• Wolbachia are maternally inherited endosymbionts that infect nearly half of all arthropod species. (nature.com)
  • Here, we investigated, in females of both D. melanogaster and D. nigrosparsa , the gene expression between animals uninfected and infected with w Mel, using RNA sequencing to see if the two Drosophila species respond to the infection in the same or different ways. (nature.com)
  • Significant changes shared by the fly species belong to the expression of genes involved in processes such as oxidation-reduction process, iron-ion binding, and voltage-gated potassium-channel activity. (nature.com)
  • A recent study in three black fly species in the genus Simulium found differential Wolbachia prevalence among species, suggesting host-specific interactions 16 . (nature.com)
  • Drosophila innubila is a species of vinegar fly restricted to high-elevation woodlands in the mountains of the southern USA and Mexico, which it likely colonized during the last glacial period. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drosophila innubila is a kind of mushroom-breeding Drosophila, and member of the Drosophila quinaria species group. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, their relationship is very consistent across the overall Drosophila innubila species. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, other studies that investigated the contribution of Wolbachia infection to the fitness of Drosophila species suggested that the bacteria can enhance survival of its host in the presence of oxidative stressors as well as prevent other pathogens from infecting the host by outcompeting them for host-derived resources like cholesterol. (wikipedia.org)
  • In some mushroom-feeding Drosophila species, such as D. guttifera and D. neotestacea, the antimicrobial peptide gene Diptericin B has been pseudogenized. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drosophila quinaria species group Drosophila testacea species group Dyer KA, Jaenike J (November 2004). (wikipedia.org)
  • Although, quantitatively, the genome is even more degraded than those of closely related Rickettsia species, Wolbachia has retained more intact metabolic pathways. (nyu.edu)
  • Drosophila (/drəˈsɒfɪlə, drɒ-, droʊ-/[1][2]) is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit. (ottsigns.com)
  • The Hawaiian species of Drosophila (estimated to be more than 500, with roughly 380 species described) are sometimes recognized as a separate genus or subgenus, Idiomyia,[3][47] but this is not widely accepted. (ottsigns.com)
  • 24], The following section is based on the following Drosophila species: Drosophila serrata, Drosophila pseudoobscura, Drosophila melanogaster, and Drosophila neotestacea. (ottsigns.com)
  • Drosophila species are small flies, typically pale yellow to reddish brown to black, with red eyes. (ottsigns.com)
  • Their tongues are shaped like … Several Drosophila species, including D. melanogaster, D. immigrans, and D. simulans, are closely associated with humans, and are often referred to as domestic species. (ottsigns.com)
  • The year was 1928 and he was studying a species of Drosophila - a fruitfly. (geneconvenevi.org)
  • Fruit flies of the species Drosophila melanogaster develop from eggs to adults in eight to ten days at 25 degrees Celsius. (asu.edu)
  • We use bacterial genomes, molecular dating and information about host species to examine how bacteria adapt to the new host and the ecological context for switching. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Here, using the model species Drosophila melanogaster , we used a combination of Genome Wide Association mapping (GWAS) and transcriptomic profiling to characterize whether genes associated with thermal tolerance are primarily involved in dynamic stress responses or preparatory processes that influence physiological condition at the time of thermal stress. (frontiersin.org)
  • Wolbachia are maternally transmitted bacteria that are estimated to infect millions of arthropod species worldwide. (blogspot.com)
  • The i5k initiative is a transformative project that aims to sequence and analyze the genomes of 5,000 arthropod species. (usda.gov)
  • Complete genome DNA sequence and analysis is presented for Wolbachia, the obligate alpha-proteobacterial endosymbiont required for fertility and survival of the human filarial parasitic nematode Brugia malayi. (nyu.edu)
  • Genome comparison of the Wolbachia endosymbiont of B. malayi (wBm) with the Wolbachia endosymbiont of Drosophila melanogaster (wMel) shows that they share similar metabolic trends, although their genomes show a high degree of genome shuffling. (nyu.edu)
  • Analysis of this first sequenced endosymbiont genome from a filarial nematode provides insight into endosymbiont evolution and additionally provides new potential targets for elimination of cutaneous and lymphatic human filarial disease. (nyu.edu)
  • Drosophila innubila is best known for its association with a strain of male-killing Wolbachia bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drosophila innubila is stably infected by a strain of male-killing Wolbachia bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wolbachia is a genus of maternally inherited intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria belonging to the order Rickettsiales and is estimated to be distributed in ca. 44% of arthropods, and 66% of insects, and also shows mutualistic symbiosis in nematodes [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lateral phage transfer in obligate intracellular bacteria (wolbachia): verification from natural populations. (mbl.edu)
  • Bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are bacteria that live within the cells of their hosts. (asu.edu)
  • Erythromycin (ERY), a macrolide belonging antibiotic is at the top of this list with its concentrations ranging between ng/L to a few μg/L in various global waterbodies giving rise to ERY-resistance genes (ERY-RGs) and ERY- resistance bacteria (ERY-RBs) posing serious threat to the aquatic organisms. (afpm.org.my)
  • The candidate will in part join a National Science Foundation project to study the genetic basis of symbioses between insects (Nasonia parasitoid wasps) and endosymbiotic bacteria (Wolbachia). (blogspot.com)
  • One of Wolbachia 's greatest weapons is the ability to poison sperm and nullify that poison in eggs, all of which enable the bacteria to spread like wildfire in arthropods and to control mosquitoes. (blogspot.com)
  • Using whole-genome quantitative gene expression as a model, here we study how the genetic architecture of regulatory variation in gene expression changed in a population of fully sequenced inbred Drosophila melanogaster strains when flies developed in different environments (25 °C and 18 °C). We find a substantial fraction of the transcriptome exhibited genotype by environment interaction, implicating environmentally plastic genetic architecture of gene expression. (nature.com)
  • Parry, R., de Malmanche, H. & Asgari, S. (2021) Persistent Spodoptera frugiperda rhabdovirus infection in Sf9 cells is not restricted by Wolbachia w MelPop-CLA and w AlbB strains and is targeted by the RNAi machinery. (insect-host-pathogen.org)
  • Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans rescue strains produce fit offspring, despite divergent centromere-specific histone alleles. (shengsci.com)
  • Weinert LA , Welch JJ (2017) Why Might Bacterial Pathogens Have Small Genomes? (cam.ac.uk)
  • Takahashi, Y. (2017) Genome-wide population genetic analysis identifies evolutionary forces establishing continuous population divergence. (chiba-u.com)
  • Wolbachia is a genus of maternally inherited endosymbionts that can affect reproduction of their hosts and influence metabolic processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vinegar fly, (genus Drosophila), any member of a genus in the small fruit fly family, Drosophilidae (order Diptera). (ottsigns.com)
  • Typical triploblastic animal mtDNAs contain genes that encode the large and small subunit ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and 13 proteins that are all components of the oxidative phosphorylation process: ATPase subunits 6 and 8 (ATP6 and 8), cytochrome b (Cyt b), cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1-3 (Cox1-3) and NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1-6 and 4L (ND1-6 and 4L). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite its small genome and limited number of effector proteins, Ehrlichia efficiently establishes an intracellular infection and avoids immune defenses in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts through complex molecular and cellular reprogramming strategies. (frontiersin.org)
  • The plastid and mitochondrial genomes of Vavilovia formosa (Stev. (icgbio.ru)
  • Testing different combinations of mito-nuclear genotypes, we show that the inward barrier efficiency is modulated by the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes independently. (peerj.com)
  • The association between Drosophila innubila and Wolbachia can vary greatly within local populations. (wikipedia.org)
  • This shows that K171 in D. melanogaster is likely to be fixed in worldwide populations. (ottsigns.com)
  • We sample whole genomes of global S. suis populations and use bioinformatic and laboratory approaches to test hypotheses about gene loss and pathogenicity. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Restricted matrilineal gene flow and regional differentiation among Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations within the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada. (shengsci.com)
  • The genome of D. innubila was sequenced for a study in 2019, and boasts a very high quality of assembly, rivalling that of the classic genetic model Drosophila melanogaster. (wikipedia.org)
  • We also identified mobile genetic elements including prophages and insertion sequences, genes related to biotin synthesis and metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Contemporary genetic biocontrol research and development, including gene drive, is a culmination of work beginning in the early 20th century. (geneconvenevi.org)
  • Moreover, this strengthens evidence for mitochondrial genes coded according to an overlapping genetic code. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model to study the genetic basis of the effects of developmental alcohol exposure since many individuals of the same genotype can be reared under controlled environmental conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We used 96 sequenced, wild-derived inbred lines from the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) to profile genome-wide transcript abundances in young adult flies that developed on ethanol-supplemented medium or standard culture medium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found substantial genetic variation in gene expression in response to ethanol with extensive sexual dimorphism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We constructed sex-specific genetic networks associated with alcohol-dependent modulation of gene expression that include protein-coding genes, Novel Transcribed Regions (NTRs, postulated to encode long non-coding RNAs) and female-specific coordinated regulation of snoRNAs that regulate pseudouridylation of ribosomal RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There is significant and sex-specific natural genetic variation in the transcriptional response to developmental exposure to ethanol in Drosophila that comprises networks of genes affecting nervous system development and ethanol metabolism as well as networks of regulatory non-coding RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Drosophila melanogaster presents an advantageous model for studies on the genetic underpinnings associated with symptoms of developmental alcohol exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Drosophila model allows strict control over the genetic background. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genetic variance in expression increases at 18 °C relative to 25 °C for most genes that have a change in genetic variance. (nature.com)
  • Finally, although genotype by environment interaction in gene expression could potentially disrupt genetic networks, the co-expression networks are highly conserved across environments. (nature.com)
  • In addition to environmental factors, phenotypes can also respond to genetic perturbations in a plastic or homeostatic manner, which characterizes the potential of an organism to express phenotypes when genes mutate. (nature.com)
  • To test our hypotheses, we measured the critical thermal minimum (CT min ) and critical thermal maximum (CT max ) of 100 lines of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and used GWAS to identify loci that explain variation in thermal limits. (frontiersin.org)
  • An ectotherm's thermal tolerance is determined by both fixed genetic factors and plastic changes in behavior, morphology, physiology, and gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Closed) The first project seeks applicants with interests and/or skill sets in personalized medicine and multi-omic analyses (genome, metabolome, metagenome, and metallome) to investigate the consequences of diet, ethnicity, and genetic variation on the human microbiome ( recent paper ). (blogspot.com)
  • Several genes have been found to be involved in were genotyped for the SNP Cyn_Z_6676874, from which TSD in turtles (Chojnowski and Braun 2012), showing the 171 fish of the ZTW genotype were selected for 2b- interaction between genetic and environmental factors. (docslib.org)
  • 41] The S. poulsonii strain of Drosophila neotestacea protects its host from parasitic wasps and nematodes using toxins that preferentially attack the parasites instead of the host. (ottsigns.com)
  • Spiroplasma), Wolbachia live inside their host cells, which likely reduces its ability to move between hosts. (wikipedia.org)
  • We investigated to what extent the cuticle inward barrier function depends on the genotype, comprising mitochondrial and nuclear genes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and investigated the contribution of interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genotypes (mito-nuclear interactions) on this function. (peerj.com)
  • The amount of food consumed by Drosophila larvae can be estimated by using a Brilliant Blue dye according to a protocol by Lushchak et al. (ottsigns.com)
  • We utilized rapamycin and 3-methyladenine as an autophagy inducer and inhibitor to manipulate the autophagy which can change Wolbachia density and observed their effects on Wolbachia density in larvae and adults of O. scapulalis. (sagepub.com)
  • Tagami, Yohsuke 2023-05-01 00:00:00 The adzuki bean borer Ostrinia scapulalis (Walker) is infected with male-killing Wolbachia, which selectively kills male offspring during the embryonic and larval development stages and allows the female offspring survive to adulthood. (sagepub.com)
  • Objective To investigate the effects of different diets on the density of Wolbachia in the ovary, fat body, and the other tissues in female Aedes aegypti of the WB strain. (bmsw.net.cn)
  • Bacterial density directly affects the efficiency of Wolbachia inheritance, as females with lower Wolbachia density also produce daughters with a low bacterial density. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infected sons are less likely to die from Wolbachia infection if their mother possessed a smaller bacterial density. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is speculated that the bacterial density of Wolbachia inside a host can vary, depending on the antibiotic activity of larval or adult food sources, possible host defense mechanisms, the age of the host, bacterial interactions within the host, as well as the environmental conditions that the fly experiences. (wikipedia.org)
  • A high Wolbachia density leads to a strong male-killing effect. (sagepub.com)
  • The relative density and expression of Wolbachia, Atg8, and TOR were counted by quantitative real-time PCR. (sagepub.com)
  • We report that the relative density and expression of Wolbachia and TOR were reduced by rapamycin treatments, whereas the relative expression of Atg8 was increased in both the larval and adult treatments. (sagepub.com)
  • The 3-methyladenine treatments exhibited an opposite effect to rapamycin, precisely, relative density and expression of Wolbachia and TOR were increased and relative expression of Atg8 was decreased. (sagepub.com)
  • DNA was extracted to determine the density of Wolbachia in all tissues using quantitative real-time PCR. (bmsw.net.cn)
  • The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the density of Wolbachia under different diets and at different days of age. (bmsw.net.cn)
  • Under laboratory conditions, the mosquitoes can be fed with white sugar to increase the density of Wolbachia in the body. (bmsw.net.cn)
  • Different gene expression patterns, shown by tools such as quantitative PCR, microarrays, and high-throughput RNA sequencing, reveal how organisms respond to different environments. (nature.com)
  • RNA sequencing is a powerful method to study differential gene expression because it can detect a whole gene expression across particular tissues 1 . (nature.com)
  • In addition, it is also suspected that Wolbachia may also be able to manipulate the expression of its host's DNA through utilization of host microRNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the majority of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for the gene expression traits in the two environments are shared and have similar effects, analysis of the environment-specific eQTLs reveals enrichment of binding sites for two transcription factors. (nature.com)
  • Genes with higher network connectivity are under stronger stabilizing selection, suggesting that stabilizing selection on expression plays an important role in promoting network robustness. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, the expression of the majority of these genes during protostome ontogeny suggests a likely role in development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Male-killing by these Wolbachia results in the offspring of flies being entirely female, the biological sex with the higher reproductive output. (wikipedia.org)
  • The climbing index in GSO-treated Drosophila was significantly higher than that in the tert-butyl-hydroperoxide-treated flies. (sdbonline.org)
  • If bacterial densities are low enough, females begin to produce males in spite of being infected with male-killing Wolbachia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using the Wolbachia Bacterial Symbiont to Teach Inquiry-Based Science: A High School Laboratory Series. (mbl.edu)
  • Bacterial pathogens very often have smaller genomes and fewer genes than their nearest non-pathogenic relatives. (cam.ac.uk)
  • In some mtDNAs (e.g., nematodes and annelids), all genes are transcribed in the same direction, whereas, in others, both strands encode genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study highlighted the importance of the interaction between D. innubila and its viruses as implied by patterns of immune evolution in antiviral genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phylogenetic analysis of the cif protein, which is encoded by the cif gene, shows that the evolution of cifA and cifB is related to each other. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Discordant evolution of organellar genomes in peas (Pisum L. (icgbio.ru)
  • The Giardia lamblia vsp gene repertoire: characteristics, genomic organization, and evolution. (mbl.edu)
  • We are currently studying the link between reductive genome evolution and pathogenicity. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Divergent sensory and immune gene evolution in sea turtles with contrasting demographic and life histories. (academictree.org)
  • The Wolbachia strain w Mel was recently found to increase locomotor activities and possibly trigger cytoplasmic incompatibility in the transinfected fly Drosophila nigrosparsa . (nature.com)
  • Thus, this Wolbachia spreads in the population owing to the increased reproductive advantage of females it infects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wolbachia can also exert an influence on numerous processes in the host, including immune, behavioral, and metabolic processes [ 21 ], which may be related to their occupation of host cells and reproductive tissues [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phylogenetic affiliations of mesopelagic acantharia and acantharian-like environmental 18S rRNA genes off the southern California coast. (mbl.edu)
  • Although TLRs are widespread in animals, detailed phylogenetic studies of this gene family are lacking. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The number of mitochondrial protein genes is believed to vary from 3 to 67, while the tRNA gene content varies from 0 to 27 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As such, comparisons between D. melanogaster and D. innubila and their viruses promise to inform on the nature of host-virus interactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study provides a resource for further studies of Wolbachia -pollinator-host plant interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genomic Data was obtained from the public domain ( GenBank ) or downstream providers of these data, such as Ensembl (Human, Mouse, Rat), EuPathDB (Unicellular Eukaryotic Pathogens), Wormbase (C. elegans), Wormbase Parasite (Helminths), Mycobrowser (Mycobacteria), SGD (Yeast), FlyBase (Drosophila). (tdrtargets.org)
  • The first observations of the skewed inheritance patterns that are characteristic of what we now refer to as 'gene drive' were made by a Russian researcher. (geneconvenevi.org)
  • Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila. (esp.org)
  • The terms "fruit fly" and "Drosophila" are often used synonymously with D. melanogaster in modern biological literature. (ottsigns.com)
  • The smaller genome size of wBm, relative to wMel, may reflect the loss of genes required for infecting host cells and avoiding host defense systems. (nyu.edu)
  • Wolbachia manipulate their hosts to maximize their transmission, but they can also provide benefits such as nutrients and resistance against viruses to their hosts. (nature.com)
  • Katayama, N., J. K. Abbott, J. Kjærandsen, Y. Takahashi and E. I. Svensson (2014) Sexual selection on wing interference patterns in Drosophila melanogaster , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 111: 15144-15148. (chiba-u.com)
  • Mosquitoes were sampled from 16 locations in six cities and samples were located in a nested spatial design to examine local patterns of gene flow. (shengsci.com)
  • The i5k Workspace ( https://i5k.nal.usda.gov ) is an inclusive genome portal for any arthropod genome project that would like to make use of our resources. (usda.gov)
  • Over 50 arthropod genomes are now part of the i5k Workspace, and users are encouraged to browse the genomes that we host, and contribute to the curation of each genome. (usda.gov)
  • The National Agricultural Library has partnered with the i5k initiative to create the i5k Workspace@NAL , which serves any 'orphaned' arthropod genome project's hosting needs. (usda.gov)
  • The levels of catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were measured in PC12 cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)
  • GSOs also mitigated the deleterious effects of GLU on the mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release, thus alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased GSH levels and CAT activity in both cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)
  • In Drosophila with depleted RACK1 in all muscle cells or, specifically, in SC lineage resulted in a delayed recovery of skeletal muscle after physical damage as well as the low presence of active SC in the wound area. (sdbonline.org)
  • Further, several GWAS candidates were regulatory genes that may participate in the regulation of stress responses, and gene ontologies related to development and morphogenesis were enriched, suggesting many of these genes influence thermal tolerance through effects on development and physiological status. (frontiersin.org)
  • Franch-Marro X, Martin N, Averof M, Casanova J. (2006) Association of tracheal placodes with leg primordia in Drosophila and implications for the origin of insect tracheal systems. (forth.gr)
  • One or more individuals in the insect population comprises a translocation mediated gene drive system. (justia.com)
  • In some embodiments, one or more genes of interest in the translocation-bearing altered insect population encodes for a disease prevention protein/disease refractory protein, or a gene conferring conditional lethality, inability to undergo diapause, sterility, inability to fly. (justia.com)
  • These subcellular organelles contain a genome that differs from the nuclear genome and is referred to as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In vertebrates, several stop codons have been found in the mt gau region, and potentially functional gau regions have been found in nuclear genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this 'paternal monopolization', the maternal nuclear genome fails to participate in zygote development and offspring are paternal nuclear clones. (shengsci.com)
  • We observed greater variation in lower thermal limits, with CT min ranging from 1.81 to 8.60°C, while CT max ranged from 38.74 to 40.64°C. We identified 151 and 99 distinct genes associated with CT min and CT max , respectively, and there was strong support that these genes are involved in both dynamic responses to thermal stress and preparatory processes that increase thermal resistance. (frontiersin.org)
  • Significant segregation distortion was observed at 11 of 17 segregating allozyme loci and at a single morphological marker locus distributed on 7 of the 10 chromosomes in the genome. (shengsci.com)
  • Wolbachia densities in the other tissues were 0.505, 0.405, 1.012, respectively, and the differences were not statistically significant ( H =6.306, P =0.043). (bmsw.net.cn)
  • The ability to provide riboflavin, flavin adenine dinucleotide, heme, and nucleotides is likely to be Wolbachia's principal contribution to the mutualistic relationship, whereas the host nematode likely supplies amino acids required for Wolbachia growth. (nyu.edu)
  • Additionally, an unknown factor contributes to increased fitness benefits of Wolbachia infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Notably, natural selection on the immunity and antiviral pathways in D. innubila differ markedly from D. melanogaster, implying divergent evolutionary pressures. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been shown that certain Wolbachia can protect their hosts against viral infection, even leading to biocontrol strategies that use Wolbachia infection to suppress the spread of viral diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2. Out of 19 females caught in nature, two were heterozygous for a gene which causes strong deviations in the normal sex distribution. (geneconvenevi.org)
  • After acute injury in muscle of both mouse and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (used as alternative in vivo model) this study found that RACK1 accumulated in regenerating fibers while it declined with the progression of repair process. (sdbonline.org)