MoleculeHelper T celReceptorMembraneInfectionImmune systemActivationExpressionComplexSurfaceFlowWhiteTypesEntryAnalysisVirusProgressFunctionCluster of differentiatCytotoxic T celMoleculesFollicular dendrMonoclonalEndothelial CellInteractionsMarkersMaturationStagesMAbsDegreesImmuneEpithelialCD19MicroenvironmentReceptorFamilyAdditionPlasma cellsTypeFeaturesFunctionalMatureApplicationsPresence
Molecule2
- With minimal instrumentation (four 96-well plates and a multichannel pipette), cell-specific codes are added to each tagged molecule within cells through sequential rounds of classical split-pool synthesis. (nature.com)
- The TCR complex and CD4 each bind to distinct regions of the antigen-presenting MHCII molecule - α1/β1 and β2, respectively. (wikidoc.org)
Helper T cel1
- The T cells that may become infected by EBV are natural killer T cells (NK cells), Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells), cytotoxic T cells (CTL), helper T cells (Th cells), and follicular B helper T cells (TFH cells). (wikipedia.org)
Receptor3
- They do, however, have a surface membrane receptor, CD21 (also known as complement receptor type 2), which EBV uses to enter B cells. (wikipedia.org)
- CD4 is a co-receptor of the T cell receptor (TCR) and assists the latter in communicating with antigen-presenting cells . (wikidoc.org)
- [12] The binding to CD4 creates a shift in the conformation of gp120 allowing HIV-1 to bind to a co-receptor expressed on the host cell. (wikidoc.org)
Membrane1
- Following a structural change in another viral protein ( gp41 ), HIV inserts a fusion peptide into the host cell that allows the outer membrane of the virus to fuse with the cell membrane . (wikidoc.org)
Infection3
- The means by which EBV establishes an dendritic-histiocytic cell (i.e. follicular dendritic cell) infection are unclear. (wikipedia.org)
- If CD4 cells become depleted, for example in untreated HIV infection, or following immune suppression prior to a transplant, the body is left vulnerable to a wide range of infections that it would otherwise have been able to fight. (wikidoc.org)
- HIV infection leads to a progressive reduction in the number of T cells expressing CD4 . (wikidoc.org)
Immune system2
- and cause these cells to avoid detection by the immune system, proliferate, and progress to a T- or NK cell-based LPD. (wikipedia.org)
- CD4+ T helper cells are white blood cells that are an essential part of the human immune system. (wikidoc.org)
Activation2
- Lck is essential for the activation of many molecular components of the signaling cascade of an activated T cell. (wikidoc.org)
- Phosphorylated ITAM motifs on CD3 recruit and activate SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) such as Zap70 to further mediate downstream signalling through tyrosine phosphorylation, leading to transcription factor activation including NF-κB and consequent T cell activation. (wikidoc.org)
Expression2
- Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of CD15 expression on human peripheral blood leucocyte populations. (bdbiosciences.com)
- A bivariate pseudocolor density plot showing the correlated expression of CD15 (or Ig Isotype control staining) versus side light-scatter signals (SSC-A) was derived from gated events with the forward and side light-scatter characteristics of intact human leucocytes. (bdbiosciences.com)
Complex1
- Recent technological advances have accelerated single-cell analyses, but workflows remain expensive and complex. (nature.com)
Surface3
- In molecular biology , CD4 ( cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells , monocytes , macrophages , and dendritic cells . (wikidoc.org)
- Like many cell surface receptors/markers, CD4 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily . (wikidoc.org)
- T cells displaying CD4 molecules (and not CD8 ) on their surface, therefore, are specific for antigens presented by MHC II and not by MHC class I (they are MHC class II-restricted ). (wikidoc.org)
Flow3
- Flow cytometry and data analysis were performed using a BD LSRFortessa™ X-20 Cell Analyzer System and FlowJo™ software. (bdbiosciences.com)
- The goals for advances in flow cytometry are clear: measure as many relevant target molecules per cell as quickly as possible. (nature.com)
- Fluorescence and isotope tagging are the principal means for measuring antibody binding to cells in flow cytometry. (nature.com)
White1
- Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases (also abbreviated EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases or EBV+ LPD) are a group of disorders in which one or more types of lymphoid cells (a type of white blood cell), i.e. (wikipedia.org)
Types2
- They are called helper cells because one of their main roles is to send signals to other types of immune cells, including CD8 killer cells, which then destroy the infectious particle. (wikidoc.org)
- Depending on the signal, different types of T helper cells result. (wikidoc.org)
Entry1
- EBV may escape their infected B cell to invade follicular dendritic cells through this CD21 entry pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis1
- We present a method enabling simultaneous, ultra-high throughput single-cell barcoding of millions of cells for targeted analysis of proteins and RNAs. (nature.com)
Virus3
- B cells, T cells, NK cells, and histiocytic-dendritic cells, are infected with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). (wikipedia.org)
- Once in the oral cavity, the virus invades, reproduces in, establishes its lytic phase in, and lyses (i.e. bursts open) epithelial cells that line the oral mucosa of the newly infected individual. (wikipedia.org)
- The freed virus then invades naïve B cells located in submucosal lymphoid tissue e.g. tonsils or adenoids. (wikipedia.org)
Progress1
- Single-cell sequencing has made considerable progress relying on the notion that the sequence is the tag. (nature.com)
Function1
- Single-cell omics provide insight into cellular heterogeneity and function. (nature.com)
Cluster of differentiat2
- A la I Conferència i Taller Internacional sobre diferenciació dels antígens leucocitaris humans , celebrada a París el 1982, fou aprovada la terminologia CD (cúmul o grup de diferenciació [18] o cluster of differentiation en anglès). (wikipedia.org)
- Cluster of differentiation (CD) are cell surface molecules expressed on the cells of the immune system, which play key roles in immune cell-cell communication, sensing the microenvironment and in adaptive immunity. (stratech.co.uk)
Cytotoxic T cel2
- For example, CD3 is a T cell co-receptor exclusively expressed on the surface of all mature T cells, while CD4 and CD8 antigens are expressed on the surface of T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells, respectively. (stratech.co.uk)
- The T cells that may become infected by EBV are natural killer T cells (NK cells), Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells), cytotoxic T cells (CTL), helper T cells (Th cells), and follicular B helper T cells (TFH cells). (wikipedia.org)
Molecules1
- For difficult to characterize cell surface molecules, or ones only recognized by a single mAb, they are given the designation 'CDw' (e.g. (stratech.co.uk)
Follicular dendr3
- It is a member of the TNFR superfamily primarily expressed on B cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and at low levels on plasma cells. (biolegend.com)
- Follicular dendritic cells are connective tissue rather than lymphoid cells. (wikipedia.org)
- EBV may escape their infected B cell to invade follicular dendritic cells through this CD21 entry pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Monoclonal2
- In flow cytometric immunophenotyping, monoclonal antibodies targeting CD antigens are extensively used for the identification and characterization of leukocyte populations, subpopulations and differentiation stages. (stratech.co.uk)
- POEMS syndrome is a rare monoclonal plasma cell disorder with unique symptoms distinct from other plasma cell neoplasms. (bvsalud.org)
Endothelial Cell1
- CD66a, CD66b, CD66c, and CD66d antibodies each increase neutrophil adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers. (biomedcentral.com)
Interactions4
- During lymphocyte maturation, immune cells will express complex variations of CD antigens on its cell surface, some of which are lost, while others are acquired at various stages either by interactions with antigen presenting cells (APC) or with other cells of the immune system. (stratech.co.uk)
- Additionally, CD40 is important for T cell-B cell interactions. (biolegend.com)
- To examine potential interactions of CEACAMs in neutrophil signaling, the effects on neutrophil adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells of a set of CD66 mAbs was tested following desensitization to stimulation by various combinations of these mAbs. (biomedcentral.com)
- Similar interactions may occur in other cells expressing CEACAMs. (biomedcentral.com)
Markers1
- Common CD markers used for the differentiation of leukocytes by flow cytometry. (stratech.co.uk)
Maturation2
- In the "germinal center model" for the normal maturation of B cells, naive B cells enter the germinal centers of lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues and in the process of becoming competent for producing functional antibodies, mature into lymphoblasts, centroblasts, centrocytes, memory B cells, and ultimately plasma cells. (wikipedia.org)
- During this maturation, the B cells rearrange their immunoglobulin genes at multiple sites. (wikipedia.org)
Stages1
- Since immune cells express CD antigens at various stages of development or cell activation, they serve as reliable biomarkers for differentiating leukocyte populations and subpopulations, a technique referred to as immunophenotyping. (stratech.co.uk)
MAbs3
- The number designates both the group of mAbs recognizing the cell surface molecule as well as the molecule itself. (stratech.co.uk)
- In addition, cells desensitized to CEACAM-3, -6, and -8 were still responsive to stimulation of CEACAM1 by CD66a mAbs. (biomedcentral.com)
- In contrast, desensitization of cells to CEACAM1 and any two of the other CEACAMs left the cells unresponsive to all CD66 mAbs. (biomedcentral.com)
Degrees2
- Because CD antigens are expressed at varying degrees and cell types, multiparameter flow cytometric analysis utilizing two or more combinations of fluorescently labeled CD antibodies enables clear resolution of particular cell type or subtype. (stratech.co.uk)
- Results: A total of 236 cases of lymphadenopathies with various degrees of plasma cell infiltration were included in the study. (bvsalud.org)
Immune2
- and cause these cells to avoid detection by the immune system, proliferate, and progress to a T- or NK cell-based LPD. (wikipedia.org)
- Smoking status associates with key differences in the immune milieu and the consequent inflammatory microenvironment is likely responsible for the functional and phenotypic spectrum we have seen in the plasma cell and B cell repertoire in this condition. (bvsalud.org)
Epithelial1
- Once in the oral cavity, the virus invades, reproduces in, establishes its lytic phase in, and lyses (i.e. bursts open) epithelial cells that line the oral mucosa of the newly infected individual. (wikipedia.org)
CD191
- For example, multiple myeloma is generally characterized by cells expressing CD38 but not CD19 and CD20. (stratech.co.uk)
Microenvironment3
- Enrichment of late-stage plasma and memory cells in the tumor microenvironment has been shown in lung cancer, with the plasma cell repertoire existing on a functional spectrum with suppressive phenotypes correlating with outcome. (bvsalud.org)
- B cell dynamics may be influenced by the inflammatory microenvironment observed in smokers and between LUAD and LUSC. (bvsalud.org)
- Our findings reinforce the phenomenon of B-cell trafficking from distant circulatory compartments into the tumour microenvironment (TME). (bvsalud.org)
Receptor1
- They do, however, have a surface membrane receptor, CD21 (also known as complement receptor type 2), which EBV uses to enter B cells. (wikipedia.org)
Family1
- The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 2 family consists of two subfamilies, the CEACAM subgroup and the pregnancy specific glycoprotein (PSG) subgroup. (biomedcentral.com)
Addition2
- In addition, CD antigen expression can be influenced by certain disease conditions, and as such are often used as diagnostic or prognostic factors for the identification of leukemia's and lymphomas. (stratech.co.uk)
- Results: In addition to the current literature, this study provides insight into the in-depth description of the B cell contexture in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) with reference to broad clinico-pathological parameters based on our analysis of 56 patients. (bvsalud.org)
Plasma cells4
- To identify and find the transcriptional features of clonal plasma cells in POEMS syndrome (POEMS clones), single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on patient-derived bone marrow plasma cells. (bvsalud.org)
- POEMS clones were identified in 5 out of 10 patients, and the proportions of POEMS clones in the plasma cells were markedly smaller than that of other plasma cell malignancies such as multiple myeloma and MGUS. (bvsalud.org)
- Objective: To investigate the value of plasma cells for diagnosing lymph node diseases. (bvsalud.org)
- Morphological and immunohistochemical features were analyzed to examine the infiltration pattern, clonality, and IgG and IgG4 expression of plasma cells in these lymphadenopathies, and to summarize the differential diagnoses of plasma cell infiltration in common lymphadenopathies. (bvsalud.org)
Type2
- Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases (also abbreviated EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases or EBV+ LPD) are a group of disorders in which one or more types of lymphoid cells (a type of white blood cell), i.e. (wikipedia.org)
- The first lymphoid cell type invaded by EBV is the naïve B cell. (wikipedia.org)
Features1
- The transcriptional features of POEMS clones differed from those of other plasma cell diseases, and representative MM-related oncogenes were not upregulated in POEMS clones. (bvsalud.org)
Functional1
- We have further clearly demonstrated that the plasma cell repertoire exists on a functional spectrum in lung cancer, and that the suppressive regulatory arm of this axis may play a significant role in determining postoperative outcomes as well as following checkpoint blockade. (bvsalud.org)
Mature1
- However, it is also thought possible that the EBV may direct its infected lymphoid cell to mature into an apparent follicular dendritic cell. (wikipedia.org)
Applications1
- Additional reported applications (for the relevant formats) include: costimulation of B cell proliferation 1 , partial inhibition of CD40 binding to CD40L 3 , and B cell rescue from apoptosis 1 . (biolegend.com)
Presence3
- A "+" symbol added to a CD number indicates the presence of that molecule on a cell or cell population, whereas a "-" indicates its absence. (stratech.co.uk)
- Indicates the presence or absence of that molecule on a cell or cell population. (stratech.co.uk)
- The 5C3 antibody has been reported to promote B cell proliferation in the presence of anti-IgM, IL-4 or PMA, partially blocking CD40 binding to CD40L, and B cells rescue from apoptosis. (biolegend.com)