Yeast chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are genetically engineered chromosomes derived from the DNA of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae[1], which is then ligated into a bacterial plasmid. (wikipedia.org)
The fact that the cell happens to be brewer's yeast, known scientifically as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, opens many more doors to potential applications. (nbcnews.com)
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the telomerase complex binds to chromosome ends and is activated in late S-phase through a process coupled to the progression of the replication fork. (crcm-marseille.fr)
We used cryo-EM to investigate the nucleotide-driven reaction cycle of condensin from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . (nature.com)
The nucleotide sequence of chromosome I from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (genome.jp)
Complete nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VIII. (genome.jp)
Complete nucleotide sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome X. (genome.jp)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed only minor alterations in growth and gene expression when its 16 chromosomes were combined. (the-scientist.com)
이 효모균(yeast)은 이종교배가 가능하지만 번식할 수 없는 잡종을 낳는, 6개의 친척 종들 그룹(모두 사카로마이세스( Saccharomyces ) 종)의 한 일원이다. (creation.com)
We have studied the presence of long-range correlations in the complete genomes of ten different dsDNA viruses and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers' yeast) chromosome I. We have also studied the correlation between the distribution of the gene length and the domain of "1/f region" of their genomes. (who.int)

This is the process that was initially used for the Human Genome Project, however due to stability issues, YACs were abandoned for the use of Bacterial artificial chromosome [2] The bakers' yeast S. cerevisiae is one of the most important experimental organisms for studying eukaryotic molecular genetics. (wikipedia.org)
With this completed, two processes can be used to obtain a sequenced genome, or region of interest: Physical Mapping [6] Chromosome Walking This is significant in that it allows for the detailed mapping of specific regions of the genome. (wikipedia.org)
Design of a synthetic yeast genome. (harvard.edu)
We used computational modeling and single-cell imaging to determine chromosome positions, and integrated these data with genome-wide transcriptional profiles from RNA sequencing. (hal.science)
We find that chromosome fusions dramatically alter 3D nuclear organization without leading to strong genome-wide changes in transcription. (hal.science)
His lab engineers synthetic chromosomes and develops software to analyse 3D chromatin structure or to use Hi-C for genome assembly. (mpg.de)
Its genome contains one genome copy from the S. uvarum parental genome and two heterozygous copies of the S. cerevisiae parental genome, with the exception of a monosomic S. cerevisiae chromosome III, where the sex-determining MAT locus is located. (frontiersin.org)
Now, an international collaboration, known as the Synthetic Yeast Genome Project, aims to build a synthetic version of the entire yeast genome, an accomplishment that is centrally important in modern cell biology research. (imperial.ac.uk)
Here, we analyzed 40 pathogenic isolates of a haploid and asexual yeast, Candida glabrata, for their genome structure and stability. (wellnessresources.com)
For example, growing evidence strongly suggests that transcription can interfere locally with genome duplication by DNA polymerases or with the SMC-driven 3D organization of chromosomes (Fig. 1). (ens-lyon.fr)
Using genetics and genome editing strategies in fission yeast, we have accumulated compelling evidence that the mechanisms of transcription termination at the 3' end of genes play a role in determining the local occupancy of condensin, whatever the RNA polymerase involved. (ens-lyon.fr)
The ordering of cell cycle events is important to ensure that the genome is fully replicated before chromosomes segregate and cells divide. (umassmed.edu)
The Human Genome Project: Genes on Human Chromosome 17 The location of genes is designated by an established labeling system for chromosomes. (pearson.com)

Yeast expression vectors, such as YACs, YIps (yeast integrating plasmids), and YEps (yeast episomal plasmids), have an advantage over bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) in that they can be used to express eukaryotic proteins that require posttranslational modification. (wikipedia.org)
A modification vector has been constructed to facilitate the transfer of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) to mammalian cells in culture by targeting a dominant selectable marker (G418 resistance) to the right arm of pYAC4 clones. (ox.ac.uk)
The ADE2 gene is used for yeast selection with consequent disruption of the URA3 gene, allowing direct modification of YACs within the common host strain AB1380, and providing a simple test for correct targeting. (ox.ac.uk)

A yeast artificial chromosome contig of the critical region for cri-du-chat syndrome. (medscape.com)

The mcd1 mutant is defective in sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome condensation. (nih.gov)
In particular, we investigate: how the efficiency of RNA polymerase elongation can influence the distribution of the SMC complex condensin during mitotic chromosome condensation and, how the transcription by-product R-loop can interfere with chromosome integrity. (ens-lyon.fr)
In addition, they are investigating how cell cycle-regulation of chromatin proteins helps to coordinate the condensation of chromosomes with their segregation during mitosis. (umassmed.edu)

Novel genes required for meiotic chromosome segregation are identified by a high-throughput knockout screen in fission yeast. (ox.ac.uk)
To identify genes involved in meiotic chromosome segregation, we developed an efficient strategy to knock out genes in the fission yeast on a large scale. (ox.ac.uk)
We find that this type of non-canonical fork convergence in fission yeast is prone to trigger deletions between repetitive DNA sequences via a mechanism we call Inter-Fork Strand Annealing (IFSA) that depends on the recombination proteins Rad52, Exo1 and Mus81, and is countered by the FANCM-related DNA helicase Fml1. (elifesciences.org)
We use both human cells and fission yeast as model systems for our studies. (ens-lyon.fr)

Complexes containing a pair of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family proteins are fundamental for the three-dimensional (3D) organization of genomes in all domains of life. (nature.com)
The physical association between Mcd1p and Smc1p, one of the SMC family of chromosomal proteins, further suggests that Mcd1p functions directly on chromosomes. (nih.gov)
2005). Different types of electrophoretic techniques have been used for the characterization or typing of C. albicans isolates including separation of chromosomes, DNA fragments, isoenzymes, cell wall glycoproteins and whole cell proteins (Asakura et al . (scialert.net)
This region of the chromosome has a cluster of genes that encode the hard proteins, which are involved in the formation of hair and nails. (pearson.com)

The pins and white diamonds on this illustration show where changes were made in the native sequence of yeast chromosome III to produce a custom-designed synthetic chromosome. (nbcnews.com)
Complete DNA sequence of yeast chromosome II. (genome.jp)

For millions of years, brewer's yeast and its close relatives have packed their DNA into 16 distinct chromosomes. (acm.org)
Researchers have outfitted brewer's yeast with light-harvesting semiconductors to boost chemical productivity. (the-scientist.com)

Aneuploid yeast strains exhibit defects in cell growth and passage through START. (harvard.edu)
In multiple papers, members of the Synthetic Yeast Project consortium known as Sc2.0 described progress in producing and studying synthetic yeast chromosomes and strains. (genomeweb.com)
The insects' insides provide a favorable environment for outcrossing in domestic and wild yeast strains, scientists show. (the-scientist.com)
Yeast strains from different regions of New Zealand generate wines with varying chemistries. (the-scientist.com)
Although the gene sequences were well conserved among different strains, their chromosome structures differed drastically. (wellnessresources.com)

In March 2014, Jef Boeke of the Langone Medical Centre at New York University, published that his team has synthesized one of the S. cerevisiae 16 yeast chromosomes, the chromosome III, that he named synIII. (wikipedia.org)
The S. cerevisiae MCD1 (mitotic chromosome determinant) gene was identified in genetic screens for genes important for chromosome structure. (nih.gov)

A hundred or so yeast family genes have thus far been separated and you may sequenced, also family genetics like those working in glycolysis and you may amino acidic biosynthesis, and some official genetics security enzymes inside, particularly, inside the phone duration, mitosis, or cellular differentiation. (viperin.fr)
Analysis of the mcd1 mutant and cell cycle-dependent expression pattern of Mcd1p suggest that this protein functions in chromosome morphogenesis from S phase through mitosis. (nih.gov)
The highly-conserved SMC complex condensin drives the abrupt and complete reorganization of chromosomes that occurs in early mitosis. (ens-lyon.fr)
It is still unclear however whether or not such a localized accumulation of condensin at discrete loci has an impact on the condensin-driven reorganization of chromosomes in mitosis. (ens-lyon.fr)

This enables this yeast to tolerate higher doses of anti-fungal medicine. (wellnessresources.com)

Then the researchers used a technology called SCRaMbLE (Synthetic Chromosome Recombination and Modification by LoxP-mediated Evolution) to shuffle the genes in the synthetic chromosome. (nbcnews.com)
Using synchronized cells undergoing recombination that is initiated at a specific site on a chromosome by an inducible endonuclease, we use physical monitoring techniques (Southern blots, PCR analysis) to follow the sequence of molecular events that occur in real time. (brandeis.edu)
We have shown that this regulation involves the action of a small Recombination Enhancer (RE) sequence that enables a donor on the left chromosome arm to recombine preferentially in MATa cells. (brandeis.edu)

The eukaryotic SMC complexes cohesin and condensin are thought to fold interphase and mitotic chromosomes, respectively, into large loop domains, although the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained unknown. (nature.com)
R-loops have also recently been linked to the formation of Common Fragile Sites (CFS) on mitotic chromosomes. (ens-lyon.fr)

Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a partial or total deletion of genetic material on the short arm of chromosome 5. (medscape.com)
Molecular and phenotypic mapping of the short arm of chromosome 5: sublocalization of the critical region for the cri-du-chat syndrome. (medscape.com)

Without these sequences, the chromosome will not be stable during extracellular replication, and would not be distinguishable from colonies without the vector. (wikipedia.org)
The events of meiotic prophase follow a specialized round of DNA replication when the meiotic chromosome axis is formed. (biorxiv.org)
This fusion can lead to the formation of either a dicentric or acentric chromosome, depending on the direction of the replication fork. (arizona.edu)
The sequence analyses reveal that the k43 gene encodes the Drosophila homolog of the yeast origin recognition complex subunit 2 (Orc2p), a protein required for replication origin function and transcriptional silencing in yeast. (johnshopkins.edu)
Two rounds of chromosome segregation after only a single round of DNA replication enable the production of haploid gametes from diploid precursors during meiosis. (ox.ac.uk)
This is the process we have studied most intensively, but we are also interested in an alternative process known as break-induced replication (BIR), where only one end of a chromosome break locates a template sequence and assembles a complete replication fork and can copy sequences to the end of a chromosome, producing a nonreciprocal translocation. (brandeis.edu)
Eukaryotic DNA replication initiates at multiple origin sites along each chromosome and terminates when replication forks (RFs) from adjacent origins converge. (elifesciences.org)

Additionally, selectable marker genes, such as antibiotic resistance and a visible marker, are utilized to select transformed yeast cells. (wikipedia.org)
With the insertion of a YAC into yeast cells, they can be propagated as linear artificial chromosomes, cloning the inserted regions of DNA in the process. (wikipedia.org)
Human cells typically contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. (nbcnews.com)
Yeast cells have 16 pairs. (nbcnews.com)
Boeke and his colleagues swapped their synthetic code into live yeast cells, chapter by chapter, to check their work. (nbcnews.com)
They were relieved to find that the yeast cells with the synthetic chromosome, called SynIII, generally functioned as well as cells with the natural chromosome. (nbcnews.com)
New vector for transfer of yeast artificial chromosomes to mammalian cells. (ox.ac.uk)
[5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
In individual yeast cells, essential biosynthetic processes peak at different times in the cell cycle, revealing a temporal dynamic once thought limited to DNA synthesis. (the-scientist.com)
We have been fascinated by the process of yeast mating-type gene switching, in which cells replace about 700 bp of Ya or Y-specific DNA sequences at the MAT locus by recombining with one of two donor loci, called HMLDescription: image3 and HMRa. (brandeis.edu)
Yeast cells were grown in YPG medium and collected by centrifugation. (scialert.net)
According to Daran-Lapujade, there's a lot of similarity between a yeast and a human-being: "It seems weird, since yeast live as single cells and humans consist of a substantially more complex system, but the cells operate in a very similar way. (tudelft.nl)
As compared to human cells or tissues, yeast is a fantastic organism for its simplicity to grow and its genetic accessibility: its DNA can be easily modified to address fundamental questions. (tudelft.nl)
Daran-Lapujade's lab took human DNA (in red) encoding core functions in muscle cells, and inserted it into the DNA (chromosomes in purple) of a yeast cell (in yellow). (tudelft.nl)
You might think that you cannot exchange the yeast version with the human one, because it's such a specific and tightly regulated process both in human and yeast cells. (tudelft.nl)
The researchers have worked together with Professor Barbara Bakker's lab (University Medical Centre Groningen), where they could compare the expression of human genes in yeast and in their native human muscle environment using lab-grown human tissue cells. (tudelft.nl)
The properties of human enzymes produced in yeast and in their native human cells were remarkably similar, supporting the value of the new humanised yeast as models for human cells. (tudelft.nl)
there are many more similar processes between yeast and human cells that could be studied in humanised yeasts. (tudelft.nl)

By inserting large fragments of DNA, from 100-1000 kb, the inserted sequences can be cloned and physically mapped using a process called chromosome walking. (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomes in which fragments of exogenous DNA ranging in length up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast through ligation to vector sequences. (harvard.edu)

The first synthetic chromosome for yeast in a landmark for biological engineering has been created. (bellenews.com)

The accurate segregation of chromosomes requires the kinetochore, a complex protein machine that assembles onto centromeric DNA to mediate attachment of replicated sister chromatids to the mitotic spindle apparatus. (johnshopkins.edu)
Functional dissection of protein complexes involved in yeast chromosome biology using a genetic interaction map. (thebiogrid.org)
Murguia JR, Serrano R. New functions of protein kinase Gcn2 in yeast and mammals. (medlineplus.gov)

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
This organism has recently become the second most prevalent yeast pathogen in humans. (wellnessresources.com)

To determine how changes in chromosome positioning affect transcription across thousands of genes with minimal perturbation, we characterized nuclear organization and global gene expression in budding yeast containing chromosome fusions. (hal.science)
These data suggest that basal transcriptional activity is sensitive to radial changes in gene position, and provide insight into the functional relevance of budding yeast chromosome-level 3D organization in gene expression. (hal.science)

Chromosome segregation errors during meiosis are the leading cause of birth defects and developmental delays in humans ( H assold and H unt 2001 ). (biorxiv.org)

its size was estimated from pulsed-field gel electro- phoresis studies to be 300-360 kb This chromosome has been the subject of intensive study, not least because it contains the three genetic loci involved in mating-type control: MAT, HML and HMR. (wikipedia.org)
Whole human chromosomes have been examined, such as the X chromosome, generating the location of genetic markers for numerous genetic disorders and traits. (wikipedia.org)
He's even looking into creating entirely new yeast chromosomes that incorporate human genetic code for medical screening purposes. (nbcnews.com)
For the genetic algorithm, see Chromosome (genetic algorithm) . (wikipedia.org)
Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration , and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
The use of yeast artificial chromosomes has enabled the rapid genetic reconstruction of the novel coronavirus. (the-scientist.com)

[1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)

Surprisingly, the nup2Δ ndj1Δ double mutant failed to segregate chromosomes, even though the meiotic program continued. (biorxiv.org)

Along side next several years, additional yeast genetics was sequenced and you will distinguisheded, providing a clearer image of the newest unit mechanisms regarding lifetime in this type of down eukaryotes. (viperin.fr)

Senescence in yeast is associated with amplified linear fragments of chromosome XII rather than ribosomal DNA circle accumulation. (babraham.ac.uk)

These artificial chromosomes are used extensively in molecular biology for the construction of comprehensive genomic libraries of higher organisms. (harvard.edu)
Using yeast as a model system, we study the molecular mechanisms of telomere length regulation. (lu.se)

The most frequent events reshaping chromosomes were translocations of chromosomal arms. (wellnessresources.com)
Mutations of the PTPN11 gene in therapy-related MDS and AML with rare balanced chromosome translocations. (lu.se)

Both sth1 and sfh1 mutants exhibit altered centromeric and centromere-proximal chromatin structure and increased missegregation of authentic chromosomes. (johnshopkins.edu)
Deletion of two genes, sgo1 and mde2, caused massive chromosome missegregation. (ox.ac.uk)

The three-dimensional (3D) organization of chromosomes can influence transcription. (hal.science)
In eukaryotes, the number and rough organization of chromosomes is well preserved within isolates of the same species. (wellnessresources.com)

The procedure involved replacing the genes in the original chromosome with synthetic versions and the finished synthesized chromosome was then integrated into a yeast cell. (wikipedia.org)

Synthetic biologists introduce bacterial and poppy plant genes into yeast to manufacture morphine. (the-scientist.com)
We didn't just transplant the human genes into yeast, we also removed the corresponding yeast genes and completely replaced them with the human muscle genes", Daran-Lapujade explains. (tudelft.nl)

Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Fig. 1: Cryo-EM structures of the yeast condensin holo complex in the nucleotide-free apo form. (nature.com)

RPA facilitates telomerase activity at chromosome ends in budding and fission yeasts. (crcm-marseille.fr)
Our results indicate that in both yeasts, RPA directly facilitates telomerase activity at chromosome ends. (crcm-marseille.fr)

A . Schematic of the bouquet configuration of chromosomes during meiotic prophase I. The spatial arrangement of chromosomes with telomeres clustered and attached at the inner nuclear membrane is shown. (biorxiv.org)

This is significant as an example of synthetic genomes aimed well beyond making mere copies of chromosomes," Harvard geneticist George Church, who was not involved in the project, told NBC News. (nbcnews.com)
Way more yeast variety can benefit out-of YAC tech, especially fungus having massive genomes, for instance the oomycetes, and other intractable fungus. (viperin.fr)
As part of the GP write consortium, Romain Koszul is involved in rewriting the yeast (and other genomes). (mpg.de)

Genetically tweaked versions of yeast are already being used to make biofuel as well as ingredients for an anti-malaria drug . (nbcnews.com)

Ten of the fifteen mutations cause premature termination of a large DEAxQ-box helicase, the human ortholog of yeast Sen1p, involved in RNA maturation and termination. (nih.gov)
Replacing yeast genes with their human equivalents reveals functional conservation despite a billion years of divergent evolution. (the-scientist.com)
PA1-083 detects CRM1 (chromosome region maintenance 1) from bovine retinal extract, human and mouse samples. (thermofisher.com)
Here is a drawing of human chromosome 17 showing its characteristic major banding pattern as it appears after staining. (pearson.com)
388 genes have been identified on human chromosome 17. (pearson.com)
Biotechnologist Pascale Daran-Lapujade and her group at Delft University of Technology managed to build human muscle genes in the DNA of baker's yeast. (tudelft.nl)
This is the first time researchers have successfully placed such a vital human feature into a yeast cell. (tudelft.nl)
Therefore it is quite common in science to transplant human genes in a yeast. (tudelft.nl)
Because researchers can get rid of all other interactions there might be in the human body, yeast provides a clean environment where they can study just one process. (tudelft.nl)
What if we take the same group of genes that controls the sugar consumption and energy production of human muscles into yeast? (tudelft.nl)
This is just the starting point," she says, "we can humanise yeast further and step by step build up a more complex human environment in yeast. (tudelft.nl)

Dicentric chromosomes are inherently unstable due to their abnormal number of centromeres, and thus undergo additional chromosomal rearrangements and chromosome loss. (arizona.edu)

A yeast named Candida glabrata commonly occurs in humans, usually on our skin. (wellnessresources.com)
Candida glabrata has become the second most common yeast pathogen in humans. (wellnessresources.com)
Individuals who do not make this enzyme are more susceptible to various Candida (yeast) infections. (pearson.com)

Prior to the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes pair, synapse, and recombine to ensure their proper disjunction at anaphase I. Additionally, telomeres tethered at the nuclear envelope cluster in the bouquet configuration where they are subjected to dramatic pulling forces acting from outside of the nucleus. (biorxiv.org)
Telomeres are necessary for the integrity chromosomes. (lu.se)

Instead of mutations occurring in individual genes, this yeast can mutate by reorganizing their chromosomes and make extra copies of large chromosome pieces. (wellnessresources.com)

Chromosomes need functional caps at their ends. (lu.se)

5] The basic generation of linear yeast artificial chromosomes can be broken down into 6 main steps: Ligation of selectable marker into plasmid vector: this allows for the differential selection of colonies with, or without the marker gene. (wikipedia.org)

Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)

This gene compensates for a mutation in the yeast host cell that causes the accumulation of red pigment. (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomes are strings of genes that contain the instructions for all the functions within a cell. (nbcnews.com)
They "scrambled" the genes to turn a sterile yeast cell into a yeast cell that could mate. (nbcnews.com)
Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
The 82nd Cold Spring Harbor Symposium focused on Chromosome Segregation & Structure and addressed the enormous progress in our understanding of the nature and behavior of chromosomes during the life cycle of the cell. (cshlpress.com)
Many pivotal discoveries such as the cell division cycle, were elucidated thanks to yeast. (tudelft.nl)

The Science paper describes the reconstruction of yeast chromosome III, which regulates mating behavior and other functions. (nbcnews.com)

abstract = "Lethal alleles of the Drosophila k43 gene result in small or missing imaginal discs, greatly reduced mitotic index, and fragmented and abnormally condensed chromosomes. (johnshopkins.edu)
Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008(1): 26-33 [ PubMed abstract ]. (lu.se)
Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007(6): 517-21 [ PubMed abstract ]. (lu.se)
Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006(6): 583-91 [ PubMed abstract ]. (lu.se)

[4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)

During the recent years yeasts have been causing more and more infections in humans. (wellnessresources.com)
Jure Piškur, together with a team of research colleagues, has studied the underlying reasons that this yeast can cause more and more infections in humans. (wellnessresources.com)

MCD1 is essential for viability and homologs are found from yeast to humans. (nih.gov)

It required designing and creating 273,871 base pairs of DNA - fewer than the 316,667 pairs in the original chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers started out with 316,617 base pairs in the natural chromosome, and slimmed the code down to 272,871 base pairs. (nbcnews.com)

Anatomy64

Organisms10

Diseases21

Chemicals and Drugs41

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes168

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

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Health Care1

Saccharomyces10

Genome13

YACs3

Artificial chromosome1

Condensation3

Fission yeast4

Proteins4

Sequence of yeast chromosome2

Brewer's yeast2

Strains5

Cerevisiae2

Mitosis4

Fungal1

Recombination3

Mitotic chromosomes2

Short arm of chromosome2

Replication7

Cells19

Sequences2

Synthetic chromosome1

Protein3

Organism2

Budding Yeast2

Segregation errors1

Genetic6

Transcriptional1

Segregate1

Genetics1

Fragments1

Molecular2

Translocations2

Missegregation2

Organization2

Replacing the genes1

Genes into yeast2

Structures2

Telomerase2

Prophase1

Genomes3

Genetically1

Human11

Inherently1

Candida3

Telomeres2

Mutations1

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MeSH1

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Abstract4

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Pairs2