World s cobalt. Medical search. Frequent questions

This chart shows cobalt demand by industry in 2022. (ases.org)
The brownfield mine, owned by Eurasian Resources Group, is expected to produce 57.06 thousand tonnes of cobalt in 2022. (international-thinking.com)
In 2022, the surface mine is expected to produce 19,000 tonnes of cobalt. (international-thinking.com)

Along with lithium and nickel, cobalt is an increasingly important commodity needed to power electric vehicles, with market share vied for fiercely by the United States, China and Europe. (klfy.com)
Overall, the demand for green mobility is expected to increase the demand of Li-ion cobalt options despite an alternative battery makeup that relies on lithium, iron and phosphate (LFP) currently comprising about 30% of all EVs sold. (ases.org)
The International Energy Agency's (IEA) recent roadmap for net zero by 2050 highlights supply shortages of these minerals, such as lithium, nickel, cobalt and vanadium, in relation to available demand. (ases.org)
Cobalt has gained more attention recently as a result of its use in lithium-ion batteries that power electric vehicles. (international-thinking.com)
Demand for portable electronics, energy storage and electric vehicles will create significant demand for lithium-ion batteries, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) will be a critical supplier of raw materials used in these technologies, particularly cobalt, states international metals and minerals consultancy Roskill director Jack Bedder . (miningweekly.com)
Materials scientists demonstrate an environmentally friendly solution to remove valuable cobalt and lithium metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. (sciencedaily.com)
During tests with lithium cobalt oxide powder, the clear solvent yielded a wide spectrum of blue-green colors that indicated the presence of cobalt dissolved within. (sciencedaily.com)
At 180 degrees Celsius (356 degrees Fahrenheit), the solvent extracted nearly 90 percent of lithium ions, and up to 99 percent of cobalt ions from the powder when certain conditions were satisfied. (sciencedaily.com)
The solvent proved adept at dissolving the cobalt and lithium while separating the metal oxides from the other compounds present in the electrode. (sciencedaily.com)

YORKF ) (Frankfurt: 5DE0) is pleased to report high-grade copper and cobalt values in diamond drill hole YH21-24, grading 5.25% copper, 436.5 g/t cobalt, 8.97 g/t silver, and 0.801% zinc over a drilling length of 29.0 metres at the Company's York Harbour Copper-Zinc Project (the "Project ") in Newfoundland. (resourceworld.com)
This Sample Assayed 11.9% Copper and 627 g/t Cobalt at the End of the 29 Metres Drilling Length Interval in Drill Hole YH21-24. (resourceworld.com)
So, people are concerned because the supply of cobalt is ultimately at the mercy of the larger copper and nickel markets. (theverge.com)
Copper-cobalt ore, nickel-cobalt ore, arsenic-cobalt ore, and pyrite deposits are the primary sources of cobalt resources. (international-thinking.com)
Eurasian Resources Group (ERG) Africa runs the hydrometallurgical Metalkol RTR cobalt and copper facility, which is situated in the Haut-Katanga province of the DRC. (international-thinking.com)
Metalkol RTR reprocesses historical cobalt-copper tailings that previous operators accumulated over many years of mining. (international-thinking.com)
The mine also produces cobalt and is the biggest copper producer in the DRC. (international-thinking.com)
In Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo, there is a surface mine called Sicomines Copper-Cobalt Mine (Sicomines). (international-thinking.com)
Though you can find cobalt just about everywhere-in the soil, in mineral deposits, and even in crusts on the seafloor-it's always combined with other elements like nickel, copper, iron, or arsenic, such as in the bright crimson arsenate mineral erythrite . (mentalfloss.com)
The DRC is currently the world's largest producer of mined cobalt, which is extracted as a by-product of copper. (miningweekly.com)
Former President Joseph Kabila implemented the changes, which increased the royalties on copper, cobalt and gold. (miningweekly.com)
The organisation also represents mining companies that account for more than 80% of the copper and cobalt output, including miners China Molybdenum, Glencore, Zijin Mining, Ivanhoe Mines and MMG Limited. (miningweekly.com)
Cobalt is known as a transition metal and is a byproduct of nickel or copper production. (stringsdirect.co.uk)
A mining truck drives past an open pit excavation at the Mutanda copper and cobalt mine in Mutanda, Democratic Republic of Congo. (autonews.com)
The Bureau of Mines in 1983 examined the Skagway B-4 quadrangle in southeast Alaska for volcanic host rocks similar to those that host the stratiform world class windy craggy copper-cobalt-gold deposit located across the U.S.-Canadian border 50 miles to the northwest. (cdc.gov)

Column: Is it time to embrace Congo's artisanal cobalt miners? (wn.com)
Close to 10-30% of this cobalt comes from artisanal miners, mostly operating illegally. (ases.org)

The government's statistics show that much of the growth can be attributed to small and medium industrial producers, who often add artisanal cobalt to supplies from their own mines to make cobalt-hydroxide for export. (autonews.com)
There are no exact data on how much of that cobalt is produced at artisanal mines, but the figure is about 13,000 tons higher than the output reported by the country's industrial operators and published by the chamber of mines this month. (autonews.com)
If we really want to benefit from cobalt, we need to progressively move towards economic integration and stop the artisanal production. (autonews.com)
Although BASF does not procure cobalt from artisanal mines, we actively support "Cobalt for Development" as it aims to look for new ways to improve the sustainability of the supply chain. (basf.com)
Currently, companies are facing challenges in the areas of environment, health and safety, and human rights when cobalt is extracted through artisanal mining. (basf.com)
This is the first time partners from automotive, chemical and consumer electronics industries have come together in a project on the ground to address the challenges of artisanal cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (basf.com)
The „Cobalt for Development" project team visits an artisanal mine in Kolwezi, DR Kongo, with the Minister of Mines for Lualaba Province, Jean-Marie Tshizainga Sanama Popa. (basf.com)

Battery Minerals: Is the Energy Transition Dependent on the DRC's Cobalt? (ases.org)
Green Minerals and Cobalt: Will There Be Enough for the Transition? (ases.org)
It is not clear that current measures will produce enough of the necessary minerals, including cobalt, in view of the IEA report and others with similar conclusions. (ases.org)
Rare are independent cobalt minerals. (international-thinking.com)
Though the vapors actually arose from the arsenic also contained in the ores, when chemists later extracted cobalt from these minerals, the name stuck. (mentalfloss.com)
Nickel , cobalt, and manganese are the chief strategic minerals produced in the Caribbean region. (cdc.gov)

Other materials included cobalt-chromium and titanium. (medscape.com)

Cobalt 27 has established itself as an investment vehicle that offers exposure to the metals that are key to the production of electric vehicles and battery energy storage. (resourceworld.com)
The collaboration with Queensland Pacific Metals will provide GM with a secure, cost-competitive and long-term supply of nickel and cobalt from a free-trade agreement partner to help support our fast-growing EV production needs,"said Jeff Morrison, GM vice president for global purchasing and supply chain. (carexpert.com.au)
One of the few metals that can maintain its magnetic properties with just one magnetization is cobalt. (international-thinking.com)
With its 27 protons, cobalt is sandwiched between iron and nickel in the middle portion of the periodic table with the other 'transition' metals, which bridge the main group elements located on either side. (mentalfloss.com)
When mixed with the right metals, cobalt can also help create materials called 'superalloys' that keep their strength under huge stress and high temperatures-advantageous, for instance, in a jet engine. (mentalfloss.com)
Scientists such as chemist Patrick Holland at Yale University are looking at ways to use cobalt in place of the more rare and expensive metals often used in industrial catalysts. (mentalfloss.com)
It's important to recover strategic metals like cobalt that are limited in supply and are critical for the performance of these energy-storage devices," he said. (sciencedaily.com)

From Egypt to China, artisans created blue glass from cobalt compounds for thousands of years. (mentalfloss.com)
The solvent, made of commodity products choline chloride and ethylene glycol, extracted more than 90 percent of cobalt from powdered compounds, and a smaller but still significant amount from used batteries. (sciencedaily.com)

This cobalt was cleaned and sorted to be bagged and tagged for buyers in Kamilombe in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (ases.org)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which is one of the world's poorest nations, produces about 70% of the world's cobalt. (ases.org)
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) produced 95,000 tonnes of cobalt in 2016, accounting for nearly 60% of the world's supply, making it by far the largest cobalt producer in the world. (international-thinking.com)
As part of a cross-industry initiative, the companies BMW Group, BASF SE, Samsung SDI and Samsung Electronics have launched a joint cobalt pilot project in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (basf.com)

Cobalt 27 Capital Corp. [KBLT-TSXV, 270-FSE], owner of the world's largest stockpile of cobalt, on Wednesday January 2 announced the friendly acquisition of Australian Securities Exchange-listed Highlands Pacific Ltd. [HIG-ASX] in a $96 million transaction. (resourceworld.com)
SECURING SUPPLY The DRC is the world's largest producer of mined cobalt. (miningweekly.com)

The amount of cobalt in different devices varies. (ases.org)
As you decrease the amount of cobalt, you increase the amount of nickel. (theverge.com)

Cobalt Air has cancelled all flights after the low-budget carrier, which has operated flights in and out of Cyprus since 2016, suspended its operations indefinitely from Wednesday night. (londonlovesbusiness.com)
Nearly seven years since the release of Gin, Cobalt unleashes its long-awaited followup and one of the most anticipated metal releases of 2016. (head-records.com)
Tech giants including Apple and Microsoft endured bad publicity after a 2016 Amnesty International report said children were being sent down some Congolese mines to dig for cobalt destined for their gadgets. (autonews.com)
Congo's overall cobalt production fell in 2016 after a crackdown following the Amnesty report, but it rebounded last year. (autonews.com)

Here is a summary of the largest cobalt mines in the world, based on the most recent data from S&P Global Market Intelligence, for investors who are interested in learning more about the industry. (international-thinking.com)
According to the mining database of GlobalData and other sources, the ten largest cobalt mines by production are listed below (Ranked and recommended by KnowInsiders.com). (international-thinking.com)
The DRC has the largest cobalt resources in the world, hosted within stratiform, vein and scree deposits, as well as enriched oxide ores such as heterogenite. (miningweekly.com)

Cobalt phosphate is used to make a violet pigment, and cobalt green is achieved by combining cobalt oxides with zinc oxides. (mentalfloss.com)

A large portion of the cobalt mined in the country is converted into alliage blanc and crude cobalt hydroxide using pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processing respectively. (miningweekly.com)
Shipments of cobalt hydroxide -- a partially refined product that contains about one-third cobalt and is the main export product -- climbed about 20 percent in 2017 to 269,254 tons, government statistics show. (autonews.com)

The Ramu nickel-cobalt mine in Papua New Guinea. (resourceworld.com)
Ramu is a large scale, nickel-cobalt mine with estimated reserves of one billion pounds of nickel and 100 million pounds of cobalt. (resourceworld.com)
The acquisition of Highlands will allow Cobalt 27 to gain a direct interest in the Ramu nickel-cobalt mine and materially increase its attributable exposure to the mine's nickel production from 27.5% to 100% and cobalt exposure from 55% to 100%, relative to the previously announced Ramu cobalt-nickel stream," said Cobalt 27 Chairman and CEO Anthony Milewski. (resourceworld.com)
Tesla uses a formulation called NCA (nickel, cobalt, aluminum) that is already very low-cobalt. (theverge.com)

The DRC's cobalt is critical to achieving the energy transition's pathway of limiting global temperature increase to below 2°C (or at 1.5°C) by 2050. (ases.org)

To great fanfare, BMW pivoted away from Congo in 2019, announcing it would source its cobalt in Morocco and Australia while seeking to improve conditions in the central African nation. (klfy.com)
When we're talking about mined cobalt, the raw material supply largely comes from the [Democratic Republic of] Congo. (theverge.com)
Last year, 66 percent of the world's cobalt came from the Congo. (theverge.com)
The appetite for electric cars is driving a boom in small-scale cobalt production in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where some mines have been found to be dangerous and employ child labor. (autonews.com)

The boom in the metal, currently trading above $80,000 a metric ton, has triggered more mining in the cobalt-rich Katanga region, where sprawling hand-dug mines dot the landscape, and searching for ore is as commonplace as farming. (autonews.com)
Congo's Ministry of Mines estimates 86,923 tons of cobalt was produced last year. (autonews.com)

About 20,000 to 30,000 tons of cobalt a year is being smuggled across the border into Zambia and not declared to Congo's export agencies, Gecamines's Chairman Albert Yuma said in an interview in Cape Town this month. (autonews.com)

Bedder adds that additional sources of feedstock include cobalt-bearing tailings heaps, which have built up over decades of extraction in the country. (miningweekly.com)

The following article is intended to give information about Joe Rogan Cobalt Mining and its dangers. (theancientworld.net)
Together with BMW, Samsung SDI and Samsung Electronics, we are committed to sustainable cobalt mining. (basf.com)

Metal cobalt (Co) is used in a wide range of industrial, military, and commercial applications, many of which are crucial and strategic. (international-thinking.com)

Together, these sources yielded an estimated 96 000 t of contained cobalt in 2020, comprising 66% of global supply. (miningweekly.com)

Ramu exceeded annual production projections in 2017, reporting net cash flow of US$170 million on production of 34,666 tonnes of contained nickel and 3,308 tonnes of contained cobalt. (resourceworld.com)

While there aren't many land reserves, cobalt can be found in significant quantities in seabed manganese tuberculosis. (international-thinking.com)

Its melting point is 1495°C. Cobalt is ductile, ferromagnetic, and has a silvery gray metal luster. (international-thinking.com)
Cobalt is one of the few elements that are ferromagnetic , which means it can become magnetized when exposed to an external magnetic field. (mentalfloss.com)

Most people, however, can find cobalt hiding closer to home, inside some rechargeable batteries. (mentalfloss.com)

It has cobalt and yellow colors painted over white background. (mycustommade.net)
Cobalt in other chemical combinations can also make a variety of other colors. (mentalfloss.com)

Ramu produces 3% of annual global mined cobalt as a by-product has an estimated mine life of 30 years. (resourceworld.com)

Cobalt is one of the key raw materials used in the production of high temperature alloys, hard alloys, ceramic pigments, catalysts, and batteries due to its excellent high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and magnetic performance. (international-thinking.com)
People have been using cobalt-containing pigments to get that rich blue hue as far back as the 3rd millennium BCE, when Persians used them to color their necklace beads. (mentalfloss.com)

Cuba has the largest reserves of nickel in the world and is the only significant producer of cobalt in the Caribbean. (cdc.gov)

Cobalt is currently used primarily in battery materials, super heat-resistant alloys, tool steels, hard alloys, and magnetic materials. (international-thinking.com)
Iron has a Curie point of 769 °C. Nickel has a Curie point of 358 °C. Cobalt has a Curie point that can reach 1150°C. A magnetic steel that contains 60% cobalt has a coercive force that is 2.5 times greater than a typical magnetic steel. (international-thinking.com)
In vibration, cobalt steel only loses 2% to 3.5% of its magnetism compared to nearly one-third for conventional magnetic steel. (international-thinking.com)
Cobalt is used extensively to create high-performance magnetic materials because of its superior magnetic properties. (international-thinking.com)
Cobalt remains magnetic at extremely high temperatures, making it very useful for the specialized magnets in generators and hard drives. (mentalfloss.com)
Ernie Ball combines cobalt with iron to create the most magnetic alloy available in a set of guitar strings. (stringsdirect.co.uk)
Alloy of Iron and Cobalt - Most Magnetic Alloy Available! (stringsdirect.co.uk)

Using standard export formats, Cobalt projects to be brought into your other Strata apps to produce stunning photoreal images, expressive animations, virtual reality presentations and even augmented reality visualizations. (strata.com)
Share, explore and realize your design vision with Cobalt and the entire Strata line of tools. (strata.com)

There are real and significant problems in the supply chain of cobalt, a critical battery mineral. (ases.org)
The Verge spoke to Caspar Rawles , an analyst at Benchmark Mineral Intelligence who focuses on the cobalt market and cathodes, about why it's so challenging to create a cobalt-free battery. (theverge.com)

Primarily for designers, engineers and inventors, Cobalt provides on-demand, dimensionally constrained and equation-driven parametrics that make creating variations on a design faster and easier than ever before in 3D design software. (strata.com)
According to the Cobalt Institute and S&P Global, world demand for cobalt will quadruple by 2030, driven by its use in portable electronics and EVs, some of which is taking place to meet growing climate change concerns (see Figure 3). (ases.org)
5 These two major industries have the highest demand for refined cobalt. (ases.org)
6 It is anticipated that cobalt demand will remain strong and may outstrip supply by 2030, pushing prices upward. (ases.org)
We anticipate an unprecedented shift toward green mobility, which will further heighten cobalt demand. (ases.org)
If those markets are suffering from low prices, and so demand, it becomes harder to invest in cobalt production. (theverge.com)
Electric vehicles are creating a true demand for cobalt now and that's going to be around for a long time. (theverge.com)
Demand for cobalt used to be mostly for superalloys used in jet engines and hardware. (theverge.com)
With significant cobalt demand expected over the next few years, original-equipment suppliers (OEMs) are intending to "secure raw material supply chains beyond just 'cell-and-pack' manufacturers to reduce supply-chain risks, as well as protect market share targets", he points out. (miningweekly.com)

The announcement comes nearly eight months after Cobalt 27 said it had agreed to acquire a stream of over 55% and 27.5% of Highland's attributable share of cobalt and nickel production, respectively, from the Ramu Mine in exchange for a $145 million upfront deposit. (resourceworld.com)
Production of cobalt intermediates was about 90 000 t last year - 68% of global production - positioning the DRC as the largest producing country of cobalt intermediates globally. (miningweekly.com)
Further, in its peak year of refined production, in 1974, the DRC produced more than 17 500 t of refined cobalt metal, more than half of the global total at the time. (miningweekly.com)
Cobalt is a key component in the production of batteries for the automotive and electronics industries. (basf.com)

A Moroccan cobalt mine denies claims of arsenic-contaminated local water. (klfy.com)
The Managem Group in a statement denied the findings published in German newspaper Suddeutsche Zeitung that pointed to increased levels of arsenic in the water near its century-old cobalt mine at Bou Azzer in the central Moroccan desert. (klfy.com)
It was not until the 1730s that Swedish chemist George Brandt purified and identified cobalt from arsenic-containing ores, then another 50 years until Torbern Bergman, another Swede, verified Brandt's new element. (mentalfloss.com)

General Motors has inked a deal with an Australian raw materials supplier to source nickel and cobalt for its next-generation electric vehicles. (carexpert.com.au)
Next-generation General Motors electric vehicles (EVs) will feature nickel and cobalt from Queensland in their battery packs. (carexpert.com.au)

The only mine in the world where it's the primary product is in Morocco. (mentalfloss.com)

As a result, scientists and startups are rushing to create a cobalt-free battery. (theverge.com)
After World War II, scientists at the Navy Tissue Bank in Bethesda, Maryland, investigated the preservation, sterilization, and distribution of cadaveric allografts and revealed that the freezing of bone reduces its immunogenicity. (medscape.com)

BASF is committed to a responsible and sustainable global supply chain for cobalt. (basf.com)

3 To hasten the transition, the world wants products that can be made greener through rechargeable battery technologies. (ases.org)
Last week, Elon Musk tweeted that batteries for the Tesla Model 3 use less than 3 percent of an expensive chemical called cobalt, and the next generation battery "will use none" of the material that some have called the " blood diamond of batteries . (theverge.com)
A lot of companies, including Tesla, are interested in making the zero-cobalt battery. (theverge.com)
You need to be sure your battery can do that, otherwise, you'll have to replace it under warranty, which is way more expensive than the theoretical savings you gain from less cobalt. (theverge.com)
The cobalt-free battery is something Panasonic is working on, but I don't think it's around the corner. (theverge.com)

On the blue planet, Oona must face the sister who left her, and bring to light the Cobalt Prince's dark secrets. (dragonguelph.com)
Cobalt hides out in everyday objects and happenings around us, from batteries and blue paint to medical procedures. (mentalfloss.com)
The famed 'cobalt blue' is actually the result of the compound cobalt aluminate. (mentalfloss.com)
With its Plexiglas surface and thick framelike perimeter, En Route has the feel of peering through a window into a luscious tropical scene made in eerie cobalt blue. (cdc.gov)

Cobalt Strings feel incredibly silky under my fingers and deliver more punch, output, and clarity than normal strings! (stringsdirect.co.uk)
There's a certain degree of clarity and punch you get from Cobalt Strings that I haven't heard tonally from any other strings I've played. (stringsdirect.co.uk)
Ernie Ball Cobalt Slinky Guitar Strings are round-wound for maximum clarity and serious punch. (stringsdirect.co.uk)
The Cobalt Slinky set is an improvement on its classic nickel-wound counterpart giving the player increased sustain, clarity and output. (stringsdirect.co.uk)

Top world leaders will speak at UN climate summit. (klfy.com)

Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license . (ourworldindata.org)

Stream your favorite channels, programming, and premium content to your TV, smartphone, laptop or other devices from anywhere you can receive internet with WatchTVEverywhere - included with your Cobalt TV subscription. (hamilton.net)

It does so at nearly half the cost of the previously announced Ramu cobalt-nickel stream, provides increased balance sheet flexibility and enhances value for Cobalt 27 shareholders," he said. (resourceworld.com)
It recently acquired a cobalt stream on the Voisey's Bay nickel mine in Labrador. (resourceworld.com)

Cobalt has tripled in value in the last 18 months as the rise of electric vehicles intensifies competition for scarce resources. (autonews.com)

Cobalt shares rallied on the news, rising 16.67% or 55 cents to $3.85. (resourceworld.com)

Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab , a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433). (ourworldindata.org)

On Wednesday, Cobalt 27 said it has agreed to acquire all the issued and ordinary shares of Highlands that it doesn't already own by means of a scheme of arrangement under Part 16 of the PNG Companies Act in Papua New Guinea. (resourceworld.com)
Under the terms of the scheme, Cobalt 27 will pay an all-cash offer price of 10.5 Australian cents per share. (resourceworld.com)
If the PanAust buyback agreement closes, such shares in Highlands will be bought back by Highlands and cancelled, and will not be acquired by Cobalt 27 under the terms of scheme. (resourceworld.com)

There is a 'big upswing in people looking at iron, nickel, and cobalt because of their price,' Holland tells Mental Floss. (mentalfloss.com)

What do you see as the future of the cobalt market? (theverge.com)

There were no cases of stent thrombosis (ST). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that Osum BMS is associated with a low rate of major adverse cardiac events with an absence of stent thrombosis at a mean follow-up of 2 years in real-world coronary artery disease patients. (journalcra.com)

Cobalt is known for having the appearance of a high-end platinum or white gold ring, at a fraction of the price. (justmensrings.com)

Of the seven producers, only Mexico and Venezuela are of world rank. (cdc.gov)

When Berea set out the build the greenest, most sustainable university residence hall in the world, they did so with an enlightened vision for the future. (oxblue.com)

The names "industrial tooth" and "industrial monosodium glutamate" refer to cobalt, a very scarce small metal resource. (international-thinking.com)

GM's investment in our company and the associated offtake brings us one step closer towards construction of the TECH Project where we will one day aim to deliver the world's cleanest produced nickel and cobalt," said Stephen Grocott, QPM CEO. (carexpert.com.au)
The progress of "Cobalt for Development" is regularly evaluated internally and by a committee of local representatives to continuously improve the project approach. (basf.com)

Chemicals and Drugs15

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Health Care2

20223

Lithium9

Copper15

Miners2

Artisanal7

Minerals6

Included cobalt-chromium1

Metals7

Compounds2

Democratic Repub4

World's largest2

Amount of cobalt2

20164

Largest cobalt3

Zinc1

Hydroxide2

Nickel-cobalt4

DRC's1

Congo4

Mines2

Congo's1

Tailings1

Mining2

Strategic1

20201

20171

Manganese1

Ferromagnetic2

Rechargeable batteries1

Colors2

Produces1

Pigments2

Producer1

Magnetic7

Strata2

Mineral2

Demand9

Production4

Arsenic3

General Motors2

Morocco1

Scientists2

Supply1

Battery5

Blue4

Clarity4

Summit1

Visualizations1

Content1

Stream2

Electric1

News1

Global1

Scheme3

Iron1

Market1

Years1

Price1

Producers1

Sustainable1

Small1

Project2