-8). (lu.se)
Known as rheumatic1
- A single severe episode of ARF or recurrent episodes of ARF can result in permanent heart valve damage known as rheumatic heart disease (RHD). (mhmedical.com)
Incidence4
- The incidence rate of rheumatic fever is as high as 50 cases per 100,000 children in many areas. (medscape.com)
- Socioeconomic and environmental factors such as poor housing, undernutrition, overcrowding and poverty are well-known contributors to the incidence, magnitude and severity of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. (who.int)
- The economic cost to countries with a persistently high incidence of rheumatic heart disease is significant. (who.int)
- The incidence of rheumatic fever in New Zealand is much higher than in comparable countries and regions such as North America and the United Kingdom. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
Prevent rheumatic2
- Get all sore throats seen and swabbed quickly to prevent rheumatic fever and heart damage. (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
- What can I do to prevent Rheumatic Fever? (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
Symptoms10
- However, when a throat infection occurs without symptoms, or when a patient neglects to take the prescribed medication for the full 10-day course of treatment, there is up to an estimated 3% chance that he or she will develop rheumatic fever. (encyclopedia.com)
- What are the symptoms of Rheumatic Fever? (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
- ARF symptoms can include arthritis, fever, swelling of the heart and heart valves, and rash ( Ralph 2020 ). (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
- however rheumatic heart disease, in the absence of signs and symptoms of ARF, is not. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
- Fever , chills , and sweating are frequent symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
- New research published in Experimental Physiology highlight the possible long term health impacts of COVID-19 on young, relatively healthy adults who were not hospitalized and who only had minor symptoms due to the virus. (news-medical.net)
- This means that young, healthy adults with mild COVID-19 symptoms may increase their risk of cardiovascular complications which may continue for some time after COVID-19 infection. (news-medical.net)
- While SARS-CoV-2, the virus known for causing the COIVD-19 pandemic, is mainly characterized by respiratory symptoms, other studies have recently shown changes to blood vessel function among young adults 3-4 weeks after being infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Ratchford et al . (news-medical.net)
- While you may not have had symptoms when you were young, over time the valve may become more and more inefficient, causing symptoms. (muhealth.org)
- Symptoms of Crohn disease include intermittent attacks of diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, and fever. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis1
- Evidence of preceding group A streptococcal infection is an integral part of the Jones criteria for ARF diagnosis unless the patient has chorea (which may occur months after the inciting infection) or indolent rheumatic heart disease (see Diagnosis). (medscape.com)
Infection10
- An extensive literature search has shown that, at least in developed countries, rheumatic fever follows pharyngeal infection with rheumatogenic group A streptococci. (medscape.com)
- Though the exact cause of rheumatic fever is unknown, the disease usually follows the contraction of a throat infection caused by a member of the Group A streptococcus (strep) bacteria (called strep throat). (encyclopedia.com)
- Two different theories exist as to how a bacterial throat infection can result in rheumatic fever. (encyclopedia.com)
- Rheumatic fever is thought to be an immune response to an earlier infection. (cdc.gov)
- People cannot catch rheumatic fever from someone else because it is an immune response and not an infection. (cdc.gov)
- The disease results from damage to heart valves caused by one or several episodes of rheumatic fever, an autoimmune inflammatory reaction to throat infection caused by group A streptococci (streptococcal pharyngitis). (who.int)
- Rheumatic fever can start with a sore throat caused by a 'strep throat' - a bacterial infection called Group A Streptococcus (GAS). (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
- Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is a bacterial infection spread by ticks. (familydoctor.org)
- The researchers are following these young adults for 6 months after initial infection with SARS-CoV-2 to observe if and when the arterial health of these individuals is improving. (news-medical.net)
- RHD is a condition that starts from a throat infection, and if not treated properly, it could lead to Rheumatic Fever, and consequently, to RHD. (thewire.org.au)
Sore throat2
- The association between sore throat and rheumatic fever was not made until 1880. (medscape.com)
- Even a mild sore throat or a hoarse throat can be caused by strep and can go on to cause rheumatic fever if left untreated. (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
Disproportionately2
- Rheumatic heart disease disproportionately affects girls and women. (who.int)
- The disease is often caused by living in cold, damp homes and disproportionately affects young Maori and Pacific people. (nzherald.co.nz)
Chronic4
- ARF may permanently damage cardiac valves, producing chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD), a serious, sometimes fatal, condition that may require surgery ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- Rheumatic fever causes chronic progressive damage to the heart and its valves and is the most common cause of pediatric heart disease in the world. (medscape.com)
- In patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease, electrocardiography may show left atrial enlargement secondary to mitral stenosis. (medscape.com)
- Preven- tion of chronic rheumatic heart disease is · length of the colour jet 1 cm. feasible and cost effective if secondary prophylaxis is started and maintained regu- larly [ 11,12 ]. (who.int)
Patients8
- If a rapid antigen detection test result is negative, obtain a throat culture in patients with suspected rheumatic fever. (medscape.com)
- A number of skin changes are common in rheumatic fever patients. (encyclopedia.com)
- In addition, all patients with rheumatic fever should get antibiotics that treat group A strep infections. (cdc.gov)
- The risk of developing rheumatic heart disease is up to two times higher for females than males, and females accounted for two thirds of patients with rheumatic heart disease admitted to selected hospitals in 12 countries in the African Region, India and Yemen. (who.int)
- When rheumatic fever first became notifiable in 1986, guidance was given to medical professionals that presumed rheumatic heart disease in patients under the age of 20 years should be notified to the local medical officer of health (Department of Health circular letter to Medical Practitioners HP 1/87, January 1987). (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
- In regions with high prevalence of rheumatic fever, patients often present by age 30, usually with commissural fusion of pliable, noncalcified leaflets. (msdmanuals.com)
- Patients with mitral stenosis due to rheumatic fever may also have lesions of the aortic or tricuspid valve or both. (msdmanuals.com)
- The HLA Class II Associations with Rheumatic Heart Disease in South Indian Patients: A Preliminary Study. (cdc.gov)
Preventable2
- Rheumatic heart disease is a preventable yet serious public health problem in low- and middle-income countries and in marginalized communities in high-income countries, including indigenous populations. (who.int)
- Rheumatic fever is a serious but preventable illness. (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
Complications1
- RF can have long-term complications, the most common being rheumatic heart disease (RHD) which develops in 30 to 45 percent of those with RF. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Mitral2
- Valvular stenotic lesions, especially of the mitral valve, can be observed in rheumatic heart disease. (medscape.com)
- The MTHFR C677T polymorphism is associated with mitral valve rheumatic heart disease. (cdc.gov)
Occur6
- It most commonly affects boys and girls aged 5 to 15 years, but it can occur in adults and younger children. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Rheumatic fever may occur in people of any age, but is most common in children between the ages of five and 15. (encyclopedia.com)
- If rheumatic fever is not treated promptly, rheumatic heart disease may occur. (cdc.gov)
- It can occur after a child has had strep throat or scarlet fever that has not been treated. (kaiserpermanente.org)
- Most cases of ARF are in children aged 5-14 years, although about one-third of cases occur in older teens and young adults. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
- This stiffening narrows the aortic valve and can occur at a younger age. (gh.ge)
Cases per 100,0001
- The Government set a goal of reducing the rheumatic fever rate from 4 cases per 100,000 people to 1.4 cases per 100,000 people by mid-2017. (nzherald.co.nz)
Scarlet fever5
- The connection with scarlet fever was made in the early 1900s. (medscape.com)
- Rheumatic fever can develop if strep throat, scarlet fever, and strep skin infections are not treated properly. (cdc.gov)
- Anyone can get rheumatic fever after having strep throat, scarlet fever, or impetigo. (cdc.gov)
- Crowded conditions can increase the risk of getting strep throat, scarlet fever, or impetigo, and thus rheumatic fever if they are not treated properly. (cdc.gov)
- Someone who had rheumatic fever in the past is more likely to get rheumatic fever again if they get strep throat, scarlet fever, or impetigo again. (cdc.gov)
Infections2
- It usually takes about 1 to 5 weeks after one of these infections for rheumatic fever to develop. (cdc.gov)
- Rheumatic fever may be more likely to strike children who frequently contract strep infections. (vejthani.com)
Secondary prophylaxis1
- Notification of rheumatic heart disease under the age of 20 years is no longer required as the diagnosing medical professional is responsible for ensuring cases of rheumatic heart disease that require secondary prophylaxis receive active clinical follow-up. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
Endocarditis2
- Your child's health care provider may perform transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to check for endocarditis in children age 10 years or younger. (medlineplus.gov)
- A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the American Heart Association. (encolombia.com)
Arthritis1
- As a child, Pam suffered from rheumatic fever and had bad arthritis in her hands. (marxist.com)
Hospitalization1
- We linked ARF progression outcome data (recurrent hospitalization for ARF, hospitalization for rheumatic heart disease [RHD], and death from circulatory causes) for 1989-2015. (cdc.gov)
Strep bacteria1
- A free throat swab detects strep throats, and a free ten day course of antibiotics (tablets or syrup) kills the strep bacteria and prevents rheumatic fever. (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
Episodes3
- It shows up as repeated episodes of fever, headaches,… What is tick-borne relapsing fever? (familydoctor.org)
- ARF episodes can be classified as initial attacks (no known past history of ARF) or recurrent attacks (an episode in a person with a known past history of ARF that fulfils the criteria for a suspect, probable or confirmed case or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease). (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
- By contrast, RHD, which usually represents the accumulated damage from multiple ARF episodes in childhood, is most highly prevalent in the young adult years. (mhmedical.com)
Illness3
- This young cohort demonstrated low mortality rates but considerable illness, especially among underserved populations. (cdc.gov)
- The Ministry of Health said preventing rheumatic fever would continue to be a focus for the 11 District Health Boards which had high rates of the illness. (nzherald.co.nz)
- 2. "The seminal event of young Missy's life was illness" (page 17). (simonandschuster.com)
Bacteria1
- It's tied to the bacteria that… What is rheumatic fever? (familydoctor.org)
Zealand5
- Region, the burden of rheumatic heart disease is especially concentrated in China and indigenous populations living in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific island States. (who.int)
- Funding to reduce rheumatic fever in New Zealand has been halved in this week's Budget. (nzherald.co.nz)
- It's shocking that we still have such high rates of rheumatic fever in New Zealand. (nzherald.co.nz)
- The table also describes how the classification aligns with the categories used in the New Zealand Guidelines for Rheumatic Fever: 1. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
- Association study involving polymorphisms in IL-6, IL-1RA, and CTLA4 genes and rheumatic heart disease in New Zealand population of Maori and Pacific ancestry. (cdc.gov)
Recurrent1
- Recurrent attacks are most frequent in adolescence and young adulthood and are diagnosed infrequently after 45 years of age. (mhmedical.com)
Cardiology1
- Cardiology in the young 2013 Aug 23 (4): 486-90. (cdc.gov)
Valvular1
- tion rate, C reactive protein level, Rheumatic valvular heart disease, an antistreptolysin O titre, throat swab cul- important sequel to rheumatic fever, is the ture, chest radiography and electrocardio- most common acquired heart disease graphy. (who.int)
Joints3
- Rheumatic fever is characterized pathologically by exudative and proliferative inflammatory lesions of the connective tissue in the heart, joints, blood vessels, and subcutaneous tissue. (medscape.com)
- Rheumatic fever is a disease that can harm the heart, joints, skin, and brain. (kaiserpermanente.org)
- If a child or young person gets rheumatic fever they can have really painful joints and can become very unwell, causing them to have severe tiredness, breathlessness and low energy . (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
Aortic valve1
- [ 20 ] though isolated echocardiographic disease of the aortic valve is uncommon with rheumatic heart disease. (medscape.com)
Persists2
- Rheumatic heart disease persists in countries in all WHO regions. (who.int)
- Mediterranean Region, rheumatic heart disease persists in certain countries such as Egypt, Sudan and 1 See document EB141/4, and document EB141/2017/REC/1, summary records of the first meeting, section 7, and second meeting, section 1. (who.int)
Deaths2
- Some 30 million people are currently thought to be affected by rheumatic heart disease globally,2 and in 2015 rheumatic heart disease was estimated to have been responsible for 305 000 deaths and 11.5 million disability-adjusted life years lost. (who.int)
- Number and rates of deaths from rheumatic heart disease in 2010. (mhmedical.com)
Common3
- Less common are nosebleeds, abdominal pain, bumps and lumps, or nodules, under the skin, and a high fever over 102 degrees Fahrenheit. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Rheumatic fever is more common in school-age children (5 through 15 years old). (cdc.gov)
- Rheumatic fever is common worldwide, though relatively rare in New York City. (fuchsberg.com)
Children and young adults2
- The most devastating effects are on children and young adults in their most productive years. (who.int)
- However, statistics show that Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is a disease of inequity, affecting almost exclusively Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, particularly children and young adults in remote areas. (thewire.org.au)
Antibiotics2
- specifically an every 28-day injection of antibiotics (i.e., benzathine penicillin G or 'bicillin') for a minimum of 10 years or until age 21 (whichever is longer) for those with no/mild rheumatic heart disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- And your child will likely need to take antibiotics to keep rheumatic fever from coming back. (kaiserpermanente.org)
Prevalence2
- This remarkable decline of rheumatic fever likely reflects improved socioeconomic conditions, as well the decline in prevalence of the classically described rheumatogenic strains of group A streptococci. (medscape.com)
- Prevalence rates were highest in females and young people aged 5-14. (abtassociates.com)
Severe4
- Severe rheumatic heart disease can require heart surgery and result in death. (cdc.gov)
- Multiple cross-section views associated with severe, incapacitating hae- were usually taken from parasternal apical modynamic disturbances in young adults and subcostal positions according to the and children [ 1,10 ]. (who.int)
- Increased stiffness of arteries in particular was found in young adults, which may impact heart health, and can also be important for other populations who may have had severe cases of the virus. (news-medical.net)
- My mother also had severe preeclampsia with my brother and a history of recent rheumatic fever. (aapec.org.au)
Waikato1
- All sore throats in Māori and Pacific children and young people (aged 4-19 years) living in the Waikato need to be checked. (waikatodhb.govt.nz)
Prevention3
- In one example from Brazil, rheumatic fever cost the affected family annually about US$ 97/patient and cost society annually US$ 320/patient, whereas a secondary prevention programme cost US$ 23/patient annually. (who.int)
- The prevention, control and elimination or eradication of rheumatic heart disease is increasingly being recognized as an important developmental issue by Member States. (who.int)
- The ministry said it was focusing its prevention efforts on Auckland, where more than half of rheumatic fever cases were picked up. (nzherald.co.nz)